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GEORGIA 


HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL 


BY  THE 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


ILLUSTRATED 


0.  B.  STEVENS.  Commissioner 
R.  F.  WRIGHT,  Asst.  Commissioner 


ATLANTA,  GA. 

Geo.  W.  Harrison,  vStatk  Printer 

(The  Franklin  Printing  and  Publishing  Co.) 

1901 


CO 


PREFACE. 


Under  the  provisions  of  the  organic  law  establishing  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  there  was  issued  a  "Hand  Book 
of  Georgia,"  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Thos.  P.  Janes,  the  first  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture;  under  the  direction  of  his  successor,  Hon.  J.  T. 
Henderson,  the  "Commonwealth  of  Georgia"  was  published;  and  under 
his  successor,  Hon.  R.  T.  Nesbitt,  there  was  issued  "Georgia  and  Her 
Resources." 

The  growing  demand  for  information  concerning  the  industrial  re- 
sources and  possibilities  of  Georgia,  as  shown  by  inquiries  almost  daily 
received,  not  only  from  our  own  State,  but  also  from  every  section  of  the 
Union,  has  led  to  the  publication  of  this  work,  which  we  have  entitled 
"Georgia:  Historical  and  Industrial." 

"We  have  freely  used  the  publications  of  our  predecessors  and  are 
largely  indebted  also  for  much  valuable  information  to  "White's  His- 
torical Collections  of  Georgia,"  and  other  works  on  our  State,  including 

SE 

"The  Story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georgia  People,"  by  Dr.  George  G. 
Smith. 

o  Much  information  concerning  the  geology  of  Georgia  has  been  ob- 

5  tamed  from  the  bulletins  issued  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Geolo- 
gist, W.  S.  Yeates,  and  his  assistant,  "VV.  S.  McCallie,  and  former  assist- 
ant, Francis  P.  King.  For  much  of  the  article  on  the  geology  of  Geor- 
gia we  owe  thanks  to  Prof.  S.  P.  Jones,  recently  appointed  assistant 
State  Geologist. 

Other  sources  of  information  on  which  we  have  relied  are  the  answers 
to  questions  sent  out  by  this  department  to  intelligent  gentlemen  in 
every  county  in  Georgia,  and  the  United  States  Census  Reports  for 
1890  and  1900.  The  information  which  could  not  be  obtained  in  time 
for  the  body  of  the  work  has  been  published  in  the  appendix  at.  the  end 

of  this  volume. 

(«) 


in 

CM 


o 

Ul 

a 


4^7473 


(>)  PREFACE. 

Special  thanks  are  duo  to  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway  for  the  loan 
of  many  of  the  cuts  with  which  tliis  work  is  embellished,  and  to  the 
Southern  Railway  for  similar  favors. 

In  tliis  connection  we  take  occasion  to  express  our  appreciation  of  the 
service  rendered  by  Congressman  J.  M.  Griggs,  not  only  to  the  State  of 
Georgia,  but  also  to  all  the  States  of  the  Union,  by  his  successful  effort 
to  secure  the  enactment  of  a  Federal  law,  allowing  to  all  the  State  de- 
partments of  Agriculture  the  privilege  of  sending  through  the  mails  all 
]>aper-covered  agricultural  bulletins  at  one  cent  a  pound,  instead  of  the 
former  rate  of  half  a  cent  an  ounce. 

"^"^AVe  wish  also  to  express  our  obligations  to  Prof.  Jos.  T.  Derry,  one 
of  our  Georgia  historians,  for  valuable  assistance  rendered  by  him  in  the 
laborious  task  of  the  preparation  of  this  work. 

•  "We  send  forth  this  volume  with  the  hope  that  it  may  prove  beneficial 
to  our  State,  and  receive  the  approbation  of  those  whom  we  most  desire 
to  please — the  people  of  Georgia. 

0.  B.  STEVEN'S,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 
R.  F.  WRIGHT,  Assistant. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PART  I. 
CHAPTER  I. 

PAGES. 

Historical ■--     ^5-35 

CHAPTER  H. 
General  Sketch  OF  State 3^-54 

CHAPTER   in. 
Geological  Sketch  of  Georgia 55-^47 

CHAPTER  IV. 
A  Brief  Discussion  of  the  Soils  of  Georgia 148-171 

CHAPTER  V. 
Public  Roads,  Railroads,  Water  Transportation  --.172-190 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Agriculture i9i~232 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Truck  Farming ,  Horticulture  233-249 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
Dairying  and  Creameries 250-256 

(7) 


g  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

PAGES. 

Stock  Raising— Neat  Cattle,  Sheep,  Hogs,  Poultry, 

Goats,  Horses,  Mules 259-312 

CHAPTER  X. 
Floricuture,  Seed  Farms,  Irrigation,  Terracing 315-321 

CHAPTER   XI. 
Fish   and  Game 322-330 

CHAPTER   XII. 

Manufactures 331-362 

CHAPTER  XIII. 
Education  IN  Georgia 3^5-394 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
Benevolent  Institutions  of  Georgia 397-407 

CHAPTER  XV. 
Religious  Denominations  of  Georgia 408-414 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
State  Government,  Etc . .  .417-524 

PART  II. 
Sketches  OF  the  Counties 525-887 

APPENDIX 890-921 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

State  Capitol,  Atlanta,  Ga Frontispiece. 

General  James  Edward  Oglethorpe  13 

Jasper  Monument,  Savannah,  Ga 19 

Georgia  Confederate  Monument  at  Chickamauga  Park  25 

Eli    Whitney    31 

Agricultural  Map  of  Georgia  37 

Temperature  Map  of  Georgia  47 

Placer  Mining  at  the  White  Path  Gold  Mine,  Gilmer  County,  Ga 57 

Geological  Map  of  Georgia  61 

Hydraulic  Mining  at  the  Singleton  Mine,  Lumpkin  County,  Ga 67 

Hurricane  Falls,  Tallulah,  Ga.   77 

The  Natural  Dam,  Big  Potato  Creek,  Upson  County  87 

Flat  Shoals  on  the  Flint  River,  Meriwether  county 97 

Cane  Creek  Falls,  near  Dahlonega,  Ga 107 

Toccoa   Falls  113 

High  Falls  of  the  Towaliga 119 

Iron  Ore  Mine,  near  Taylorsville,  Polk  County,  Ga 125 

Mineral  Map  of  Georgia  127 

Mining  Iron  Ore  by  the  use  of  the  Steam   Shovel,  near  Cedartown,  Polk 

County,   Ga 131 

Corundum  Mine,  Rabun  County,  Ga 137 

Southern  Marble  Yard  and  Quarry,  Pickens  County  141 

Georgia  Marble  Works,  Tate,  Ga 145 

Marble  Quarry  Scene,  Pickens  County ' 151 

Marble  Bluff,  Gilmer  County  157 

Lewiston  White  Clay  Bed,  Jones  County 1^>3 

Savannah  Valley  Road,  Richmond  County  1«>9 

Washington  Pike  Road,  Richmond  County 175 

Shipping  Melons  at  Dietzen  in  Houston  County 181 

Picking  Cotton   1^''^ 

A  Corn  Field    1^3 

Harvesting  Wheat ^^^ 

Oat  Field    -^^ 

oil 

Harvesting   Rye   

Sugar  Cane  Field ^^^ 

OOQ 

Field  of  Broom  Corn   ^'^ 

ooo 
Digging    Potatoes    "^*' 

Gathering  Beans   ^J"^'' 

The  Famous  Elberta  Peach    ^"^l 

An  Ordinary  Sight  in  a  Georgia  Vineyard  247 

Peach   Pickers   

Icing  Cars   "^ 

Jersey  Herd  in  Bibb  County  ^  | 

^   ,,  2u& 

Hereford  Bull   


2  Q  LIST  OF  ILL  USTRA  TIONS. 

Page. 


Hereford    Cow 


269 


Calf  Fattened  in  Six  Mouths  by  T.  R.  Sawtell  273 

Berl^sliire   Boar    -^^ 


Soutli  Down  Ewes 


281 


South  Down  Ram  281 

Barred  Plymouth  Cock,  from  Belmont  Farm,  Cobb  County,  Ga 287 

Chicken  Houses  and  Runs,  Belmont  Farm,  Smyrna,  Ga 291 

Broodery  and  Incubator,  Belmont  Farm,  Smyrna,  Ga 295 


Angora  Goats 


301 


Houses  and  Yards  for  Berkshire  Hogs,  Belmont  Farm  307 

Picking  Strawberries    313 

Onion  Field  , ^^^ 

Black  Bass,  or  Georgia  Trout 323 

The  Georgia  Partridge 327 

Hon.  Mark  A.  Cooper 333 

Scene  on  the  Augusta  Canal  339 

Aragon  Cotton  Mills,  Aragon,  Ga 345 

Canning  Tomatoes  and  Peaches,  Albany,  Ga 349 

Stevens'  Pottery  357 

University  of  Georgia  at  Athens— The  Campus  363 

State  Normal  School,  Athens,  Ga 367 

Georgia  School  of  Technology,  Atlanta,  Ga 371 

North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  Dahlonega,  Ga 375 

Seney  Hall,  Emoiy  College,  Oxford,  Ga 379 

Mercer  Univei-sity,  Macon 383 

Wesleyan  Female  College,  Macon  387 

Shorter  Female  College,  Rome   391 

State  Sanitarium,  Milledgeville,  Ga 395 

Georgia  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  Cave  Spring,  Ga 399 

Academy  for  the  Blind,  Macon,  Ga 403 

Normal  and  Industrial  School,  Milledgeville,  Ga 409 

Governor  Allen  D.  Candler 415 

Dr.  J.  P.  Janes,  First  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  421 

Hon.  John  T.  Henderson,  Second  Commissioner  of  Agriculture   427 

Hon.  R.  T.  Nesbit,  Third  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 433 

Hon.  O.  B.  Stevens,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  439 

Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  445 

Hon..  Clark  Howell,  President  of  the  Geoi-gia  Senate  451 

Hon.  John  D.  Little,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives 457 

A  Georgia  Wheatfleld  4 463 

Packed  Peaches  ready  for  market  469 

Scene  in  a  Peach  Orchard  475 

Meldrim  Auditorium  for  Colored  Youths 481 

Rain  Map  of  Georgia   487 

Forestry  Map  of  Georgia   497 

Geoi'gia  Experiment  Station,  Experiment,  Ga 511 

Peach  Packing  House   518 

Georgia  Exhibit,  Agricultural  Building,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  1897  523 

Old  Capitol  at  Milledgeville  . . ., 531 

Georgia  Exhibit  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  1897 527 

Ben  Davis  Apples  537 

Dr.  W.  H.  Felton's  Ore  Bank,  near  Cartersville 541 


LIST  OF  ILL  USTRA  TIONS.  \  \ 

Page. 

White  Plymouth  Rock  Cock   047 

Ocean  Steamship  Company's  Wharf,  Savannah  579 

Peach  Trees   ^'"^l 

Georgia   Cantaloupe    *^05 

Georgia  Vineyard    <jl5 

Tobacco  Farm,  Decatur  County  625 

Agnes  Scott  Institute,  Decatur,  DeKalb  County   629 

Artesian  Well  at  Albany   637 

Early  Richmond  Cherry   647 

Public  Artesian  Well  651 

Rome  Beauty  Apple  661 

Brighton   Grape    ^"^^ 

Potato  Field  near  Brunswick  681 

Pecan  Grove  near  Brunswick    681 

Buff  Plymouth  Rock  Cock  6^" 

Packing  Cantaloupes  at  Fort  Valley,  Ga ^13 

Turpentine  Farm,  South  Georgia ^1^ 

Bartlett  Pear   3^^ 

Orchards  and  Nursery ^"^^ 

Artesian  Well   Jf^ 

Wickson    Plum    "^"^ 

Abundance  Plum   ^^^ 

Watermelon,  Rattle  Snake   ^^^ 

Moore's  Diamond  Grape   • ^-^ 

Packing  Cantaloupes  near  Albany,  Ga S29 

Picking  Tomatoes    ^"^^ 

Yellow  Transparent  Apple  ^"^ 

Paper  Shell  Pecan  °"^ 

Greenville  Strawberries   ^^" 

879 
Miller  Raspberry    


ERRATA. 


On  page  IGl,  in  the  last  line  of  tlie  first  paragi-apli,  instead  of  "5,000  pounds" 
read  "500  pounds";  and  in  the  next  line  above  "cotton  seed"  should  be  "seed 
cotton." 

On  page  411,  third  line  from  the  end  of  the  page  for  "1840"  read  "1844." 

On  page  791,  in  the  middle  of  the  second  line  of  the  second  paragraph,  for 
"dairy  cows"  read  "dairy  farms." 

On  page  800  in  next  to  the  last  line  in  the  first  paragraph  on  Quitman  county, 
for  "Big  Potato  creek"  read  "Pataula  creek." 


GEN.  JAME.S  EDWARD  OGLETHORPE. 


'J'O.MICHICHI  AND  NEPHEW. 


GEORGIA: 

Historical  and  Industrial. 


CHAPTER  L 


HISTORICAL. 

In  1732  a  number  of  benevolent  gentlemen  of  London  conceived  the 
idea  of  founding  a  home  for  the  poor  of  Great  Britain  and  a  place  of 
refuge  for  the  Salzburgers  and  other  persecuted  sects  of  the  continent 
of  Europe.  It  was  to  be  a  model  colony,  in  which  both  slavery  and 
rum  would  be  prohibited.  It  was  to  be  also  somewhat  of  a  military 
■colony,  a  barrier  against  the  hostile  encroachments  of  the  Spaniards 
upon  the  Province  of  South  Carolina.  The  charter  for  its  establish- 
ment was  obtained  from  George  II.,  king  of  England,  in  June,  1732. 
James  Edward  Oglethorpe,  a  gentleman  of  great  benevolence,  marked 
ability  and  experience  in  military  affairs,  being  selected  by  the  trustees 
to  take  charge  of  the  new  colony,  set  sail  from  England  in  IsTovember, 
1732,  with  one  hundred  and  sixteen  emigrants.  After  a  voyage  of 
nearly  two  months  they  arrived  in  the  harbor  of  Charleston  (then 
known  as  Charlestown),  S.  C,  where  they  met  a  gracious  welcome  from 
the  Carolinians  and  their  governor,  Robert  Johnson,  who  furnished 
them  with  provisions,  stock,  vessels  to  convey  additional  supplies  to  the 
Savannah  river,  and  a  company  of  soldiers  to  protect  them  against  the 
Indians  until  they  could  build  houses  and  fortifications. 

Leaving  his  people  for  a  few  days  at  Beaufort,  South  Carolina,  Ogle- 
thorpe ascended  the  Savannah  until  lie  came  to  Yamacraw  Bluff,  which 
lie  selected  for  his  settlement.  On  February  12th  the  colonists  arrived, 
and  on  the  20th  was  commenced  tlie  first  house  of  the  new  city,  which 
Ogletliorpo  called  Savannah  from  the  name  of  the  river  on  whose  banks 
it  stands.  Tomochichi,  chief  of  the  Yamacraws,  immediately  sought  an 
-alliance  with  Oglethorpe,  who  made  a  treaty  with  him,  as  he  did  also 

2  ga 


16  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

with  the  Creeks,  the  Muscogees,  and  even  with  the  Cherokees  of  the 
mountains  and  the  Choctaws  on  the  borders  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Like  William  Penn,  Oglethorpe  purchased  from  the  Indians  the  title 
to  the  lands  where  he  founded  his  settlements,  and  so  long  as  he  re- 
mained in  Georgia  peace  prevailed  between  the  red  men  and  the  white. 
In  March,  1734,  the  colony  was  strengthened  by  the  arrival  of 
seventy-eight  Salzburgers  from  Germany.  These  men,  who  had  been 
driven  from  their  homes  by  terrible  persecution,  found  rest  and  safety 
higher  up  the  Savannah  in  Effingham  county,  at  a  place  which  they 
called  Ebenezer,  the  "Stone  of  Help";  "for,"  said  they,  "the  Lord  hath 
delivered  us  out  of  the  hands  of  our  enemies."  Goethe's  beautiful 
poem,  "Herman  and  Dorothea"  was  founded  upon  an  incident  which 
occurred  during  the  exodus  of  the  Salzburgers. 

Oglethorpe  was  diligent  in  establishing  settlements,  locating  a  Scot<3h 
settlement  at  Darien,  a  company  of  immigrants  at  Frederica,  on  Saint 
Simon's  Island,  and  trading  posts  at  Augusta.  In  February,  1736,  among 
two  hundred  and  twenty-seven  immigrants  who  came  over  were  John 
and  Charles  Wesley,  afterwards  so  celebrated  as  the  founders  of  Method- 
ism. Their  purpose  was  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the  Indians  and  also- 
to  the  settlers.  Two  years  later  came  another  celebrated  Methodist  min- 
ister, the  Kev.  George  Whitefield,  who  resided  in  the  colony  several 
years  and  founded  the  Orphan  House  at  Bethesda,  a  few  miles  from: 
Savannah. 

The  Spaniards,  who  had  settled  Florida  nearly  one  hundred  years  be- 
fore the  first  permanent  English  settlement  at  Jamestown,  regarding 
the  settlements  in  Georgia  as  an  intrusion  upon  their  rights,  determined 
to  expel  the  English.  In  anticipation  of  war  Oglethorpe  went  home,, 
and  having  raised  a  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  for  the  defense  of  his 
colony,  returned  to  America  and  was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of 
the  militia  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.  Marching  at  the  head  of 
two  thousand  men  of  the  two  colonies,  with  friendly  Indians  included, 
he  invaded  Florida,  meeting  however,  with  but  partial  success.  Later 
on  the  Spaniards  invading  Georgia  with  a  land  and  naval  force  of  three 
thousand  men,  landed  on  St.  Simon's  Island.  Oglethorpe,  who  at  this 
time  had  barely  eight  hundred  men  available,  met  the  Spaniards  and 
inflicted  on  them  so  dreadful  a  defeat  that  the  scene  of  the  conflict  has 
ever  since  been  known  as  the  Bloody  Marsh. 

So  long  as  Oglethorpe  remained  in  Georgia  rum  and  slavery  were 
prohibited;  but  in  1743  he  returned  to  England,  and  four  years  later 
restrictions  were  removed,  and  Georgia,  like  all  the  other  English  colo- 
nies of  that  day,  admitted  both  slavery  and  spirituous  liquors.     That 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  I7 

same  year  the  colony  was  in  great  danger  from  the  machinations  of 
a  man  named  Bosomworth,  former  chaplain  of  Oglethoi'pe's  regiment, 
who,  having  married  Mary  Musgrove,  an  Indian  claiming  to  be  queen 
of  the  Creeks,  marched  at  the  head  of  a  large  Indian  force  upon  Savan- 
nah threatening  to  exterminate  the  colonists  unless  his  claims  in  behalf 
of  his  wife  were  complied  with.  The  undaunted  courage  of  the  au- 
thorities, who  seized  the  leaders  and  awed  the  Indians  into  submission, 
saved  the  colony. 

In  1752  the  trustees  of  Georgia  surrendered  their  rights  to  the  crown, 
and  in  1754  John  Reynolds  was  appointed  governor.  At  the  close  of 
the  French  and  Indian  war  in  1763,  Spain,  who  had  been  the  ally  of 
France,  ceded  to  England  her  possessions  of  East  and  West  Florida- 
At  this  time  the  boundaries  of  Georgia,  which  had  embraced  a  territory 
between  the  Savannah  and  the  Altamaha  rivers,  were  extended  to  the 
Mississippi  on  the  west  and  on  the  south  to  latitude  3 1*'  and  the  St. 
Mary's  river.  Thus  Georgia  embraced  not  only  the  present  State,  but 
also  the  greater  part  of  what  we  now  know  as  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

THE  REVOLUTION. 

Georgia  joined  with  the  other  colonies  in  resisting  the  aggressions  of 
the  mother  country.  On  May  11th,  1775,  the  Savannah  powder  maga- 
zine was  taken  possession  of,  and  in  July  a  British  vessel  at  Tybee,  hav- 
ing 13,000  pounds  of  powder  for  the  use  of  British  troops,  was  cap- 
tured by  thirty  volunteers  under  the  lead  of  Commodore  Bowen  and 
Colonel  Joseph  Habersham.  Five  thousand  pounds  were  sent  to  the 
Continental  army  at  Boston,  and  the  rest  was  stored  in  the  magazine. 
Another  noted  exploit  was  performed  near  Savannah  in  March,  1776. 
Some  loyalist  planters  near  Savannah  had  loaded  eleven  merchant  ves- 
sels and  prepared  for  a  sea  voyage.  Some  British  war  vessels,  for  the 
purpose  of  assisting  these  tories^  moved  up  the  river  and  threatened  Sav- 
annah. But  the  Georgians  under  Colonel  Mcintosh,  aided  by  the  Caro- 
linians under  Colonel  Bull,  burned  three  of  these  merchant  vessels 
and  rendered  six  unfit  for  service. 

In  April,  1776,  Georgia  instructed  her  delegates  in  Congress  to  vote 
for  independence,  which,  on  July  4th  of  the  same  year,  was  declared  by 
the  unanimous  vote  of  all  the  delegates  of  the  thirteen  colonies  in  Con- 
gress assembled.  The  signers  of  the  declaration  on  the  part  of  Georgia 
were  Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall  and  George  Walton.  For  two 
years  Georgia  escaped  serious  invasion,  but  in  December,  1778,  Savan- 
nah was  captured,  and  Augusta  soon  after.  The  defeat  of  the  Tories  at 
Kettle   creek  by  the   Carolinians  under  Pickens,   and   the   Georgians 


18  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

under  John  Dooley  and  Elijah  Chirke,  resulted  in  the  recapture  of  Au- 
gusta bj  the  Americans,  who,  notwithstanding  the  defeat  of  Ashe  ar 
Brier  Creek  and  the  repulse  of  the  allied  French  and  American  armies 
before  Savannah,  continued  to  hold  all  upper  Georgia  until  after  the 
fall  of  Charleston  in  1780.  While  the  allied  armies  were  before  Savan- 
nah, Colonel  John  White  of  the  Georgia  Continentals,  bj  a  skillfus 
stratagem,  captured  five  British  vessels,  one  hundred  and  thirty  stands 
of  arms  and  one  hundred  and  eleven  British  soldiers.  Although  after 
the  fall  of  Charleston  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  were  both  ovemm, 
the  patriot  bands  of  those  two  States  under  their  favorite  leaders  con- 
tinued the  struggle.  The  Georgians  shared  in  the  victories  of  King's 
Mountain  and  Cowpens,  and  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke,  the  Marion  of  Geor- 
gia, after  failing  in  one  attempt  to  capture  Augusta,  in  the  next  year 
began  another  siege  of  that  post,  which  was  made  successful  by  the  ar- 
rival of  General  Pickens  of  South  Carolina,  and  "Light  Horse  Harry" 
Lee  of  Virginia,  with  a  considerable  force.  Almost  the  last  fight  of  the 
Revolution  was  Wayne's  victory  over  the  Indian  allies  of  the  British 
near  Savannah  on  the  night  of  June  23d,  1782,  a  little  over  eight 
months  after  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown.  On  the  11th  of 
July,  1782,  Savannah  was  evacuated  by  the  British  and  the  authority  of 
Georgia  was  established  over  all  her  borders. 

On  the  2d  of  January,  1788,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
was  ratified  by  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  different  counties  of 
Georgia,  assembled  at  Augusta.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  delegates 
of  the  ratifying  convention: 

John  Wereat,  President,  and  delegate  from  the  county  of  Richmond 

William  Stephens,  Joseph  Habersham,  Chatham  county. 

Jenkin  Davis,  IST.  Brownson,  Effingham  county. 

Edward  Telfair,  H.  Todd,  Burke  county. 

William  Eew.  James  Mcl^eil,  Richmond  county. 

George  Matthews,  Florence  Sullivan,  John  King,  Wilkes  county. 

James  Powell,  John  Elliott,  James  Maxwell,  Liberty  county. 

George  Handley,  Christopher  Hillary,  J.  Milton,  Glynn  county. 

Henry  Osborne,  James  Seagrove,  Jacob  Weed,  Camden  county. 

Jared  Irwin,  John  Rutherford,  Washington  county. 

Robert  Christmas,  Thomas  Daniell,  R.  Middleton,  Greene  county. 

UNDER  THE  CONSTITUTION,  1788  TO  1860. 

Under  the  government  established  by  the  Federal  Constitution,  Geor- 
gia increased  rapidly  in  population  and  wealth.  Settlers  poured  into 
the  State  from  North  Carolina,  Virginia  and    States  farther  north.    Of 


JASPER   MONUMENT,   SAVANNAH,   GA. 


GEORGIA :  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  21 

these  the  Virginians  were  so  numerous  that  the  Indians,  who  still  oc- 
cupied many  of  the  fairest  portions  of  the  State,  frequently  spoke  of  the 
Georgians  as  Virginians. 

One  of  the  most  important  events  in  the  history  of  Georgia  is  tlio 
invention  of  the  cotton  gin  by  Eli  Whitney,  in  1794.  Prior  to  that  time 
the  separation  of  the  seed  from  the  lint  was  so  difficult  as  to  limit 
the  cultivation  of  cotton.  This  had  to  be  done  by  hand,  a  task  being 
four  pounds  of  lint  cotton  per  week  for  each  head  of  a  family,  working 
at  night,  in  addition  to  the  usual  field  work.  At  this  rate  it  would  take 
one  person  two  years  to  turn  out  the  quantity  of  cotton  contained  in  one 
average  standard  bale,  or  500  pounds.  One  gin,  in  proportion  to  its 
power  and  saw  capacity,  will  gin  out  from  three  to  fifteen  500-pound 
bales  in  one  day.  At  the  time  of  this  important  invention  Mr,  Whitney 
was  the  giiest  of  his  aunt,  the  widow  of  General  Xathaniel  Greene. 
Probably  no  invention  ever  caused  such  rapid  development  of  the  in- 
dustry with  which  it  was  associated.  In  1793  the  exportation  of  cotton 
from  the  United  States  was  487,500  pounds,  or  975  bales,  estimated  at 
500  pounds  to  the  bale.  In  1900  the  production  in  the  United  States 
was  9,345,391  bales. 

The  Yazoo  Land  Act,  passed  by  the  legislature  of  1795,  conveying 
to  four  associations  thirty-five  million  acres  of  land  lying  between  the 
Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Coosa,  Alabama  and  Mobile  rivers,  for  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  produced  great  excitement  throughout  Geor- 
gia. Though  a  bill  ratifying  the  sale  of  these  lands  passed  both  houses 
of  Congress,  a  subsequent  legislature,  under  the  influence  of  General 
James  Jackson,  repudiated  the  Yazoo  act  and  commited  the  records  of  it 
to  the  flames,  at  the  same  time  ordering  the  purchase  money  to  be  re- 
funded to  whomsoever  it  might  belong.  Twenty  years,  however,  elapsed 
before  a  final  settlement  was  reached. 

In  1802  Georgia  ceded  to  the  Federal  government  all  her  lands  west 
of  the  Chattahoochee,  embracing  nearly  one  hundred  thousand  square 
miles  of  territory,  the  greater  part  of  the  present  States  of  Alabama 
and  Mississippi.     Thus  Georgia,  like  Virginia,  is  a  "Mother  of  States." 

The  purchase  from  France  by  the  United  States,  in  1803,  of  the  vast 
Louisiana  territory  was  of  great  benefit  to  Georgia.  That  territory  had 
for  a  long  time  been  under  the  dominion  of  Spain,  whose  agents  fre- 
quently incited  the  Indians  of  the  western  border  to  hostile  acts.  Being 
no  longer  subject  to  these  annoyances,  new  counties  were  laid  olT  and 
towns  and  villages  sprang  up  in  the  wilderness.  In  1807  the  new 
town  of  Milledgeville  became  the  seat  of  government. 

During  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain,  1812-15,  the  Indians  of 


22  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Alabama  perpetrated  horrible  massacres.  The  Georgians  under  Gen- 
eral John  Floyd,  and  the  Tennesseeans  under  General  Coffee,  with 
Major-General  Andrew  Jackson  of  Tennessee  as  commander-in-chief, 
defeated  the  Indians  in  battle  after  battle.  The  power  of  the  savages 
was  finally  crushed  by  the  great  battle  of  Tohopeka,  or  the  "Horse-shoe 
Bend"  in  Alabama,  and  the  Indians  sued  for  peace. 

The  first  steampship  that  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  though 
built  in  New  York,  was  owned  in  Savannah,  and  from  that  port 
started  on  its  voyage  to  Liverpool  in  1819.     It  was  named  "Savannah." 

When,  in  1821,  Florida  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States  and 
thus  passed  forever  from  the  hands  of  the  ancient  enemy  of  Georgia, 
great  was  the  rejoicing  throughout  the  State. 

"When  Georgia  ceded  her  western  lands  the  United  States  agreed  to 
extinguish  the  Indian  title  to  the  same.  This  was  not  done  rapidly 
enough  to  suit  the  Georgians  and  a  controversy  arose  between  the 
State  and  the  Federal  government,  during  which  Governor  Troup  pro- 
claimed the  most  ultra  State  rights  doctrine,  and  defied  President  John 
Quincy  Adams.  Georgia  triumphed  in  the  controversy,  and  when  An- 
drew Jackson  became  president  he  did  all  in  his  power  to  promote  the 
wishes  of  the  Georgians,  with  the  result  that  all  the  Indians  east  of  the 
Mississippi  were  finally  transferred  to  the  Indian  Territory,  west  of  the 
great  river. 

In  the  Mexican  War  (May  8,  1846  to  May  30,  1848),  Georgia's  sons 
promptly  answered  the  call  to  arms,  and  faithfully  discharged  the  du- 
ties assigned  them.  Among  the  most  distinguished  of  the  officers  in 
the  regular  army  of  the  United  States  were  sons  of  Georgia,  of  whom 
Colonel  James  S.  Mcintosh  was  killed  at  Molino  del  Eey,  and  W.  H.  T. 
Walker  desperately  wounded  at  the  storming  of  Chapultepec. 

THE  WAE  BETWEEN  THE  STATES, 

In  the  lamentable  confiict  of  arms  between  the  Northern  and  South- 
em  States  of  the  Union  (1861-1865),  Georgia  bore  a  prominent  part. 
This  war  was  the  outgrowth  of  a  long  struggle  for  the  balance  of  power 
between  the  commercial  and  manufacturing  States  on  the  one  side,  and 
the  purely  agricultural  States  on  the  other,  in  combination  with  oppos- 
ing theories  as  to  the  real  nature  of  our  Federal  Union.  This  struggle 
became  manifest  in  1820  on  the  application  of  Missouri  for  admission 
into  the  Union  with  a  Constitution  allowing  slavery,  an  institution 
which  differentiated  the  opposing  groups  of  States.  The  opposition  to 
the  admission  of  Missouri  was  not  based  on  moral  grounds,  but  on  the 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A.VZ)  INDUSTRIAL.  03 

idea  that  it  gave  to  the  South  a  preponderance  of  influence.  By  the  Mis- 
souri compromise  the  dangerous  dispute  was  settled  for  a  time;  but  the 
acquisition  of  new  territory  from  Mexico  in  1848  reopened  the  old  quar- 
rel, and  slavery,  now  opposed  by  some  on  moral  grounds  but  by  the 
great  majority  for  reasons  purely  political,  became  the  occasion  of  the 
most  stupendous  conflict  of  modern  times. 

In  this  fierce  struggle,  for  which  Georgia  furnished  ninety-four  regi- 
ments and  thirtysix  battalions,  embracing  every  arm  of  the  service,  the 
blood  of  her  sons  was  freely  poured  out  on  every  battlefield  from  Penn- 
sylvania to  the  Mississippi,  and  from  the  Ohio  to  the  Gulf,  and  (if  we 
include  the  thousands  who  had  emigrated  to  the  States  west  of  the 
^Tather  of  Waters"),  in  every  important  combat  throughout  the  bounds 
of  the  Trans-Mississippi  department  of  the  Southern  Confederacy.  On 
Georgia's  soU  were  fought  the  great  battles  of  Chickamauga,  Resaca, 
Xew  Hope  Church  (a  series  of  engagements  from  May  25th  to  June 
4th),  Kennesaw  Mountain,  Peachtree  Creek,  two  fierce  battles  at  Atlanta 
(July  22  and  28),  Jonesboro,  and  numerous  smaller  engagements  and 
skirmishes.  Sherman's  march  to  the  sea,  when  almost  the  entire  mili- 
tary force  of  the  State  was  absent  in  Virginia  or  Tennessee,  scattered 
ruthless  destruction  all  along  its  path,  and  the  final  disastrous  close  of 
the  long  continued  war  wrecked  the  hopes  and  fortunes  of  her  people. 

AFTER  THE  WAR 

But  the  brave  men,  who  with  constantly  diminishing  strength  and  ex- 
hausted means  had  maintained  so  heroic  a  struggle  against  overwhelm- 
ing numbers  and  boundless  resources,  lost  no  time  in  idle  repining,  but 
with  the  energy,  pluck  and  perseverance  characteristic  of  the  Anglo- 
American,  wrought  out  by  the  blessing  of  God  the  redemption  of  their 
State.  During  the  dark  days  of  reconstruction  they  did  not  yield  in 
base  submission  to  oppression  and  wrong,  but  maintaining  their  rights 
in  every  legitimate  way,  shared  at  length  in  the  final  triumph  of  the 
whole  South  in  the  courts  and  Congress  of  the  nation.  From  the  un- 
daunted energy  and  pluck  of  the  Old  South  sprang  the  New  South,  with 
its  rapid  development  along  all  lines. 

While  Georgia  is  yet  poor  compared  with  States  not  injured  by  the 
war,  she  stands  in  the  front  rank  of  those  that  did  suffer,  and  in  the  ratio 
of  progress  compares  favorably  with  those  of  the  North  which  even 
prospered  during  all  the  years  of  strife,  oppression  and  wrong. 


24  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

THE  WOMEI^  OF  THE  SOUTH. 

During  the  tremendous  conflict  that  shook  this  continent,  the  women 
of  the  South  exhibited  a  heroism  and  devotion  to  principle  scarcely 
equalled  and  never  surpassed  since  time  began.  With  aching  hearts 
they  bade  their  loved  ones  bood-bye,  and  through  tearful  eyes  gave  them 
a  smile  of  hope,  speaking  at  the  same  time  brave  words  that  nerved  the 
warrior's  soul  to  deeds  of  daring  unparalleled  in  the  records  of  this 
world.  With  undaunted  spirit  they  bore  privations,  perils  and  heart-rend- 
ing bereavements,  and  when,  after  the  final  catastrophe  the  survivors 
returned  downcast  and  almost  despairing,  it  was  faithful  woman's  smile 
that  bade  them  hope  again  and  stirred  them  to  that  high  endeavor,, 
which,  amid  the  most  appalling  surroundings,  brought  forth  the  ISTew 
South  from  the  ashes  of  the  Old,  redeeming  by  the  help  of  God  their  be- 
loved States  from  opporession  and  ruin,  and  starting  them  again  upon  the 
road  to  prosperity  and  power.  Even  before  the  debris  of  our  shattered 
fortunes  had  been  cleared  away,  noble  women  turned  their  attention  to 
the  preservation  of  the  memory  of  the  heroic  deeds  that  wreathed  the 
Southland's  brow  with  Fame's  unfading  chaplet,  and  mid  their  povertjp 
began  the  erection  of  monuments  to  the  illustrious  dead,  gathered  the 
scattered  remains  of  heroes  from  many  a  battle-field,  marked  their  last 
resting  places  with  headstones,  and  organized  into  societies  whose  chief 
object  is  to  keep  alive  the  remembrance  of  the  heroic  deeds  of  the  South's 
heroic  men,  whether  living  or  dead. 

THE  SLAVES  DUEING  THE  WAR. 

'Not  should  we  forget  that  humble  class  whose  ancestors  were  brought 
from  their  African  homes  in  Dutch,  British  and  ISTew  England  ships  and 
sold  tO'  the  white  men  who,  by  the  aid  of  the  stalwart  muscle  of  the  sons 
of  Africa,  cleared  the  wilderness  and  prepared  the  way  for  thriving 
farms,  great  plantations  and  growing  cities.  Though  the  legislatures  of 
some  Southern  colonies  endeavored  to  prevent  the  importation  of  these 
Africans,  the  British  government  set  their  acts  aside  in  the  interest  of 
English  and  New  England  traders.  Even  after  the  establishment  of 
American  independence  the  traders  of  IsTew  England,  who  had  been 
among  the  first  to  engage  in  the  African  slave  tradei,  continued  it  to 
the  year  1808,  when  the  trafiic  was  abolished  by  Congressional  enact- 
ment. These  same  New  England  traders,  previous  to  that  date,  often  vio- 
lated the  laws  of  such  Southern  States  as  had  prohibited  the  trafiic  by 
smuggling  slaves  into  out-of-the-way  places  and  selling  them  to  those 
who  were  ready  to  purchase.     Thus  the  South  became  so  stocked  with 


GEORGIA  GONFKDKKATK  MONUMKiNT  AT  GU  lOK  AM  A  UG  A    I'AIiK. 

TO  THE  LASTING  IV  EMORY  OF  HER  SONS 
Who  fought  on  thiF  field — 

Those  who  fought  ar.d  lived,  and  those  who  fought  and  died; 
Those  who  gave  much  and  Ihosc  who  gave  all— 

Gcoroia 

ERECTS  THIS  MONUMENT. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  07 

negroes    that  the  Southern  people  considered  emancipation  under  any 
condition  too  dangerous  an  experiment  to  be  even  thought  of. 

Yet,  such  were  the  kindly  relations  that  for  the  most  part  existed  be- 
tween masters  and  slaves,  that  even  after  the  war  had  become  on  the 
part  of  the  i^orth  a  struggle  for  emancipation  as  well  as  for  union,  the 
negroes  remained  in  peace  on  the  plantations,  made  the  crops  that  sup- 
ported the  armies  in  the  field  and  their  families  at  home,  and  with  a 
fidelity  that  amazed  the  enemies  and  slanderers  of  the  South  protected 
the  wives  and  children  of  the  men  who,  far  from  their  defenseless  loved 
ones,  stood  upon  the  firing-line  striving  with  steadily  diminishing  num- 
bers to  keep  back  the  ever  increasing  hosts  gathered  from  the  fields  and 
crowded  cities  of  the  North  and  of  Europe.  Many  faithful  slaves  went 
with  their  masters  to  the  tented  field,  cooked  and  did  other  service  for 
them,  nursed  them  when- sick,  and,  if  they  died  in  battle  or  hospital,  wept 
over  them,  and  returned  with  the  lifeless  bodies  to  lay  them  beside 
kindred  dead  in  the  family  burial  ground. 

The  tender  care  showm  for  them  by  kind  masters  and  mistresses  in 
sickness  and  old  age,  the  pious  instructions  of  godly  women  and  de- 
voted missionaries,  among  which  latter  class  some  in  malarial  districts 
(harmless  to  the  negro  but  dangerous  to  the  white  man),  laid  down  their 
lives  for  the  salvation  of  the  slave,  created  in  the  bosom  of  the  negTO  a 
devotion  and  loyalty  which  even  the  results  of  the  war  and  the  teach- 
ings of  fanatics  have  not  been  able  to  efface  from  the  minds  and  hearts 
of  the  great  majority  of  the  older  members  of  the  race.  Acts  of  violence 
such  as  have  in  recent  years  disgraced  so  many  of  the  younger  genera- 
tion of  negroes  were  unknown  before  the  war,  or  even  when  the  mighty 
armies  of  invaders  were  thundering  at  our  gates.  The  estrangement  be- 
tween the  races  and  the  outcroppings  of  violence  in  some  quarters  are 
due  to  the  teaching  of  those  who  have  endeavored  to  preach  a  political 
and  even  social  equality  that  will  never  be  allowed. 

The  majority  of  our  colored  pojpulatioli  are  still  contentedly  toiling  in 
the  fields,  helping  to  increase  the  wealth  of  the  State,  and  acquiring 
property  themselves,  in  which  they  have  the  encouragement  and  aid  of 
their  white  neighbors.  There  are  no  agricultural  laborers  so  well  suited 
to  large  sections  of  our  State  as  are  the  majority  of  our  negro  popula- 
tion. 

TIIE  SPANISH-AMERICAN  WAK  AND  THE  WAR  IN  THE 

PHILIPPINES. 

In  the  restoration  of  good  will  between  the  States  of  the  Union,  tho 
sons  of  Georgia  have  been  conspicuous,  and  when  the  United  States  be- 


28  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

came  involved  in  war  with  Spain,  Georgia  furnished  according  to  popu- 
lation more  volimteers  than  any  other  State  of  the  Union.  General 
Joseph  Wheeler,  a  son  of  Georgia  and  adopted  son  of  Alabama,  nobly 
illustrated  those  States  at  Santiago,  and  many  gallant  young  Georgia 
officers  of  the  regular  army  and  navy  of  the  United  States,  both  in  Cuba 
and  in  the  Philippines,  proved  that  the  Confederate  blood  in  their  veins 
did  not  diminish,  but  rather  increased  their  devotion  to  the  flag  of  the 
restored  Union.  Georgia  furnished  three  regiments  for  the  Spanish- 
American  war,  and  a  fourth  one,  "Eay's  Immunes,"  was  made  up  al- 
most entirely  of  Georgians.  The  twenty-ninth  regiment  of  the  United 
States  Volunteers  in  the  Philippines  consisted  almost  entirely  of  Geor- 
gians. 

GOYEKNOES  OF  GEOKGIA. 

The  governors  of  Georgia,  from  its  first  settlement  in  1733  to  the 
present  time  (1900),  are  as  follows: 

Under  the  Trustees. 

James  Edward  Oglethorpe,  July  15th,  1732,  to  July  11,  1743. 

William  Stephens,  acting  in  absence  of  Oglethorpe,  from  July  11, 
1743,  to  April  8,  1751. 

Henry  Parker,  Acting  Governor  from  Api-il  8,  1751,  to  October  1, 
1754. 

Under  the  Crown. 

John  Eeynolds,  from  October  1,  1754,  to  Eebruary  15,  1757. 
Henry  Ellis,  from  Eebruary  16,  1757,  to  October  31,  1760. 
James  Wright,  from  October  31,  1760,  to  July  11,  1782. 
James  Habersham,  President  of  Council  and  Acting  Governor  from 
July  2,  1771,  to  Eebruary  11,  1773. 

Under  the  American  Oovernment. 

William  Ewen,  President  of  Council  of  Safety  from  June  22,  1775, 
to  January  20,  1776. 

Archibald  Bulloch,  President  of  the  Provincial  Council  and  Com- 
mander-in-Chief from  January  20,  1776,  to  February  22,  1777. 

Button  Gwinnett,  with  same  title  as  last,  to  May  8,  1777. 

Governors  Under  the  New  Constitution  of  Georgia  of  1111. 

John  Adam  Treutlen,  from  May  8,  1777,  to  Januaiy  8,  1778. 
John  Houston,  from  January  8,  1778,  to  December  29,  1778. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  09 

John  Wereat,  President  of  Executive  Council  and  Acting  Governor 
from  December  29,  1778,  to  Xovember  4,  1779. 

George  Walton,  from  ISTovember  4,  1779,  to  January  7,  1780. 

Eichard  Howlej,  from  January  7,  1780,  to  January  7,  1781. 

Stephen  Heard,  President  of  Executive  council  and  Acting  Governor 
from  January  7,  1781,  to  August  15,  1781. 

Xathan  Brownson,  from  August  16,  1781,  to  January  8,  1782. 

John  Martin,  from  January  8,  1782,  to  January  9,  1783. 

Lyman  Hall,  from  January  9,  1783,  to  January  9,  1784. 

John  Houston,  from  January  9,  1784,  to  January  14,  1785. 

Samuel  Elbert,  from  January  14,  1785,  to  January  9,  1786. 

Edward  Telfair,  from  Januaiy  9,  1786,  to  January  9,  1787. 

George  Matthews,  from  January  9,  1787,  to  January  25,  1788. 

George  Handley,  from  January  25,  1788,  to  January  9,  1789. 

George  "Walton,  from  January  9,  1789,  to  ITovember  9,  1790. 

Edward  Telfair,  from  isTovember  9,  1790,  to  November  7,  1793. 

George  Matthews,  from  ]S3"ovember  7,  1793,  to  Januaiy,  15,  1796. 

Jared  Irwin,  from  January  17,  1796,  to  January  11,  1798. 

James  Jackson,  from  January  12,  1798,  to  March  3,  1801,  being  the 
first  governor  under  the  Constitution  of  1798. 

Under  the  State  Constitution  of  1198. 

Aft€r  James  Jackson,  David  Emanuel,  President  of  Senate  and  Act- 
ing Governor  from  March  3,  1801,  to  ISTovember  7,  1801. 

Josiah  Tatnall,  from  November  7,  1801,  to  November  4,  1802. 

John  Milledge,  from  November  4,  1802,  to  September  23,  1806. 

Jared  Irwin,  President  of  the  Senate  and  Acting  Governor  from  Sep- 
tember 23,  1806,  to  November  7,  1806. 

Jared  Irwin,  Governor  from  November  7,  1806,  to  November  9,  1809. 

David  B.  Mitchell,  from  November  9,  1809,  to  November  9,  1813. 

Peter  Early,  from  November  9,  1813,  to  November  9,  1815. 

David  B.  Mitchell,  from  November  9,  1815,  to  March  4,  1817  (re- 
signed). 

William  Kabun,  President  of  Senate  and  Acting  Governor  until 
November,  1817,  from  which  time  he  was  governor  until  October  25, 
1819,  when  he  died. 

Matthew  Talbot,  President  of  Senate  and  Acting  Governor  until 
November  13,  1819. 

John  Clark,  Governor  from  November,  1819,  to  November,  1823. 

George  M.  Troup,  Governor  from  November,  1823,  to  November, 
1827. 


30  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

John  Forsyth,  from  I^ovember,  1827,  to  ISTovember,  1829. 

George  R.  Gilmer,  from  November,  1829,  to  N'ovember,  1831. 

Wilson  Lumpkin,  from  N'ovember,  1831,  to  N^ovember,  1835. 

William  Schlej,  from  IS^ovember,  1835,  to  N'ovember,  1837. 

George  R.  Gilmer,  from  iN'ovember,  1837,  to  ISTovember,  1839. 

Charles  J.  McDonald,  from  :tsrovember,  1839,  to  November,  1843. 

George  W.  Crawford,  from  :N'o'vember,  1843,  to  N'ovember,  1847. 

George  W.  Town,  from  I^ovember,  1847,  to  N^ovember,  1851. 

Howell  Cobb,  from  Is^ovembQr,  1851,  to  E'ovember,  1853. 

Herschel  V.  Johnson,  from  JSTovember,  1853,  to  iN'ovember,  1857. 

Joseph  E.  Brown,  from  ^N^vember,  1857,  to  July,  1865. 

James  Johnson,  Provisional  Governor  (appointed  by  President  An- 
drew Johnson),  from  July,  1865,  to  December,  1865,  imtil  an  election 
could  be  held  by  the  people. 

Charles  J.  Jenkins,  Governor  from  December,  1865,  to  January,  1868, 
when  he  was  deposed  by  General  Meade,  acting  under  the  reconstruction 
measures  of  Congress,  and  Brigadier-General  Thomas  H.  Ruger  of  the 
United  States  army,  was  appointed  to  act  as  military  governor  until 
July,  1868,  at  which  time  Rufus  B.  Bullock,  elected  under  the  recon- 
struction measures,  became  Governor. 

Under  the  Constitution  of  1868. 

Rufus  B.  Bullock,  Governor  from  July,  1868,  to  October  30,  1871, 
when  he  resigned  his  office. 

Benjamin  Conley,  President  of  Senate  and  Acting  Governor  from 
October  30,  1871,  to  January  12,  1872. 

James  M.  Smith,  Governor  from  January  12,  1872,  to  January  12, 
1877. 

When  Governor  Jenkins  was  deposed,  he  took  with  him  the  Great 
Seal  of  Georgia,  refusing  to  give  it  up,  but  after  the  inauguration  of 
Governor  Smith  he  turned  the  Seal  over  to  him  as  the  first  governor 
elected  by  the  untrammeled  voice  of  the  people  since  1868.  On  that  oc- 
casion he  received  the  thanks  of  the  legislature,  and  a  handsome  medal 
was  voted  to  him  for  his  fidelity  to  the  interests  and  honor  of  Georgia. 
This  event  deserves  to  rank  with  the  Charter  Oak  incident  of  colonial 
days  in  Connecticut. 

General  Alfred  H.  Colquitt,  Governor  from  January  12,  1877,  to 
November,  1882,  beginning  under  the  Constitution  of  1868  and  ending 
under  that  of  1877. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDVSTRIAL.  33 

Under  Constitution  of  1877. 

Alfred  H.  Colquitt's  second  term,  ending  jSTovember,  1882. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens,  from  N'ovember,  1882,  to  March  4,  1883, 
"when  he  died. 

James  L.  Boynton,  President  of  the  Senate  and  Acting  Governor 
from  March  5,  1883,  to  May  10,  1883. 

H.  D.  McDaniel,  from  May  10,  1883,  to  Ts^'ovember,  1886. 

John  B.  Gordon,  from  :N"ovember,  1886,  to  November,  1890. 

W.  J.  IST-orthen,  from  i^ovember,  1890,  to  ITovember,  1894. 

W.  Y.  Atkinson,  from  November,  1894,  to  E'ovember,  1898. 

Allen  D.  Candler,  inangtirated  Xovember,  1898,  the  present  incum- 
bent. 

INDUSTRIAL  PEOGRESS  OF  GEORGIA. 

Scarcely  had  the  war  ended  before  the  Georgians  set  to  work  to  re- 
build their  ruined  homes  and  fortunes.  The  city  of  Atlanta  afforded  at 
that  time  a  striking  evidence  of  the  marvelous  pluck  and  energy  of  the 
people.  In  the  spring  of  1865,  even  before  the  close  of  hostilities,  the 
old  citizens  began  to  return,  and  Atlanta  springing  phoenix-like  from 
her  ashes  was  already  starting  anew  on  the  road  to  prosperity  and  wealth 
with  an  impetus  which  even  the  succeeding  days  of  force  and  oppression 
could  not  check.  This  city  is  a  fair  type  of  Georgia,  whose  cities  and 
towns  have  steadily  grown,  some  of  them  showing  a  surprising  ratio  of 
increase.  Even  little  villages  have  a  neater,  more  substantial  appear- 
ance, and  beautiful  country  dwellings  are  more  numerous  than  ever  be- 
fore in  the  history  of  our  State.  Our  manufacturing  interests  have 
made  steady  and  active  progress,  and  within  the  last  year  the  number  of 
cotton  factories  has  increased  at  an  unprecedented  rate.  Old  and  long- 
established  lines  of  railroad  have  increased  their  mileage  and  new  ones 
have  been  constructed,  so  that  most  of  our  farmers  of  to-day  are  with- 
in easy  distance  of  the  road  over  which  the  products  of  their  farms  can 
be  transported.  Electric  cars  give  rapid  transit  from  suburban  homes  to 
the  hearts  of  our  cities,  and  telephones  of  both  sljort  and  long  distance 
supplement  the  telegraph  in  affording  instantaneous  communication  for 
business  or  pleasure.  Agriculture  has  been  greatly  improved;  up-to-date 
methods  have  been  adopted;  two  blades  of  grass  have  been  iiuido  to 
grow  where  one  did  a  few  years  ago.. 

Just  after  the  war  the  high  price  of  cotton  led  the  plantci*s  of  Geor- 
gia to  devote  all  their  energies  to  the  production  of  the  fleecy  staple, 
and  then  by  its  subsequent  rapid  decline  brought  disappointment  and 


34  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

threatened  ruin.  Taking  tlie  alarm  the  farmers  began  more  and  more  to 
raise  their  own  supplies.  Thus  thej  are  making  the  fann  what  it  should 
be,  a  little  world  of  its  own,  whose  master  living  independently  on  the 
•  heavy  interest  paid  into  his  eofiers  by  his  well-tilled  soil,  can  become  a 
prince  among  men,  and  not,  what  a  borrower  must  ever  be,  a  servant  to 
the  lender.  The  improvement  in  the  planting  interest  of  Georgia  is 
largely  due  to  the  Agricultural  Department,  established  in  1874.  Dr. 
Thomas  P.  Janes,  its  first  commissioner,  made  this  department  a  mighty 
agency  for  good.  The  noble  work  was  continued  by  his  able  successor, 
John  F.  Henderson  and  his  zealous  assistant,  R.  J.  Redding  (now  di- 
rector of  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station  and  president  of  the  Georgia 
Dairyman's  Association) ;  next  by  Commissioner  K.  T.  ISTesbitt,  a  faith- 
ful and  diligent  promoter  of  the  people's  welfare ;  and  is  now  being  car- 
ried forward  by  the  present  incumbent.  Commissioner  0.  B.  Stevens, 
and  his  assistant,  Mr.  Eobert  F.  Wright,  who  are  determined  not  to  be 
.excelled  by  their  illustrious  predecessors.  One  of  the  chief  objects  of 
this  department  is  the  inspection  and  analysis  of  fertilizers  and  oils,  the 
profit  of  which,  over  and  above  all  expenses,  is  about  $30,000  annually, 
set  apart  for  the  benefit  of  the  school  fund.  Thus  this  department  in- 
stead of  being  an  expense  is  a  source  of  revenue  to  the  State,  though  it 
was  not  originally  so  intended,  and  ought  not  so  to  be,  for  every  dol- 
lar collected  could  be  spent  much  more  to  the  advantage  of  the  Stat^  by 
being  used  for  the  legitimate  purposes  of  this  important  branch  of  the 
government.  Other  objects  are  the  encouragement  of  agriculture  in  all 
its  branches,  the  promotion  of  dairying  and  creameries,  the  raising  of  the 
best  breeds  of  cattle  for  the  farm  and  the  market,  and  the  eradication 
of  that  pest  commonly  known  as  the  cow-tick  (hoophilus  hovis).  The 
department  has  succeeded  in  lowering  the  line  of  quarantine  against  the 
tick  so  as  to  exempt  some  of  the  North  Georgia  counties  from  its  opera- 
tion as  to  them,  and  is  earnestly  seeking  the  co-operation  of  the  people 
in  completely  rooting  out  this  plague,  so  injurious  to  the  cattle  interests 
of  the  State. 

One  of  the  great  benefits  of  this  department  to  the  planters  was  seen 
in  the  fall  of  1899.  When  the  great  statistical!  Neil  predicted  a  cotton 
crop  of  twelve  and  a  half  million  bales,  and  consequently  low  prices, 
word  went  forth  from  the  Agricultural  Department  that  it  was  advis- 
able for  all  farmers  who  could  do  so,  to  hold  their  cotton,  as  there  would 
probably  be  only  nine  and  a  half  millions  of  bales  with  a  probable  rise 
in  the  price.     The  advice  was  justified  by  the  result. 

The  State  Chemist,  John  M.  McCandless,  and  his  assistants,  R.  G. 
Williams  and  J.  Q.  Burton,  in  addition  to  the  other  important  labors  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  35 

their  department,  are  doing  faithful  and  efficient  work  in  protecting  the 
farmers  against  spurious  fertilizers  and  dangerous  oils. 

The  State  Entomologist,  W.  M.  Scott,  has  won  the  favor  of  the  fruit 
growers  of  Georgia  by  his  zealous  labors  in  their  behalf,  and,  especially, 
by  his  unceasing  efforts  for  the  extirpation  of  all  the  pests  that  attack 
the  orchards. 

The  Geological  Bureau  under  the  management  of  the  State  Geologist, 
W.  S.  Yeates,  and  his  assistants,  S.  "W.  McCallie  and  Dr.  T.  L.  Watson, 
is  doing  a  great  work  for  Georgia,  by  promoting  the  development  of 
its  minerals,  metals,  building  stones,  clays  and  artesian  wells. 

In  everything  that  should  characterize  an  enlightened  Christian  State 
Georgia  stands  among  the  foremost  in  our  Union.  Leaving  behind  the 
past  she  is  pressing  forward  to  a  future  of  increased  prosperity  and 
gTcatness.  One  strong  evidence  of  growth  in  a  State  is  increase  in  pop- 
lation.  By  the  census  of  1890  the  population  of  Georgia  was  1,837,353. 
By  that  of  1900  it  is  2,216,331.  This  is  an  increase  of  378,978,  or 
within  a  very  small  fraction  of  21  per  cent. 


CHAPTER  II. 


GENERAL  DESCRIPTIVE  SEIETCH. 

Georgia,  the  greatest  in  area  of  any  State  east  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
embraces  59,475  square  miles,  being  larger  by  1,274  square  miles  than 
England  and  Wales  combined,  and  nearly  equal  in  size  to  all  ISTew  Eng- 
land. On  its  northern  border  are  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee,  on  the 
northeastern  side  South  Carolina,  on  the  east  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on  the 
south  Florida,  and  on  the  west  Alabama.  Containing  in  its  greatest 
length  from  north  to  south  320  miles,  and  nearly  four  and  one  half  de- 
grees of  latitude,  it  has  great  variety  of  soil,  climate  and  productions.  Its 
northern  portions  are  diversified  by  mountain,  hill  and  vale,  and 
drained  by  niunerous  rivers,  some  of  which  are  navigable.  The  sides 
of  the  hills  and  mountains  are  covered  with  the  various  hard  woods,  in- 
terspersed with  pine,  a  lighter  wood,  which  furnishes  an  excellent  resin- 
ous kindling  for  fires.  The  soil  of  this  mountain  region  varies  from  dark 
to  a  red  or  mulatto  color,  and  is  very  productive.  The  valleys  and 
river  bottoms  are  covered  in  their  proper  seasons  with  abundant  crops 
of  wheat,  corn  and  other  cereals,  and  are  dotted  with  substantial  farm- 
houses located  near  some  bubbling  spring  of  pure,  cold  water,  from 
which  runs  a  rippling  streamlet  through  the  farm,  affording  to  the 
stock  abundance  of  healthful  drink  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  In 
some  portions  of  this  section  cotton  is  successfully  raised,  and  occasion- 
ally thriving  fields  of  tobacco  may  be  seen. 

The  surface  of  Northeast  Georgia  varies  from  1,000  to  5,000  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  This  section  is  traversed  by  that  part  of  the  Ap- 
palachian chain  known  as  the  Blue  Ridge,  with  an  altitude  above  sea 
level  of  from  3,000  to  5,000  feet.  This  range  runs  about  one  third  the 
distance  across  the  State,  and  terminates  abruptly.  Northwest  Georgia, 
the  Limestone  Region,  with  an  altitude  ranging  from  600  or  700  to 
2,500  feet,  covers  the  greater  part  of  ten  counties,  with  an  extent  of 
3,600  square  miles.  Of  Northern  Georgia  about  6,000  square  miles  are 
above  the  altitude  of  1,000  feet. 

About  twenty  miles  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  lies  the  Cohutta  Range, 
a  continuation  of  the  Unaka  of  Tennessee,  having  an  altitude  of  3,000 
feet,  with  an  abrupt  escarpment  toward  the  valley  of  the  Oostanaula  on 

(36) 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  39 

the  -svest,  and  continuing  into  Alabama  in  a  low  elevation  known  as 
Dugover  Mountain.  To  the  northwest  come  Lookout  and  Sand  Moun- 
tain ranges,  which,  with  their  table-lands,  belong  to  the  Alleghany  sys- 
tem. The  highest  point  of  Lookout,  known  as  High  Point,  has  an  ele- 
vation of  2,408  feet.  A  northeastern  spur  of  Lookout  is  known  as  Pig- 
eon Mountain,  with  an  elevation  of  from  1,800  to  2,000  feet  above 
the  sea,  but  with  one  point  rising  to  2,331  feet.  Along  the  top 
of  this  mountain  runs  the  boundary  line  between  Walker  and  Dade 
counties.  Hound  Mountain,  also  a  spur  of  Lookout,  has  an  elevation  of 
over  2,200  feet.  Prom  this  point  rises  Rock  Creek,  flowing  longitudi- 
nally along  the  surface  of  the  mountain  adjacent  to  a  beautiful  waterfall 
known  as  Lula,  all  of  which,  with  Lula  Lake,  make  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  scenes  in  Georgia.  Taylor's  Ridge  with  its  extension,  the 
White  Oak  Mountains,  traversing  parts  of  Catoosa,  Whitfield  and  Chat- 
tooga counties,  i-ises  to  1,300  and  1,500  feet  above  the  sea,  Rocky  Face 
Ridge,  rising  to  an  elevation  of  from  1,500  to  1,Y00  feet,  crosses  the 
western  part  of  Whitfield  county,  forming  the  eastern  watershed  of  East 
Chickamauga  creek,  which  flows  through  the  valley  at  an  elevation  of 
900  feet  above  the  sea. 

Among  the  interesting  features  of  ISTorthwest  Georgia  are  numerous 
caves.  One  of  the  largest,  of  great  extent,  with  far-reaching  galleries,  is 
Hardin's  cave,  about  three  miles  southeast  of  Kingston.  Some  of  the 
chambers  are  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  and,  owing  to  the  sloping 
roof,  the  cave  appears  even  higher.  At  Crawfish  Springs,  near  Chicka- 
mauga, a  stream  sufficiently  large  to  be  used  as  a  water-power,  issues 
from  an  underground  cavern,  and  has  been  converted  into  a  beautiful 
lake  and  waterfall.  Many  other  caverns,  some  extensive,  occur  at  the 
bases  of  Lookout,  Pigeon  and  Sand  Mountains..  Near  the  beautiful 
little  town  of  Cave  Spring  extensive  caverns  are  found  in  the  limestone 
formations. 

The  mountain  section  of  Georgia  is  noted  for  its  charming  valleys. 
Cedar,  Texas,  Broomtown  and  Vann's  valleys,  are  among  the  most  noted 
in  Northwest  Georgia,  while  the  fame  of  Nacoochee,  in  the  northeast 
section  among  the  mountains  of  White  county,  has  been  proclaimed  in 
song  and  story.  Nacoochee,  or  the  "Evening  Star,"  so  the  story  goes,  was 
the  beautiful  daughter  of  a  noted  Cherokee  chief.  She  was  wooed  and 
won  by  Sautee,  a  brave  young  warrior  of  the  Choctaw  nation,  a  people 
who  were  the  bitter  foes  of  the  Cherokces.  One  dark  night  Nacoocheo 
eloped  with  her  lover.  The  enraged  father,  at  the  head  of  a  hundred 
warriors,  after  days  and  nights  of  ceaseless  search,  found  the  lovers  in 
their  hiding-place  among  the  rocky  fastnesses  of  Mount  Yonah.    Sauteo 

3  ga 


40  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Avas  condemned  by  the  old  chief  to  be  thrown  from  the  highest  preci- 
pice of  the  mountain,  and  the  sentence  was  put  into  immediate  execu- 
tion; but  to  her  father's  horror  the  maiden  leaping  over  the  precipice 
shared  her  lover's  fate.  !N^acoochee  and  Sautee  were  buried  on  the 
banks  of  the  Chattahoochee  in  one  grave,  and  a  mound  raised  over  them 
to  mark  the  spot.  Two  adjoining  valleys  now  bear  the  names  of  the 
young  Cherokee  girl  and  her  Choctaw  lover.  In  Habersham  county 
are  found  the  falls  of  Toccoa  and  in  Eabun  county  the  grand  chasms  and 
cataracts  of  Tallulah,  famed  far  beyond  the  limits  of  Georgia.  Toccoa  ' 
creek  falls  185  feet  perpendicularly  over  a  ledge  of  sandstone.  Of  the 
beauty  of  this  silvery  cascade  descending  so  gently  from  the  lofty  rock, 
Vv^hose  sides  are  plainly  seen  behind  the  watery  veil,  no  j^en  can  give  an 
adequate  description.  Toccoa  the  Beautiful!  ISTever  was  name  more 
worthily  bestowed.  The  Tallulah  river  is  the  western  branch  of  the 
Tugaloo,  one  of  the  sources  of  the  Savannah.  Ten  miles  above  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Tallulah  with  the  Chattooga,  the  Falls  of  Tallulah,  by  four 
perpendicular  j)itches  of  water  of  from  fifty  to  eighty  feet  and  a  great 
many  smaller  cataracts,  plunge  downward  into  a  grand  chasm  860  feet 
deep.  The  four  principal  falls  are  L'  eau  d'or,  Tempesta,  Hurricane 
and  Oceana. 

All  ISrorthern  Georgia  abounds  in  useful  minerals.  Coal  is  found  in 
the  extreme  northwest  in  Dad©  and  Walker  counties,  the  various  iron 
ores  in  Dade,  Walker,  Chattooga,  Floyd  and  Polk.  In  the  State  some  lead, 
silver  and  copper  are  found,  the  latter  being  an  extension  of  the  cele- 
brated Ducktown  region  of  Tennessee,  varieties  of  it  being  found  in  the 
counties  of  Union,  Towns,  Cherokee,  Paulding,  Haralson,  Carroll,  Mur- 
ray, Pulton,  Lincoln  and  Greene.  Ochre  and  sulphate  of  baryta  exist  in 
large  beds.  Other  minerals  that  have  been  successfully  mined  are  pyrites, 
mica,  talc,  slate,  tripoli,  limestone  and  infusorial  earth. 

Dahlonega,  in  Lumpkin  county,  is  the  center  of  gold  operations  in 
Georgia,  the  richest  veins  being  in  Lumpkin  and  White.  Other  coun- 
ties in  Avhich  gold  is  found  are  Eabun,  Towns,  Habersham,  Hall,  Union, 
Gwinnett,  Forsyth,  Dawson,  Milton,  Cherokee,  Bartow,  Paulding,  Doug- 
las, Carroll,  Haralson,  Gilmer,  Fannin,  Lincoln,  and  McDuffie.  It  is 
found  in  small  quantities  in  Fulton. 

The  bauxite  deposits  are  the  largest  in  the  United  States.  This  is  the 
basis  of  aluminum.  Deposits  of  commercial  value  have  been  found  in 
Walker,  Chattooga,  Bartow  and  Floyd. 

Corundum  is  found  in  Georgia  in  all  its  varieties  except  emery.  Slate 
is  successfully  quanied  at  Pockmart  by  the  Georgia  Slate  Company. 
The  manganese  deposits  are  very  rich.     Sandstones  of  a  variety  of  colors 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  4^ 

and  adapted  to  a  varietv  of  purposes  are  found  in  Xorthwest  Georgia. 
In  the  northern  counties  asbestos  is  also  found. 

Georgia  to-day  stands  second  only  to  Vermont  as  a  marble  State,  be- 
ing noted  throughout  the  United  States  for  the  excellent  quality  of  her 
marble. 

In  1S93  the  value  of  the  output  was  in  round  numbers  $273,000,  and 
almost  the  entire  product  was  at  that  time  supplied  by  the  Georgia 
Marble  Company,  whose  headquarters  and  quan-ies  were  near  Tate,  in 
Pickens  county.  The  quarries  here  opened  are  named  respectively, 
Creole  Xo.  1,  Creole  Xo.  2,  Cherokee,  Etowah  and  Kennesaw.  The 
Piedmont  quarry,  also  in  Pickens  county,  is  very  extensive.  The  in- 
crease from  all  these  quarries  had,  in  1894,  brought  the  entire  product 
up  to  481,529  cubic  feet,  valued  at  $71G,359,  an  increase  in  one  year 
of  over  174  per  cent.  The  structure  of  the  marble  from  the  different 
quarries  is  essentially  the  same,  the  only  marked  difference  being  in 
color.  Some  of  it  is  white,  some  bluish-gray  with  dark-blue  spots,  some 
^vith  dark-blue  mottlings,  useful  for  monumental  work  and  interior 
decorations,  others  with  a  variety  of  shades,  such  as  pink,  salmon,  rose 
and  dark  green,  producing  rich  effects,  specially  adapted  for  wainscot- 
ing, panels,  counters,  table-tops,  etc.  The  deposits  are  larger  than  any 
other  in  the  United  States.  The  companies  operating  the  quarries  are 
prepared  to  saw  and  finish  the  stone,  and  this  is  done  by  them  and  also 
by  other  large  companies  established  for  this  work  at  Xelson,  Canton, 
and  near  Marietta.  Thus  almost  the  entire  product  of  the  Georgia  quar- 
ries is  put  upon  the  market  in  a  finished  condition.  Marble  is  quarried 
also  in  Cherokee,  TVhitfield  and  Polk.  Beautiful  marble  is  found  also 
in  Floyd. 

Fifteen  years  ago  Georgia  marble  was  little  known  beyond  the  lim- 
its of  the  State.  iSTow  it  is  the  most  famous  in  America,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  the  best  for  building  purposes.  The  demand  for  it  extends 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  shipments  have  been  made  to  Hawaii. 
From  the  Southern  Marble  Company  at  ^larble  Hill  was  shipped  the 
largest  block  of  marble  ever  quarried  in  the  United  State,  to  go  into 
the  capitol  of  IMinnesota.  In  the  construction  of  Mississippi's  new  cap- 
itol  Georgia  marble  is  one  of  the  main  materials,  as  it  is  also  in  the  new 
capitol  of  Rhode  Island. 

Granite  of  the  best  grade  abounds  in  Georgia.  The  largest  known 
deposit  of  this  useful  stone  in  the  world  is  found  in  DeKalb  county, 
fourteen  miles  east  of  tlio  city  of  Atlanta.  In  the  midst  of  a  vast  bed 
of  stone  extending  in  all  directions,  from  a  comparatively  level  country 
there  rises  to  the  height  of  1,G86  feet  a  solid  mountain  of  granite,  with- 


42  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

out  soil  except  in  a  few  scattered  places,  where  a  little  verdure  appears. 
This  "geological  monstrosity,"  as  Dr.  Alexander  Means,  an  eminent 
scientist  of  the  State  in  his  day,  styled  it,  is  known  by  the  appropriate 
name  of  Stone  Mountain,  It  is  seven  miles  in  circumference  at  the 
base,  and  by  the  ordinary  ascent  one  mile  from  base  to  apex.  The  stone 
of  this  mountain  and  of  the  wide  extended  bed  of  granite  that  spreads 
out  from  its  base  is  uniform  in  character,  admirably  adapted  for  paving 
Bs  well  as  for  building  and  monumental  work,  and  is  being  used  for  these 
purposes  not  only  in  the  cities  of  Georgia,  but  also  in  those  of  the  East 
and  West.  There  are  many  other  extensive  deposits  through  the  State, 
notably  those  in  Coweta,  Elbert,  Oglethorpe,  Walton,  Hancock,  Spald- 
ing, Eayette  and  Carroll  counties.  In  1880  the  entire  granite  product  of 
the  State  for  paving  material  was  valued  at  $13,000,  and  the  entire  in- 
dustry employed  only  thirteen  hands.  In  1896  the  product  in  paving 
material  alone  was  worth  more  than  $750,000,  and  gave  employment 
to  one  thousand  hands. 

Gneiss  is  quarried  extensively  in  Carroll,  Coweta,  Meriwether  and 
Heard  counties.  Red  sandstone  is  quarried  near  Graysville,  in  Catoosa 
county. 

The  granite  beds  are  found  in  what  is  known  as  Middle  Georgia. 
This  is  the  most  thickly  settled  section  of  the  State.  The  line  dividing 
it  from  South  Georgia  may  be  considered  as  running  directly  across 
the  State  from  Augusta  to  Columbus  and  passing  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion near  Milledgeville  and  Macon.  Much  of  the  land  is  exceedingly 
fertile,  producing  abundant  crops  of  cotton  and  of  com,  or  any  of  the 
grains  that  can  be  raised  in  any  part  of  the  United  States.  The  various 
grasses,  too,  afford  abundant  pasturage  for  horses  and  cattle.  The  creek 
and  river  bottoms  are  exceedingly  fertile,  but,  as  they  are  liable  to 
overflow,  these  lands  are  generally  devoted  to  corn,  an  exceedingly  profit- 
able crop  in  such  localities,  even  though  subject  to  occasional  damage  by 

floods. 

Even  the  so-called  worn-out  lands  have,  by  judicious  fertilizing,  been 
brought  to  a  high  state  of  productiveness.  This  region  varies  in  alti- 
tude from  180  to  500  and  in  some  instances  to  1,000  feet.  There  are 
few  elevations  that  are  designated  as  mountains,  and  lands  too  steep  for 
the  plow  are  seldom  found  over  the  greater  part  of  this  area.  Pme 
Mountain  in  Harris  and  Graves  Mountain  in  Lincoln  rise  a  few  hun- 
dred feet  above  the  surrounding  country.  Atlanta  stands  upon  the  crest 
of  Chattahoochee  Eidge  at  an  altitude  of  1,050  feet  above  the  level  of 
the  sea.  Kennesaw  Moimtain  in  Cobb,  with  an  altitude  of  1,809  feet, 
and  Stone  Mountain  in  DeKalb,  1,686  feet  above  the  sea,  tower  con- 
spicuously over  the  surrounding  landscape. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  43 

Sonthern  Georgia,  covering  more  than  half  of  the  State,  extending 
from  the  southern  limit  of  Middle  Georgia  to  Florida  and  the  Atlantic 
coast,  ranges  in  altitude  between  100  and  500  feet.  About  3,000 
square  miles  of  the  coastal  region  have  an  elevation  of  100  feet  or  lesa 
above  tide.  The  productions  of  Southern  Georgia  are  very  much  the 
same  as  those  of  Middle  Georgia.  Throughout  both  these  sections  fruits 
of  many  varieties  abound.  Pears  grow  well  in  every  part  of  the  State, 
but  best  in  ISTorthern  and  Middle  Georgia.  The  apple  succeeds  well  in 
every  portion  of  the  State  where  the  elevation  is  four  or  five  hundred 
feet,  with  a  clay  soil  or  subsoil. 

It  is  in  Georgia  that  the  most  luscious  peaches  are  produced,  those 
having  the  richest  flavor,  the  best  varieties  being  found  in  Middle  Geor- 
gia and  the  elevated  plateaus  of  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State. 
In  the  same  sections  figs  and  pomegi'anates  grow  admirably,  needing  no 
protection  in  winter  except  in  the  upper  part  of  the  middle  belt.  Grapes 
grow  well  in  every  section,  and  there  are  some  fine  vineyards.  It  may 
be  remarked  here  that,  while  the  founders  of  Georgia  forbade  the  im- 
portation of  the  stronger  liquors,  they  did  intend  to  make  the  colony  a 
wine-producing  country.  Olives  succeed  well  on  the  coast.  The  pecan 
and  English  walnut  do  well.  Watermelons  and  cantaloupes  are 
celebrated  for  their  quality.  In  fact,  the  Georgia  watermelon  has  a 
national  reputation.  In  Thomas  county,  in  the  extreme  southwestern 
section  of  the  State  bordering  on  Florida,  and  with  but  one  county  (De- 
catur) between  it  and  the  Alabama  line,  in  addition  to  all  the  agricul- 
tural productions  of  the  temperate  and  semi-tropical  zones,  the  apple, 
pear,  peach,  plum,  pomegranate,  fig,  quince,  cherry  ,grape,  raspbeny, 
blackberry,  strawberry,  mulberry,  orange,  lemon  and  banana  may  be 
seen,  all  growing  in  the  same  orchard.  In. Camden  county,  in  the  ex- 
treme southeast,  oranges  flourish,  and  in  the  streets  of  St.  Mary's  the 
trees  may  be  seen  laden  in  their  season  with  golden  fruit.  Berries  of  all 
kinds  flourish  in  every  section  of  Georgia.  Groundpeas  and  chufas 
abound,  the  former  being  extensively  raised  for  home  consumption  and 
the  markets  of  Georgia  and  other  States.  Sugar-cane  and  sorghum  are 
also  crops  of  great  value. 

No  area  of  similar  extent  in  the  United  States  shows  greater  variety 
than  Georgia,  and  no  State  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  great.  In 
its  southern  part  tropical  fruits  and  flowers  grow  and  mature,  while  on  the 
high  peaks  of  some  of  its  mountains  grow  plants  indigenous  to  the  far 
north.  Many  people  suppose  that  latitude  determines  climate.  But 
other  factors  which  also  largely  control  must  be  taken  into  the  count. 
Of  these  factors    rainfall,  elevation  and  air  currents    exert  ]u-obably  the 


44  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

greatest  influence.  Of  nine  climate  belts  in  the  United  States,  eight  are 
represented  in  Georgia.  Of  these  eight  belts  the  lowest  in  mean  annual 
temperature  is  below  40  degrees,  the  highest  between  TO  and  75.  Thus 
Georgia's  four  and  one-half  degrees  of  latutude  show  a  variety  of  climate 
equivalent  to  the  average  range  of  15  degrees,  according  to  the  usual 
estimate,  which  assigns  two  degrees  difference  in  the  thermometer  for 
one  degree  of  latitude,  and  one  degree  of  the  thermometer  to  three  hun- 
dred feet  of  elevation.  The  climate  of  below  forty  degrees  is  found  on 
some  of  the  mountain  peaks  known  as  "bald"  above  the  range  of  trees, 
where  only  shrubs  appear,  and  on  whose  summit  arctic  insects  are  found. 
Of  course  there  is  but  a  small  part  of  this  belt  in  Georgia. 

mea:n'  a:n'i^ual  temperatuee. 

On  the  sides  of  these  mountains  below  the  summit  is  a  mean  annual 
temperature  of  between  forty  and  forty-five  degrees,  corresponding  with 
upp^r  'New  England  and  New  York  and  the  mountain  region  of  Vir- 
ginia. A  larger  climate  zone  between  forty-five  and  fifty  degrees  cor- 
responds with  portions  of  ISTew  York,  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio.  The 
zone  between  fifty-five  and  sixty  degrees  embraces  a  narrow  strip  run- 
ning through  ISTorth  Carolina  and  Virginia  up  to  New  Jersey.  The  zone 
between  fifty-five  and  sixty  contains  an  area  two  or  three  times  as  large 
as  all  the  preceding  zones  together,  and  passing  through  both  Carolinas 
ends  in  Virginia.  The  zone  between  sixty  and  sixty-five  degrees  em- 
braces nearly  all  of  Middle  Georgia,  upper  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louis- 
iana, Texas,  West  Tennessee  and  Arkansas,  and  extends  into  Virginia. 
The  mean  annual  temperature  at  some  of  the  important  stations  in  this 
area  are:  Leo,  60.1;  Rome,  61.9;  Gainesville,  61.3;  Atlanta,  61.4;  Car- 
roUton,  62;  Oxford,  62.6;  Athens,  63;  Augusta,  64;  LaGrange,  64.1; 
Thomson,  64.7.  The  climate  of  Southern  Georgia  corresponds  with  that 
of  lower  Texas,  Louisiana,  Mississippi  and  upper  Florida,  being  chiefly 
in  the  zone  between  sixty-five  and  seventy  degrees  of  mean  annual  tem- 
perature, this  zone  embracing  the  following  stations:  Macon,  66.1; 
Swainsboro,  67;  Cuthbert,  68.1;  Americus,  68.2;  Walthoursville,  67.6; 
Brunswick,  68.7.  Blackshear,  70.2,  is  the  only  station  touching  tha 
zone  between  seventy  and  seventy-five  degrees.  The  climate  of  Atlanta 
corresponds  mth  that  of  Washington,  St.  Louis  and  Louisville,  the  win- 
ters being  warmer  and  the  summers  cooler. 

Eor  the  whole  State  the  July  mean  temperature  is  81.8.  The  isother- 
mal line  of  eighty  degrees,  July  temperature,  runs  above  Augusta  and 
Macon  to  West  Point.     Above  this  line,  embracing  nearly  all  of  North 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  45 

and  Middle  Georgia,  the  July  temperature  is  between  seventy-five  and 
eighty  degi-ees.  Below  this  line,  embracing  nearly  all  Southwest,  East 
and  Southeast  Georgia,  the  July  temperature  is  between  eighty  and 
eighty-five  degrees. 

The  only  climatic  belt  in  the  United  States  not  found  in  Georgia  is 
that  in  the  extreme  south  of  Florida,  with  a  mean  annual  temperature 
of  between  seventy-five  and  eighty  degrees. 

Georgia's  summers  are,  on  an  average,  cooler  than  those  of  more 
northerly  sections,  while  the  wintei-s,  though  seldom  severe,  are  cold 
enough  to  dissipate  the  germs. of  disease. 

The  annual  average  rainfall  of  Georgia  is  49.3  inches,  the  highest  be- 
ing at  Rabun  Gap,  71.7  inches,  the  lowest  at  Swainsboro,  39.4  inches. 
The  average  for  different  sections  of  the  State  is:  for  Middle  Georgia, 
49.7  inches;  Xorthwest  Georgia,  60.3  inches;  East  Georgia,  41.4  inches. 
The  summer  rainfall  for  the  State  in  inches  averages  13.4;  I^orth  Geor- 
gia, 13.6;  Southwest  Georgia,  14.5.  Of  summer  rainfalls  the  averages 
in  inches  are:  Brunswick,  16.6;  Americus,  16;  Rabun  Gap,  15.4;  At>- 
lanta,  10.8;  Rome,  10.2.     Atlanta's  annual  rainfall  is  52.12  inches. 

The  average  elevation  above  the  sea  of  iSTorth  Georgia  is  1,700  feet; 
of  Middle  Georgia,  750;  of  Southwest  Georgia,  400;  of  East  Georgia, 
125;  of  Southeast  Georgia,  100,  giving  an  average  for  the  State  of  615 
feet.     Here  is  a  difference  between  the  extreme  averages  of  1,600  feet. 

Snow  seldom  falls  in  Southern  Georgia,  and  then  rarely  to  a  depth 
of  more  than  two  inches,  disappearing  entirely  in  one  or  two  days.  There 
are  a  few  notable  exceptions  at  intervals  of  several  ycai-s  near  the  line  of 
Middle  Georgia,  when  it  falls  to  a  greater  depth,  and  is  followed  by  a 
severe  freeze. and  has  been  known  to  stay  on  the  ground  for  several  days. 
In  Middle  Georgia  the  fall  of  snow  is  slightly  more  frequent,  while  its 
frequency  and  depth  is  greatly  increased  in  the  mountain  region. 

The  climatic  conditions  in  Georgia  are  favorable  to  man  and 
beast.  There  is  no  more  salubrious  climate  than  that  of  North  Georgia. 
It  compares  favorably  with  that  of  many  sections  famed  throughout  the 
Union  as  summer  resorts.  In  North  and  Middle  Georgia  summer  and 
autumn  are  the  most  delightful  seasons  of  the  year.  Cool  breezes  gen- 
erally temper  the  sun's  rays  in  the  heat  of  a  summer  day,  and  the 
nights,  especially  near  the  mountains,  are  cool,  refreshing,  and  invigorat- 
ing. Nothing  is  more  restful  to  the  weary  laborer,  whether  he  bo  a 
mechanic  or  a  toiler  in  the  fields  of  thought,  than  to  lie  dowm  to  slumber 
unoppressed  by  the  sultriness  of  a  summer  night.  An  evening  cooled  by 
gentle  zephyrs  is  a  luxury,  and  such  it  is  one's  j)rivilegc  to  enjoy  ainid 
the  mountains  of  the  northern  section  or  the  ninrc  elevated  portion-^  ol 


46 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


Middle  Georgia.  Even  in  Southwest  Georgia  there  are  plateaus  and 
ridges  with  an  elevation  of  from  300  to  500  feet  above  sea  level,  where 
summer  nights  are  refreshing  and  invigorating.  Even  in  the  lowlands 
of  the  coastal  region  and  the  interior  portions  also,  the  heat  is  greatly 
modified  by  the  sea  breezes  which,  coming  from  the  Gulf  and  the  At- 
lantic, cool  the  summer  evenings  and  nights. 

In  calculating  the  healthfulness  of  the  State,  the  ratio  of  mortality  of 
the  colored  population  ought  to  be  excluded,  since  their  mode  of  life,  esr 
pecially  in  the  cities,  is  far  from  conducive  to  health,  and  their  death- 
rate  is  far  in  excess  of  that  of  the  whites. 

The  following  table  shows  the  average  number  of  deaths  in  every 
1,000  of  the  population  for  the  year  1890  in  the  States  of  Georgia,  Cali- 
fornia, Illinois,  'New  York  and  Massachusetts: 

NUMBER  OF  DEATHS  PER  1,000. 


STATES 

White 

Colored 

Total  Average 
Including 
both  Races 

Georgia 

10.98 
13.42 
18  99 
17.03 
19.48 

15.50 
14.34 
18.43 
16.25 
28.57 

13  24 

California 

13.88 

Illinois   

16  21 

New  York 

16  64 

Massachusetts 

21.52 

Hence  it  may  be  seen  that  Georgia's  climate  as  compared  with  the 
eastern,  middle,  western  middle  and  extreme  western  is  pleasant  and 
healthful. 

The  Coastal  Region  of  Georgia  abounds  in  large,  deep  and  navigable 
rivers,  sounds  and  inlets,  offering  every  facility  for  commerce  and  trade, 
to  which  advantages  should  be  added  the  splendid  lines  of  railway  that 
connect  the  seaports.  Savannah  and  Bnmswick,  with  the  highly  produc- 
tive regions  of  the  south,  southwest  and  west.  Savannah,  though  a  city 
of  only  54,000  inhabitants,  is  seventh  in  the  Union  in  the  total  value  of 
its  exports,  is  the  third  cotton  port  in  America  and  ranks  first  in  the 
world  in  lumber  and  naval  stores. 

When  John  Verrazzani,  in  the  service  of  the  king  of  France,  visited 
the  Georgia  coast  in  1525,  he  was  so  charmed  witJi  its  rivers  that  he 
named  them  after  the  most  noted  streams  of  France.  He  called  the  St. 
Mary's  the  Seine;  the  Satilla,  the  Somne;  the  Altamaha,  the  Loire;  the 
Savannah,  the  Grande;  St.  Catherine's  inlet,  the  Garonne;  Ossabaw 
Sound,  the  Gironde. 

The  islands  that  skirt  the  Georgia  coast  produce  the  famous  sea-island 
cotton.    They,  as  well  as  the  mainlands  opposite,  furnish  great  quantities 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  49 

of  rice,  in  the  production  of  "which  Georgia  conies  after  Louisiana  and 
South  Carolina.  Some  of  the  largest  plantations  of  this  grain,  which 
furnishes  such  wholesome  food  to  thousands  of  people,  are  situated  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ogeechee.  The  lumber  business  of  Southern  Georgia,  espe- 
cially of  the  southeastern  section,  is  of  great  proportions  and  has  added 
much  to  the  prosperity  of  the  wire-grass  section,  if  it  has  not  been  the 
greatest  factor  in  its  recent  rapid  development.  It  has  built  thriving 
towlis  and  opened  up  new  fields  for  commerce,  increasing  greatly  the 
value  of  the  exports  of  Savannah  and  Brunswick,  and  giving  to  Darien 
and  St.  Mary's  their  most  valuable  articles  of  trade. 

Of  all  the  forest  trees  of  the  State  the  long-leaf  pine  of  Southern 
Georgia,  well  known  as  the  Georgia  pine,  holds  at  the  present  time  the 
chief  place.  It  is  the  same  as  the  Pinus  palustris  or  australis,  which 
is  to  be  found  all  along  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts  to  a  distance  of  150 
miles  back  from  the  sea,  from  the  Potomac  to  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. iSTo  tree  in  the  temperate  zone,  and  perhaps  not  in  the  whole  world, 
serves  better  the  wants  of  mankind.  From  its  roots  to  its  slender,  needle- 
like leaves,  every  atom  can  be  utilized.  It  has  a  long,  slender  trunk, 
often  rising  to  the  height  of  seventy  or  a  hundred  feet  without  a  curve 
or  a  branch  until  near  the  top,  where  there  appears  a  cluster  of  branches 
bearing  bunches  of  needles,  long  and  evergTcen,  which  decay  and  drop 
out  annually,  one  after  another,  and  yet  never  enough  at  any  time  to 
deprive  the  tree  of  its  richly  colored  foliage.  These  pines  form  a  con- 
tinuous forest  for  a  distance  of  1,000  miles,  unaffected  by  frost  or  heat, 
growing  densely  on  sandy  soil  or  in  the  swamps.  The  ground  under 
them,  whei'e  it  is  not  swampy,  is  covered  with  a  carpet  of  decayed  needles 
of  a  reddish-brown  color,  slippery  and  elastic  under  the  tread.  The 
pine  mast  or  seed  is  a  great  food  for  hogs.  The  aromatic  odor  of  the 
pines  is  very  helpful  to  asthmatic  and  consumptive  patients.  The  tim- 
ber which  is  cut  from  it  is  equally  good  for  building,  for  cabinet  work 
and  furniture,  is  susceptible  of  high  polish,  can  be  furnished  in  almost 
any  size  and  length,  and  can  stand  exposure  to  the  weather.  Some  of  it 
has  a  curly  grain,  which,  when  polished,  makes  furniture  beautiful  and 
greatly  prized.  The  roots  and  bark  have  medicinial  and  chemical  proper- 
ties that  have  for  years  been  utilized.  From  them  the  best  of  lamp- 
black is  made.  From  the  bark  comes  the  highest  grades  of  charcoal. 
The  sawdust  furnishes  a  heavy  percentage  of  alcohol  and  creosote.  The 
sap,  as  it  oozes  from  the  tree,  supplies  a  gum  from  which,  when  thrown 
into  a  cauldron,  boiled  and  distilled,  there  is  obtained  spirits  of  turpen- 
tine, while  the  residue  in  tlic  cauldron  is  resin,  sometimes  called  rosin. 
This  resin  is  divided  into  different  grades,  the  finest  of  which  consists 


5Q  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  amber-colored  crystals,  known  as  window-glass  resin,  used  on  violin 
bows,  for  the  manufacture  of  stained  glass,  and  fine  painters'  materials. 
ISTorth  Carolina  has  long  been  famed  for  the  production  of  tar,  pitch,  tur- 
pentine and  naval  stores ;  but  of  late  years  Georgia  has  forged  ahead  of 
her  in  these  valuable  articles  of  commerce.  The  short-leaf  pine  abounds 
in  Middle  Georgia  and  the  white  pines  in  ISTorthwest  Georgia.  In 
Southeast  Georgia  is  also  found  the  live-oak,  a  valuable  wood  for  ship- 
building. 

Another  valuable  wood,  the  cypress  {Taxedium  distichum),  grows 
along  the  margins  of  streams  or  in  swamps  with  the  sweet-gums  and  black 
gums.  It  is  found  in  the  country  traversed  by  the  Central  Railroad 
from  Augusta  and  Macon  toward  Savannah,  along  the  Southern  Rail- 
way from  Macon  southward  and  eastward,  and  in  much  of  the  interven- 
ing country.  This  tree  attains  its  largest  dimensions  in  swamps  near 
the  coast.  Capable  of  standing  exposure  well,  it  shrinks  and  swells  but 
little  when  subject  to  alternations  of  temperature  or  of  moisture  and  dry- 
ness. These  characteristics  make  its  timber  especially  suitable  for 
shingles,  doors,  sashes  and  exterior  trimming. 

In  Middle  and  IlTorthem  Georgia  there  is  an  abundant  supply  of 
hardwood  lumber  for  manufacturing  railroad  cars,  wagons  and  agricul- 
tural implements,  besides  a  great  variety  suitable  for  manufacturing 
furniture.  Among  these  are  oak,  hickory,  ash,  walnut,  cherry  and 
maple.  In  iTorth  Georgia  there  is  found  also  the  sugar-maple,  the  wood 
of  which  is  light  brown  and  hard.  From  its  sap  can  be  made  excellent 
sugar  and  syrup. 

The  pine  timber  land,  which  a  few  years  ago  could  be  bought  for 
from  50  cents  to  $1.50  an  acre,  now  brings  from  $4.00  to  $8.00.  Of 
course  the  wealth  brought  into  Georgia  by  the  immense  pine  forests 
through  the  trade  in  lumber  and  naval  stores  is  of  great  present  benefit 
to  our  State.  But  will  not  the  day  come,  when  through  the  turpentine 
ax  and  the  saw  these  noble  pines  will  disappear  and  be  a  .thing  of  the 
past?  Most  assuredly  yes!  What  then  will  be  the  fate  of  this  section 
of  Georgia?  The  lands  from  which  the  forests  have  been  cleared 
will  be  opened  up  for  farms  and  the  staple  crops,  fruits  and  vege- 
tables from  the  cultivated  fields  and  carefully  tended  truck  gardens  will 
find  their  way  to  the  markets  of  the  ^orth,  in  which  there  is  a  rapidly 
increased  demand  for  the  products  of  our  Georgia  farms  and  gardens. 
Best  of  all  they  will  pass  through  our  own  ports,  bringing  into  them  a 
continuation  of  the  profits  now  derived  from  the  shipments  of  lumber 
and  naval  stores.  In  addition  to  this  the  grasses  will  supply  a  natural 
pasturage  which,  together  with  the  fact  that  no  shelter  would  be  needed 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  51 

in  winter,  will  make  this  the  choice  section  of  the  State  for  extensive 
sheep  fanus. 

iSTot  even  in  Louisiana  does  the  sugar-cane  grow  more  luxuriantly,  or 
yield  a  greater  amount  of  saccharine  juice  than  throughout  this  same 
sand  piney  belt.  In  Thomas  county  vineyards  have  been,  and  are 
very  successful,  and  the  best  of  wines  have  been  made.  Experiments  at 
Waycross,  in  Ware  county,  show  that  the  soils  of  that  region  are  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  the  culture  of  fruits,  figs  and  grapes.  "Watermelons 
can  be  grown  in  any  quantity  and  size.  In  the  extreme  southern  tier  of 
counties  oranges  and  bananas  can  be  produced,  and  ^vith  the  same  care 
should  be  made  to  do  as  well  as  in  the  neighboring  counties  of  Florida. 

Dr.  Thomas  P.  Janes,  in  his  handbook  published  in  1876,  says:  'T 
have  seen  no  section  of  Georgia  in  which  the  people  seem  to  secure  a 
comfortable  supply  of  food  with  less  effort,  and  can  see  no  reason  why 
the  whole  country  may  not  be  made  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  that  section 
of  Prussia,  where  Frederick  the  Great  founded  the  city  of  Berlin.  There 
is  the  greatest  similarity  in  the  soil  and  topography  of  the  two  sections, 
and  should  the  tide  of  German  immigi-ation  be  turned  hither,  there 
would  soon  be  realized  to  them  the  comforts  and  pleasures  of  the  Father- 
land." From  the  Okefinokee  Swamp,  in  the  extreme  southeast  section, 
thousands  of  tons  of  muck  can  be  obtained  which,  mth  the  aid  of  the 
Satilla  river  marls,  will  convert  the  sandy  and  red  clay  lands  in  its 
neighborhood  into  the  most  productive  market-gardens.  According  to 
an  act  passed  by  the  legislature  October  29,  1889,  and  approved  by  the 
Governor,  John  B.  Gordon,  the  Okefinokee  Swamp  was  sold  to  certain 
gentlemen  incorporated  as  the  Suwannee  Canal  Company,  of  which 
Henry  Jackson,  of  Atlanta,  was  elected  president  and  A.  E.  Thornton, 
vice-president  of  the  Atlanta  National  Bank,  was. made  vice-president. 
Explorations  made  by  the  company  have  shown  the  swamp  to  be  al:>out 
forty-five  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  about  thirty  miles.  In  it 
are  numerous  islands  covered  with  long-leaf  yellow  pine  along  the  central 
ridges,  while  on  their  hammock  lands  are  found  the  red  bay,  white  bay, 
magnolia  and  white  holly,  known  as  Henderson  wood.  This  last 
named  tree,  when  dry,  is  white  like  ivory,  with  a  grain  not  perceptible, 
and  from  it  excellent  piano  keys  are  made.  The  red  bay  takes  a  beau- 
tiful polish  not  much  inferior  to  that  of  mahogany.  The  timber  bays  or 
cypress  brakes  running  north  and  south  through  the  swamp,  supply  the 
very  best  quality  of  black  cypress,  which  will  cut  from  25,000  to  100,- 
000  feet  to  the  acre.  One  of  the. islands,  called  Billy's  Island,  was  onco 
the  home  of  the  Seminole  chief,  Billy  Bowlegs.  Okefinokee  Swamp 
abounds  in  fish  and  game  of  all  kinds.     On  some  of  the  islands  are  fnund 


52  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

deer,  bears,  turkeys,  woodcocks,  partridges  and  snipe.  Here  also  dwell 
the  otter,  wild  cat  and  panther.  The  waters  of  the  swamp  abound  in 
bream,  perch  and  the  large-mouthed  black  bass,  the  last  being  sometimes 
called  trout,  which  the  fishermen,  after  the  primitive  Indian  fashion,  ob- 
tain bj  shooting  them  with  bow  and  arrow.  The  cypress  brakes  are 
separated  from  each  other  by  what  are  called  prairies,  though  covered 
with  water  to  the  depth  of  two  or  three  feet,  which  innumerable  water 
lilies  cause  to  resemble  a  field  white  with  cotton.  The  water  being 
drained  off  leaves  a  muck  eight  feet  deep,  the  great  utility  of  which  as  a 
fertilizer  has  already  been  mentioned. 

The  Georgia  sugar-cane  crop  deserves  special  mention  as  one  of  our 
most  important  wealth-producing  factors.  The  striped  or  ribbon  cane, 
which  is  now  so  successfully  grown  in  the  southern  section  of  our  State 
was  in  1825  introduced  from  Savannah,  Georgia,  into  Louisiana,  which 
State  is  now  famous  for  its  molasses  and  sugar  industries.  Throughout 
Southern  and  Middle  Georgia  this  is  one  of  the  best  crops,  and  in  some 
localities  is  raised  with  profit  even  as  high  north  as  Whitfield  county,  in 
the  mountain  regions.  Mr.  W.  L.  Peek  of  Conyers,  a  little  north  of  the 
central  part  of  Middle  Georgia,  wrote  to  the  Agricultural  Department 
in  1899  that  he  had  made  during  that  season  600  gallons  of  syrup  to  the 
acre,  while  a  letter  from  Rev.  Luke  Johnson  of  Dalton,  Whitfield 
county,  reported  300  gallons  to  the  acre  from  cane  raised  by  him.  But 
in  the  southern  counties  are  obtained  the  best  ^results,  and  Cairo,  in 
Thomas  county  and  .Quitman,  in  Brooks,  are  perhaps  the  greatest  ship- 
ping points  for  Georgia  cane  syrup,  the  rival  in  our  southern  markets 
of  the  best  "New  Orleans  brands  and  of  the  famed  maple-syrup  of.  the 
ITorth. 

Sorghum  syrup,  produced  from  what  is  called  Chinese  sugar-cane,  is 
also  a  great  favorite  with  many  of  our  planters,  especially  for  their  negro 
laborers,  by  whom  it  is  preferred  to  almost  any  other  kind. 

As  a  wheat-growing  State  Georgia  is  making  a  record  of  which  her 
people  may  well  be  proud.  Mr.  J.  M.  McCandless,  State  Chemist,  after 
a  careful  analysis  of  nineteen  Georgia  samples,  has  shown  that  Georgia 
farmers  can  raise  as  fine  wheat  as  is  grown  anywhere.  The  attention 
that  is  being  given  to  all  the  small  grain  crops  is  an  encouraging  sign 
of  the  progress  being  made  in  diversified  farming. 

But  the  greatest  wealth-producing  factor  in  Georgia  when  the  farm- 
ers first  raise  their  own  supplies,  and  make  it  their  surplus  crop,  is  King 
Cotton,  the  fleecy  staple,  which  all  the  world  wants  and  must  have.  In 
1S9Y-98  and  again  in  1898-99,  Georgia  produced  1,500,000  bales,  an 
over-production,  and  to  do  this  neglected  to  give  to  other  crops  their 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  53 

proper  attention.  The  price  of  cotton,  which,  steadily  decreasing  for  the 
past  two  decades,  had  reached  the  low  figures  of  four  and  one-half  cents 
a  pound,  compelled  them  now  to  a  change  of  policy,  which  had  long 
been  urged  by  the  press  of  the  State,  notably  the  Macon  Telegraph,  the 
Atlanta  dailies,  the  Constitution  and  Journal,  the  Augusta  Chronicle, 
the  Savannah  Morning  News,  the  Columbus  Enquirer,  and  many  other 
papers  of  Georgia,  and  to  the  adoption  of  which  the  Agricultural  De- 
partment had  bent  its  every  effort.  Raising  first  the  food  crop,  they 
planted  cotton  in  a  less,  and  yet  sufficiently  large  quantity,  and  the  re- 
sulting high  prices  brought  renewed  hope  and  prosperity  to  all  classes  of 
our  people. 

Here  it  may  be  not  inappropriate  to  say  that  the  traveler  from  the 
ISTorth  and  West  passing  through  the  State  should  not  judge  Georgia 
from  the  ordinary  fai-m  scene,  viewed  from  the  window  of  a  moving 
train. 

Our  railroads  generally  run  along  the  ridges  where  the  land  is  poorest, 
the  best  lands  being  away  from  the  great  highways  of  travel.  The 
negro  laborer,  generally  a  prominent  figure  in  the  scene,  is  a  thriftless 
sort  of  farmer  who  knows  only  how  to  plow  and  hoe,  but  who,  under  the 
intelligent  eye  of  the  white  man,  makes  the  best  of  laborers. 

A  sight  of  some  of  the  farms  where  improved  methods  have  been 
practiced  shows  conclusively  that  there  is  no  better  country  in  which  to 
seek  for  homes,  where  not  merely  a  comfortable  living  amid  pleasant 
surroundings  can  be  had,  but  where,  under  the  skillful  hand  of  the 
white  man,  competency  and  wealth  may  be  acquired. 

The  water-powers  of  Georgia  are  immense,  and  are  estimated  at 
550,000  horse-power,  of  which  less  than  50,000  have  been  utilized. 

The  school  and  church  privileges  of  Georgia  are  treated  in  full  in  the 
chapters  on  "Education"  and  "Religious  Denominations." 

In  the  State  of  Georgia  there  were  in  1890  440,459  sheep  with  a  wool 
clip  of  841,141  pounds;  873,926  cattle,  of  which  49,108  were  working 
oxen  and  287,717  were  milch  cows.  Of  the  cows  3,931  were  pure  bred 
and  28,148  were  graded  as  one  half  blood  or  higher.  There  were  pro- 
duced 53,234,508  gallons  of  milk,  14,483,323  pounds  of  butter  and 
12,833  pounds  of  cheese. 

There  were  also  103,501  horses,  150,860  mules,  517  donkeys,  1,396,- 
362  swine,  7,357,934  chickens,  148,797  turkeys,  291,076  geese,  and 
105,537  ducks.  There  was  a  production  of  11,522,788  dozens  of  eggi^y 
and  1,757,758  pounds  of  honey. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  for  1899,  pub- 
lished by  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  gives  the  number 


54  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  sheep  in  Georgia  as  294,826,  valued  at  $518,893,  yielding  1,218,612 
pounds  of  wool,  washed  and  unwashed,  and  731,167  pounds  of  scoured 
wool.  The  Year  Book  published  by  the  same  department  for  1900  places 
the  number  of  sheep  in  Georgia  at  271,534,  yielding  1,086,136  pounds 
of  wool,  washed  and  unwashed,  and  651,682  pounds  of  scoured  wool. 
This  indicates  a  steady  decrease  in  the  sheep  and  wool  industry  of  Geor- 
gia. Are  our  farmers  going  to  let  this  state  of  affairs  continue,  and 
allow  an  industry  which,  under  proper  conditions,  would  be  a  great 
source  of  wealth  to  our  State  to  go  to  ruin  for  the  lack  of  such  laws 
as  will  give  the  sheep  proper  protection  ? 


CHAPTER  III. 


ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY  AND  MmEKALOGY. 

In  the  steady  growth  of  industrial  development  that  is  taking  place 
along  various  lines  in  Georgia,  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  are 
not  being  neglected,  and  the  subject  of  economic  geology  and  mineral- 
ology  is  claiming  each  year  a  larger  share  of  attention.  Through  the 
active  and  systematic  work,  both  of  private  individuals  and  of  the  State 
Geological  Department,  thoughtful  men  are  realizing  more  and  more 
that  this  phase  of  the  State's  material  development  is  only  in  its  child- 
hood, and  that  a  most  promising  field  here  awaits  the  trained  worker  and 
the  capitalist. 

A  brief  outline  is  here  given  of  the  general  geologic  features  of  the 
State,  together  with  a  short  account  of  some  of  the  most  valuable  mineral 
deposits,  building-stones,  water-powers,  etc. 

By  reference  to  the  accompanying  map  it  will  be  seen  that  the  State 
is  divided  geologically  into  three  main  divisions:  1st.  The  Paleozoic 
area  in  the  northwest,  embracing  the  counties  of  Dade,  Walker,  Catoosa, 
"Whitfield,  Chattooga,  Eloyd  and  the  greater  parts  of  Murray,  Gordon, 
Bartow  and  Polk;  2d.  The  Crystalline  area,  including  all  that  portion  of 
the  State  north  of  a  line  through  Columbus,  Macon,  Milledgeville  and 
Augusta  and  not  embraced  in  the  Paleozoic  areaj  3d..  The  Coastal 
Plain  area,  beginning  at  the  line  above  described  and  taking  in  all  the 
southern  portion  of  the  State. 

In  the  Paleozoic  area  Cambrian,  Silurian,  Devonian  and  Carbonifer- 
ous formations  are  represented.  The  rocks  are  principally  shales,  sand 
stones,  limestones,  quartzites  and  cherts. 

The  general  surface  configuration  presents  a  region  of  parallel  valleys 
and  mountain  ridges,  the  bulk  of  the  area  forming  a  portion  of  the  great 
Appalachian  valley. 

In  this  area  are  valuable  deposits  of  coal  and  ores  of  aluniimnn  and 
manganese.  The  roofing-slate  of  the  State  is  found  here,  and  all  the 
iron  deposits  tliat  have  been  so  far  worked  are  in  this  area. 

The  Crystalline  area  is  composed  of  granites,  scliists  and  gneisses,  witli 
intruded  basic  eruptives  of  later  ago.     The  rocks  of  this  area  are  of 

(55) 


56  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

great  age,  but  their  exact  position  in  the  geological  time  scale  has  not 
yet  been  definitely  decided  upon. 

The  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  the  easternmost  of  the  Southern  Appa- 
lachians, traverse  this  region  in  a  northeast  southwest  direction.  From 
the  southern  foothills  of  this  range  the  land  surface  slopes  gradually  sea- 
ward to  its  junction  with  the  Coastal  Plain.  This  portion  of  the  area 
is  known  as  the  Piedmont  Plain.  Atlanta,  situated  in  the  upper  part  of 
this  belt,  is  1,050  feet  above  sea  level. 

Conspicuous  among  the  minerals  of  commercial  importance  in  the 
Crystalline  area  are  gold,  corundum  and  asbestos. 

The  best  building-stones  in  the  State  are  also  in  this  region  and  near 
the  contact  between  it  and  the  Paleozoic. 

The  Coastal  Plain  is  much  younger,  geologically,  than  either  of  the 
other  two  areas  and  is  very  different  from  the  adjoining  crystalline  area, 
both  in  the  character  of  the  rocks  and  the  surface  configuration.  The 
great  mass  of  the  strata  is  of  Eocene  and  Miocene  age,  overlaid  by  the 
Lafayette  and  Columbia  formations.  In  the  northwest  comer  a  con- 
siderable area  of  underlying  Cretaceous  rocks  have  been  exposed  through 
the  removal  by  erosion  of  the  latter  formations.  These  rocks  have  their 
greatest  width  at  the  western  end  of  the  belt,  but  according  to  Dr.  Geo. 
E.  Ladd,  they  can  be  traced  clean  across  the  State  into  South  Carolina. 

The  rocks  of  the  coastal  plain  consist  of  loosely  consolidated  sands  and 
gravels,  with  clays,  marls  and  limestones.  In  passing  from  the  harder 
formations  of  the  Crystalline  area  to  these  much  softer  rocks,  all  of  the 
rivers  form  falls  or  cascades.  The  line  marking  the  junction  of  the 
costal  plain  with  the  Crystalline  area  is  hence  called  the  "fall  line." 
Up  to  this  line  all  of  the  larger  streams,  flowing  through  the  flat,  low 
lying  coastal  plain,  are  navigable.  The  fall  line,  forming  the  head  of 
navigation  and  affording  important  water-powers  on  the  streams,  deter- 
mined the  location  of  a  number  of  important  towns — Columbus,  Macon 
and  Augusta. 

In  the  coastal  plain  are  found  the  finest  clays  of  the  State  and  valu- 
able beds  of  marl. 

GOLD. 

Gold  is  known  to  have  been  f  oimd  in  Georgia  in  1829  on  Duke's  creek 
in  White  county,  that  part  of  the  county  where  the  discovery  was  made, 
being  at  that  time  a  part  of  Habersham  county.  It  is  also  claimed  that 
it  was  found  a  year  prior  to  this  in  Lumpkin  county.  By  the  year  1830 
the  "gold  fever"  had  fully  developed  in  Georgia.  In  1831  $212,000 
was  sent  from  Georgia  to  the  United  States  Mint,  and  in  1838  the  United 


V. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  59 

State  government  established  a  branch  mint  at  Dahlonega,  which  contin- 
ued in  operation  till  the  civil  war  in  1861.  The  gi-eatest  output  of  any 
one  year  during  these  twenty-four  years  was  in  1843,  when  over  a  half 
million  dollars  were  coined. 

The  State  Geological  Survey  estimates  in  Bulletin  ISTo.  4 — A,  that  the 
total  production  of  gold  in  the  State,  from  its  earliest  discovery  till  1896, 
was  $16,228,730,  Statistics  from  the  Director  of  the  mint  show  a  total 
coining  value  of  $546,006  for  the  gold  received  from  Georgia  during  the 
four  years  following  1895. 

The  gold  deposits  of  Georgia  form  one  of  the  main  belts  of  the  gold 
fields  of  the  Southern  Appalachians.  Two  auriferous  areas,  as  defined 
in  Bulletin  'No.  4 — A  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  are  to  be  traced  on 
the  southeast  side  of  the  Blue  Ridge  running  in  a  northeast-southwest 
direction,  closely  parallel  with  the  main  axis  of  the  mountain  range. 
The  northernmost  and  largest  of  these  two  belts  is  the  Dahlonega  belt. 
It  has  a  length  of  about  150  miles  with  a  width  varying  from  one  to 
five  miles. 

Beginning  with  Rabun  county  it  runs  southwest  through  Habersham, 
T\Tiite,  Lumpkin,  Dawson,  the  northwest  corner  of  Forsyth,  Cherokee, 
the  northwest  comer  of  Cobb,  the  southeast  comer  of  Bartow,  Paulding 
and  Haralson  counties. 

The  other  belt,  called  the  Hall  county  belt,  traverses  the  counties  of 
Rabun,  Habersham,  Hall,  Gwinnett,  Forsyth,  Milton,  DeKalb  and  Ful- 
ton. 

A  third  belt  traverses  Cobb,  Paulding  and  Carroll  counties. 

A  fourth  belt  may  be  traced  through  Lincoln,  Columbia,  McDuffie 
and  Warren  counties,  in  the  southeast  portion  of  the  Crystalline  area. 

The  Dahlonega  belt  is  the  largest  and  most  important  of  all  these  belts. 

Besides  these  well-defined  areas  many  irregularly  located  deposits  may 
be  mentioned  occurring  in  Towns,  Union,  Gilmer,  Fannin  and  Meri- 
wether counties. 

Gold  is  to  be  found  in  Georgia  under  three  conditions:  1st.  As  water- 
worn  pebbles  and  fine  grains  in  the  beds  of  the  streams  traversing  the 
•auriferous  regions. 

2d.  In  veins  or  leads,  the  gold-bearing  quartz  generally  occurring 
in  lenticular  masses  or  stringers,  designated  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Becker  of  the 
United  gtates  Geological  Survey,  "stringer  leads."  Small  cross  fissure 
veins  often  ocx?ur  at  right  angles  to  the  principal  leads,  and  the  wall 
rocks  are  frequently  impregnated  with  gold  to  a  considerable  distance. 
Beneath  the  influence  of  atmospheric  weathering  these  leads  yield  the 

4  ga 


60  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

so-called  "refractory"  ores,  reqiiiring  expensive  treatment  for  tlie  pro- 
duction of  the  gold. 

3d.  In  decomposed  wall-rock  and  included  vein  material.  The  de- 
composition in  situ  of  the  wall-rock,  which  is  generally  a  gneiss  or  schist, 
varies  in  depth  at  different  localities,  sometimes  amounting  to  as  much 
as  a  hundred  feet.  For  this  rotten  material  Mr.  Becker  has  proposed  the 
term  "saprolite." 

The  richer  placer  mines  in  Georgia  have  long  since  been  exhausted, 
though  dredging  operations  are  at  i)resent  being  successfully  conducted 
on  some  of  the  rivers  in  the  Dahlonega  belt. 

In  Lumpkin  county  the  working  of  the  saprolites  constitutes  the  prin- 
cipal mining  operations  now  being  carried  on. 

The  material  is  washed  out  of  its  bed  by  directing  against  it  a  stream 
of  water  under  high  pressure  from  a  hydraulic  giant,  and  is  conducted 
away  in  flumes  or  sluice-boxes,  the  ore  and  fragment  of  partially  de- 
composed wall-rock  being  carried  to  the  stamp  mill  where  it  is  to  be 
crushed,  while  the  free  gold  is  caught  in  the  riffles  with  which  the  flumes 
are  lined  and  collected  with  mercury. 

Deep  mining  has  been  developed  as  yet  to  only  a  limited  extent  in 
Georgia.  A  good  example  of  this  kind  of  mining  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Greighton,  formerly  known  as  the  Franklin  mine,  in  Cherokee  county. 
Here  the  undecomposed  sulphides  have  been  taken  out  for  a  depth  o£ 
several  hundred  feet,  by  sinking  shafts  and  driving  drifts  at  one  hundred- 
foot  levels.  The  chlorination  process  is  employed  in  the  extraction  of  the 
gold.  This  and  the  Eoyal  mine,  in  Haralson  county,  serve  as  an  index 
to  what  may  be  accomplished  in  the  future  with  the  sulphuret  ores. 

Activity  in  mining  matters  has  been  very  marked  in  the  region  of  Dah- 
lonega for  the  past  two  years,  and  large  sums  have  been  invested. 

The  following  quotations  may  be  taken  as  a  summary  in  regard  to  the 
economical  features  of  gold  mining  in  Georgia: 

The  first  is  from  a  paper  on  the  gold  deposits  of  Georgia,  read  by 
Mr.  S.  W.  McCallie,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  before  the  International 
Gold  Mining  Convention,  held  at  Denver,  Colorado,  July  8,  1897. 

"The  future  of  the  gold  mining  industry  of  the  State  depends,  to  a 
great  extent,  on  the  economic  treatment  of  low-grade  ores  which  are 
knovTU  to. exist  in  large  quantities." 

The  other  is  from  Prof.  W.  S.  Yeates,  State  Geologist,  who,  in  the 
concluding  chapter  of  Bulletin  ISTo.  4 — A,  of  the  State  Survey,  on  a  part 
of  the  gold  deposits  of  the  State,  says:  "I  do  not  believe  that  the  Georgia 
gold  mines  may  be  expected  to  produce  bonanzas;  and  the  fortunes  to 
be  made  in  a  day  will  be  exceedingly  rare;  but  there  is  eveiy  reason  to 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  Ql 

believe,  tliat  when  properly  developed  and  equipped  for  extensive  opera- 
tions, the  gold  deposits  of  Georgia  will  rank  among  the  best  dividend 
producers  of  the  world." 

Among  some  of  the  well-known  mines  in  the  State  may  be  mentioned 
the  Barlow,  Finley  and  Hand  mines  in  Lnnipkin  conntv,  the  Creighton 
mine  in  Cherokee  conntv,  the  Loud  mine  and  the  Yonah  Gold  mines  in 
White  county,  and  the  Royal  mine  in  Haralson  county. 

SILVER. 

Ores  of  silver  in  any  quantity  have  never  been  found  in  Georgia.  As 
a  by-product  in  the  refining  of  the  gold  sent  by  the  State  to  the  United 
States  Mint,  silver  to  the  coining  value  of  from  six  to  seven  hundred  dol- 
lars is  derived  annually.    - 

IROK 

The  iron  ores  of  Georgia  furnish  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  vari- 
ous mineral  products  of  the  State. 

All  the  ore  so  far  mined  has  been  taken  from  the  Paleozoic  area, 
though  deposits  of  limonite  (brown  iron  ore)  that  would  warrant  bein^j 
developed  are  to  be  found  in  several  localities  in  the  Crystalline  area, 
and  magnetite  also  occui*s  in  this  area;  but  whether  in  workable  quanti- 
ties or  not  has  not  yet  been  determined. 

The  ores  of  the  Paleozoic  area  consist  of  the  brown  iron  ores  or  limon- 
ite, and  the  red  ores,  or  hematite. 

The  13ro^^^l  ores  furnish  the  bulk  of  the  material  taken  out  and  arc 
mined  at  present  in  Bartow,  Polk  and  Floyd  counties. 

Mr.  S.  W.  McCallie,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  in  an  article  written 
for  the  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal,  has  described  in  outline  the 
occurrence  and  character  of  these  ores.  According  to  him,  the  most  abund- 
ant deposits  occur  in  pockets,  or  irregular  deposits,  in  residual  clays  that 
have  resulted  from  the  weathering  of  an  extensive  magnesian  limestone 
formation  of  Lower  Silurian  age,  known  as  the  Knox  Dolomite.  From  a 
number  of  analyses  he  concludes  that  the  ore  will  yield  from  forty-eight 
to  fifty  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron. 

Other  deposits  of  less  extent  occur  in  Cambrian  and  Carboniferous  for- 
mations. 

Most  of  the  limonite  of  this  region  is  not  pure  limonite  but  is  the 
hydrous  sesquioxide  of  iron,  having  a  greater  or  less  per  cent,  of  the 
anhydrous  oxide  or  hematite  mixed  with  it,  giving  the  typical  "brown 
ore"  of  commerce. 


62  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  red  iron  ore  is  mined  in  Walker  and  Chattooga  counties.  It  is  a 
fossiliferons  hematite  usually  correlated  with  the  Clinton  beds  of  New 
York.  Below  the  influence  of  atmospheric  weathering  the  ore  carries 
a  considerable  percentage  of  lime. 

According  to  statistics  kindly  furnished  by  Dr.  David  T.  Day  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  the  output  of  iron  ores  in  Georgia  for 
1899  was  236,748  long  tons,  valued  at  $235,343. 

A  few  blast  furnaces  are  in  operation  in  the  iron-mining  region,  but 
the  greater  part  of  the  ore  mined  is  shipped  to  other  States. 

OCHER 

Yellow  ocher,  an  earthy  form  of  hydrated  iron  oxide,  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  paints  and  pigments,  and  linoleum,  occurs  in  Bartow 
county.  The  ocher  of  these  deposits  is  of  good  quality  and  is  favorably 
known  to  the  trade.  The  following  is  an  analysis  of  a  sample  by  Mr. 
K  P.  Pratt: 

Hygroscopic  moisture 60 

Water  of  combination 9.31 

Free  silica  (sand) 7.10 

Silica  as  silicates 6.51 

Alumina 8.86 

Iron  peroxide 66 .  82 


99.20 


The  production  of  mineral  paints  in  Georgia  in  1899,  as  shown  by 
figures  furnished  by  Dr.  Day,  was  3,212  short  tons,  valued  at  $39,505, 

Mr.  J.  J.  Calhoun  of  Cartersville,  Ga.,  informs  us  that  the  shipment 
of  yellow  ocher  from  Bartow  county  from  August  1,  1899,  to  August  1, 
1900,  was  4,500  tons. 

MANGANESE. 

The  oxide  of  manganese  constitutes  another  of  the  more  valuable  min- 
eral products  of  the  State.  Manganese  ore  of  fine  quality  occurs  in  Bar- 
tow and  Floyd  counties,  where  it  is  extensively  mined.  There  are  also 
deposits  of  less  extent  in  other  counties  in  the  Paleozoic  area.  Man- 
ganese is  used  for  a  number  of  purposes  in  the  industrial  arts  and 
sciences,  especially  in  the  manufacture  of  steel  and  in  the  preparation  of 
chlorine  gas. 


t  ebowu  0D  thti  map. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  63 

The  production  of  manganese  in  Georgia  has  fluctuated  greatly  dur- 
ing different  periods.  In  1898,  as  shown  by  the  twentieth  annual  report 
of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Georgia  led  all  the  States  in  the 
production  of  manganese,  the  output  being  6,689  long  tons,  valued  at 
$6.21  per  ton.  In  1887  the  output  reached  a  little  over  nine  thousand 
tons. 

In  1899  the  total  amount  as  shown  by  the  figures  furnished  by  Dr. 
David  T.  Day,  was  3,089  long  tons,  valued  at  $23,377. 

BAUXITE. 

Extensive  deposits  of  this  mineral  occur  in  the  Coosa  valley  of  the 
Paleozoic  area.  The  largest  deposits  are  in  Floyd  and  Bartow  counties, 
but  its  occurrence  is  also  to  be  noted  in  Polk,  Walker  and  Chattooga 
counties. 

Bauxite  is  a  hydrate  of  the  metal  aluminum,  and  is  the  principal 
source  of  the  aluminum  of  commerce.  It  is  also  largely  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  alum.  It  occurs  in  commercial  quantities  in  only  three 
other  localities  besides  Georgia  in  the  United  States:  in  Alabama, 
where  the  deposits  are  a  continuation  of  those  in  Georgia,  in  Arkansas 
and  in  'Nev7  Mexico,  to  a  limited  extent. 

In  Georgia  the  ore  occurs  in  pockets  or  distinctly  defined  bodies,  and 
can  generally  be  extracted  with  pick  and  shovel  without  resorting  to 
blasting.  The  bulk  of , the  ore  is  very  pure  and  is  worth  from  $3.50  to 
$4.50  per  ton  at  the  mines.  The  production  has  varied  considerably  dur- 
ing different  years.  The  production  in  the  United  States  is  at  present 
confined  to  Georgia  and  Alabama.  In  1897,  as  shown  by  the  United 
States  Geological  Survey  Eeport,  the  output  from  the  two  States  was 
20,590  long  tons,  valued  at  $57,652.  Of  this,  7,507  tons  were  from 
Georgia. 

CORUNDUM. 

Corundum  occurs  in  a  number  of  counties  in  the  Crystalline  area  and 
may  be  ranked  as  one  of  the  important  mineral  products  of  Georgia. 

Corundum,  used  in  its  broadest  sense,  is  a  terra  for  all  native  occurring 
oxide  of  aluminum,  including  the  precious  stones,  ruby  and  sapphire. 
In  a  more  restricted  sense,  it  is  used  for  all  the  non-transparent  varieties 
of  dark  or  dull  color. 

Emery  is  a  black  or  grayish-black,  granular  corundum  having  some 
iron  oxide,  either  hematite  or  magnetite,  intimately  mixed  with  it. 


Q^  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Conindum,  using  the  term  in  its  more  restricted  sense,  like  bauxite, 
occurs  in  commercial  quantities  in  the  United  States  in  a  limited  num- 
ber of  localities.  The  other  States  producing  it  besides  Georgia  are 
JS^orth  Carolina,  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Massachusetts.  The  Geor- 
gia deposits  occur  in  a  belt  of  considerable  width  running  in  a  parallel 
direction  with  the  main  axis  of  the  Blue  Kidge  mountains  on  their  south- 
east side.  Some  occurrences  are  to  be  noted,  however,  in  Towns  and 
Union  counties  on  the  other  side.  The  belt  runs  from  Eabun  and  Towns 
southwesterly  to  Carroll  and  Heard  counties.  The  most  important  de- 
*  posits  are  in  the  northeast  end  of  the  belt  in  Rabun,  Towns,  Union  and 
Habersham  counties. 

According  to  Mr.  Francis  P.  King,  formerly  Assistant  State  Geologist, 
the  deposits  occur  in  veins  intersecting  basic  magnesian  rocks  of  which 
peridotite  may  be  taken  as  a  type.  These  basic  magnesian  rocks  form 
igneous  intrusions  in  the  prevailing  gneiss  and  schists  that  maks  up  the 
country  rock. 

In  Bulletin  K'o.  2  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  page  Y4,  Mr.  King 
says :  "A  matter  of  note  is  the  constant  presence  of  hornblende  gneiss, 
either  on  one  side  or  the  other,  of  these  formations.  Such  being  the 
case,  and  since  these  gneissic-hornblende  formations,  varying  from  fifty 
to  three  hundred  feet  and  more  in  width,  are  continuous  for  miles  across 
the  country,  they  act  as  an  excellent  guide  in  a  search  for  the  corundum- 
bearing  formations.  Gneiss  or  mica-schist  seems  always  to  surround  the 
peridotites,  or  "chrysolite  formations,"  as  they  are  commonly  called,  the 
hornblende  gneiss  apparently  never  coming  in  close  contact  with  the  per- 
idotites." 

The  largest  mine  in  the  State,  and  one  of  the  noted  ones  of  the  United 
States,  is  the  Laurel  Creek  Mine  in  Eabun  county  near  the  Carolina  line. 

Comudum  is  the  hardest  of  all  naturally  occurring  substances,  the  dia- 
mond excepted,  and  its  extensive  use  as  an  abrasive  was  the  natural 
sequence  to  its  discovery  and  a  knowledge  of  its  physical  properties. 

PYEITE 

Pyrite,  the  naturally  occurring  sulphide  of  iron,  is  widely  distributed 
in  small  quantities  throughout  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  but  so  far 
it  has  not  been  found  in  sufficiently  concentrated  deposits  to  warrant 
mining  operations,  except  in  a  few  localities. 

Pyrit©  is  extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid,  and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  §5 

where  deposits  occur  not  too  remote  from  traiisportation  facilities,  they 
are  "well  worthy  of  attention. 

The  best  prospects  for  this  mineral  seem  to  be  in  Lumpkin  county. 

COPPER 

Copper  ores  occur  in  Murray  and  Fannin  counties  as  a  continuation 
of  the  Tennessee  deposits,  and  mining  operations  are  carried  on  to  a 
limited  extent  in  the  upper  part  of  these  counties. 

GKAPHITE. 

Graphite  occurs  in  a  numbei'  of  localities  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
State,  but  whether  in  quantites  of  a  quality  that  would  repay  system- 
atic development  is  not  known. 

Graphitic  schists  have  been  mined  in  considerable  quantities  near 
Emerson,  Ga.,  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  fertilizers. 

ASBESTOS. 

Asbestos  occurs  at  a  number  of  localities  in  the  Crystalline  area, 
Georgia  and  California  are  the  only  States  in  the  Union  in  which  it  is 
mined,  the  most  of  the  asbestos  used  in  this  country  being  imported  from 
Canada. 

Asbestos  finds  various  uses  in  the  industrial  ai*ts  where  a  heat-resisting 
substance  is  needed,  as  in  the  manufacture  of  fire-proof  safes  and  other 
articles  liable  to  be  subjected  to  high  temperature.  Being  a  good  non-con- 
ductor it  is  also  extensively  used  for  wrapping  pipes  in  steam-heating,  etc. 

The  asbestos  found  in  Georgia  is  a  fibrous  variety  of  the  common 
mineral  hornblende,  and  is  the  true  asbestos  of  mineralogists.  The 
Canada  asbestos  is  a  fibrous  form  of  the  mineral  serpentine  called  chryso* 
lite. 

Figures  furnished  by  Dr.  Day  show  six  hundi'ed  and  fifty  short  tons 
to  have  been  mined  in  Georgia  during  1899,  valued  at  $10,500.  The 
most  extensive  mine  in  the  State  is  located  at  Sail's  mountain  in  White 
county.  Mines  have  also  been  opened  up  in  Rabun,  Meriwether  and 
other  counties. 

TALC. 

Talc  occurs  in  a  number  of  counties  in  the  northern  part  of  tho  State, 
the  principal  deposits  occurring  in  tlie  contact  region  of  the  Paleozoic 
and  Crystalline  areas. 


66  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Mining  operations  have  been  carried  on  from  time  to  time  in  Murrajy, 
Fannin  and  Cherokee  counties. 

Soapstone  is  a  compact  massive  variety  of  talc.  This  mineral  is  used 
as  a  lining  in  stoves  and  furnaces  and  for  other  similar  purposes.  Talc 
ground  to  a  powder  is  used  as  a  lubricator,  and  the  finer  varieties  can  be 
used  for  crayons  and  various  purposes. 

MICA. 

Mica  occurs  widely  distributed  over  the  Crystalline  area,  but  little  has 
been  done  as  yet  towards  the  development  of  the  mica  industry  in  Geor- 
gia, although  deposits  have  been  worked  in  Union  and  Fannin  counties. 

The  marketable  value  of  mica  depends  on  the  size  of  the  cleavage 
sheets  that  it  will  yield  and  their  freedom  from  flaws  and  discoloration. 
The  usual  occurrence  of  mica  is  in  pegmatitic  dikes  or  veins,  of  which  it 
forms  one  of  the  constituent  minerals  along  with  quartz  and  feldspar, 

BAEITE. 

Barite,  or  heavy  spar,  the  sulphate  of  barium,  occurs  in  the  Paleozoic 
area  in  Bartow  county,  where  it  has  been  mined  for  a  number  of  years. 
Its  chief  use  is  in  the  manufacture  of  paint  as  a  substitute  for  white 
lead. 

PKECIOUS  STONES. 

Amethysts  of  good  quality  are  found  in  Rabun  county.  A  few  dia- 
monds have  been  found  in  Hall  county.  Rubies  and  sapphires  of  small 
size  have  been  obtained  in  limited  numbers  in  connection  with  corundum 
mining,  and  some  green  beryl  suitable  for  cutting  has  been  found  in  the 
northeast  part  of  the  Crystalline  area.  Some  good  moonstones  have  been 
cut  from  feldspar  from  Upson  county. 

COAL. 

The  coal  fields  of  Georgia  are  in  Dade  and  Walker  counties  in  the 
Paleozoic  area  and  are  a  part  of  the  Warrior  coal  field  of  Alabama.  The 
following  figures  taken  from  the  twentieth  report  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  giving  the  output  in  short  tons  from  1890  to  189S 
will  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  of  the  industry. 

1890 228,337        1895 280,998 

1891 171,000        189G 238,546 

1892 215,498         1897 195,869 

1893 372,740        1898 244,187 

1894 354,111 


Q 

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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  (39 

Statistics  furnished  by  Dr.  Day  show  an  output  of  233,111  short  tons 
in  1899,  valued  at  $233,344.  A  good  per  cent,  of  the  coal  mined  in 
Georgia  is  converted  into  coke. 

CLAYS. 

Throughout  that  portion  of  the  State  north  of  the  fall  line  (a  line  from 
Columbus  through  Macon  to  Augusta)  clays  occur  in  situ,  derived  from 
the  feldspathic  constituents  of  the  country  rocks.  At  numerous  localities 
these  clays  are  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  common  brick  and  the 
coarser  gi-ades  of  earthenware. 

Immediately  below  the  fall  line  and  extending  in  a  narrow  belt  across 
the  State  are  to  be  found,  in  addition  to  the  clays  suitable  for  the  pur- 
poses mentioned  above,  extensive  deposits  of  what  is  technically  termed 
"fire  clay."  This  term  is  used  for  a  clay  of  comparative  purity  which 
subjected  to  heat  fuses  at  relatively  high  temperatures,  and  can  be  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  burnt  products,  such  as  porcelain,  enameled  brick, 
china  wares,  sewer  pipes,  terra-cotta,  etc. 

Dr.  Geo.  E.  Ladd,  from  his  work  in  the  clay  area,  the  results  of  which 
are  set  forth  in  Bulletin  ]^o.  6 — A  of  the  State  Geological  Survey,  con- 
cludes that  these  clay  deposits  were  formed  at  a  period  when  the  sea- 
shore approximately  coincided  with  the  fall  line  previously  described; 
the  clay  beds  accumulating  in  lagoons  and  quiet  off-shore  stretches. 

The  most  important  deposits  occur  in  the  lowest  formation  of  the 
Cretaceous  beds,  known  as  the  Potomac  group. 

Extensive  plants  for  the  manufacture  of  sewer  pipes,  terra-cotta 
articles,  etc.,  are  located  at  several  points  in  the  clay  belt. 

Pure  white  clay,  free  from  grit,  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  wall-paper,  and  much  of  the  Georgia  clay  is  suitable  for  this  purpose. 

The  twentieth  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  shows  that 
articles  to  the  value  of  $834,908  were  manufactured  from  Georgia  clay 
in  1898,  exclusive  of  pottery. 

MARLS  AND  PHOSPHATES. 

Numerous  beds  of  marl  occur  in  the  counties  forming  the  lower  part 
of  the  State,  and  can  be  used  to  advantage  for  marling  adjacent  lands. 

Mr.  McCallie,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  in  his  report  on  the  Phosphates 
and  Marls  of  Georgia  (Bulletin  No.  5 — A),  in  referring  to  the  marls  of 
New  Jersey,  says:  "The  marls  in  South  Georgia  are  found  in  many  in- 
stances to  e(pial  in  plant-food  those  of  New  Jersey;  and  if  abundantly 


70  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

and  judiciously  used,  there  appears  to  be  no  reason  why  they  might  not 
produce  a  similar  effect  on  the  fertility  of  the  soil." 

Deposits  of  phosphate  have  been  found  and  mined  to  a  limited  extent 
in  Thomas  county. 

LIMESTOlSrE. 

Limestone  beds  of  good  quality,  both  for  calcimining  and  for  building 
purposes,  are  foimd  in  the  Paleozoic  area.  Lime  for  local  consumption 
has  also  been  made  for  years  from  a  naiTOw  belt  of  limestone  in  Hall  and 
Habersham  counties,  in  the  Crystalline  area. 

Limestone  suitable  for  calcimining  is  also  to  be  found  at  different 
localities  in  the  coastal  plain  region. 

Figmres  from  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  show  the 
production  of  lime  in  Georgia  in  1898  to  have  amounted  to  $57,803. 
This  indicated  an  increase  of  $25,803  over  that  in  1897,  and  of  $28,722 
over  the  production  for  1896. 

Hydraulic  cement  rock  is  also  found  in  the  Paleozoic  area.  A  good 
cement  is  obtained  from  beds  in  Bartow  county.  The  production  of 
cement  in  Georgia  in  1898,  as  given  by  the  United  States  Geological 
Survey  Eeport,  was  valued  at  $13,500. 

EOOFIlSrG-SLATE  AND  STONES  EOR  BUILDING,  INTEPJOR 
DECORATIVE  WORK  AND  MONUMENTAL  PURPOSES. 

SLATE. 

Roofing-slate  of  good  quality  is  quarried  at  Rockmart  in  Polk  county. 

In  the  twentieth  report  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  the 
production  in  Georgia  for  1898  is  put  at  3,450  squares,  valued  at 
$13,125. 

Figures  received  from  Dr.  Day  show  the  value  of  the  output  for  1899 
to  have  amounted  to  $7,500. 

MARBLE. 

The  marbles  of  Georgia  occur  in  a  narrow  belt  about  sixty  miles  long 
in  the  contact  region  of  the  Paleozoic  and  Crystalline  areas.  The  belt 
traverses  Fannin,  Gilmer,  Pickens  and  Cherokee  counties.  The  most 
important  quarries  are  in  Pickens  county. 

For  a  number  of  years  the  marble  industry  in  Georgia  has  steadily 
grown  in  importance,  and  at  the  present  time  Georgia  marble  is  recog- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  71 

nized  all  over  the  Union  as  one  of  the  most  superior  stones  for  building 
and  decorative  work  that  can  be  purchased. 

The  following  figures  giving  the  production  from  1890  to  1899,  from 
the  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report,  and  those  for  1899  fur- 
nished by  Dr.  Day,  show  the  importance  of  the  industry: 

1890 $196,250  1895 $689,229 

1891 275,000  1896 617,380 

1892 280,000  1897 598,076 

1893 261,666  1898 656,808 

1894: 724,385  1899 742,554 

Many  handsome  structures  have  been  built  in  various  parts  of  the 
country  of  Georgia  marble  and  testify  to  its  beauty  and  popularity  as  a 
Imilding-stone. 

Among  others  may  be  mentioned  the  State  capitol  of  Rhode  Island 
and  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  at  Washington. 

GRAOTTE. 

Granites  of  good  quality  occur  in  immense  quantities  in  a  number  of 
localities  in  the  Crystalline  area.  Large  amounts  are  quarried  annually 
for  building,  street-paving  and  monumental  work. 

Stone  Mountain,  in  DeKalb  county,  is  an  immense  mass  of  granite 
about  six  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  and  having  a  circumference  at  the 
base  of  something  like  seven  miles.  Extensive  quarrying  operations  have 
been  carried  on  at  this  mountain  for  years. 

Among  others,  a  belt  of  blue  granite,  designated  by  Dr.  Thos.  L. 
Watson,  Assistant  State  Geologist,  as  the  Lexing-ton-Oglesby  blue  gran- 
ite belt,  traverses  Oglethorpe  and  Elbert  counties  and  furnishes  most 
superior  stone  for  decorative  and  monumental  work. 

Dr.  Watson,  who  is  just  completing  an  extensive  report  for  the  State 
Geological  Survey  on  the  granites  of  Georgia,  is  authority  for  the  state- 
ment, that,  "there  is  in  the  State  an  abundance  of  granite  suitable  for 
the  various  purposes  to  which  the  stone  is  put,  of  a  quality  unexcelled 
anywhere." 

From  figures  received  from  Dr.  Day  it  is  seen  that  the  granite  output 
of  the  State  in  1899  was  valued  at  $411,344. 

GNEISS. 

At  Lithonia,  Georgia,  large  quantities  of  contorted  gneiss  are  quar- 
ried. There  is  a  number  of  localities  in  the  Crystalline  area  where 
gneiss  can  be  had,  suitable  for  curbing  and  paving  stones. 


72  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

SANI>STONE. 

Sandstones  suited  for  building  work  are  to  be  found  in  several  counties 
in  tbe  Paleozoic  area.  A  very  fine,  brown  sandstone  is  quarried  in  Ca- 
toosa county. 

An  interesting  exhibit  of  sample  cubes  of  the  various  building-stones 
of  the  State  has  been  arranged  by  State  Geologist  Yeates,  and  is  kept 
on  exhibition  in  the  museum  at  the  State  capitol. 

MINERAL  SPEINGS,  ARTESIA]\t  WELLS  AND 
WATER-POWERS. 

MINERAL  SPRINGS. 

A  number  of  mineral  springs  of  note  are  to  be  found  in  the  Paleozoic 
and  Crystalline  areas.  Among  those  of  medicinal  value  may  be  men- 
tioned, chalybeate,  sulphurous  and  lithia  waters. 

The  twentieth  United  States  Geological  Survey  Report  shows  an  out- 
put of  197,100  gallons  of  mineral  waters  in  Georgia  in  1898,  valued  at 
$39,230. 

ARTESIAN  WELLS. 

The  artesian  wells  of  Georgia  are  confined  to  the  coastal  plain  region. 

Mr.  S.  W.  McCallie,  in  Bulletin  'No.  7  of  the  State  Geological  Survey, 
in  the  concluding  chapter  of  his  report  on  the  artesian  wells,  says: 
"While  there  is  much  yet  to  be  learned  about  the  underground  water 
system  of  the  coastal  plain,  there  is,  nevertheless,  suificient  known  already 
to  warrant  the  statement,  that  almost  this  entire  portion  of  the  State  is 
underlaid  by  pervious  beds,  which  will  furnish  large  quantities  of  pure, 
wholesome  water  when  pierced  by  the  drill.  It  is  not  to  be  inferred 
by  this  statement,  however,  that  these  water-bearing  beds  will  furnish 
flowing  wells.  On  the  contrary,  the  flowing  wells  will  be  found  to  be 
limited  to  certain  areas  not  yet  fully  defined." 

It  is  further  shown  by  Mr.  McCallie's  report  that  the  average  depth 
of  the  wells  already  bored  is  about  450  feet,  and  that  the  various  strata 
penetrated  consist  of  soft  limestones,  clays  and  sands,  so  that  the  wells 
can  be  had  for  a  comparatively  'small  outlay  of  money. 

The  marked  sanitary  advantages  that  have  resulted  to  many  towns 
in  Southern  Georgia  through  the  supply  of  pure,  wholesome  drinking 
water,  obtained  from  artesian  wells,  hardly  requires  comment. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  73 

WATER-POWERS. 

The  streams  of  Georgia  fumisli  water-powers  at  numerous  localities, 
varying  in  amount  of  power  all  the  wav  from  that  furnished  by  the  small 
cascade  that  runs  the  farmer's  individual  mill  to  that  of  the  great  shoals 
and  falls,  amounting  to  from  20,000  to  30,000  horse-power. 

The  drainage  system  of  the  State  comprises  nine  basins,  as  follows: 
Ist.  The  Tennessee  basin,  drained  by  tributaries  of  the  Tennessee  river. 
2d.  The  Mobile  basin,  draining  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  Coosa 
and  Tallapoosa  rivers.  3d.  Apalachicola  basin,  drained  by  the  Chatta- 
hoochee and  Flint  rivers.  4th.  The  Altamaha  basin,  drained  by  the 
Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rivers,  which  empty  into  the  Altamaha,  flowing 
to  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  5th.  The  Ogeechee  basin,  drained  by  the  Ogee- 
ehee  river  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Gth.  The  Savannah  basin,  drained 
by  the  Savannah  river  into  the  Atlantic.  Yth.  The  Ocklockonee  basin, 
drained  into  the  Gulf  through  Ocklockonee  bay.  8th.  The  Suwannee 
basin,  drained  into  the  Gulf  by  the  Suwannee  river.  9th.  The  Satilla 
and  St.  Mary's  basin,  drained  by  the  rivers  of  the  same  name  into  the 
Atlantic. 

Speaking  generally,  and  leaving  out  a  few  notable  cases,  the  largest 
water  powers  of  the  State  occur  at  or  just  above  the  fall  line  running 
through  Columbus,  Macon  and  Augusta,  where  the  streams  pass  from 
the  hard  rocks  of  the  Crystalline  area  to  the  softer  formations  of  the 
coastal  plain;  and  on  the  line  formed  by  the  contact  of  the  Paleozoic  and 
Crystalline  areas  in  the  northwest.  This  latter  line  passes  through  Polk, 
Bartow,  Gordon  and  Murray  counties,  and  is  kno^vn  as  the  western  fall 
line  as  distinguished  from  the  other,  which  is  called  the  southern  fall 
line. 

In  addition  to  the  larger  powers  located  on  these  fall  lines,  numerous 
other  powers  are  to  be  found  at  various  points  on  different  streams 
throughout  the  State. 

The  following  list  of  important  streams  and  tables  of  powers  is  taken 
by  permission  from  Bulletin  Xo.  3— A,  of  the  State  Geological  Sun-ey: 


74 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


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124  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

SOILS. 

The  soils  of  Georgia  vary  gi-eatlj  in  different  regions  and  present  di- 
versities of  character  corresponding  to  tlie  differences  in  composition  of 
the  nnderlying  rocks  from  which  thej  have  been  derived.  "With  the 
exception  of  the  alluvial  deposits  of  streams,  they  are  everywhere  the 
result  of  the  weathering  of  the  country  rock;  and  in  almost  any  railroad 
cut  in  the  hilly  upland  part  of  the  State,  the  different  stages  of  weather- 
ing and  decay  can  be  observed,  from  the  perfectly  formed  soil  at  the  top, 
through  coarse-grained  gravelly  soil  and  partially  decayed  rock  to  the 
firm  imderlying  material  below.  Such  being  the  case,  the  classification 
of  the  soils  will  necessarily  correspond  with  that  of  the  different  geolo- 
gical formations. 

In  the  Paleozoic  area  the  soils  derived  from  those  of  the  limestone 
beds,  which  do  not  carry  a  large  amount  of  silicious  matter,  and  from 
the  calcareous  shales,  are  reddish  loamy  soils,  and  are  among  the  most 
fertile  of  any  in  the  State. 

AVhere  a  large  amount  of  chert  is  present  in  the  limestone,  gray  soils 
result,  varying  with  locality  in  their  fitness  for  agricultural  purposes. 
The  sandstones  of  the  Paleozoic  region  form  sandy  soils,  and  the  different 
shale  formations  give  rise  to  a  variety  of  soils,  some,  as  mentioned  above, 
that  are  quite  fertile,  and  others  that  are  sterile. 

In  the  Crystalline  area  two  varieties  of  soils  are  distinguishable.  The 
first  gives  rise  to  the  red  clay  lands  and  the  other  to  the  gray,  graveEy, 
or  sandy  lands. 

The  red  clay  soils  are  derived  from  schists,  gneisses  and  granitoid  rocks 
containing  f erro-magnesian  minerals,  yielding  on  decomposition  hydrated 
ferric  oxide  of  iron,  which  gives  to  the  soil  its  deep-red  or  bTO^\mish-red 
stain. 

The  gray  soils  are  coarser  grained  than  the  preceding  and  are  derived 
from  the  disintegration  of  granites,  and  in  some  localities  from  gneisses, 
and  grade  into  the  finer  grained  red  soils  wherever  complete  chemical 
decomposition  has  succeeded  mechanical  disintegration. 

Most  of  the  soils  of  the  Crystalline  area  where  not  naturally  fertile 
respond  well  to  fertilization,  the  clay  subsoil  that  underlies  the  most  of 
them  preventing  the  leaching  out  of  plant-food. 

The  soils  of  the  coastal  plain  region  have  been  derived  principally 
from  the  Columbia  and  Lafayette  fonnations,  and  are  prevailing  sandy 
or  clayey  sands  or  loams. 

Their  constitution  varies  according  to  locality  from  almost  pure  sand 
to  the  darkest  brick-red  loams  of  the  Lafayette.     At  some  places  calca- 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  127 

reoiis  rocks  underlying  these  formations  outcrop,  and  at  different  points 
limestones  and  marls  have  an  important  influence  on  the  character  of  the 
soil. 

Xo  detailed  investigation  from  a  geological  standpoint  has  yet  been 
made  on  the  soils  of  the  southern  part  of  the  State. 

A  paper  on  the  Mineral  Resources  of  Georgia  read  by  Prof.  S.  W. 
McCallie  before  the  International  Mining  Congress  held  at  Boise  City, 
Idaho,  in  the. latter  part  of  July,  1901,  will  form  a  fitting  conclusion  to 
this  chapter  on  the  Geology  of  Georgia. 

All  of  the  great  divisions  of  geological  history  are  represented  in  Geor- 
gia with  the  exception  probably  of  the  Jura-trias.  The  northern  and 
central  parts  of  the  State  known  as  the  Crystalline  ai'ea  are  made  up 
largely  of  gneisses  and  schists,  which  are  supposed  to  represent  the  south- 
ern extension  of  the  old  Archean  continent.  To  the  northeast  of  this 
ancient  land  surface  and  comprising  the  greater  part  of  ten  counties  in 
the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  occur  the  Paleozoic  rocks; 
while  to  the  south,  extending  over  an  area  of  30,000  square  miles,  are 
the  wide-spread  deposits  of  the  Cretaceous  and  the  Tertiary  periods.  A 
State  thus  endowed  with  such  diversity  of  geological  formations  must 
necessarily  possess  extensive  and  varied  mineral  resoiu'ces.  In  the  dis- 
cussion of  these  resources,  many  of  which  are  in  a  large  measure  at  pres- 
ent in  an  incipient  stage  of  development,  only  those  will  be  considered 
whose  economic  importance  can  not  be  questioned. 

The  red  and  the  brown  iron  ores  constitute  one  of  the  most  important 
mineral  resources  here  to  be  considered,  and  one  that  has  been  a  contin- 
uous source  of  revenue  to  the  State  for  more  that  half  a  century.  These 
ores  are  confined  mainly  to  the  Paleozoic  area  of  jSTorthwest  Georgia, 
where  they  occur  in  large  quantities. 

The  brown  iron  ores,  or  more  properly  speaking,  the  limonites,  are 
most  abundant  in  Polk,  Bartow  and  Floyd  counties.  ISTevertheless,  work- 
able deposits  are  also  to  be  found  in  eveiy  county  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State  with  only  one  or  two  exceptions. 

The  brown  iron  ores  are  confined  chiefly  to  two  different  geological 
horizons,  viz.,  the  Weisner  quartzite,  and  the  Knox  dolomite,  the  fonncr 
of  Cambrian,  and  the  latter  of  Silurian  age.  The  Weisner  quartzite, 
which  corresponds  to  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  Kew  York,  is  an  exten- 
sive deposit  of  mountain-making  metamorphic  sandstone,  forming  the 
eastern  boundary  of  the  Paleozoic  rocks.  At  many  points  the  formation 
has  been  subjected  to  intense  pressure  during  the  process  of  mountain- 
making,  and  as  a  result,  its  strata  are  frequently  much  folded  and 
brecciated.  Along  the  line  where  the  dynamical  forces  have  acted  most 
energetically  is  a  great  displacement  in  tlie  strata  known  as  the  Carters- 
ville  fault  near  which  all  of  the  main  iron  ore  deposits  of  the  Weisner 
quartzite  are  located.  Tliese  ores,  which  always  run  high  in  metallic 
iron  and  low  in  sulphur  and  other  impurities,  often  occur  in  well-defined 
fissure-veins,  but  generally  they  are  found  in  tlio  form  of  irregular  dc- 


128  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AlfD  INDUSTRIAL. 

posits  in  the  residual  clays,  or  as  tliick  skeets,  or  blankets,  overlying  the 
metamorphic  sandstone.  The  fissure-veins  vary  from  a  few  feet  to  sev- 
eral yards  in  width  and  frequently  continue  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
or  more  in  length.  They  always  dip  at  a  high  angle  and  apparently  ex- 
tend to  a  great  depth.  The  ore  of  these  veins  is  generally  more  or  less 
porous  and  is  usually  of  an  excellent  quality. 

The  blanket  deposits  are  not  so  plentiful  as  the  residual  or  the  fissure 
deposits;  nevertheless  they  are  of  special  economic  interest  on  account 
of  the  large  quantities  of  ore  which  they  contain.  These  deposits  in  the 
extreme  northeastern  part  of  Bortow  county,  in  what  is  known  as  the 
Sugar  Hill  district,  often  mantle  the  mountain  side  to  the  depth  of  many 
feet.  One  of  the  deposits  of  this  district  has  been  producing  daily  for 
the  last  few  years  from  twenty  to  thirty  cars  of  high  grade  ore,  and  yet 
there  still  remain  large  quantities  of  the  ore  in  sight.  It  is  questionable 
whetheir  there  are  to  be  found  anywhere  in  the  south  brown  iron  ore  de- 
posits which  will  surpass,  or  even  equal  in  extent,  the  blanket  deposits  of 
the  Weisner  quartzite  of  Bartow  county. 

The  brown  iron  ores  of  the  Knox  dolomite  formation  occur  chiefly 
in  the  form  of  pockets  or  in*egular  deposits  in  the  residual  clays.  These 
deposits  are  quite  variable  in  size.  Sometimes  they  produce  only  a  few 
carloads  of  ore  but  generally  they  are  far  more  extensive  and  cover  a  con- 
siderable area.  Some  of  the  individual  deposits  in  the  vicinity  of  Cedar- 
town  have  been  worked  on  an  extensive  scale  for  more  than  twenty  years 
without  exhausting  the  supply  of  ore.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  thing  to 
find  the  deposits  extending  over  six  or  eight  acres,  but  in  such  cases  the 
deposit  is  not  equally  rich  in  all  parts.  The  depth  to  which  the  ores  of 
the  Knox  dolomite  formation  extend,  as  well  as  its  surface  dimensions, 
is  variable.  In  some  instances  the  deposits  are  very  superficial,  extending 
only  a  few  feet  below  the  surface,  while  in  other  cases  they  have  been 
worked  to  the  depth  of  eighty  feet  or  more  without  reaching  their  limit. 

In  addition  to  the  above  brown  iron  ore  bearing  formations  there  are 
two  others,  viz. :  the  Deaton  limestone  and  the  Fort  Payne  chert,  which 
have  also  produced  considerable  ore.  The  ore  from  these  formations  is 
similar  to  the  ore  occurring  in  the  Knox  dolomite  series  though,  as  a 
general  rule,  it  does  not  run  as  high  in  metallic  iron. 

The  total  amount  of  brown  iron  ore  produced  from  these  several  de- 
posits last  year  aggregated  more  than  400,000  tons,  thus  making  Georgia 
the  third  in  the  list  of  broAva  iron  ore  producing  States  in  the  south. 

The  Bed  Iron  Ores. — The  red,  or  fossil,  iron  ores  of  Georgia  are  con- 
fined chiefly  to  three  counties  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  ^the 
State.  These  ores  occur  in  what  is  known  as  the  Rockwood  formation, 
which  is  the  northern  extension  of  the  Red  Mountain,  or  the  Clinton  iron 
ore  bearing  series  of  Alabama.  Stratigraphically,  the  Rockwood  forma- 
tion occupies  the  same  position  in  the  geological  scale  as  the  fossil  iron 
ore  bearing  rocks  of  ^ew  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  Rockwood  formation  in  Georgia  is  made  up  of  shales,  sandstones, 
and  thin-bedded  limestones  with  from  one  to  three  beds  of  fossil  iron  ore. 
The  formation,  though  not  necessarily  ridge  forming  itself,  always  out- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  lyOUSTRIAL.  129 

crops  along  the  side  or  at  the  base  of  the  moiintiiins  and  ridges.  It  is  ex- 
posed at  the  base  of  Sand,  Lookout,  Pigeon  and  Dirt  Seller's  mountains, 
and  also  along  the  slopes  of  Taylor's  Kidge,  where  it  attains  a  total  thick- 
ness of  several  hundred  feet. 

The  workable  iron  ore  is  found  usually  near  the  center  of  the  Rockwood 
formation,  where  it  occurs  in  continuous  beds  varying  from  a  few  inches 
to  several  feet  in  thickness.  Each  of  the  beds,  which  usually  dip  at  a 
low  angle,  generally  cairies  two  varieties  of  ore,  viz. :  the  soft  ore  and  the 
hard  ore.  The  soft  ore,  which  forms  the  weathered  part  of  the  bed,  rarely 
ever  extends  to  a  depth  of  more  than  ten  or  fifteen  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. It  differs  from  the  hard  ore  mainly  in  having  little  or  no  lime 
present,  and  as  a  consequence,  always  runs  higher  in  metallic  iron  than 
the  hard  ore.  The  relative  chemical  composition  of  the  soft  and  the  hard 
ore  is  shown  by  the  f  ollo^\4ug  analyses : 

Hard  Ore.— ILetallic  iron,  32.10;  lime,  23.19;  phos.,  0.S04. 
Soft  Ore. — Metallic  iron,  59.00;  silica,  9.11;  phos.,  .092. 
Some  idea  may  be  had  as  to  the  abundance  of  the  red  fossil  iron  ores 
of  Georgia,  when  it  is  stated  that  the  aggregate  length  of  the  outcrop- 
pings  of  the  beds,  which  average  more  than  two  feet  in  thickness,  is 
about  150  miles,  and  that  in  places  the  ore  can  be  economically  mined 
to  the  depth  of  more  than  200  feet. 

The  output  of  the  red  iron  ores  of  Georgia  last  year  was  not  so  great 
as  that  of  the  brown  iron  ores.  Nevertheless,  should  the  price  warrant  it, 
the  output  of  these  ores  could  be  increased  to  meet  almost  any  demand. 
Cool. — The  coal  measures  of  Georgia  which  occur  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  State,  form  the  the  northern  extension  of  the  Warrior  Coal 
Field  of  Alabama.  They  are  confined  chiefly  to  Sand  and  Lookout 
mountains  in  Dade,  "Walker,  and  Chattooga  counties,  where  they  cover 
a  total  area  of  about  200  square  miles.  The  coal  formation  of  Georgia, 
as  elsewhere  in  the  great  Appalachian  coal  fields,  is  divided  into  upper 
and  lower  measures.  The  upper  measures  are  best  developed  on  Lookout 
mountain,  in  the  vicinity  of  Durham  coal  mine,  where  they  attain  a  maxi- 
mum thickness  of  about  900  feet.  This  division  of  the  coal  formation 
carries  seven  different  coal  seams,  but  only  one  is  worked  at  present. 

The  lower  coal  measures  are  not  so  thick  by  many  feet  as  the  upper. 
However,  they  carry  a  greater  number  of  workable  coal  seams.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Cole  City,  on  Sand  mountain,  as  many  as  three  different 
seams  have  been  worked  in  the  lower  measures  more  or  less  extensively. 
In  addition  to  the  three  workable  coal  seams  here  mentioned,  the  lowc^ 
measures  contain  two  other  seams  which  are  probably  also  workable  in 
places. 

The  coal  obtained  from  both  coal  measures  is  an  excellent  quality  of 
bituminous  coal,  well  suited  for  coking  and  steam  purposes.  At  prosent, 
there  are  three  coal  mines  being  operated  in  tlic  State,  two  on  Lookout, 
and  one  on  Sand  mountain,  with  a  total  output  of  about  14,000  tons  per 
day,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  used  for  coking  purposes.  Two  of  the 
mines,  here  referred  to,  are  in  the  upper  coal  measures  of  Lookout,  nnd 
the  other  is  in  the  lower  measures  of  Sand  mountain.    The  niinos  on  tlio 


130  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

latter  mountain  have  been  worked  almost  continuously  for  more  than  half 
a  centurj,  and  were  among  the  first  coal  mines  opened  south  of  the  Ohio 
river. 

Manganese. — The  manganese  ores,  like  the  brown  iron  ores,  are  con- 
fined chiefly  to  Bartow,  Floyd  and  Polk  counties.  The  largest  and 
most  productive  deposits  are  found  in  Bartow  county,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Cartersville,  where,  the  ores  occur  as  irregular  deposits  in  the  residual 
clays  derived  from  the  Knox  dolomite  and  the  Weisner  quartzite.  The 
ores  are.  usually  in  the  form  of  nodular  concretions,  varying  from  a  frac- 
tion of  an  inch  to  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  In  places  these  concretions 
become  so  abundant  that  they  form  beds, of  considerable  thickness.  De- 
posits of  this  character  which  have  been  extensively  worked,  occur  in  the 
vicinity  of  Cave  Spring,  Polk  county. 

The  manganese  deposits  of  Georgia  have  been  worked  continuously  for 
many  years.  During  their  early  workings  the  ores  were  shipped  to  Eng- 
land, but  at  present,  they  find  a  ready  market  at  home,  where  they  are 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  steel  and  for  bleaching  purposes.  In  1898, 
Georgia  produced  nearly  7,000  tons  of  manganese  ore,  which  was  ap- 
-  proximately  one  half  of  the  manganese  produced  in  the  United  States. 
With  the  exception,  probably,  of  Virginia,  Georgia  easily  stands  first  in 
the  list  of  manganese  producing  States  in  the  Union. 

Ochre. — Ochre  deposits  of  commercial  value  are  found  at  a  number 
of  points  throughout  northwest  Georgia,  where  they  are  always  more  or 
less  intimately  associated  with  the  brown  iron  ores.  The  most  extensive 
deposits  are  confined  to  the  Weisner  quartzite  in  Bartow  county,  near 
Cartersville.  These  deposits  occur  mostly  along  the  western  margin  of 
the  quartzite,  where  it  has  been  much  crushed  and  broken.  According 
to  Dr.  C.  W.  Hayes,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  the  ochre 
forms  a  series  of  irregular  branching  veins,  which  intersect  the  fractured 
quartzite  in  all  conceivable  directions.  At  some  points  the  veins  become 
greatly  enlarged  and  contain  large  quantities  of  excellent  ore.  Deposits 
of  this  character,  which  have  been  worked  for  some  years,  are  to  be  seen 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  county  bridge  across  the  Etowah  river,  near 
Emerson;  and  also  at  a  number  of  points  along  the  western  margin  of 
the  Weisner  quartzite  north  of  that  point.  The  ochre  of  these  deposits., 
which  is  really  only  a  pulverulent  form  of  brown  iron  ore,  is  quite  free 
from  impurities,  and  well  suited  for  making  linoleum  and  paint. 

The  output  from  the  ochre  mines  in  the  Cartersville  district  last  year 
was  nearly  4,000  tons,  about  one-fourth  of  the  ochre  outpi^t  of  the  United 
States.  The  greater  part  of  the  ochre  now  being  mined  r  Bartow  county 
is  said  to  be  shipped  to  England,  where  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
linoleum.  In  addition  to  the  above  named  ochre,  which  is  known  as  yel- 
low ochre,  Georgia  also  produces  a  considerable  amount  of  red  ochre, 
which  is  the  pulverized,  or  ground  red  fossil  iron  ore,  obtained  chiefly 
from  Walker  county. 

Bauxite. — Bauxite,  a  hydrate  of  alumina,  first  discovered  in  America 
near  Pome  Ga.,  in  1887,  is  a  clay-like  mineral  used  principally  in  the 
manufacture  of  alum  and  the  metal  aluminium.     The  Georgia  deposits 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  I33 

of  this  mineral  are  found  mainly  in  Floyd,  Polk,  and  Bartow  counties, 
where  they  occur  in  more  or  less  extensive  pockets  associated  with  the 
residual  clays  of  the  Knox  dolomite.  The  size  of  these  deposits,  like 
those  of  the  brown  iron  ores,  is  quite  variable.  In  some  instances  they 
have  been  known  to  have  produced  several  thousand  tons,  but  as  a  rule 
the  deposits  are  not  so  extensive.  The  physical  appearance  of  the  mineral 
bauxite,  which  varies  from  30  to  70  per  cent,  alumina,  is  often  amor- 
phous, resembling  kaolin,  but  generally  it  has  a  concretionary  or  oolitic 
structure. 

The  first  bauxite  mined  in  the  United  States  was  from  Hermitage, 
Floyd  county,  in  1889.  Subsequent  to  this  date,  other  mines  were 
opened  in  Floyd,  Bartow  and  Polk  counties,  so  that  in  a  comparatively 
short  time  the  mining  of  bauxite  in  Georgia  became  a  very  important 
and  lucrative  industry. 

The  annual  output  from  the  Georgia  bauxite  mines  in  the  last  few 
years  has  varied  from  1,000  to  7,000  tons,  the  greater  part  of  which  has 
been  shipped  to  Philadelphia,  where  it  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
alum.  Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  bauxite  mines  of  Arkansas  in 
1899,  Georgia  and  Alabama  produced  all  the  bauxite  mined  in  America. 

Corundum. — Corundum  was  first  discovered  in  Georgia  on  Laurel 
Creek,  Kabun  county,  about  1871.  This  mineral  has  since  been  found 
in  greater  or  less  deposits  in  a  number  of  counties  throughout  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State.  It  occurs  associated  with  peridotites,  and  other 
basic  igneous  rocks  in  the  form  of  iiTegular  veins  and  pockets.  The  co- 
rundum found  in  Georgia  is  usually  pink,  gray  or  blue.  It  is  rai*ely  trans- 
parent and  as  a  consequence  the  gem  sapphire  or  ruby  is  seldom  met 
with.  In  a  few  instances  these  gems  are  reported  to  have  been  found, 
but  they  are  probably  of  rare  occurrence.  The  commercial  value  of  the 
Georgia  corundum  may  therefore  be  said  to  depend  upon  its  use  in  the 
arts  as  an  abrasive  material. 

Between  1880  and  1893,  the  corundum  mines  of  the  Laurel  creek  dis- 
trict were  extensively  worked  and  became  one  of  the  main  sources  of  sup- 
ply to  the  corundum  trade  of  the  country.  About  the  same  time,  corun- 
dum was  successfully  mined  at  Track  Rock,  Union  county,  and  favorable 
prospects  were  later  exposed  in  Habersham  and  other  counties. 

In  recent  years  the  corundum  mines  of  Georgia  have  remained  inac- 
tive, due  chiefly  to  the  low  price  of  corundum,  and  not  as  might  be  sup- 
posed to  the  exhaustion  of  the  deposits. 

Asbestos. — For  the  last  few  years  the  chief  supply  of  asbestos  mined 
in  the  United  States  has  been  obtained  from  Georgia.  The  mine  sup- 
plying this  material  is  located  on  Sal  mountain,  White  county,  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State.  Asbestos,  like  corundum,  is  always  associated 
with  peridotites  and  other  basic  rocks.  It  exists  in  many  localities  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  State  but  at  present  it  is  worked  only  at  the  above 
named  mine.  The  asbestos  of  Georgia  has  never  been  investigated,  and 
as  a  result  but  little  is  known  of  the  extent  and  eomniorcial  value  of  tlio 
deposits. 

Marbles. — Previous  to  1884,  the  marbles  of  Georgia  were  practically 


134  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

unknown  as  building  and  ornamental  stones,  but  at  present  the  output 
of  the  quarries  exceeds  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union,  with  the  exception 
of  Vermont. 

The  most  valuable  marbles  of  Georgia  are  those  of  the  Crystalline  area 
confined  to  Pickens,  Cherokee,  Gilmer  and  Fannin  counties.  These  mar- 
bles occur  in  a  narrow  belt  which  runs  parellel  to  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville 
and  E"orthem  R.  E..,  from  near  Canton,  Cherokee  county,  to  the  Geor- 
gia-North Carolina  State  line,  a  distance  of  more  than  sixty  miles.  The 
main  marble  industry  of  the  State  is  located  in  the  vicinity  of  Tate,  Pick- 
ens county,  just  north  of  the  southern  terminus  of  the  belt  where  the 
deposit  attains  a  thickness  of  nearly  200  feet. 

The  Pickens  county  marble  has  a  coarse  texture  but  admits  of  a  very 
fine  polish  and  is  admirably  suited  both  for  building  and  ornamental  pur- 
poses. In  color  the  stone  varies  from  white  to  almost  black.  A  flesh- 
colored  variety  is  also  found  in  considerable  abundance.  The  physical 
and  chemical  properties,  as  shown  by  the  numerous  tests  made  by  the 
State  Geological  Survey,  demonstrate  that  its  durability  equals  or  ex- 
ceeds that  of  any  other  marble  now  being  put  upon  the  market.  The 
stone  is  remarkably  free  from  fissures  and  seams,  so  that  monoliths  suit- 
able for  huge  columns  can  be  quarried  with  ease. 

At  present  seven  different  marble  quarries,  having  an  aggregate  an- 
nual output  of  several  hundred  thousand  cubic  feet  of  stone,  are  being 
operated  in  Pickens  county.  The  product  of  these  quarries  is  shipped 
to  nearly  every  State  in  the  Union,  where  it  is  used  in  the  construction  and 
decoration  of  some  of  the  most  costly  buildings.  The  State  capitols  of 
Minnesota  and  Rhode  Island;  the  United  States  Government  Building, 
Boston;  St.  Luke's  Hospital,  New  York;  and  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery, 
Washington,  with  numerous  other  handsome  buildings  throughout  the 
United  States  are  constructed  wholly  or  in  part  of  the  Georgia  marble. 

In  addition  to  the  marbles  here  described  there  are  also  valuable  de- 
posits to  be  found  in  Whitfield  county.  These  marbles  belong  to  the 
same  deposits  that  traverse  East  Tennessee  and  are  extensively  worked 
in  the  vicinity  of  Knoxville.  The  stone  has  a  dark  chocolate  or  light 
gray  color  and  a  rather  fine  texture.  The  light  gray  variety  which  is 
always  quite  compact  and  highly  Crystalline,  is  traversed  by  dark  zigzag 
lines  that  give  to  the  polished  surface  a  very  pleasing  effect.  The  Whit- 
field county  marbles  are  well  suited  for  building  material,  but  they  have 
not  yet  received  the  attention  which  their  economic  importance  demands. 

Granites. — The  granites  of  Georgia,  together  with  the  gneisses,  con- 
stitute the  most  extensive  and  important  building  and  ornamental  stones 
in  the  State.  They  occur  in  inexhaustible  quantities  and  are  profusely 
distributed  throughout  the  Crystalline  area.  One  of  the  most  interesting 
and  probably  the  largest  granite  mass  in  the  world  is  that  of  Stone 
Mountain,  located  only  a  few  miles  northeast  of  Atlanta.  This  mountain 
whose  barren  summit  attains  an  altitude  of  several  hundred  feet  above  the 
surrounding  country,  has  long  been  the  seat  of  a  very  important  granite 
industry.  The  stone  obtained  from  these  quarries  is  a  light-colored  mus- 
covite  granite  possessing  remarkable  strength  and  is  quite  free  from  all 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL. 


135 


cliemical  and  plivsical  defects.  The  stone  has  extensive  use  as  a  build- 
ing material,  and  is  also  largely  employed  in  street  improvement.  There 
is  likely  no  granite  in  the  south  more  widely  known  and  more  generally 
used  than  that  furnished  by  the  Stone  Mountain  quarries.  It  not  only 
has  an  extensive  local  use,  but  much  of  it  is  shipped  beyond  the  borders 
of  the  State. 

Another  granite,  or  rather  a  granitoid  gneiss,  of  almost  as  much  econo- 
mic importance  as  the  Stone  Mountain  granite  itself,  is  the  Lithonia 
gneiss.  This  stone,  which  differs  chiejSy  from  the  Stone  Mountain  gran- 
ite in  being  laminated,  covers  a  considerable  area  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Delvalb  and  the  contiguous  parts  of  Eockdale  and  G\\'iunett  counties. 
The  Lithonia  quarries  are  very  extensive  and  furnish  large  quantities  of 
stone  for  street  improvement  as  well  as  for  general  building  purposes. 
Granites  and  gi*anitoid  gneisses  similar  to  the  above  are  found  in  many 
localities  in  Xorth  Georgia,  but  only  at  a  few  points  have  they  been  quar- 
ried to  any  extent. 

la  addition  to  the  granites  and  granitoid  gneisses  here  named  there 
ai'e  other  granites  of  superior  quality  used  for  monumental  stone.  Some 
of  the  granites  of  this  character  which  in  the  last  few  years  have  become 
quite  popular  as  decorative  stone  are  those  obtained  from  the  Elberton, 
the  Oglesby,  the  Lexington,  and  the  Meriwether  quarries.  These  monu- 
mental granites  are  fine-grained  biotite  granites  unusually  free  from  in- 
jurious minerals  and  admitting  of  a  very  brilliant  polish.  They  have 
but  few  equals,  if  any  superiors  in  the  United  States  as  a  decorative  stone, 
and  it  is  only  a  question  of  time  when  the  Georgia  monumental  granite 
industry  will  be  of  very  great  commercial  value  to  the  State. 

Sandstone. — Sandstone  has  been  quarried  to  a  considerable  extent  in 
Catoosa  county  near  Graysville.  The  stone,  which  is  of  Silurian  age,  has 
a  dark-brown  color  and  resembles  very  closely  the  brown  sandstone  of  the 
Connecticut  valley.  It  makes  a  beautiful  building-stone  and  appears  to 
be  quite  durable.  This  stone  is  found  in  gi*eat  abundance  in  Taylor's 
Ridge,  White  Oak,  Horn,  and  other  mountains  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  State.  Carboniferous  sandstones  of  a  light  color  and  well  adapted 
for  building  purposes  occur  in  Lookout,  Sand  and  Pigeon  mountains. 

Serpentine. — This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  decorative  stones  found 
in  the  State.  It  occurs  in  workable  quantities  in  Cherokee  county,  near 
Holly  Springs,  where  it  was  quarried  to  a  limited  extent  a  few  years  ago. 
The  stone,  though  difficult  to  work,  admits  of  an  excellent  polish  and  is 
very  desirable  for  ornamental  purposes.  It  is  of  a  dark-green  color,  mot- 
tled and  streaked  with  white  and  black.  The  larger  part  of  the  stone  ob- 
tained from  the  Holly  Springs  quarry  is  reported  to  have  been  shipped 
to  Chicago,  where  it  is  used  for  interior  decoration.  Georgia  serpentine 
used  for  similar  purposes  may  be  seen  in  the  Pmdcntinl  building  of  At- 
lanta. 

Limestone. — Silnrian  and  carboniferous  limestones  suitable  for  lime, 
fluxing  and  building  materials,  exist  in  great  abundance  in  northwest 
Georgia.  The  most  extensive  of  these  calcareous  formations  is  the  Knox 
dolomite,  a  magnesian  limestone  of  great  thickness.    Tliis  formation  fur- 


136  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

nishes  much  of  the  lime  used  in  the  State,  as  well  as  a  large  amount  of 
stone  for  general  building  purposes.  The  different  beds  of  the  formation 
vary  greatly  in  texture  and  chemical  composition,  so  that  almost  any  va- 
riety of  stone  can  be  procured.  Other  calcareous  f  onnations  of  scarcely 
less  commercial  importance  are  the  Bangor  and  the  Chickamauga  lime- 
stones. The  latter  stone  in  the  last  few  years  has  had  an  extensive  use  in 
constructing  the  foundations  for  monuments  in  the  Chickamauga , Na- 
tional Park.  The  stone  is  also  of  considerable  local  importance  as  a 
building  material. 

Cement  Rock. — Hydraulic  cement  of  good  quality  has  been  manu- 
factured in  Georgia  since  1845.  The  location  of  this  industry  is  at 
Cement,  on  the  Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad,  in  the  western  part  of  Bar- 
tow county.  The  cement  rock  found  in  this  district  is  an  impure  mag- 
nesian  limestone  belonging  probably  to  the  lower  division  of  the  Knox 
dolomite  formation.  It  occurs  in  beds  several  feet  in  thickness,  inter- 
calated with  the  purer  limestones.  The  cement  manufactured  from  this 
stone  is  slow  setting,  but  it  forms  a  bond  of  great  strength  and  hardness. 
Maj.  M.  T.  Singleton,  late  Assistant  United  States  Engineer,  in  speak- 
ing of  this  cement  says :  "My  experience  with  the  cement  has  been  en- 
tirely satisfactory.  In  fact,  for  general  purposes,  and  especially  for  heavy 
cut  stone  masonry,  I  prefer  it  to  any  cement  I  have  used." 

Hydraulic  limestone  of  good  quality  is  reported  at  numerous  other 
points  throughout  the  Paleozoic  area  of  ISTorth  Georgia,  but  the  extent 
and  quality  of  the  stone  has  not  yet  been  investigated. 

Slate. — Slate  suitable  for  roofing  purposes  occurs  at  a  number  of  points 
in  northwest  Georgia  along  the  line  of  contact  of  the  Paleozoic  and  Crys- 
talline areas.  The  most  important  deposits  are  those  of  the  Pockmart  dis- 
trict in  the  eastern  part  of  Polk  county,  where  slate  has  been  mined  on 
a  more  or  less  extensive  scale  for  a  great  many  years.  The  Rockmart 
slate,  which  is  'of  Silurian  age,  has  a  deep  blue-black  color  and  a  fine,  even 
texture.  It  splits  with  a  smooth  surface  into  thin  slabs  and  is  quite  free 
from  pyrites  and  other  impurities.  The  chemical  analysis  of  the  Pock- 
mart  slate  shows  it  to  be  a  first-class  stone  for  roofing  purposes. 

The  only  slate  quarries  now  operated  in  Georgia  are  those  in  the 
vicinity  of  Pockmart.  A  few  years  ago  a  small  amount  of  slate  was 
quarried  near  Cedartown,  but  these  quarries  are  now  abandoned.  The 
slate  at  the  latter  quarries  belongs  to  the  same  formation  as  the  Pockmart 
and  is  of  similar  character.  The  slate  now  being  quarried  in  the  Rock- 
mart  district  is  quite  generally  used  throughout  Georgia  and  a  number 
of  other  Southern  States,  where  it  has  a  high  reputation  as  a  roofing 
slate. 

Clays. — The  clays  of  Georgia  are  abundant  and  widely  distributed. 
There  is  scarcely  a  geological  formation  of  any  extent  that  does  not  fur- 
nish clays  of  commercial  value.  Residual  and  alluvial  clays,  well 
adapted  to  the  manufacture  of  brick  and  the  cheaper  grades  of  crockery, 
abound  in  every  county  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  Associated 
mth  these  impure  clays  are  often  found  pockets  or  irregular  deposits  of 
porcelain  and  fire  clays  of  greater  or  less  extent.     The  latter  clays  are 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  139 

confined  cliieflj  to  the  Knox  dolomite  formation  of  northwest  Georgia, 
but  they  are  also  oecasionally  met  with  in  the  Crystalline  area  further  to 
the  east  and  south. 

The  most  valuable  and  extensive  clay  deposits  in  the  Stiite  are  those 
of  sedimentaiy  origin  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous  formation  of  central 
Georgia.  They  occur  in  a  belt  several  miles  wide,  extending  from  Colum- 
bns  to  Augustii.  Tlie  Crotaeeous  clays  differ  greatly  in  their  physical 
and  chemical  properties,  so  that  almost  any  desired  variety  may  be  found. 
Some  of  these  clays  have  an  extensive  use  in  the  manufacture  of  wall- 
paper, while  other  vai-ieties  are  used  in  making  porceLain,  terra-cotta,  til- 
ing, sewer-pipe,  pottery,  etc.  Besides  the  varieties  of  clays  here  men- 
tioned, fii-e-clay  also  occurs  in  the  Cretaceous  fonuatiou  in  commercial 
quantities.  Dr.  George  E.  Ladd,  Director  of  the  [Missouri  School  of 
Mines,  in  speaking  of  the  Cretaceous  fire-clays  of  Georgia,  says:  "Some 
of  these  kaolins  suitable  for  fire-clays  are  more  refractory  than  any  of  the 
noted  fire-clays  of  the  United  States." 

The  clay  industiy  of  Georgia,  although  in  its  infancy,  has  already  be- 
come well  established.  The  value  of  the  clay  product  of  the  State  last 
year  exceeded  that  of  any  of  the  Southern  States,  with  the  exception  of 
AVest  Virginia  and  ]\Iaryland. 

Gold. — Gold  has  been  mined  in  Georgia  for  nearly  three  quai-tcrs  of  a 
century.  The  first  discovery  of  the  precious  metal  within  the  limits  of 
the  State  was  made  on  Duke's  creek.  White  county,  in  1829.  Previous 
to  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  the  mines  of  Georgia  furnished  the 
greater  part  of  the  gold  produced  in  the  United  States.  As  early  as  1838, 
the  output  of  the  mines  of  the  State  had  become  so  important  that  the 
United  States  government  found  it  necessary  to  establish  a  mint  at  Dah- 
loncga,  the  center  of  the  main  gold-mining  district. 

The  gold  deposits  of  Georgia  belong  to  the  Appalachian  gold  fields, 
an  auriferous  belt  extending  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alabama.  The  belt, 
which  consists  of  highly  Crystalline  rocks,  probably  of  Archean  age, 
varies  in  width  from  10  to  75  miles.  In  Georgia,  the  belt  breaks  up  into 
a  number  of  minor  parallel  belts,  having  a  northeast-southwest  trend.  The 
most  important  of  these  arc  the  Dahlonega  and  Hall  county  belts.  The 
former,  which  takes  its  name  from  Dahlonega,  the  county  seat  of  Lump-' 
kin  county,  is  the  most  important.  This  belt  enters  Georgia  from  North 
Carolina  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Rabun  county,  M'liere  valuable 
placer  deposits  have  been  worked  at  the  Smith  and  the  Moore  Girls'  mines. 
Further  to  the  southwest  in  White  county,  the  belt  increases  in  width  and 
the  mines  at  the  same  time  become  more  numerous.  As  the  auriferous 
belt  entei-s  Lumpkin  county  it  again  increases  in  size,  reaching  its  great- 
est development  in  the  vicinity  of  Dahlonega.  In  Dawson  county  tlio 
Dahlonega  gold  belt  becomes  more  or  less  broken  up,  but  upon  entering 
Cherokee  county  it  again  regains  its  econoviic  importance  and  continues 
with  but  few  interruptions  throngh  Bartow,  Cobb,  T^nilding  and  llnral- 
pon  counties  to  the  Georgia-Alabama  State  line.  Tlie  enliro  leuglh  of 
the  Dahlonega  gold  belt  thus  outliiiod  i<  .'iIkhiI  1  ."iO  miles,  wliilc  ]\<  widfli 
varies  from  1  to  5  miles. 


240  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  Hall  county  gold  belt  lies  some  10  miles  east  of  the  Dahlonega 
belt  and  runs  more  or  less  parallel  with  it  for  more  than  100  miles,  stop- 
ping short  in  Fulton  county,  only  about  10  miles  north  of  Atlanta.  A 
third  belt,  which  includes  the  Acworth,  the  Villa  Rica  and  the  Bonner 
mines,  traverses  Cobb,  Paulding  and  Carroll  counties.  This  belt  is  best 
developed  in  the  neighborhood  of  Villa  Rica,  where  in  former  yeai-s 
much  gold  was  mined.  Another  belt,  including  some  very  important 
mines,  traverses  Lincoln,  Columbia,  McDuffie  aoid  Warren  counties  in 
the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  Beyond  the  limits  of  the  belts  here  men- 
tioned al-e  found  a  number  of  isolated  localities  where  gold  occurs  in 
paying  quantities.  Such  isolated  deposits  as  here  referred  to  are  found 
in  Towns,  Union,  Fannin,  Gilmer,  Meriwether,  and  other  counties  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  State. 

The  individual  auriferous  belts  of  Georgia  are  usually  made  up  of  a 
great  number  of  veins  or  ore  bodies  running  parallel  to  each  other  and 
conforming  in  dip  and  strike  to  the  gneisses  and  schists,  the  country 
rock.  They  vary  in  thickness  from  a  fraction  of  an  inch  to  several  feet 
or  rods,  and  often  continue  without  interruption  for  long  distances.  In 
places  the  veins^  which  consist  largely  of  quartz,  become  greatly  ex- 
tended, forming  huge  shoots  of  excellent  ore.  A  vein  of  this  character 
at  the  Creighton  mine  in  Cherokee  county  has  been  worked  continuously 
for  years  and  has  produced  large  quantities  of  gold.  Ore  bodies  of  some- 
what similar  nature  are  quite  abundant  in  the  Dahlonega  district  where 
in  the  last  two  years  extensive  developments  have  been  carried  on  which, 
no  doubt,  will  soon  result  in  a  large  increase  of  the  gold  output  of  the 
State. 

Copper. — Previous  to  the  Civil  War  copper  was  successfully  mined 
in  Fannin  and  Cherokee  counties  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State.  The 
deposits  of  the  former  county  are  located  near  the  Georgia-Tennessee 
line,  and  from  the  southern  extension  of  the  deposits  so  largely  worked 
just  across  the  State  line  in  the  Ducktown  district.  One  of  the  Fannin 
county  mines,  known  as  the  MobUe  mine,  at  one  time  was  quite  exten- 
sively worked  and  is  said  to  have  produced  a  large  amount  of  high-grade 
ore.  The  copper  deposits  of  Fannin  county,  although  practically  unde- 
veloped at  present,  are  thought  to  be  of  considerable  economic  impor- 
tance. Other  copper  deposits  which,  from  time  to  time,  have  excited  con- 
siderable local  interest,  occur  in  Fulton,  Paulding,  Lumpkin,  Haralson, 
Lincoln,  and  other  counties  in  Koirth  Georgia.  The  most  important  cop- 
per ore  met  with  in  the  counties  here  named  is  chalcopyrite  (copper  py- 
rites). It  occurs  mostly  in  irregular  veins  associated  with  schists  and 
highly  metamorphic  slates. 

Pyrite. — ^Pyrite,  an  iron  sulphide  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  sul- 
phuric acid,  is  widely  distributed  throughout  Georgia,  but  only  in  a  few 
localities  has  it  been  found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be  of  commercial 
importance.  Probably  one  of  the  most  important  deposits  of  this  mineral 
known  at  present  in  the  State,  occurs  in  the  eastern  part  of  Lumpkin 
county,  on  the  Chestatee  river,  about  six  miles  northeast  of  Dahlonega. 
This  deposit  is  quite  extensive  and  the  ore  is  of  good  quality.    The  com- 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  143 

mercial  value  of  the  deposit  has  long  been  known,  but  the  great  expense 
of  hauling  the  ore  by  wagon  to  Gainesville,  the  nearest  railway  station, 
twenty  miles  distant,  rendei-s  the  mining  of  the  ore  unprofitable.  Other 
deposits  of  pyrite  of  considerable  promise  occur  in  Paulding  and  Haral- 
son counties.  The  deposit  in  Paulding  county  was  worked  to  some  ex- 
tent a  few  years  ago  and  the  ore  was  shi]Dped  to  Atlanta  where  it  was 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid.  This  ore,  which  runs  high 
in  sulphur,  is  said  to  carry  from  four  to  five  per  cent,  of  copper  and  a 
small  amount  of  gold. 

Xo  systematic  study  has  yet  been  made  of  the  pyrite  deposits  of  the 
State,  and  as  a  consequence  little  is  known  of  their  extent  and  commercial 
importance. 

Soapstone. — Soapstone,  or  talc,  has  been  mined  to  a  limited  extent  in 
Murray  and  Fannin  counties.  It  also  occurs  in  Cherokee  and  in  Gilmer 
counties,  and  is  reported  in  other  localities  in  North  Georgia.  The  soap- 
stone  mines  of  Fannin  county,  which  have  been  worked  for  some  years, 
are  located  at  Mineral  Blufl:",  only  a  short  distance  south  of  the  Georgia- 
K'orth  Carolina  State  line.  This  deposit  is  probably  the  southern  ex- 
tension of  the  ^STorth  Carolina  deposit  which  is  extensively  worked  just 
north  of  the  State  line.  The  Fannin  county  soapstone  is  compact  and  of 
a  dark  gi'ay  or  blue  color.  It  occurs  in  veins  varying  from  a  few  inches 
to  a  yard  or  more  in  thickness.  The  Murray  county  soapstones,  which  are 
found  on  Fort  mountain,  a  few  nules  east  of  Spring  Place,  are  of  similar 
nature. 

Mica. — This  mineral  is  quite  generally  distributed  throughout  the 
Crystalline  area  of  iSTorth  Georgia.  It  usually  occm-s  in  veins  associated 
with  pegmatites  and  coarse-grained  granites.  The  veins  are  often  of 
large  size,  and  occasionally  contain  mica  crystals  eighteen  inches  or  more 
in  diameter.  Many  of  the  mica  deposits  of  the  State  have  been  pros- 
pected to  a  limited  extent,  but  no  systematic  mining  of  any  importance 
has  been  attempted.  There  is  little  doubt,  however,  that  the  mica  de- 
posits of  Georgia  are  of  commercial  importance  and  demand  more  atten- 
tion than  they  have  heretofore  received. 

Graphite. — Both  massive  and  foliated  varieties  of  this  mineral  occur 
in  considerable  quantities  associated  with  the  highly  metamory)hic  slates 
and  schists  along  the  western  margin  of  the  Crystalline  area.  It  is  quite 
abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  Emerson,  Bartow  county,  where  it  is 
now  mined  and  used  in  the  crude  state  as  a  fiJler  for  commercial  fertil- 
izers. Promising  prospects  of  graphite  are  also  reported  to  occur  in 
Pickens,  Elbert,  Hall,  Madison,  Douglas  and  Cobb  counties.  The  Pick- 
ens county  deposit  is  at  present  being  developed  and  it  i*  thought  that  in 
a  short  time  it  will  become  an  active  producer. 

Marls. — Marls  of  good  quality  abound  throughout  the  cretaceous 
and  tertiary  formations  of  South  Georgia.  There  is  probably  no  county 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  State  which  does  not  possess  marl  deposits 
of  more  or  less  agricultural  value.  They  are  well  exposed  along  the 
Chattahoochee  and  Flint  rivers,  as  well  as  along  other  streams  of  South 
Georgia.     In  addition  to  the  common  calcareous  or  shell  marl,  green 


144  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

sand  marls  are  also  plentiful.  The  latter  are  especially  well  developed 
along  the  Chattahoochee  river  south  of  Columbus,  where  they  often  form 
beds  many  feet  in  thickness.  Analyses  of  these  greenlands  show  that 
they  cai-ry  a  considerable  amount  of  phosphoric  acid  and  potash,  two  of 
the  most  important  plant-foods.  The  use  of  the  Georgia  marls  as  a 
natural  fertilizer  has  so  far  been  quite  limited,  but  in  all  cases  where  they 
have  been  given  a  fair  test  the  result  has  been  entirely  satisfactory.  As- 
sociated with  the  marls  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the  State  fre- 
quently occur  deposits  of  phosphate  of  limited  extent.  A  deposit  of  this 
character  was  worked  some  yeai"s  agx>  in  Thomas  county,  near  Boston,  but 
the  phosphate  was  not  of  sufficient  abundance  to  be  of  commercial  value. 

Tripoli. — A  light,  porous,  silicious  stone  occurring  in  Murray,  Chat- 
tooga, and  other  counties  in  JSTorthwest  Georgia  has  locally  been  known 
for  some  years  as  tripoli.  The  material,  although  quite  different  in 
origin  from  tripoli,  has  a  similar  use  in  the  arts.  The  so-called  Georgia 
tripoli,  is  a  residual  product  derived  from  certain  impure  silicious  beds 
of  the  Knox  dolomite  formation.  The  stone,  which  is  usually  found  asso- 
ciatd  with  chert,  ,is  quite  porous  and  is  easily  pulverized  into  an  exceed- 
ingly fine  grit  or  polishing  powder.  A  small  amount  of  this  material  is 
at  present  being  mined  in  Chattooga  county,  and  is  used  by  an  At- 
lanta firm  in  the  manufacture  of  polishing-soap. 

Sand. — Sand  suitable  for  building  material  is  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  State.  In  ISTorth  Georgia  it  occurs  chiefly  as  alluvial  de- 
posits along  the  numerous  streams,  while  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State  it  is  found  in  stratified  beds  often  of  wide  extent.  In  addition  to 
that  used  for  general  architectural  purposes,  sand  well  adapted  for  mould- 
ing and  glass-making  also  ccurs.  The  pure  sands  are  confined  mainly  to 
the  cretaceous  deposits  of  South  Georgia,  where  they  are  frequently  in- 
tercalated with  beds  of  pure  kaolin, 

Pioad  Materials. — There  is  probably  no  State  in  the  South  that  hw  a 
greater  variety  of  road  materials  than  Georgia.  The  supply  is  inexhaust- 
ible and  of  the  best  quality.  Besides  the  limestones,  granites,  and 
gneisses,  heretofore  spoken  of,  trap,  diorite,  chert,  and  gravel  abonnd  in 
great  quantities. 

Mineral  Waters. — The  number  of  mineral  springs  in  Georgia  to  which 
public  attention  has  been  directed  on  account  of  the  medicinal  properties 
of  their  waters  is  very  large.  There  is  scarcely  a  county  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  State  which  does  not  possess  one  or  more  of  these  springs  of 
greater  or  less  repute.  Many  of  them  are  so  far  only  of  local  interest, 
but  in  some  instances  they  have  a  national  reputation,  and  are  a  source  of 
much  profit  to  their  owners. 

The  commercial  value  of  the  mineral  waters  of  Georgia  in  the  last  few 
years  has  exceeded  that  of  any  other  Southern  State  with  the  exception  of 
Virginia.  The  main  supply  of  these  waters  now  put  upon  the  market  is 
shipped  from  Lithia  and  Austell,  a  noted  mineral  water  district  on  the 
Southern  Railway,  twenty  miles  west  of  Atlanta.  The  waters  shipped 
from  the  Lithia-Austell  district  are  among  the  best  lithia  waters  found 
in  the  country.     Their  curative  virtues  are  widely  kno^vn  and  they  are 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  I47 

now  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  south  in  large  quantities.  Other  springs 
having  an  excellent  local  reputation  occur  in  North  Georgia,  but  only  in 
a  few  instances  is  the  water  put  upon  the  market. 

Besides  the  minerals  above  described  there  are  many  others  found  in 
Georgia  which,  at  some  future  time,  will  probably  become  a  source  of 
revenue  to  the  State.     Among  the  most  important  of  these  may  be 
•  mentioned  silver,  lead,  zinc,  baryta,  gypsum,  etc. 

The  annual  output  of  the  mineral  products  of  Georgia  is  shown  by  the 
following  table: 

Iron  Ores $  578,526  00 

Coal 450,000  00 

Manganese G0,201  00 

Ochre 73,095  00 

Bauxite 35,274  00 

Asbestos 10,300  00 

Marble 812,070  00 

Granites 790,000  00 

Sandstone 2,000  00 

Limestone  and  Lime 125,000  00 

Cement-Kock 75,000  00 

Slate 13,125  00 

Clays— Brick,  Potteiy,  &c 1,062,213  00 

Gold 129,246  00 

Soapstone    4,054  00 

Graphite 12,000  00 

Tripoli 500  00 

Sand 200,000  00 

Road  Material  and  Ballast 350,000  00 

Mineral  Waters 42,000  00 

Total   $4,824,604  00'' 


CHAPTER  IV. 


SOILS  OF  GEORGIA. 

The  soils  of  Greorgia,  from  a  geological  standpoint,  were  partially  dis- 
cussed in  the  last  chapter.  We  shall  now  ondeavor  to  look  at  them  from 
the  point  of  view  of  the  argiculturist. 

NOETHWEST  GEORGIA. 

The  northwestern  section  of  the  State  presents  a  variety  of  soils;  as 
a  brown  and  red  loam;  silicious  soils  of  the  ridges  of  a  grayish-hue;  the 
sandy  soils  of  table  or  mountain  lands,  either  gray  or  yellow,  and  more 
or  less  gi'avelly;  tlie  soil  of  the  flatwoods;  and  the  alluvial  or  bot- 
tom lands  adjacent  to  streams.  On  the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  this 
section  soils  of  a  brown  calcareous  loam,  belonging  to  the  blue  limestone 
area,  prevail,  whil©  in  the  central  parts  is  found  a  red  calcareous  loam 
of  the  rotton  limestone  area.  Lands  that  have  been  in  cultivation  for 
thirty  years  will  yield  from  thirty  to  fifty  bushels  of  com  to  the  acre. 
By  merely  planting  in  clover  or  peas  and  turning  the  crop  under  without 
fertilization,  the  farmer  can  make  these  lands  produce  from  ten  to  twenty 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  They  have  been  cultivated  in  cotton  .to 
only  a  limited  extent,  but  will,  under  ordinary  cultivation  in  Floyd  and 
Polk  counties,  produce  eight  hundred  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre. 
Under  the  best  methods  the  production  can  be  greatly  increased.  These 
lands  generally  lie  well.  They  are  apt  to  wash  when  hilly,  but  this 
can  be  prevented  by  a  good  system  of  terracing.  Very  little  cotton  is 
grown  to  the  nolrtli  of  Eloyd  county.  The  timber  is  large,  consisting 
chiefly  of  red,  Spanish,  and  white  oak,  hickory,  poplar,  sugar-maple,  post- 
oak,  cedar,  and  a  mixture  of  other  varieties.  The  brown  loams  vary 
from  light  to  almost  black,  while  the  red  loams  are  of  a  dark  red  color 
with  red  subsoil. 

Subcarhoniferous  hroiun  loam  lands  consist  of  limestones,  arenaceous 
and  silicious  shales.  They  are  generally  rolling,  but  nearly  level  where 
the  valleys  are  broad.  They  have  a  brown,  calcareous,  sandy  soil,  with 
enough  clay  to  make  them  sufficiently  retentive,  and  admit  of  good  drain- 
age even  when  nearly  level.  Lands  of  this  character  are  found  in  West 
Armuchee  valley  in  Walker  county.  Sugar  valley  in  Gordon,  Dirtto^vii 

(H8) 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  149 

valley  in  Chattooga,  and  Texas  Valley  in  Floyd,  about  twelve  milesf^ 
northwest  of  Rome,  and  in  much  more  of  the  country  west  of  the  Coosa 
in  Floyd  county.  Xot  only  do  com,  wheat,  oats  and  all  the  grasses  and 
other  forage  plants  do  well,  but  these  are  also  the  best  cotton  uplands 
in  this  part  of  Georgia,  yielding  often  without  fertilizers  from  1,000  to 
1,200  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  and  under  the  most  scientific 
farming  going  far  beyond  that. 

In  sections  of  ISTorthwest  Georgia  there  occur  lands  in  belts  of  from 
two  to  three  miles  in  width,  which  are  underlaid  by  a  series  of  shales  and 
limestones  of  about  2,500  feet  in  thickness,  known  as  Knox  shalee. 
IS'early  all  this  area  consists  of  an  orange,  or  liglit  colored  clayey  soil. 
The  lands  are  rolling,  or  nearly  level,  and  have  a  good  drainage.  After 
having  been  steadily  worked  for  thirty  or  more  years  under  the  old  ex- 
haustive methods,  with  almost  nothing  returned  to  the  soil  for  improve- 
ment, they  will  produce,  fairly  well,  wheat,  oats,  and  corn.  In  the  forests 
are  found  the  usual  timbers  of  this  section  with  some  dog^vood  and 
pine.     Clover  and  all  the  grasses  do  well. 

Gray  gravelly  lands,  wdth  a  soil  varying  in  color  from  light  to  dark 
gray,  are  also  found  in  this  section.  Some  of  these  gravelly  lands  have 
a  good  clay  subsoil,  and  are  then  of  a  dark  brown,  or  red  color.  Those 
nearest  the  valley  lands  are  the  most  highly  esteemed.  They  were  once 
regarded  as  poor  and  are  in  great  part  covered  wdth  original  forests.  The 
timber  is  about  the  same  as  already  described,  except  that  in  broad  belts 
of  nearly  level  lands  the  short-leaf  pine  is  the  prevailing  growth.  But 
taking  the  whole  area  of  the  gravelly  lands,  oak  predominates. 

Instead  of  being  the  poor  lands  that  they  \vere  formerly  regarded, 
they  have  been  found  to  give  a  better  return  for  manures  than  the 
richer  valley  lands.  They  are  profitable  for  cotton,  and  with  the  use  of 
fertilizers  will  yield  1,200  pounds  to  the  acre.  Fruit  trees  here  are 
healthy  and  long-lived.  The  tops  and  slopes  of  tlie  ridges  are  less  subject 
to  late  spring  frostis  than  the  lower  lands. 

The  lahle-l-ands  from  1,000  to  1,200  feet  above  the  valleys  are  grny 
or  yellow,  and  more  or  less  gravelly,  or  rocky.  They  are  found  on  Sand 
Mountain,  in  Dade  county,  and  on  Lookout  Mountain,  in  Dade,  Walker, 
and  Chattooga  counties.  They  are  well  adapted  to  fruit  culture  and  pro- 
duce a  great  variety  of  vegetables.  The  daily  range  of  the  thennometer 
is  fifty  per  cent,  loss  than  in  the  valleys,  and  yet  the  daily  minimum  tem- 
perature is  rarely  more  than  two  or  three  degrees  less.  The  timber  is 
of  medium  size.  A  good  grass  covers  the  surface  nearly  everywhere,  af- 
fording excellent  pasturage  for  stock. 

The  most  extensive  area  of  what  is  known  as  flatwood  lands  is  near 


150  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

the  Oostanaula  and  Coosa  rivers,  in  Gordon,  Floyd,  and  Polk  counties, 
and  in  a  belt  of  hills  in  the  southern  part  of  Murray  county,  extending 
southward  nearly  across  the  county  of  Gordon,  They  are  also  found  in 
Catoosa  in  a  naiTOw  belt  extending  southward  into  Whitfield.  These 
flatwoods  abound  in  short-leaf  pine,  post  and  red  oaks. 

The  alluvial  soil  of  the  valleys  of  the  Oostanaula,  Etowah  and  Coosa 
rivers,  fertile  with  the  debris  of  ages,  is  capable  of  producing  the  finest 
yields  of  corn,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  cow-peas,  clover, 
timothy,  orchard  gTass,  red  top,  in  fact,  all  the  most  useful  hay  crops 
iN'ear  the  city  of  Eome  forty  acres  planted  in  clover,  which  averaged 
when  mature,  three  feet  in  height,  have  been  known  to  produce  in  one 
season  200  tons  of  hay,  or  five  tons  to  the  acre.     This  shows  what  can 
be  done  on  this  line.     The  clover  crop  may  be  cut  three  times  annually. 
The  finest  grade  of  upland  cotton  grown  in  America  is  produced  on 
this  soil,  and  is  considered  in  Liverpool  the  best  of  its  variety.    All  this 
is  true,  also,  of  the  creek  bottom  lands.     The  higher  or  table-lands  of 
IN'orthwest  Georgia  are  somewhat  less  fertile,  but  better  adapted  to  the 
growing  of  such  fruits  as  peaches,  plums,  pears,  quinces,  cherries,  and 
all  kinds  of  berries.     The  best  apples  grow  on  the  lower  lands,  where 
large,  magTuficent  old  trees  grow  to  perfection.     On  the  mountain  tops 
and  slopes,  all  the  varieties  of  grapes  that  grow  east  of  the  Eockies  flour- 
ish and  give  abundant  yield.     On  these  heights  the  frost  seldom  kills 
the  bud,  or  nips  the  bloom  of  the  peach.     Often,  when  the  lower  lands 
iiave  little  or  no  fruit,  these  sun-kissed  hills  smile  in  plenty  and  gladden 
the  heart  of  man. 

In  !N^orthwest  Georgia  can  be  found  almost  every  species  of  wood 
known  in  the  Southern  States.  The  oaks  and  pines  predominate.  Of 
the  former,  there  are  six  varieties,  red,  white,  mountain  or  chestnut, 
black,  water  and  post-oak;  and  of  pine  there  are  two  varieties,  long  and 
short-leaf.  Thousands  of  acres  of  these  valuable  timbers  can  still  be 
found,  and  can  be  bought  at  reasonable  prices.  There  are  also  found 
poplar,  ash,  beech,  elm,  chestnut,  hickory,  maple,  walnut,  iron-wood, 
sugar  berry,  sycamore,  sweet-gum,  black-gum,  dogwood,  persimmon, 
sassafras,  wild  cherry-,  redbud,  warhoo  and  cedar.  Many  of  these  are 
found  in  large  quantities  and  can  be  utilized  in  the  manufacture  of  furni- 
ture and  hardwood  finish  for  dwellings.  The  oaks  and  pines  are  for  the 
most  part  used  in  buildings,  furniture,  and  in  the  manufacture  of  farm- 
ing utensils,  wagons,  etc.  Large  quantities  of  the  oak  and  pine  are  an- 
nually shipped. 

The  indigenous  grasses  of  this  section  are:  Bermuda,  Johnson,  crab, 
perennial  Paspalum,  and  annual  or  drop-seed  Paspalum.  These  all  make 
Bplendid  pasturage  and  the  best  of  hay. 


o 


GEORGIA:  HISTORFCAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  153 

SOILS  OF  MIDDLE  AXD  XORTHEAST  GEOKGIA. 

The  red  hiUs  of  Georgia  are  familiar  to  all  'U'ho  have  traveled  through 
these  sections  by  rail  or  wagon-road. 

In  the  phrase  red  lands  are  included  both  red  sandy  and  red  clayey 
soils.  The  decomposition  of  hornblendic  rocks  form  a  red  clayey  soil, 
which,  though  more  or  less  sandy  for  a  few  inches,  has  a  deep  red-clay 
aubsoil.  The  color  and  character  of  the  soil  varies  of  course  in  propor- 
tion to  the  hornblende  and  other  minerals  associated  in  the  rocks.  If 
biotite  mica,  which  contains  much  iron,  is  present  to  any  great  extent  in 
the  soil,  its  decomposition  produces  a  deep  mulatto,  or  sometimes  red 
soil  similar  to  that  from  hornblendic  rocks,  but  usually  of  a  lighter 
character.  Though  the  surface  of  the  red  land  country  is  rolling  and 
often  quite  hilly  with  few  levr-l  areas,  very  little  is  too  broken  for  cul- 
tivation. The  forest  trees  of  rhese  lands  are  red  or  Spanish  oak,  white 
and  post-oaks,  hickory,  chestnut,  dog-wood,  and,  in  the  lowlands  of  some 
of  the  counties,  short-leaf  pine,  poplar,  ash,  walnut,  cherry  and  buckeye. 
There  is  more  hickory  and  less  pine  than  on  gray  sandy  land.  Black- 
jack is  interspersed  with  these.  Except  in  the  more  southern  counties 
these  lands  are  considered  best  for  small  grains,  though  about  one-third 
part  of  those  under  cultivation  is  devoted  to  cotton. 

"Where  gray,  sandy,  gravelly  'and  occurs,  though  much  of  the  sur- 
face is  more  or  less  rolling  and  hiJly,  there  are  broad  level  areas  on  the 
ridges  and  in  the  valleys.  Excep'^  in  the  more  mountainous  districts 
the  slopes  of  the  hills  and  ridges  are  so  gradual  as  not  to  interfere  with 
their  successful  cultivation.  Though  their  light,  sandy  nature  makes 
them  liable,  when  under  cultivation,  to  wash  into  gullies  and  flood  the 
lowlands  with  sand,  such  damage  can  be  prevented  by  the  prevailing 
method  of  hill-side  ditching  or  terracing.  These  gray  sandy  soils  are 
frequently  colored  dark  for  an  inch  or  two  with  decayed  vegetation. 
Then  from  the  intermixture  of  the  dark  soil  and  the  yellow,  clayey  sub- 
soil there  is  obtained  what  is  commonly  called  a  mulatto  soil.  These 
lands  are  considered  better  than  the  red  clays  for  cotton,  because  under 
favorable  conditions  they  are  more  productive.  They  are  also  moro 
easily  tilled,  although  often  loose  quartz  rocks,  or  stones,  are  so  abundant 
that  they  must  be  removed  before  the  ground  can  be  broken  up.  From 
one  half  to  two  tliirds  of  these  lands  under  cultivation  are  devoted  to 
cotton. 

In  the  granitic  lands  the  soil  is  often  a  coarse,  gray,  or  gravelly  sauvl, 
from  three  to  six  inches  deep,  with  a  more  or  less  sandy  subsoil  of  rod 
or  yellow  clay.     Ninety-eight  per  cent,  of  tlie  granite  lands  are  in  th« 


]54  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

main  good  and  easily  tilled,  yielding  about  800  pounds  of  seed  cotton  t« 
the  acre,  wlien  fresh  and  unmanured.     Almost  everywhere     in  these 
lands  the  timber  is  pine,  either. long  or  short-leaf,  oak,  chestnut,  hickory 
and  some  black-jack.     One  feature  of  these  soils  worthy  of  note  is  their 
superiority  over  other  metamorphic  soils  in  both  potash  and  lime,  de- 
rived doubtless  from  the  feldspar  of  the  granite.     In  the  mountainous 
Blue  Ridge  region,  especially  in  Towns  and  Eabun  counties,  but  little 
of  this  land  is  tillable  except  along  the  watercourses.     In  ten  counties 
of  the  northeast  section  only  a  little  over  12  per  cent,  of  the  area  is 
under  cultivation  owing  chiefly  to  the  fact  that  that  part  of  Georgia  is 
as  yet  but  thinly  settled.     The  tillable  lands  have  a  very  rich,  dark  red 
soil.    Little  Tennessee  valley,  in  Rabun,    is  noted  for  fertility,    l^acoo- 
chee  valley,  in  White  county,  is  famous  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 
productive  in  the  State.    Wheat  and  other  small  grains,  corn,  the  choicest 
of  fruits  and  vegetables,  flourish  luxuriantly.    The  rich  grasses  are  of  the 
very  best  for  stock,  and  the  beef,  lambs,  kids  and  veal,  are  as  fat  and  nice 
as  one  could  desire.     Honey,  butter,  eggs,  and  chickens  are  abundant 
and  can  be  had  at  reasonable  prices.     The  forests  are  filled  with  the 
best  timber.     There  are  also  to  be  seen  beautiful  flower  gardens,  sum- 
mer houses  and  fountains,  artificial  lakes,  parks  for  deer  and  pools  for 
fishes. 

The  valley  lands  of  the  Tugaloo,  Middle,  Hudson  and  Soque  rivers 
are  productive  of  the  best  wheat  and  com.  Around  Cornelia,  in  Haber- 
sham county,  the  most  luscious  peaches  and  other  fruits  are  grown. 

As  we  go  southward  fiom  the  Blue  Ridge  counties,  there  is  a  steady 
increase  in  the  acreage  under  cultivation,  until  we  get  to  the  pine  hills 
of  the  central  cotton  region,  where  from  60  to  75  per  cent,  of  the  entire 
area  is  under  clutivation.  Of  the  lands  north  of  the  Chattahoochee^ 
those  to  the  northeast  have  almost  entirely  gray,  sandy  soils,  with  but 
few  strips  of  red  clay.  German  millet  and  buckwheat  flourish  in  this 
section,  and  good  tobacco  can  be  successfully  grown,  as  is  proven  by  the 
patches  raised  here  and  there  exclusively  for  home  use.  This  section  is 
well  adapted  to  such  fruits  as  the  apple,  cherry,  pear,  grape,  all  varieties 
of  plums,  the  peach,  and  to  the  gooseberry,  raspberry,  strawbeny,  black- 
berry and  dewberry. 

The  Middle  Georgia  region  was  the  first  settled  after  the  coast  country 
and  is  the  most  populous  section  of  the  State.  All  the  largest  cities  of 
the  State,  except  Savannah,  are  in  this  belt.  All  through  this  section, 
whose  lands  are  for  the  most  part,  of  the  red  clay  soil,  cotton,  com,  oata, 
wheat,  and  the  other  small  grains,  peas  and  all  the  grasses  do  well.  To- 
bacco also  can  be  successfully  grown.     Though  injudicious  culture  for  a 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  155 

long  time  injured  the  soil,  fields  that  had  been  abandoned  and  left  to 
grow  np  in  "weeds  have,  after  years  of  rest,  under  judicious  cultivation, 
regained  their  fertility,  and  are  once  more  among  the  best  lands  of 
Georgia.  To  give  some  idea  of  what  may  be  done  under  wdse  manage- 
ment of  the  soil,  we  cite  just  a  few  examples. 

On  one  farm  in  Hancock  county,  the  first  year  after  tlie  sod  of  Ber- 
muda grass  was  broken,  there  were  gathered  1,800  pounds  of  seed  cotton 
to  the  acre,  and  the  second  year  2,800  pounds  to  the  acre.  In  each  case 
this  was  without  fertilizing.  A  third  crop,  corn  manured  with  cotton- 
seed in  the  usual  manner  and  quantity,  yielded  sixty-five  bushels  to  the 
acre.  The  fourth  year  the  crop  on  this  ground  was  wheat,  and  without 
fertilizing  it  yielded  forty-two  bushels  to  the  acre.  In  Spalding  county 
wheat  has  often  yielded  forty  bushels  and  sometimes  sixty  to  sixty-five 
bushels  to  the  acre,  and  as  much  as  10,726  pounds  of  hay  have  been  gath- 
ered on  one  acre  in  one  season.  In  Bibb  county  8,646  pounds  of  crab 
grass  hay  have  been  harvested  on  one  acre  in  a  season. 

To  show  what  "worn-out"  land  can  be  made  to  do,  we  give  the  ex- 
ample of  Mr.  Samuel  Bailey.  In  1868  he  purchased  a  place  in  Ogle- 
thorpe coimty  which  every  one  considered  almost  worthless  for  farming 
purposes.  The  first  year  he  cultivated  only  sixteen  acres,  ploughing  deep 
and  subsoiling,  and  leveling  all  washes  as  near  as  posssible.  He  sowed 
one  acre  in  wheat  and  fifteen  in  cotton.  From  his  acre  of  wheat  he 
gathered  fifty-seven  bushels,  and  from  his  fifteen  acres  in  cotton  be  ob- 
tained eleven  bales  weighing  465  pounds  each.  He  always  advocated 
deep  culture  and  thorough  preparation  of  the  lands  before  planting,  more 
especially  when  manuring  highly,  either  with  barn-yard  or  commercial 
manure.  He  gave  special  attention  to  the  drainage  of  land,  stopping  all 
washes.  He  used  the  manures  manufactured  at  the  Oglethorpe  Fertiliz- 
ing "Works.  He  expressed  the  conviction,  however,  that  barn-yard  and 
cotton  seed  manures  were  more  lasting.  By  saving  all  manures  accumu- 
lated on  his  place,  he  brought  his  lands  up  to  such  a  state  of  cultivation, 
that  in  an  ordinary  crop  year  without  the  aid  of  manuring,  they  would 
produce  on  an  average  from  thirty-five  to  forty  bushels  of  wheat,  and  one 
bale  of  cotton  to  the  acre.  He  also  grew  all  kinds  of  vegetables  for 
family  use,  and  sold  annually  Irish  potatoes,  onions  and  watermelons. 
He  met  with  the  best  results  in  all  kinds  of  fruits,  such  as  peaches,  pears, 
apples  and  strawberries.  From  one-eighth  of  an  acre  he  has  gathered 
twenty-eiglit  bushels  of  strawberries  of  a  superb  variety  (the  Wilson 
Albany). 

Another  instance:  In  1872  W.  J.  Born,  in  Gwinnett  county,  bought 
twenty  acres  of  land  that  had  been  u))andone(l  for  years.     Tliis  land  had 


156  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

gone  to  waste,  and  the  twentj-acre  plot  was  filled  with  gnllies  from  five 
to  ten  feet  deep,  and  some  of  them  from  five  to  ten  feet  wide.  There 
appeared  to  be  no  soil,  and  all  the  humus  was  practically  gone.  Immedi- 
ately upon  the  purchase  of  this  plot  of  ground  Mr.  Born  filled  these 
gullies  and  waste. places  with  pine  brush  cut  from  a  neighboring  field, 
hauled  and  scattered  many  loads  of  pine  needles  and  oak  leaves,  using 
a  two-horse  plow,  plowed  and  re-plowed  this  land,  and  leveled  as  best 
he  could.  Then  he  strewed  broadcast  the  twenty-acre  field  with  stable 
and  barnyard  manure,  re-plowed,  harrowed  and  rolled  again.  He  then 
sowed  it  down  in  oats,  and  used  two  tons  of  commercial  fertilizers, 
turned  these  oats  under,  harrowed  and  rolled  again.  The  following 
spring  these  oats  were  mowed  while  in  the  "dough"  state  for  hay,  get- 
ting a  fairly  good  crop  of  oat  hay.  He  again  fertilized  heavily  with 
barnyard  manure  and  some  commercial  fertilizers,  and  sowed  peas  im- 
mediately after  taking  off  the  oat  hay.  In  the  fall  the  peavines  were 
turned  under  and  again  oats  were  sown,  using  a  liberal  quantity  of  ma- 
nure. This  process  was  continued  until  the  fourth  year,  when  he  planted 
this  twenty-acre  plot  in. cotton,  and  made  twenty  bales.  This  land  was 
purchased  for  five  dollars  an  acre.  At  the  end  of  the  fifth  year  it  had 
been  brought  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  instead  of  being  worth 
five  dollars  could  have  been  easily  sold  for  twenty-five  dollars  per  acre. 
This  land  had  a  red  clay  foundation.  What  Mr.  Born  did  in  1872  has 
been  done  by  others,  and  should  be  done  by  many  more. 

Throughout  this  whole  section  peaches,  pears,  apples,  plums,  cherries 
and  other  fi-uits,  with  all  kinds  of  berries,  abound.  Its  melons  are  with- 
out a  superior.  Among  them  the  Augusta  melon,  so-called  from  its  chief 
shipping  point,  takes  high  rank.  All  along  the  lines  of  railway  from 
the  northeast  section  down  through  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia  are 
extensive  tracts  devoted  to  grape  culture. 

SOILS  OF  SOUTHEKN  GEOEGIA. 

The  central  cotton  region  of  the  State  includes  the  southern  part  of 
Middle  Georgia,  and  large  areas  of  Southern  Georgia.  It  embraces  three 
distinct  belts  having  well  marked  differences.  The  first  of  these  is  the 
sand  and  pine  hills  belt.  Its  northern  limit  is  a  line  iimning  from 
northeast  to  southwest  as  follows:  from  a  few  miles  north  of  Augiista  and 
Thomson  ranging  a  few  miles  south  of  Warrenton  and  Sparta  to  Mil- 
ledgeville,  Macon,  Knoxville,  Geneva  and  Columbus.  At  this  point  the 
metamorphic  rocks  are  found  outcropping  in  the  beds  of  the  streams, 
while  the  sand  hills  extend  northward  a  short  distance  along  the  uplands. 


c 
o 
c: 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  159 

The  southern  limit  of  the  sand  and  pine  hills  belt  is  clearly  marked  by 
the  somewhat  abrupt  appearance  of  the  red  clay  hills  along  its  border. 
Tbe  width  of  this  belt  varies  greatly,  being  rather  narrow  in  the  part  of 
it  lying  between  the  Ogeechee  and  Flint  rivers,  and  gi-eatest  within 
twenty-five  or  thirty  miles  of  the  Savannah  on  the  east,  and  the  Chatta- 
hoochee on  the  west.  Its  southern  limit  on  the  Chattahoochee  is  near 
the  mouth  of  Upatoi  creek.  In  Taylor  and  Marion  coimties  it  widens  to 
twenty  miles  or  more.  The  area  embraced  in  the  sand  hills  is  2,950 
square  miles,  the  surface  of  the  country  being  high  and  rolling,  especially 
along  the  northern  limit,  where  the  altitude  is  from  500  to  600  feet 
above  the  sea,  and  from  100  to  150  feet  above  the  adjacent  metamor- 
phic  region.  In  some  localities,  as  between  the  Flint  and  Ocmulgee 
rivers,  the  lower  part  of  the  belt  is  a  broad  plateau  gradually  declining 
southward.  In  the  western  portion  the  transition  to  the  red  hills  is  grad- 
ual. 

As  might  be  infen-ed  from  its  name,  the  soil  of  this  belt  is  sandy,  and 
the  prevailing  timber  pines,  both  long  and  short-leaf.  There  is  also  some 
scrub  black-jack,  oak,  sweet-gums  and  dog^vood,  with  an  undergrowth 
along  the  streams  of  bay  and  gallberry  bushes. 

The  second  belt  is  the  red  Mils.  This  belt  is  characterized  by  a  high 
rolling,  or  broken  and  well-timbered  surface.  The  lands  are  of  red  clay, 
associated  generally  with  silicious  shell  rocks,  and  are  found  in  isolated 
areas  over  the  entire  yellow  loam  region.  At  Shell  Bluff,  on  the  Savan- 
nah river,  the  beds  are  sixty  feet  thick,  and  at  Fort  Gaines,  on  the  Chat- 
tahoochee, fifty  feet.  Between  these  two  points  their  thickness  dimin- 
ishes to  ten  or  twenty  feet  near  the  divide  of  the  Central  Atlantic  and 
Gulf  waters.  The  soil  is  somewhat  sandy,  from  twelve  to  twenty-four 
inches  deep  in  the  eastern  counties  and  six  to  twelve  inches  in  others, 
with  a  subsoil  of  heavy  clay  loam,  stiff  and  hard  to  break  up,  of  deeper 
color  than  the  soil,  overlying  at  times  a  variegated  and  elastic  pipe-clay. 
Between  the  Savannah  and  Flint  rivers  are  the  best  lands  of  this  belt, 
more  productive  and  durable,  and  easily  tilled,  and  in  large  areas.  They 
yield  from  800  to  1,000  pounds  of  seed  cotton  when  fresh,  and  under 
proper  culture  continue  to  do  so.  The  timbers  are  oak,  hickory,  short- 
leaf  pine  and  dogwood,  with  beech,  maple  and  poplar  on  the  lowlands. 
Small  grain  is  one  of  the  best  crops  for  these  lands. 

The  third  belt  is  the  Yelloiu  Loam  Region,  or  the  oah,  hickory  and 
long-leaf  pine  hills,  with  soils  sandy  and  gray,  but  dark  on  the  imniodi- 
ato  surface  from  decayed  vegetation,  with  a  subsoil  of  yellow  clay-loam 
or  yellow  sand,  at  a  depth  of  from  three  to  nine  inches  from  the  sur- 
face.    This  belt  extends  across  the  State  from  east  to  west.     In  width  it 


1(30  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

varies,  in  some  parts  reaching  from  the  sand  hills  south  to  the  pine  and 
wire-grass  region,  and  in  others  from  the  red  hills  southward  to  the  same 
limit.  In  Houston  county  these  lands  are  found  north  of  the  red  hills. 
The  entire  area  embraced  by  the  yellow  loam  region  and  red  hills  is 
6,650  square  miles.  The  names  given  to  this  belt  indicate  the  character 
of  its  growth  and  soil.  The  lands  are  well  drained  and  eaisy  to  cultivate, 
and  yield  an  average  of  500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre. 

The  Southern  Oak,  Hickory  and  Pine  Region  comprises  portions  of 
the  counties  of  Decatur,  Thomas  and  Brooks,  lying  along  and  near  the 
Florida  line.  This  region  is  for  the  most  part  rolling,  about  seventy-five 
feet  above  the  wire-grass  country  on  the  north  of  it  or  130  feet  above 
the  Flint  river.  From  a  point  seven  miles  south  of  Bainbridge  the  as- 
cent, eastward  to  Attapulgus  and  northward  by  Climax,  is  quite  abrupt. 
But  farther  to  the  east  it  gradually  merges  into  the  wire-grass.  The  area 
of  this  section  is  about  2,317  square  miles.  The  surface  of  the  country 
is  generally  open  with  a  growth  of  tall,  long-leaf  pine,  where  the  soil 
is  sandy  with  generally  a  clayey  subsoil,  underlaid  by  white  limestone; 
but  in  some  localities,  where  there  is  a  red  clay  loam,  the  timber  is  oak 
and  hickory. 

One  feature  of  this  region  is  the  rare  appearance  of  wire-grass,  and 
the  almost  total  absence  of  silicious  shell  rocks,  except  in  some  lowlands. 

The  yield  under  ordinary  cultivation  is  reported  at  from  600  to  800 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre. 

The  lowlands  of  the  Central  Belt  comprise  the  bottoms  and  ham- 
mocks of  the  streams  and  gallberry  flats.  On  the  Chattahoochee  river 
there  is  but  little  bottom  land,  because  the  uplands  approach  to  the 
water's  edge  as  bluffs.  The  soil  is  a  dark  loam,  more  or  less  sandy,  red  on 
some  of  the  streams,  and  from  one  foot  to  six  feet  deep,  down  to  a  tena- 
cious pipe-clay.  On  some  of  the  other  large  streams  the  bottom  lands 
proper,  which  vary  in  width  from  200  to  1,500  yards,  when  cultivated, 
are  devoted  to  corn  and  oats,  for  the  reason  that  cotton  crops  on  these 
lands  are  liable  to  injury  from  early  frosts  and  wet. 

The  hummocks,  or  second  bottoms,  of  the  larger  streams  above  over- 
flow are  well  cultivated,  and  on  some  of  the  streams  they  are  extensive, 
being  very  level,  with  a  growth  of  pine  and  most  of  the  hardwoods  com- 
mon to  Georgia.  The  soil  is  a  rich  sandy  loam,  with  a  depth  of  from 
twelve  to  twenty-four  inches,  having  in  it  much  decayed  vegetation,  and 
is  very  productive.  These  hummock  soils  yield  about  1,400  pounds  of 
seed  cotton  to  the  acre  when  fresh,  and  from  800  to  1,000  pounds  after 
a  few  year's  cultivation;  but  under  skillful  raanagement  their  original 
fertility  can  be  pretty  well  maintained.     The  allm^al  lands  of  the  Sa- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  161 

Yannah  river  have  a  growth  of  beech,  white  and  water  oaks,  holly,  bay, 
birch,  raulbeny,  sycamore,  cottonwood,  hickory,  ash  and  walnut.  These 
lands  have  a  soil  which  is  a  brown  loam,  mixed  with  mica  scales  and  of 
a  depth  of  from  two  to  three  feet.  They  are  well  adapted  to  cotton,  com 
and  grain.  Being  very  productive,  they  are  largely  under  cultivation 
and  yield  1,500  pounds  of  cottonseed  on  fresh  land,  and  under  the  or- 
dinary modes  5,000  pounds  after  a  few  yeai's'  cultivation. 

Along  the  Chattahoochee  from  Columbus  to  Georgeto^vn  are  level  val- 
leys of  open  prairies  similar  to- the  second  bottom  of  other  streams,  but 
higher  and  without  their  growth.  In  Muscogee  county  these  valleys  are 
broad  and  open,  with  a  fine  sandy  loam  soil  from  five  to  twelve  inches 
deep,  and  a  heavy  clay  subsoil.  Farther  south  where  the  blue  clay  marls 
approach  the  surface,  the  valleys  are  richer,  and  yield  800  to  1,200 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre. 

The  long-leaf  pine  and  wire-grass  region  covers  a  large  part  of  South- 
em  Georgia  south  of  the  oak  and  hickory  and  pine  lands  of  the  central 
cotton  belt.  The  entire  region  is  a  vast  plain  very  nearly  level,  except 
on  the  north,  covered  with  long-leaf  pine,  and  including  in  its  area 
eighteen  whole  counties  and  large  parts  of  others.  The  surface  of  the 
upper  and  western  portions  is  somewhat  rolling,  being  elevated  from 
twenty-five  to  seventy-five  feet  above  the  streams,  and  from  200  to  500 
feet  above  the  sea.  The  northeastern  and  southwestem  portions  of  this 
region,  being  underlaid  with  limestones,  have  a  better  class  of  soil,  as 
may  be  known  from  the  intermixture  of  oak  and  hickory  with  the  long- 
leaf  pine. 

This  region  can  be  subdivided  into  two:  the  lime  sink,  and  the  pina 
woods  region. 

TJie  lime  sinh  region  embraces  7,020  square  miles,  and  includes  the 
following  counties  and  parts  of  counties:  Screven,  except  a  strip  along 
the  eastern  and  northern  side  of  the  county;  the  southern  part  of  Burke; 
the  northern  part  of  Bulloch;  all  of  Mitchell,  Miller,  Colquitt  and 
Worth;  the  southern  parts  of  Pulaski,  Baker  and  Early,  and  the  south- 
ern and  eastern  parts  of  Dougherty,  the  northern  parts  of  Decatur, 
Thomas,  Brooks  and  Lowndes;  the  eastern  parts  of  Dooly  and  Lee;  and 
the  western  parts  of  Irwin,  Berrien,  Dodge  and  AVilcox.  The 
uplands  of  this  region  have  a  gray,  sandy  soil,  from  six  to 
twelve  inches  deep,  with  a  subsoil  of  red  or  yellow  sandy  clays,  and  yields 
about  500  or  800  pounds  of  seed  cotton.  The  bottom  or  alluvial  landa 
of  the  rivers  and  hummocks  of  the  creeks  have  a  dark  loamy  soil  with 
a  clay  subsoil,  at  a  depth  of  from  ten  to  twenty  inches  Being  very  du- 
rable they  yield  from  800  to  1 ,000  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  even 


162  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

after  many  years  of  cultivation.  Along  the  uplands  oak  is  the  principal 
timber,  and  on  the  bottom  lands,  white  and  red  oaks,  ash,  hickory,  pop- 
lar, beech,  bays  and  magnolia. 

The  pine  woods,  or  sandy  ivire-grass  region  covers  an  area  of  over 
10,000  square  miles,  including  the  folio  wing,  counties  and  parts  of  coun- 
ties: Tattnall,  Montgomery,  Emanuel,  Telfair,  Appling,  Coffee,  the  mid- 
dle of  Effingham,  the  southern  portions  of  Bulloch,  Johnson  and  Lau- 
rens, the  eastern  parts  of  Wilcox,  Irwin,  Berrien  and  Lowndes,  the  upper 
portion  of  Pierce,  Wayne,  Mcintosh,  Liberty  and  Bryan,  and  portions 
of  Jefferson,  Washington,  Dodge,  Ware  and  Clinch.  The  surface  is 
generally  level,  but  sometimes  slightly  undulating,  underlaid  in  some 
places  by  sandstone  which,  along  the  streams,  juts  out  into  bold  bluffs. 
The  soil  is  usually  fine  and  sandy,  with  a  subsoil  of  yellow  sand,  fre- 
quently underlaid  with  clay.  This  piney  wire-grass  region  terminates 
near  the  coast,  forming  a  terrace,  from  which  there  is  a  descent  for  fifteen 
or  twenty-five  feet  to  the  Savannah  and  pine  flat  and  palmetto  lands. 
The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  sandy  and  gray,  or  ash-colored,  twelve  inches 
deep,  with  a  subsoil  of  yellow  or  orange-colored  loam,  to  which  some- 
times an  underlying  clay  gives  durability  and  vigor.  These  lands,  when 
fresh,  yield  without  fertilizers  about  500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the 
acre,  and  sometimes  more,  and  a  judicious  use  of  fertilizers  keeps  up  this 
degree  of  productiveness.  Corn,  oats  and  sorghum-cane  do  well.  On 
the  low  hills,  where  ferruginous  concretions,  commonly  known  as  "Geor- 
gia pills,"  occur,  other  crops  thrive  better  than  cotton,  which  in  those 
special  localities  is  liable  to  rust.  In  bottom  lands  the  soil  is  richer 
and  colored  almost  black  by  decayed  leaves  and  other  vegetation,  and  the 
growth  is  poplar,  cypress,  and  titi,  with  some  pine  and  "fever  tree"  or 
"Georgia  bark."  The  vast  pine  forests  that  cover  this  pine  woods  region 
are  a  source  of  great  wealth  to  the  State,  and  the  trade  in  lumber  has 
built  up  thriving  tovnas.  Wherever  the  timber  lands  are  cleared,  the 
land  is  being  occupied  and  put  under  cultivation.  The  marls  that  abound 
in  many  parts  of  this  section,  when  mixed  with  the  muck  from  the 
swamps,  afford  a  cheap  fertilizer,  which  increases  greatly  the  productive- 
ness of  the  soil.  This  region  opens  a  fine  opportunity  to  the  enterprise  of 
truck-farming.  Those  desiring  to  engage  in  such  business  had  better 
come  while  lands  can  be  purchased  at  low  rates. 

The  pine  and  palmetto  fiats  lie  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  the  State, 
around  Okefinokee  Swamp,  and  embrace  mainly  the  counties  of  Charl- 
ton, Echols  and  Clinch,  and  large  parts  of  Ware,  Pierce  and  Wa."viie. 
This  belt  is  considerably  higher  than  that  of  the  coast  region,  extending 
across  other  counties  to  the  Savannah  river. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  165 

The  country  is  level  and  open  with  many  swamps,  having  a  dense 
gi-OT^Iih  of  titi,  tupelo  and  Llack-gnms,  sweet  and  loblolly  bays  and  cas- 
sino,  a  short-leaf  pine,  all  interlocked  with  bamboo  briers,  forming  a 
dense  thicket.  The  chief  timber  growth  is  the  long-leaf  pine  and  cypress, 
and  on  the  open  lands  a  dense  mass  of  low  saw-palmetto,  gallben-y 
bushes  and  some  wire-gTass.  This  region  is  about  125  feet  above  the 
sea,  the  descent  on  the  east  being  very  rapid  from  Okefinokee  Swamp  to 
Tradei-s'  Hill,  at  the  head  of  tide-water  and  Saint  Mary's  river.  From 
thence  is  a  level  second  terrace  to  the  edge  of  the  savanna  covered  with 
deep  white  sand. 

The  cre-eh  bottom  and  hummoc'k.  lands,  though  not  very  wide,  have 
a  dark  loam  soil  from  eight  to  twelve  inches  deep  with  a  clayey  subsoil, 
beneath  which  lies  a  blue  clay  stratum.  The  growth  of  these  hum- 
mock lands  is  in  the  main  oaks,  black-gum,  tupelo-gum,  cypress,  maple, 
etc. 

The  coast  region,  covering  in  all  about  2,045  square  miles,  includes 
savannas,  live  oak  lands  and  islands.  The  "savannas,"  a  belt  of  country 
from  ten  to  fifteen  miles  wide,  between  the  pine  woods  and  wire-grass 
region  on  the  one  side,  and  the  "live  oak  lands"  on  the  other,  extend 
from  the  Savannah  to  the  Saint  Mary's  river,  embracing  nearly  all  the 
counties  of  Chatham,  Bryan,  Glynn  and  Camden,  and  large  portions  of 
Liberty  and  Mcintosh.  The  surface  of  the  country,  kncwTi  as  the  first 
terrace,  is  very  level,  standing  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  above  tide-water, 
and  at  some  points  higher.  Its  northwestern  limit  is  the  bluff  of  the 
second  or  wire-grass  terrace,  passing  through  the  lower  part  of  Effing- 
ham (twenty  miles  north  of  Savannah),  into  Bryan,  where  it  is  fifty  feet 
high.  At  Savannah  the  bluff  is  forty  feet  above  low-water  mark.  South- 
ward through  Liberty  county,  at  "Gravel  Hill,"  south  of  Hinesville,  its 
elevation  is  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  above  the  sea,  and  in  Camden 
county  fifteen  miles  east  of  Colerain,  it  is  about  twenty-five  feet  Along 
the  first  or  lower  terrace  of  this  region  are  meadow  or  savamia  lands, 
broad,  flat  and  open,  with  a  sparse  growth  of  tall  long-leaf  pines,  and  a 
thick  undergrowth  of  saw-palmetto  with  here  and  there  bunches  of  wire- 
grass  which  have  found  their  way  down  from  the  upper  or  second  ter- 
race. In  spring  and  early  summer  all  over  these  broad  extended  plains 
beautiful  flowers  present  to  the  delighted  eye  of  the  beholder  a  charm- 
ing view. 

The  live  oalc  and  coast  lands  spread  along  the  coast  and  occupy  the 
numerous  islands  strctchiTig  from  the  Savannah  to  the  Saint  Mary's 
river,  with  an  irregular  and  interrupted  belt  of  yellow  or  mulatto  sandy 
soil,  characterized  by  magnificent  live  oaks,  festooned  with  streamers  of 


IQQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AlfD  INDUSTRIAL. 

gray  moss  often  ten  to  fifteen  feet  long.  There  is  also  a  growth,  of  red  and 
water  oaks;  hickory,  chincapin,  pine,  red  cedar,  sweet-gum,  cabbage 
palmetto,  a  tall  variety  of  blue  palmetto'  and  sassafras.  There  are  really 
three  divisions  of  this  live  oak  belt,  viz.:  upland  or  ridge,  middle,  and 
lower  bottom  lands,  the  last  of  which  have  a  very  rich  dark  soil,  under- 
laid by  a  blue  clay,  well  adapted  to  the  celebrated  black-seed  or  sea-island 
cotton.  IN'ot  so  much  attention  as  formerly,  however,  is  paid  now  to 
this  long-staple  cotton,  since  the  use  of  fertilizers  makes  the  upland  or 
short-staple  a  more  remunerative  crop. 

The  coast  tide  sivamp  lands  occupy  a  narrow  belt,  not  continuous  along 
the  Atlantic  coast,  but  bordering  on  the  various  inlets  and  streams  to  the 
limits  of  tide-water.  Along  the  Savannah  these  lands  are  cultivated  up- 
ward of  twenty  miles  from  the  brackish  marsh  up  the  river.  On  the 
Altamaha  their  extent  from  the  marshes  upward  does  not  exceed  sixteen 
miles,  because  freshets  prevent  them  from  being  of  value  except  for  tim- 
ber. The  soil  along  the  Altamaha  having  more  of  decayed  vegetable  mold 
than  that  of  the  Savannah  is  more  easily  cultivated.  The  tide  lands  of 
the  Ogeechee  extend  from  the  marshes  about  ten  miles.  Those  of  the 
Satilla,  though  not  as  broad  as  the  others,  extend  from  the  marshes 
twenty  miles  up  the  river  and  are  not  liable  to  freshets.  The  swamp 
lands  of  the  Georgia  side  of  the  St.  Mary's  river  extend  only  to  the  foot 
of  the  second  terrace  some  fifteen  miles  east  of  Colerain,  though  tide- 
water reaches  Trader's  Hill.  The  lands  of  this  belt  are  the  rice  lands 
of  the  State,  being  devoted  almost  exclusively  to  its  cultivation.  Geor- 
gia's yield  of  this  wholesome  article  of  food  is  second  to  that  of  South 
Carolina,  which  State  ranks  next  to  Louisiana.  Other  crops  do  well,  but 
rice  is  so  much  in  demand  that  planters  give  to  it  the  preference. 

Of  marsh  land  there  is  only  a  small  area  along  the  Georgia  coast,  at  the 
mouths  of  some  of  the  rivers. 

The  Sea  Islands,  which,  large  and  small,  form  along  the  coast  a  net- 
work, with  a  rolling  surface  not  exceeding  fifteen  feet  above  the  tide, 
have  a  united  area  of  560  square  miles.  The  soil  is  usually  sandy,  well 
adapted  to  the  production  of  sea-island  cotton,  corn  and  sweet  potatoes. 
In  their  delightful  climate,  sufficiently  warm,  and  yet  cooled  by  ocean 
breezes,  lemons,  figs,  pomegranates,  olives  and  oranges  grow  finely. 

Finally  in  every  part  of  Georgia  are  lands  capable  of  the  highest  cul- 
tivation, with  soils  adapted  to  the  very  best  results.  If  the  settler  desires 
to  raise  the  various  grains  or  grasses,  the  fleecy  cotton,  or  the  fruits  found 
in  every  zone  of  production  in  the  United  States,  from  the  hardy  apple 
of  the  north  to  the  tender  orange  of  the  tropics,  he  can  choose  his  section 
of  Georgia,  buy  his  land  and  go  to  work  with  as  much  certainty  of  sue- 


GEORGIA:  UISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  167 

cess  as  in  tnj  other  of  the  most  favored  parts  of  the  Union.  Fine  Irish 
potatoes  can  be  raised  in  Georgia,  and  no  better  sweet  potatoes  are  any- 
where produced.  Again  we  would  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  in  ad- 
dition to  the  various  crops  that  have  been  mentioned  in  this  description 
of  soils,  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia  are  the  home  of  the  sugar-cane, 
richer  in  saccharine  matter  than  any  other  plant  from  which  sugar  is 
extracted.  No  more  charming  farm  scene  meets  the  eye  than  a  vast  field 
of  tasseled  cane  with  all  its  promise  of  good  things  to  come  and  future 
profits. 

The  ground-pea,  which,  when  parched,  is  held  in  such  high  esteem, 
is  produced  extensively  in  Georgia  The  chufa,  though  not  so  well 
known,  is  valued  as  good  food  for  hogs. 

Xor  should  we  fail  to  name  among  other  good  products  of  Georgia 
Boil  the  chestnuts,  walnuts,  hickory-nuts,  chincapins  and  pecans,  which 
help  to  give  good  cheer  to  the  family  circle  as  they  gather  on  a  winter 
eve  before  the  hearth  heaped  up  with  blazing  logs.  Or  grate  with  glow- 
ing coal. 

The  mulberry  tree  should  come  in  for  a  share  of  notice.  This  tree 
grows  in  every  part  of  the  State,  especially  in  the  sandy  soil  of  some  parts 
of  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia.  The  fruit  of  the  black  mulberry 
makes  a  very  fattening  food  for  hogs.  The  leaves  of  the  white  mulberry 
are  the  favorite  food  of  the  silkworm.  When  the  colony  of  Georgia  was 
founded  it  was  intended  that  the  production  of  raw  silk  should  be  one 
of  its  industries;  Would  it  not  pay  some  one  who  understands  this  busi- 
ness to  embark  in  it  in  Georgia  ? 

An  excellent  article  of  tea  has  been  grown  in  Southeast  Georgia. 

Indigo  grows  wild  in  its  southern  section,  and  was  at  one  time  culti- 
vated, until  cotton  absorbed  almost  all  the  attention  of  our  people. 

Peas  and  beans  grow  in  every  section  of  the  State  and  the  value  of 
the  cow  or  field-pea  to  all  the  cotton  belt  of  Georgia,  both  for  forage  and 
soil  fertilization,  cannot  be  overestimated.  The  peas  furnish  excellent 
food  for  stock,  and  are  good  food  for  man  as  well,  superior  to  the  Boston 
bean.  The  hay  made  from  the  vines  is  of  fine  quality  and  very  nourish- 
ing. 

The  reports  that  have  been  made  on  authority  of  the  United  States 
census  concerning  Georgia's  soils  give  but  a  feeble  conception  of  their 
productiveness.  The  authors  of  those  reports  in  making  up  their  aver- 
ages for  crops  raised  in  the  different  belts,  gave  the  results  of  the 
work  of  the  unskilled  laborers  under  overseers  who  were  themselves  ig- 
norant of  the  best  modes  of  cultivation.  But  skillful  farmers  using  the 
beet  methods  give  us  a  fair  idea  of  the  capacity  of  Georgia  soil  in  every 
section  of  the  State.    We  give  here  some  well  authenticated  yields: 


Igg  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

In  Cotton. — In  Washington  county,  partly  in  Middle  and  partly  in 
Southern  Georgia,  6,917  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  in  Troup 
county,  Midde  Georgia,  4,594  pounds;  in  Burke  county,  in  the  northern 
part  of  Southern  Georgia,  4,500  pounds;  in  Carroll  county.  Middle  Geor- 
gia, 4,500  pounds;  in  Crawford  county,  southeastern  part,  in  Middle 
Georgia,  4,500  pounds;  in  Clay  county,  Southwestern  Georgia,  and 
Brooks,  bordering  on  the  Florida  line,  2,700  pounds;  in  Coweta  and  De- 
Ivalb  counties,  in  Middle  Georgia,  but  both  above  the  center  of  the  State 
(DeKalb  considerably  so),  2,200  pounds. 

In  Corn. — In  Spalding  county.  Middle  Georgia,  137  bushels  to  the 
acre;  in  Cobb  county,  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Middle  Georgia,  125 
bushels;  in  Wilkes  county,  Middle  Georgia,  123  bushels;  in  Thomas 
county,  Southwestern  Georgia,  bordering  on  the  Florida  line,  119  bush- 
els; in  Crawford  county,  partly  in  Middle  partly  in  Southwestern  Geor- 
gia, 115  bushels;  in  Cherokee  county,  in  Middle  Georgia  belt,  but  north- 
,  western  part  of  the  State,  104  bushels  to  the  acre. 

In  Oats. — In  Wilkes  county.  Middle  Georgia,  137  bushels  to  the 
acre;  in  DeKalb  county.  Middle  Georgia,  131  bushels;  in  Floyd  county, 
iJ^orthwest  Georgia,  121  bushels;  in  Coweta  county,  western  Middle 
Georgia,  115  bushels;  in  Schley  county.  Southwestern  Georgia,  100 
bushels;  in  Brooks  county.  Southern  Georgia,  on  the  border  of  Florida, 
75  bushels  to  the  acre. 

In  Wheat. — In  DeKalb  and  Spalding  counties,  Middle  Georgia,  65 
bushels  to  the  acre;  in  Carroll  county.  Middle  Georgia,  40  bushels;  in 
Cherokee,  Middle  Georgia  belt,  but  northwestern  part  of  the  State,  in 
Milton  next  on  the  south,  and  Walton,  Middle  Georgia,  28  bushels  to 
the  acre. 

In  Sweet  Potatoes. — 800  bushels  to  the  acre  in  Richmond,  Crawford 
and  Berrien  counties,  the  first  named  being  on  the  border  of  Middle  and 
Southern  Georgia  and  bordering  on  South  Carolina,  Crawford  in  South- 
western and  Berrien  in  Southern  Georgia,  with  but  one  county  between 
it  and  the  Florida  line;  500  bushels  in  Brooks  county,  on  the  Florida 
border;  400  bushels  in  Fulton  county,  Middle  Georgia  belt  but  north- 
western part  of  the  State. 

In  Irish  Potatoes. — Four  hundred  and  twenty  bushels  to  the  acre  in 
Wilkes  county.  Middle  Georgia;  109  bushels  in  Walker  county,  extreme 
Korthwestem  Georgia. 

In  Upland  Rice. — One  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre  in  Hall  and  White 
counties,  in  !N^ortheast  Georgia;  Pike,  in  Middle  Georgia;  and  Early  in 
lower  Southwest  Georgia  on  the  Alabama  line. 

In  Cane  Syrup. — Seven  hundred  gallons  to   tlie  acre  in  Bulloch 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  m 

countT,  Southern  Georgia;  695  gallons  in  Thomas  county,  in  Southwest 
Georgia,  on  the  Florida  border;  600  gallons  in  Brooks  county,  Southern 
Georgia,  on  the  Florida  border;  and  480  gallons  in  Burke  county,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Southern  Georgia. 

Ill  Clover  Hay. — Sixteen  thousand  pounds  to  the  acre  in  DeKalb 
county,  Middle  Georgia;  10,000  pounds  in  Greene  county.  Middle  Geor- 
gia; 6,575  pounds  in  Cobb  county,  northwestern  part  of  Middle  Geor- 
gia belt. 

In  Peavine  Hay. — Ten  thousand  seven  hundred  and  twenty  pounds 
to  the  acre  in  Spalding  county.  Middle  Georgia. 

In  Bermuda  Grass  Hay. — Thirteen  thousand  nine  hundred  and  fifty- 
three  pounds  to  the  acre  in  Greene  county.  Middle  Georgia. 

hi  Lucerne. — Xine  thousand  four  hundred  pounds  to  the  acre  in  Gor- 
don county,  ISTorthwest  Georgia. 

In  Crahh  Grass  Hay. — Eight  thousand  and  forty-six  pounds  to  the 
acre  in  Bibb  county,  on  the  border  of  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia. 

In  Com  Forage. — Twenty-seven  thousand  one  hundi-ed  and  thirty 
pounds  to  the  acre  in  Greene  county.  Middle  Georgia. 

In  Sugar. — Twenty-one  barrels  to  the  acre  in  Bulloch  county,  north- 
ern part  of  Southern  Georgia. 

9ga 


CHAPTER  V. 


PUBLIC  ROADS  IN  GEORGIA. 


RAILKOADS  AND  WATER  TRANSPORTATION 

In  every  county  there  should  be  good  roads,  on  which  the  farmer 
can  haul  to  the  nearest  market,  or  shipping  point,  the  produce  of  his 
farm  with  the  greatest  degree  of  comfort  to  himself  and  the  least  pos- 
sible wear  on  his  wagons  and  stock.  Roads  must  keep  pace  with  all 
other  improvements;  for  the  public  highways  will  have  an  important 
bearing  on  the  judgment  formed  in  regard  to  the  thrift  and  enterprise 
of  any  county.  Much  interest  in  this  subject  has  been  aroused  in  Geor- 
gia for  several  years. 

In  1891  a  law  was  enacted  authorizing  commissioners  of  roads  and 
revenues  of  each  county,  upon  recommendation  of  the  grand  jury,  to  fix 
and  levy  a  special  road  tax,  not  to  exceed  two  mills  on  the  dollar,  and 
also  to  exact  of  each  male  inhabitant  a  commutation  tax  not  to  exceed 
fifty  cents  a  day  for  the  number  of  days'  work  required.  The  law  also 
authorized  authorities  to  organize  chain-gangs  of  convicts,  or  to  hire  free 
labor  for  improvement  and  maintenance  of  public  highways.  The  ex- 
penses were  to  be  met  by  special  road  and  commutation  taxes.  Many 
of  the  counties  have  adopted  the  new  road  law  and  every  year  adds  to 
their  number.  The  plan,  on  which  the  work  is  done,  is  to  divide  the  force 
employed  into  squads,  each  of  which  consists  of  from  fifteen  to  forty-five 
men  under  a  competent  superintendent  and  one  or  more  overseers.  Each 
squad  is  supplied  with  camping  outfit,  two  or  more  road  machines, 
wheeled  scrapers,  wagons,  plows,  and  from  ten  to  twenty  mules.  Usually 
on  leading  roads  the  working  force  first  goes  over  them  with  machine 
giving  proper  crown,  opening  side  ditches,  macadamizing  boggy  places, 
and  cutting  do\vn  the  grades  of  the  steeper  hills.  In  the  case  of  less-im- 
portant roads  the  force  employed  works  them  from  one  to  two  years.  On 
the  second  working  more  attention  is  paid  to  grading  and  macadamizing. 
In  counties  having  large  cities,  where  from  100  to  400  convicts  are  em- 
ployed, the  roads  are  graded  and  macadamized  at  the  first  working. 
Under  this  system  several  hundred  miles  of  first-class  macadamized  road* 

(172) 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  I73 

have  been  built  in  several  counties  mthin  the  last  three  years.  Among 
the  best  are  the  Manchester  and  Peachtree  roads  near  Atlanta,  thorough- 
fares equal  to  the  best  ideal.  In  this  great  work  Fulton  county  leads  all 
others,  spending  in  1900,  $140,000,  and  constructing  many  miles  of 
well-graded  macadamized  road.  Other  roads  of  similar  merit  are  found 
in  Bibb,  Floyd,  Bartow,  Eichmond,  Jefferson,  Emanuel,  Spalding,  Meri- 
wether and  Chatham  counties.  The  shell  road  from  Savannah  to 
Bonaventure  and  Thunderbolt  was  noted  even  before  the  civil  war.  The 
shell  roads  of  Glynn  county  radiating  from  the  city  of  Brunswick  are 
also  worthy  of  mention.  From  the  city  of  Rome  in  Floyd  county  some 
of  the  finest  macadamized  roads  in  Georgia  lead  out  in  all  directions. 
These  roads  of  Floyd  county  cover  more  than  seventy-six  miles,  and  are 
built  of  hard  limestone  and  marble.  They  are  being  added  to  at  the 
rate  of  one  mile  a  month.  All  of  these  roads  are  of  easy  grade  and  thor- 
oughly drained.  The  county  authorities  expect  to  continue  this  system  of 
road-building.  In  Bartow  county  there  radiate  from  Cartersville  in  all 
directions  splendid  roads  over  which  it  is  a  delight  to  drive.  The  same 
is  true  of  those  of  Richmond  county,  which  center  in  Augusta,  or  those 
of  Bibb,  that  form  the  favorite  drives  of  the  citizens  of  Macon.  Thomas 
county  has  long  enjoyed  a  good  reputation  for  its  well-graded  drives 
through  the  fragrant  pines.  Ere  many  years  at  the  present  rate  of 
progress  all  the  citizens  of  Georgia  will  be  blessed  with  good  coimtry 
roads,  on  which  travel  and  transportation  will  be  pleasant  at  all  seasons. 
One  of  the  most  efficient  means  of  arousing  interest  on  this  subject  of 
good  roads  in  Georgia,  is  the  meeting  of  the  county  road  commissioners 
held  in  Atlanta. 

RAILROADS  OF  GEORGIA. 

Georgia  was  from  the  first  introduction  of  railroads  into  America,  one 
of  the  most  active  in  their  construction.  In  fact,  her  preeminence 
among  her  Southern  sisters  in  railroad  building,  combined  with  the  lead- 
ing part  played  by  her  in  the  promotion  of  various  manufacturing  en- 
terprises, gave  her  the  proud  title  "Empire  State  of  the  South."  In  the 
number  and  extent  of  her  railroads  she  still  ranks  foremost.  Among 
and  through  her  mountains  and  hills,  valleys,  plains  and  forests,  high- 
lands and  lowlands,  north,  south,  east  and  west,  they  thread  their  way, 
pouring  wealth  into  the  laps  of  Georgia's  cities  and  towns,  and  giving 
convenient  and  rapid  transportation  to  the  farmers,  merchants  and  manu- 
facturers of  the  State.  The  condition  of  the  roads  is  excellent.  The 
great  trunk  lines  arc  laid  with  heavy  steel  rails  and  well  ballasted.    Witli 


174  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

these  main  lines  shorter  ones  connect  many  towns  and  stations,  which 
otherwise  would  be  remote  from  the  great  arteries  of  trade  and  travel. 
Several  great  systems  of  railroads  are  operated  in  Georgia. 

The  Central  of  Georgia  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  built 
in  the  State  (1833).  It  extended  originally  from  Savannah  to  Macon. 
By  taking  in  other  lines  and  building  branch  roads,  it  has  spread  out  in 
every  direction,  traversing  with  its  1,301.54  miles  of  rail  fifty-one  coun- 
ties of  Georgia,  giving  to  them  access  to  the  ocean  through  the  port  of 
•Savannah. 

The  lines  of  this  company  penetrate  and  cover,  in  a  most  complete 
manner.  Middle  and  Southwest  Georgia,  the  great  fruit  and  trucking 
sections  of  the  State.  Its  lines  also  cross  the  Chattahoochee  river  at  Co- 
lumbus, Georgetown  and  Columbia,  and,  passing  through  the  mineral, 
agricultural,  timber  and  naval  stores  section  of  Alabama,  gather  the 
rich  products  of  that  great  State  and  bear  the  bulk  of  them  to  the  mar- 
kets of  the  world  through  Savannah,  the  greatest  South  Atlantic  sea- 
port, where  direct  steamship  connections  are  made  for  all  points  in  the 
East  and  Europe. 

The  lines  of  this  great  system  reach  nearly  every  important  town  in 
the  State,  among  which  are  Atlanta,  Savannah,  Macon,  Augusta,  Co- 
lumbus, Athens,  Americus',  Albany  and  Griffin.  A  great  many  other 
progressive  towns  of  Georgia  are  reached  by  this  system.  Twenty-one 
of  these  cities  and  towns  have  electric  light  pulants  and  are  otherwise 
equipped  with  all  modern  conveniences. 

Among  the  most  important  industries  located  within  the  territory  cov- 
ered by  the  Central  in  Georgia  are:  fifty-six  cotton  mills,  operating  698,- 
070  spindles  and  25,739  looms,  representing  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$10,650,800;  one  woolen  mill;  twelve  knitting  mills;  sixteen  flour  mills; 
twenty-five  cottonseed-oil  mills;  twenty  guano  factories;  sixty-three  brick 
kilns  and  clay  potteries;  tvventy-six  iron  foundries;  twenty-seven  machine 
shops;  twenty-two  canneries;  sixteen  wagon  and  buggy  factories;  five 
spoke  and  handle  factories;  eleven  tanneries;  twenty-eight  ice  manufac- 
turing plants;  three  granite  quarries;  131  dairies  and  5  creameries. 

In  addition  to  the  above  there  were  handled  from  points  on  the  lines 
of  this  company  during  the  past  year  (1900),  126,891  barrels  of  rosin 
and  33,158  barrels  of  spirits  of  turpentine. 

'Ho  compendium  of  facts  bearing  on  the  resources  of  Georgia,  or  of 
that  territory  in  the  State  covered  by  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway 
would  be  complete  without  reference  to  the  great  agricultural  and  horti- 
cultural interests  of  this  section.  Of  agriculture  should  be  mentioned  the 
more  staple  crops,  cotton,  com,  sugar-cane,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  potatoes, 


Q 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  177 

field-peas  and  broom  corn.  Under  this  head  we  would  also  mention  the 
making  of  hay  from  native  and  foreign  grasses,  to  which  more  attention 
is  being  paid  than  ever  before. 

In  horticulture  should  be  mentioned  the  market  gardens,  or  truck 
farms,  raising  cucumbers,  beans  of  all  varieties,  tomatoes,  cabbages,  on- 
ions, etc.  Under  this  head  comes  the  fruit  industry,  which  has  reached 
vast  proportions.  More  interest  than  ever  before  is  being  taken  in  grow- 
ing peaches,  pears,  plums,  apples,  grapes  of  many  varieties,  watermelons, 
cantaloupes,  cherries,  strawberries,  blackbkerries,  etc. 

In  addition  to  the  above  mentioned  crops,  special  attention  should  be 
called  to  the  grovtdng  of  tobacco,  which  has  hitherto  been  a  small  crop 
in  Georgia.  From  successful  experiments  in  planting  tobacco  during 
the  past  year  in  lower  Middle  Georgia  it  is  confidently  predicted  that 
the  section  of  the  State  lying  south  of  Macon  is  destined  to  become 
in  time,  one  of  the  greatest  tobacco-growing  sections  of  the  Union.  With 
the  distribution  of  tobacco  seed  and  the  assistance  of  an  expert  tobacco 
grower,  all  of  which  is  being  furnished  free  to  the  farmers  by  the  Cen- 
tral of  Georgia  Railroad,  every  reasonable  effort  is  being  made  to  interest 
the  farmers  in  this  crop. 

The  manufacture  of  syrup  from  sugar-cane  has  in  the  past  year  or  two 
reached  such  a  stage  of  perfection,  as  to  render  the  growing  of  sugar- 
cane very  profitable.  Analyses  recently  made  by  thoroughly  reliable 
and  expert  chemists  show  that  sugar-cane  grown  on  the  hill-sides  of 
lower  Middle  Georgia,  or  in  the  light  sandy  soil  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
contains  from  two  to  four  per  cent,  more  saccharine  than  can  be  grown  in 
the  alluvial  lands.  The  farmers  in  this  territory  are  appreciating  the  im- 
portance of  paying  more  attention  to  growing  sugar-cane  and  to  the 
handling  of  its  products. 

The  timber  and  lumber  industries  in  this  State  have  reached  vast 
proportions.  In  addition  to  the  enormous  trade  in  Georgia  pine  and 
all  hard  woods  in  our  domestic  markets,  there  are  millions  of  feet  of  this 
class  of  timber  and  lumber  exported  annually  through  the  South  At- 
lantic and  Gulf  ports. 

The  terminus  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway,  with  its  magnificent 
wharf  and  terminal  properties,  is  at  Savannah,  the  great  South  Atlantic 
seaport.  In  the  sketch  of  Chatham  county  is  given  a  complete  state- 
ment in  detail  of  the  business  handled  through  this  port  during  the  past 
year.  A  large  percentage  of  this  was  handled  by  the  lines  of  the  Central 
system. 

The  Southern  Railway  operates  in  the  State  of  Georgia  nearly  1,016 
miles  of  travel.     Beginning  at  Atlanta  lines  radiate  to  the  south,  weet^ 


178  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

north,  and  northeast,  and  place  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  State  along 
its  lines  in  close  touch  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  the  coal  fields  to  the 
west  and  the  great  cities  and  markets  of  the  North.  Its  lines  pass 
through  the  important  cities  of  Atlanta,  Augusta,  Athens,  Columbus, 
Griffin,  Macon  and  Kome,  and  connect  them  with  Savannah,  the  greatest 
South  Atlantic  port,  and  with  Brunswick,  the  second  in  importance  of 
Georgia's  ports. 

Fifty-one  counties  are  traversed  by  this  system,  and,  taken  as  a  whole 
throughout  the  State,  every  variety  of  resource,  soil,  climate  and  industry 
in  Georgia  is  found  somewhere  contiguous  to  its  lines. 

The  textile  industry  is  well  represented.  On  January  1,  1900,  there 
were  in  the  towns  tributary  to  the  Southern  in  Georgia,  forty-four  cot- 
ton m'ills,  operating  628,896  spindles  and  16,960  looms,  and  representing 
a  capital  stock  of  over  $10,000,000.  There  were  also  six  knitting  mills 
and  six  woolen  mills,  and  there  are  now  under  construction,  or  com- 
pleted since  that  date,  twenty  other  textile  concerns. 

The  timber  wealth  of  this  country  is  enormous,  and  at  the  present  time 
there  are  tributary  to  the  Southern  seventy-five  saw  and  planing  mills 
with  a  daily  capacity  of  about  Y80,000  feet  of  pine,  oak,  poplar  and  other 
lumber.  There  are  nineteen  cottonseed-oil  mills  with  several  more  under 
construction  or  in  contemplation.  There  are  also  more  than  forty  grist 
and  flwir  mills,  besides  new  ones  now  contemplated,  to  handle  the  large 
wheat  crop.  In  fourteen  towns  there  are  electric  light  plants;  in  five, 
large  brick  making  establishments,  while  many  more  have  clay  deposits 
suitable  for  development;  more  than  forty  foundries,  machine  works,  or 
other  iron  industries;  five  canneries,  and  as  many  more  projected  or  be- 
ing built;  eight  furniture  plants  and  a  large  number  of  factories  making 
spokes,  handles,  wagons,  crates,  coffins,.vehicles,  etc.  Several  towns  have 
ice  factories,  and  at  a  large  number  quite  a  business  is  done  in  shipping 
naval  stores  to  Brunswick  and  Savannah  for  export.  There  are  four 
companies  making  leather  products,  two  creameries,  several  fertiliser 
factories  and  a  large  number  of  ginneries.  The  most  active  mineral  dis- 
trict is  Dahlonega,  tributary  to  the  Southern  at  Gainesville,  where  a 
large  stamp  mill  and  chlorination  plant  has  been  erected,  extensive  min- 
ing done  and  a  large  amount  of  money  expended  in  developing  the  gold 
deposits  of  that  section.  At  Gainesville  a  million  dollar  cotton-mill  is 
being  erected;  another  small  one  organized  and  a  smelter  projected. 

The  Southern  traverses  the  great  mineral  section  of  the  State  as  well 
as  some  of  the  best  lands  for  all  the  staple  crops,  fruits,  melons,  berries 
and  vegetables,  and  some  of  the  finest  timber  lands  in  the  world.  The 
Southern  and  Central  systems  give  to  a  large  section  of  the  State  two 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL. 


179 


splendid  competing  lines,  and  each  stretches  out  its  great  arms  into  sec- 
tions not  traversed  by  the  other.  Both  these  roads  are  doing  all  they 
can  to  advertise  and  build  up  the  sections  through  which  they  pass,  and 
their  efforts  are  meeting  with  great  success. 

The  Plant  System  operates  in  Georgia  616  miles,  and  traverses  nine- 
teen counties,  possessing  every  grade  of  soil  from  light  sandy  and  allu- 
vial to  the  heaviest  clay  and  river  bottom,  and  having  a  climate  tem- 
perate and  especially  adapted  to  agriculture  and  horticulture.  On  its 
line  are  three  cotton-mills  with  18,000  spindles;  three  cottonseed-oil 
mills,  four  fertilizer  factories,  two  barrel  factories,  ninety-six  turpentine 
stills,  twenty-five  camps  where  railroad  ties  are  manufactured  and  sold. 
Eight  of  the  towns  on  the  system  ha.ve  electric  plants,  viz.:  Savannah, 
Brunswick,  Quitman,  Waycross,  Albany,  Yaldosta,  Thomasville  and 
Bainbridge.  There  are  two  brick  plants  at  Albany,  one  at  Bainbridge  and 
one  each  at  Johnson's  and  Williams's  stations,  five  in  all;  also  one  pot- 
tery plant  at  Stockton.  There  are  foundry  and  machine  works  at  Savan- 
nah, Brunswick,  Waycross,  Albany,  Yaldosta  and  Tifton,  and  canneries 
at  Tifton  and  Albany.  There  are  also  bucket  factories  at  Whigham  and 
McRae's.  Along  the  lines  of  this  system  the  output  of  naval  stores 
amounts  to  260,000  barrels  of  rosin  and  90,000  barrels  of  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine. There  are  ice  plants  at  the  eight  large  towns.  Almost  every 
mile  of  the  territory  traversed  by  the  Plant  System  is  suitable  for  agri- 
cultural and  horticultural  pursuits,  dairying  and  grape  growing.  Dairy 
farming  is  profitably  conducted  near  most  of  the  large  towns. 

The  Georgia  Kailroad  was  the  second  chartered  in  the  State  (Dec.  31, 
1833).  Its  main  line  connects  Augusta  and  Atlanta,  and  including  its 
branches  operates  314  miles  and  traverses  eighteen  counties,  having  on 
its  line  the  two  important  terminal  cities  already  named  besides  Athens, 
Macon,  Greensboro,  Madison,  Covington,  Oxford,  Milledgeville,  and 
other  smaller  but  flourishing  towns.  The  country  traversed  is  a  part  of 
the  great  cotton  belt  of  Georgia.  Many  of  the  foundries  and  mills  al- 
ready spoken  of  as  being  on  the  line  of  the  Central  and  Southern  sys- 
tems are  also  on  the  line  of  the  Georgia  Railroad  at  Atlanta,  Augusta, 
Athens  and  Macon.  There  arc  brick  plants  at  several  points,  and  pot- 
teries at  Milledgeville,  Macon  and  Grovetown.  At  each  of  the  terminal 
points  of  the  main  trunk  of  the  Georgia  Railroad  are  extensive  planing- 
mills  and  furniture  factories.  No  road  in  the  State  has  more  extensive 
local  traffic,  in  both  freight  and  passengers. 

The  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida  Railway  Company  operates  160 
miles  of  track  in  Georgia,  beginning  at  Macon  and  ending  at  the  Florida 
State  line,   connecting  Vienna,    Cordele,   Tifton,    Valdosta  and  many 


130  GEORGIA:  HISTORIC AL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

smaller  towns  with  Macon,  its  chief  terminal.  The  principal  trade  opened 
np  by  this  line  is  that  of  lumber  and  naval  stores.  There  are  on  its  line 
within  the  State  of  Georgia  forty-seven  sawmills  with  a  daily  capacity 
of  1,073,000  feet  of  lumber;  twenty-one  planing-mills  with  a  daily  capac- 
ity of  454,000  feet;  eighteen  shingle-mills  with  a  daily  capacity  of  425,- 
000  shingles;  six  lath  mills,  turning  out  daily  94,000  laths;  five  stave 
mills  capable  of  a  daily  production  of  77,000  staves;  twenty-five  turpen- 
tine stills  turning  out  85,000  barrels  of  rosin  and  25,000  barrels  of  tur- 
pentine annually.  Beginning  at  Macon  this  line  runs  along  a  ridge  be- 
tween the  Ocmulgee  and  Flint  rivers,  the  waters  of  the  former  flowing 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  of  the  latter  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
This  territory  is  for  the  most  part  what  is  known  as  the  "wire-grass"  sec- 
tion, and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  State  for  grain,  cotton  and  stock.  The 
farms  are  generally  small  and  cultivated  by  the  owners,  who',  raising  their 
own  provisions  and  making  cotton  a  surplus  crop,  are  generally  out  of 
debt  and  prosperous.  Long-staple  or  "sea-island"  cotton  is  chiefly  raised 
in  the  Southern  counties,  there  being  marketed  at  Valdosta  alone  one- 
tenth  of  this  entire  crop  in  the  United  States.  This  is  also  a  great  section 
for  fruit,  which  is  less  liable  than  in  other  sections  to  frosts  in  the  spring, 
as  was  shown  in  1894  and  1899,  when  a  considerable  quantity  was  ship- 
ped off  this  line,  while  in  other  parts  of  the  State  peaches  were  a  total 
failure.  There  are  on  this  line  outside  of  Macon  two  cotton  factories  ag- 
gregating 14,000  spindles  and  450  looms,  with  a  capital  of  $235,000, 
three  cottonseed-oil  mills,  three  guano  factories,  two  ice  factories,  three 
iron  foundries,  four  machine  works,  three  canneries,  one  spoke  and  han- 
dle factory,  one  broom  factory,  four  barrel  factories,  one  wagon  and  one 
buggy  factory,  and  two  harness  factories.  There  are  on  the  line  in  Georgia 
five  brick  yards,  four  being  in  Macon  and  one  near  Lenox  in  Berrien 
county.  There  is  not  much  dairying  along  this  line,  but  those  engaged 
in  the  business  are  prosperous. 

Considerable  upland  rice  is  produced  for  home  consumption,  and  in 
some  years  considerable  is  shipped.    The  yield  is  30  bushels  to  the  acre. 

Both  cigar  and  smoking  tobacco  have  been  grown  along  this  road,  the 
former  producing  from  1,000  to  1,200  pounds  to  the  acre,  and  the  lat- 
ter averaging  750  pounds  to  the  acre.  A  good  local  market  would  cause 
a  renewal  of  the  growth  of  this  plant. 

This  region  is  especially  adapted  to  the  growth  of  sugar-cane,  which 
is  true  also  of  the  sections  traversed  by  the  Central,  Southern  and  Plant 
systems.  Many  families  from  the  northwestern  and  other  States  are 
settled  along  the  Georgia,  Southern  and  Florida. 

The  Western  and  Atlantic  di\Tsion  of  the  Xashville,   Chattanooga 


C 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  183 

Railway  system  operates  in  Georgia  139  miles,  of  which  eight- 
een are  known  as  the  Rome  Railway.  This  road  connects  Atlanta  with 
Marietta,  Acworth,  Cartersville,  Rome,  Calhoun,  Dalton  and  Ringgold 
in  Georgia,  and  Chattanooga  in  Tennessee,  passing  through  seven  coun- 
ties, embracing  a  splendid  agricultural  section,  whose  crops  of  cotton, 
grain  and  hay  are  excelled  nowhere  in  the  State.  Fruit  trees,  especially 
peach,  have  been  planted  in  great  numbers  and  with  wonderful  success. 
From  Cartersville  to  the  Chattahoochee  river  grape  culture  is  success- 
fully carried  on,  and  from  Ringgold  and  vicinity  strawberries  are  gro^vn 
and  shipped  in  abundance.  The  section  about  Ringgold  is  best  adapted 
to  small  fruits  and  grain;  about  Dalton  to  vegetables,  fiTiits  and  gTain; 
about  Calhoun  to  corn,  small  grain  and  peaches;  about  Adairsville  to 
wheat  and  peaches;  about  Cartersville  to  fine  staple  cotton,  corn  and 
wheat;  around  Marietta  to  cotton,  peaches  and  grapes;  around  Smyrna  to 
small  fruits,  peaches,  grapes  and  cotton.  Considerable  sorghum  is  made 
for  domestic  use.  Tobacco  is  grown  in  small  quantities  for  home  use 
only.  A  fine  timber  country  is  tributary  to  the  line  on  the  headwaters  of 
the  Coosawattee  and  Conesauga  rivers,  which  streams  unite  above  Resaca 
to  form  the  Oostanaula.  All  manufacturing  interests  seem  to  be  in  a 
thriving  condition.  The  increase  in  mining  has  probably  been  100  per 
cent.,  in  other  lines  about  20  per  cent.  Outside  of  Atlanta,  are  the  fol- 
lowing cotton  mills:  two  at  Dalton  with  a  total  of  25,000  spindles  and 
620  looms;  one  at  Rome  with  5,200  spindles  and  108  looms.  There  are 
nine  flour  mills;  oottonseed-oil  mills  at  Rome  and  Acworth;  knitting  mills 
at  Marietta  and  Atlanta;  paper  mill  at  Marietta,  and  mills  for  production 
of  guano  filler  (graphitic  slate)  at  Emerson.  There  is  a  carriage  factory 
at  Cartersville,  a  crate  factory  in  Adairsville,  furniture  factories  at 
Rome,  Dalton,  Acworth,  Marietta  and  Atlanta.  There  are  tanneries 
in  Atlanta,  Acworth  and  Cassville,  and  ice  plants  in  Atlanta,  Marietta, 
Cartersville  and  Rome.  There  are  iron  ore  beds  near  Emerson,  Carters- 
ville, Roger's  Station,  Clifford,  Adairsville,  Tunnel  Hill,  Ringgold  and 
Allatoona,  near  which  latter  place  is  a  gold  stamping  mill.  There  is 
manganese  in  abundance  near  Cartersville;  granite  at  Vining's  Station 
and  on  Kennesaw  Mountain,  but  no  quarries;  black  and  variegated  mar- 
ble near  Calhoun  and  Dalton,  but  not  being  quarried;  large  marble  mills 
in  Marietta,  using  marble  from  along  the  line  of  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville 
and  Northern  Railroad,  on  which  connecting  line  are  a  number  of  quar- 
ries in  operation,  the  greater  portion  of  whose  output  is  handled  by  the 
Western  and  Atlantic.  Lime^stone  quarries  are  in  operation  at  Grays- 
ville  and  Clifford,  the  output  being  eight  car-loads  a  day.  At  Cement 
are  cement  works  whose  output  is  200  barrels  a  day.     The  Southern 


184  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Company  plaster  works  at  Emerson,  making  filler  for  fertilizers,  have 
an  output  of  10,000  tons  per  annum. 

The  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  ISTorthem,  operating  105  miles  in  Geoi^ 
gia,  runs  from  Marietta  to  the  Tennessee  line,  through  six  counties,  pass- 
ing through  the  town  of  Canton,  Tate,  Jasper  and  Ellijay.  Through 
the  Western  and  Atlantic  Eailroad  it  connects  with  Atlanta.  Along  this 
line  are  some  large  orchards  and  the  finest  marble  quarries  of  Georgia. 

The  Macon  and  Birmingham  Eailwaj  operates  nearly  ninety-seven 
miles  of  its  own  track  and  uses  about  eight  miles  of  the  track  of  the 
Central  between  Macon  and  LaGrange,  having  on  its  line  also  the  towns 
of  CuUoden,  Yatesville,  Thomaston  and  Woodbury.  It  traverses  six 
counties  of  an  excellent  agricultural  district,  the  principal  product  of 
which  is  cotton.  There  is  one  cotton  mill  of  6,600  spindles  at  Thomas- 
ton;  two  at  LaGrange  agrregating  27,500  spindles,  and  a  third  one  of 
10,000  spindles  in  process  of  erection.  There  are  electric  light  plants  at 
Thomaston  and  LaGrange,  a  cottonseed-oil  and  guano  factory  at  La- 
Grange, and  a  shoe  factory  at  Thomaston.  There  is  a  factory  for  the 
manufacture  of  sash,  doors,  blinds  and  crates  at  Woodbury,  and  a  coffin 
factory  at  Mutual,  operated  by  the  Mutual  Aid  Society  (colored).  The 
output  of  naval  stores  is  5,000  barrels  of  rosin  and  100  barrels  of  spirits 
of  turpentine.  There  is  a  tannery  at  Thomaston  and  a  creamery  at  La- 
Grange. There  are  excellent  granite  deposits  for  thirty  or  forty  miles 
of  the  distance,  principally  in  Upson  and  Meriwether  counties.  There 
is  a  granite  quarry  at  Odessadale.  Along  the  line  the  agricultural 
products  are  cotton^  com,  sugar-cane,  sorghum,  wheat,  oats,  rye  and  po- 
tatoes. The  land  is  well  adapted  to  grapes,  peaches  and  other  fruits,  the 
flavor  of  which  is  especially  good,  owing  to  the  large  amount  of  potash 
in  the  soil. 

The  Seaboard  Air  Line  operates  nearly  134  miles  of  railroad  between 
Atlanta  and  the  South  Carolina  State  line,  traversing  eight  counties,  and 
passing  through  the  towns  of  Lawrenceville,  Athens  and  Elberton.  The 
country  traversed  is  a  fine  agricultural  section  and  has  great  manufactur- 
ing interests  at  Atlanta,  Athens  and  Elberton. 

The  Georgia  and  Alabama  road,  running  almost  a  bee  line  from  the 
Alabama  line  eastward  to  Savannah  with  its  many  branch  roads,  376 
miles  in  all,  and  traversing  sixteen  counties,  is  now  a  part  of  the  Sea- 
board Air  Line  system.  It  transports  the  products  of  a  large  section  of 
Georgia  and  Alabama  to  swell  the  exports  of  Savannah.  Some  of  its 
territory  is  also  traversed  by  roads  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  and  South- 
em  systems.  The  leading  cities  and  towns  on  this  road  and  its  branches 
are  Columbus,  Lumpkin,  Preston,  Americus,   Dawson,  Albany,  Fitz- 


,         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  185 

gerald,  Abbeville,  Mount  Vernon  and  Savannah.  All  along  its  line 
are  important  manufactories,  whose  products  help  to  swell  its  freights. 
A  great  many  people  from  northern  and  western  States  are  settling  along 
the  three  great  lines  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line.  This  is  true  also  of  the 
Central  and  Southern. 

The  Florida  Central  and  Peninsular  Eailroad,  which,  with  its  hundred 
and  thirty-eight  miles,  traverses  eight  counties  of  Georgia  from  the  Flor- 
ida line  to  Savannah,  thence  northward  to  the  South  Carolina  line  in 
Effingham  county,  has  also  been  consolidated  with  the  Seaboard  Air  Line 
system.  Along  its  line  are  large  sawmills  and  turpentine  distilleries. 
Its  main  sliipments  are  naval  stores  gathered  at  the  stations  along  its 
route  through  the  great  pine  belt  of  Georgia.  It  passes  near  St.  Mary's, 
but  not  through  any  important  town  in  Georgia  except  the  city  of  Sa- 
vannah, which  it  connects  with  Femandina,  Jacksonville,  Lake  City, 
Live  Oak,  Madison,  Tallahassee,  St.  Marks  and  other  points  in  Florida. 
The  total  number  of  miles  embraced  in  this  great  combination,  now 
known  as  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  is  648,  passing  through  thirty- 
two  counties  of  Georgia. 

The  Atlanta  and  West  Point  Eailroad,  named  for  its  two  terminal 
points,  passes  through  five  counties  of  a  productive  portion  of  Georgia. 
The  soils  along  this  line  are  red  clay,  sandy,  with  clay  subsoil  and  hum- 
mock lands.  Abundant  crops  of  the  staple  productions  of  Georgia  are 
handled  by  this  road.  It  forms  a  connecting  link  between  the 
great  trunk  line  systems  from  the  East  and  the  Louisville  and 
Xashville  Railroad,  and  thus  participates  in  the  carrying  of  the  trade 
from  the  eastern  markets  to  the  Pacific  coast,  and  likewise  shares  the 
freight  moving  in  the  reverse  direction.  The  industries  along  its  line  are 
varied,  consisting  of  agriculture,  dairying,  fruit-growing,  cotton  fac- 
tories, foundries,  canning  establishments  and  tanneries.  There  is  one 
flour  mill  at  Xewnan,  one  knitting  mill  at  Grantville;  of  cotton-oil  mills, 
one  each  at  IS'ewnan,  LaGrange,  Hogansville  and  West  Point;  of  brick 
plants,  one  each  at  Moreland,  West  Point,  Speers  and  Hogansville.  Iron 
foundries  and  machine  shops  are  located  at  Newnan,  Moreland  and 
West  Point;  there  are  two  canning  establishments,  one  at  Newnan  and 
one  ice  plant  at  Newnan.  Three  towns,  ISTewnan,  LcGrange  and 
West  Point,  have  electric  plants.  There  is  a  gold  mine  in  operation 
near  Grantville.  There  are  along  this  line  seven  cotton  mills  with  144,- 
000  spindles,  representing  a  capital  of  $3,032,000. 

The  lands  are  adapted  to  general  farming,  fruit  and  vegetables.  Large 
quantities  of  grapes  and  peaches  are  raised  near  Moreland,  Coweta  and 
JTewnan. 


IgQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  above  are  the  principal  railroad  systems  of  Georgia.  There  are 
many  short  lines  which  play  an  important  part  in  giving  an  outlet  to'  thft 
products  of  many  sections,  which  without  them  could  not  reach  the  trunk 
lines  except  by  the  tedious  and  more  expensive  method  of  transportation 
offered  by  the  mule  team  upon  the  country  road.  The  following  table, 
prepared  for  the  last  annual  report  of  the  Railroad  Commission  of  Geor- 
gia, gives  the  railroad  mileage  of  the  State  together  with  the  names  of 
the  respective  lines: 

EAILROAD  MILEAGE  IN  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA  FOR 

1901. 

Alabama  Great  Southern 24.32 

Albany  &  ITorthern 35.00 

Atlanta  &  West  Point 86.11 

Atlanta  Belt  Line 5.50 

Atlanta,  Knoxville  &  ISTorthem 105.30 

Atlantic,  Valdosta  &  Western lO.IS 

Augusta  Belt 3.80 

Augusta  &  Summerville 2.00 

Augusta  Terminal '^•^^ 

Central  of  Georgia 1,301.54 

Charleston  &  Western  Carolina 20.47 

Cliattanooga  Southern 42.65 

City  &  Suburban 22.00 

Collins  &  Reidsville 6.91 

Darien  &  Western : 29.00 

Dooly  Southern 8-00 

East  &  West 4:5.Y0 

Flovilla  &  Indian  Springs 3.00 

Toy  Railroad 10.00 

Gainesville,  Jefferson  &  Southern 65.00 

Georgia   314.50 

Georgia  N'orthern 51.00 

Georgia  Pine 39.52 

Georgia  Southern  &  Florida 169.00 

Hartwell 10.10 

Hawkinsville  &  Florida  Southern  , 33.00 

Lawrenceville 10.00 

Lexington  Terminal ^-00 

Louisville  &  Wadley 10.00 


i         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  189 

Macon  &  Birmingham 96.80 

Macon,  Dublin  &  Savannah 53.54 

Midville,  Swainsboro  &  Ked  Bluff 17.75 

Millen  &  Southwestern 33.78 

Nashville  &  Sparks   11.50 

Xashville,  Chattanooga  &  St.  Louis 2.73 

Offerman  &  "Western 35.00 

Plant  System 616.39 

Sandersville 4.00 

Savannah  &  Statesboro 34.00 

Seaboard  Air  Line 647.83 

Smithonia  &  Dunlap   7.00 

Smithonia,  Danielsville  &  Carnesville 6.00 

South  Georgia 28.00 

Southern  Railway 998.15 

Sparks,  Moultrie  &  Gulf 40.00 

Stillmore  Air  Line   34.05 

Sylvania   ^5.00 

falbotton    7.00 

Tallulah  Falls 20.90 

Tilfton  &  Northeastern 25.00 

Tifton,  Thomasville  &  Gulf 55.50 

Valdosta  Southern 14.50 

Wadley  &  Mt.  Vernon 30.00 

Waycross  Air  Line 45.00 

Western  &  Atlantic  (including  Eome  Railroad) 139.34 

AVestem  of  Alabama •!  * 

AVrightsville  &  Tennille ''6.00 


Total 5,623.92 

WATER  TRANSPORTATION^. 

Before  the  invention  of  railroads  interior  towns  remote  from  naviga- 
ble streams  had  small  chance  of  becoming  centers  of  trade.  The  con- 
struction of  railroads  has  altered  this,  and  has  built  up  great  cities  re- 
mote from  any  water  highway.  And  yet  a  navigable  stream  gives  to  a 
city  the  great  advantage  of  a  competing  line,  which  reduces  freight 
charges  to  a  considerable  extent.  The  Savannah  river  is  navigable  to  the 
city  of  Augusta,  whose  im.portance  as  an  interior  cotton  mart  is  greatly 
enhanced  thereby.     A  line  of  steamboats  plies  between  that  city  and 


190  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Savannah.  The  Chattahoochee  is  navigable  from  the  city  of  Columbus 
to  the  Apalachioola  and  through  that  river  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
river  trade  of  Columbus  through  its  several  steamboat  lines  is  consider- 
able. The  city  of  Rome  enjoys  a  fine  river  trade  through  two  naviga- 
ble streams,  the  Coosa  and  Oostanaula.  Steamboats  bring  to  that  city 
ihe  productions  of  the  Coosa  valley,  lumber,  iron,  grain  and  cotton,  and 
the  staple  products  of  the  Oostanaula  valley,  among  them  large  quantities 
of  walnut,  poplar  and  oak  lumber.  The  Flint,  which  unites  with  the 
Chattahoochee  to  form  the  Apalachicola,  flows  past  the  flourishing  little 
city  of  Albany,  which  enjoys  the  advantage  of  an  extensive  steamboat 
traffic.  Darien  has  always  had  a  considerable  river  trade  along  the  Alta- 
maha  and  its  tributaries,  the  Ocmulgee  and  Oconee,  boats  running  as  far 
as  Hawkinsville  on  the  first  named  tributary  and  Dublin  on  the  latter. 
The  Savannah  is  the  most  important  of  Georgia's  navigable  streams, 
because  over  eighteen  miles  of  its  course  heavily  laden  ships  bear  to  the 
ocean  the  rich  and  varied  articles  of  export  that  find  their  outlet  through 
the  prosperous  city  of  Savannah.  The  St.  Mary's  will  some  day  play 
an  important  part  in  the  development  of  the  southeast  section  of  the 
State.  On  its  right  bank  is  situated  the  beautiful  little  to\vn  of  St.  Mary's, 
which  already,  through  its  fine  harbor,  accessible  to  the  largest  vessels,  has 
a  considerable  trade  in  lumber,  a  large  amount  of  which  is  brought  to 
this  port  by  the  boats  that  ascend  the  river  for  some  miles.  The  Satilla 
and  Ogeechee  are  other  navigable  strams  of  Georgia,  whose  advantages 
have  not  been  utilized  to  any  considerable  extent.  Other  navigable  wa- 
ters of  Georgia  are  the  inlets  and  sounds  which  flow  between  the  main- 
land and  the  charming  islands  that  skirt  the  coast  from  the  Savannah 
to  the  St.  Mary's.  Through  St.  Simon's  sound  the  largest  vessels  pass 
up  the  Turtle  river  to  Brunswick,  the  second  in  importance  of  the  sea- 
ports of  Georgia,  a  city  with  a  bright  future  before  it,  like  Savannah,  the 
center  of  a  fine  fruit  and  truck  farming  section,  and  having  excellent 
shipping  facilities. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


AGKICULTUEE. 

Having  discussed  the  economic  minerals,  water-powers,  soils,  and 
means  of  travel  and  transportation  of  our  State,  both  by  land  and  water, 
it  is  well  to  take  up  here  the  subject  of  agriculture,  the  special  care 
of  the  department  under  whose  auspices  this  work  is  given  to  the  public, 
and  to  which  already  abundant  reference  has  been  made.  What  has 
been  done  in  this  important  field  of  enterprise  in  Georgia  is  a  matter  of 
history.  What  shall  be  done  in  the  future  will  depend  upon  the  skill, 
as  well  as  the  industry,  of  our  farmers. 

Cotton. — Cotton,  when  made  a  surplus  crop,  and  cultivated  with  such 
limitations  as  a  sound  business  judgment  would  dictate,  is  still  the  great 
money  crop  of  Georgia.  Although  our  State  has  for  several  years  past 
ranked  most  of  the  time  as  the  second  in  cotton  production,  its  average 
yield  to  the  acre  is  not  so  great  as  one  might  suppose,  who  has  seen  the 
wonderful  results  secured  on  some  farms  by  the  employment  of  the  best 
scientific  methods.  The  reason  for  this  is,  that  the  loose  methods  which 
prevailed  in  the  ante-bellum  days,  when,  after  exhausting  the  land,  the 
planter  sought  new  fields,  are  still  employed  on  many  farms.  These  are 
rented  out  for  fixed  money  value  or  for  share  of  products  to  unskilled 
negro  laborers,  who,  without  the  guiding  hand  of  an  intelligent  white 
farmer,  cannot  be  expected  to  produce  the  best  results.  What  Georgia 
soil  can  be  made  to  do  under  the  best  scientific  farming  was  shown  in 
a  previous  chapter  (page  1 55.)  The  more  numerous  the  class  of  skilled 
farmers,  the  better  show  will  Georgia  make  in  her  average  yield  by  the 
acre. 

From  the  first  Georgia  has  stood  high  in  production  among  the  cotton 
States  of  the  Union.  Tor  many  years  it  was  outranked  only  by  South 
Carolina,  which  State  was  the  first  to  engage  in  this  industry.  After 
passing  South  Carolina,  Georgia  was  second  only  to  Mississippi.  In 
1849  it  fell  behind  Alabama;  but  in  1880  again  took  rank  just  behind 
Mississippi.  Since  1895  it  has,  with  the  exception  of  one  year,  gone 
ahead  of  everything  except  the  combined  yields  of  Texas  and  Indian 
Territory.  In  this  connection  the  following  table  will  be  found  inter- 
esting: 

(Htl) 


192 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 
COTTON  CROP  BY  STATES— BALES. 


1900-01    1899-1900  1898-1899  1897-1898  1896-1897 


1895-1896 


Alabama 

Arkansas  

Florida 

Georgia 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas   (and  Indian  Ter- 
ritory to  1899) 


1,000,000 

1,008,313 

762,000 

669,885 

45,000 

41,855 

1,295,000 

1,345,699 

719,000 

699,476 

950,000 

1,203,739 

542,000 

503,825 

911,000 

830,714 

350,000 

355,000 

3,809,000 

2,438,555 

1,159,000 

834,000 

70,000 

1,536,000 

590,000 
1,522,000 

583,000 
1,012,000 

414,000 

3,555,000 


1,159,000 

922,000 

70,000 

1,536,000 

740,000 
1,627,000 

583,000 
1,003.000 

485,000 


1,019,000 

700,000 

60.000 

1,300,000 
575,000 

1,226,000 
500,000 
800,000 
330,000 


3,075,000  2,248,000 


830,000 
620,000 
48,000 
1,079,000 
430,000 
860,000 
384,000 
664,000 
252,000 

1,990,000 


For  the  season  of  1899-1900  Texas  is  estimated  by  itself. 

The  total  cotton  acreage  of  Georgia  for  the  crop  of  1899-1900  was 
3,287,T41. 

Of  Georgia's  cotton  production  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  the  up- 
land crop  was  1,284,811  bales,  averaging  490  pounds  to  the  bale,  at  7.11 
cents  a  pound,  and  thus  bringing  $44,761,530.  The  sea-island  crop  was 
60,888  bales,  averaging  397  pounds  to  the  bale,  at  13.5  cents  a  pound, 
making  this  crop  worth  $3,263,292.  The  entire  crop  of  Georgia  was 
1,345,699  and  was  worth  $48,024,822.  The  average  to  the  acre  for  the 
whole  State  was  about  600  pounds  of  seed  cotton.  * 

*The  total  Sea-island  crop  of  1899-1900  is  shown  in  the  following  table  taken  from  the  report 
of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture: 

Sea-Island  Cotton  Crop  for  1899-1900 


Receipts  at— 

Total  Crop 

State 

Savannah. 

Charleston 

Brunswick 

Jacksonville 

Georgia 

Bales. 
49,939 

22,278 
33 

Bales. 

Bales. 
10.949 ; 

Bales. 

Baits. 

60,888 

7,329 

29.607 

South  Carolina  

7,810 

7,848 

Total 

72,250 

7,810 

10,949 

7,329 

98,338 

The  Department's  special  agent  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  Mr.  Lewis  F.  Sloan,  submits  the  fol- 
statistics  and  observations  relating  to  this  crop: 

Exports  and  Coastwise  Shipments 


Exports  in  Bales  to- 

Ports 

Great 
Britain. 

Continent. 

American 

mils. 

Total. 

4,991 
33,181 

1.368 
6,639 

1,316 
30.806 
10,949 

7.329 

7.675 

From  Savannah 

70,626 
10.949 

From  Jacksonville 

7,329 

Totftl 

38.172 

8,007 

.50.-100 

96.579 

Stock  on  hand  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  September  1,  1900 bags...         385 

Stock  on  hand  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  September  1,  1900 do...       i,b«t) 

Total  stocks <io-      "^'073 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  195 

The  following  States,  including  Oklahoma  Territory,  not  in  the  above 
list  also  raised  some  cotton:  Virginia,  8,007  bales;  Missouri,  17,275; 
Oklahoma,  66,555;  Kansas,  188;  Kentucky,  24;  Utah,  26. 

A  cotton  crop  does  not  necessarily  deplete  the  soil  more  than  other  crops. 
But  the  fields,  being  left  bare,  are  washed  and  leached  by  winter  rains, 
and  some  of  the  best  elements  of  the  soil  are  withdrawn.  A  systematic 
rotation  of  crops  would  save  this  waste  and  preserve  the  fertility  of  the 
land.  A  judicious  use  of  fertilizers  will  enormously  increase  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  fields  and  correspondingly  enlarge  the  profits  of  the 
planter.  The  composting  of  commercial  fertilizers  with  animal  manures, 
marl,  muck  and  cottonseed  will  greatly  reduce  the  cost  of  fertilization. 
Ail  the  manurial  resources  of  the  farm  should  be  saved  under  shelter 
that  they  may  be  ready  for  application  to  the  fields  at  the  proper  time. 
For  every  pound  of  lint  produced  there  are  two  of  seed,  which  are  useful 
as  a  fertilizer.  Peavine  hay,  properly  turned  under,  has  already  been 
frequently  mentioned  as  a  cheap  and  valuable  fertilizer.  jSTo  longer  is 
the  sale  of  the  lint  the  only  source  of  profit  derived  from  the  cotton  crop. 
The  various  uses  made  of  the  seed,  for  food  for  stock,  for  oil  and  a  fer- 
tilizer, swell  the  profits  of  the  skillful  and  provident  farmer.  The  steady 
increase  throughout  Georgia  of  mills,  either  for  the  manufacture  of 
cloths  and  thread  from  the  lint,  or  of  oil,  cotton-meal  cakes  and  hulls 
from  the  seed,  has  already  affected  the  price  of  cotton  to  the  great  ad- 
vantage of  the  producer.  Let  every  farmer  raise  his  own  supplies,  and 
plant  the  rest  of  his  land  in  cotton.  Then  competence  and  wealth  will 
reward  his  skill  and  diligence. 

Some  idea  of  the  increased  wealth  to  the  farmers  of  Georgia,  derived 
from  the  by-product  of  the  cotton,  may  be  gathered  from  the  following 
statement:  In  1890  the  cottonseed  of  Georgia  amounted  to  596,000  tons, 
the  average  value  of  which  by  the  ton,  was  $10.21,  which  would  give 
$6,085,160.  During  the  season  of  1898-99  the  number  of  tons  of  cot- 
tonseed was  778,000.  Toward  the  close  of  the  season  this  sold 
as  high  as  $14.00  a  ton.  At  that  rate  the  value  of  the  total  product 
amounted  to  $10,892,000.  Of  course  it  was  not  all  sold,  some  of  it  being 
used  as  a  fertilizer,  and  some  as  feed  for  stock.  Yet  the  possibilities,  as 
shown  by  these  figures,  enable  one  to  form  some  idea  of  the  value  to  the 
farmer  of  his  cottonseed,  which  in  ante-bellum  days  were  considered  of 
no  account.  There  is  no  doubt  that  cotton  properly  managed  is  the 
greatest  wealth-producing  crop  in  the  United  States. 

Any  skilled  farmer  of  the  West  and  North,  who,  in  the  gi*eat  grain 
States,  makes  a  success  of  farming,  vrill  find  his  opportunities  for  acquir- 

10  ga 


196  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

ing  wealth  in  his  chosen  occupation  greatly  enlarged  by  settling  in  Geor- 
gia and  adding  to  his  assets  the  rich  revenue,  that  comes  from  an  intel- 
ligent cultivation  of  the  fleecy  king. 

EGYPTIAN  COTTOK 

The  experimnets  in  the  Southern  States  on  Egyptian  Cotton  have 
"been  very  limited.  The  United  States  Department  has  several  times 
in  the  last  decade  sent  out  a  few  of  these  Egyptian  seed  for  exiDeriments, 
but,  although  the  results  have  not  been  very  satisfactory,  the  Depart- 
ment is  convinced  that  the  Egyptian  cotton  can  be  groAvn  in  favorable 
localities  in  the  South,  especially  in  parts  of  South  Carolina  and  Geor- 
gia. It  has  been  suggested  that  the  Egyptian  cotton  should  supply  the 
mills  from  our  Southern  cotton  fields,  and  the  idea  is  a  good  one. 

The  Jannovitch  Egyptian  cotton  was  grown  in  South  Carolina  under 
tlie  direction  of  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Physiology  and  Pathology. 
In  common  with  other  Egyptian  varieties  it  shows  a  marked  resistance 
to  root  diseasev    It  has  many  good  qualities,  chief  among  which  are  the 
length  and  quality  of  the  staple  and  fiber  of  the  plants.     It  has  disap- 
pointed the  planters,  however,  by  its  small  bolls,  making  the  cotton  hard 
to  pick,  besides  the  yield  is  not  so  large  as  that  of  upland  cotton.     It  is 
easier  to  pick  than  the  Sea-Island  cotton,  and  makes  about  as  much  to 
the  acre.  This  Egpytian  cotton  is  inclined  to  nm  to  weed  on  rich,  moist 
soils,  whereas  it  does  not  grow  large  enough  in  the  poor  soils  in  the  hilly 
counties.    Hence,  the  Egyptian  cotton  gro^vs  best  in  those  parts  of  Geor- 
gia, Ilorida,  Alabama,  and  South  Carolina,  where  the  SeaTsland  cotton 
is  more  or  less  established,  not  only  because  these  soils  wiU  probably 
prove  to  be  best  adapted  to  the  EgyiDtian  cotton,  but  because  the  planters 
are  accustomed  to  the  planting  and  handling  of  long-staple  cotton,  and 
have  the  roller  gins  necessary.     "The  importation  of  cotton  from  Egypt 
steadily  increased,"  say  the  Department  at  Washington,  "from  less  than 
two  hundred  thousand  pounds  in  1884  to  more  than  forty-three  million 
pounds  in  1896."    The  price  of  Egj'ptian  cotton  ranges  from  four  to  six 
cents  higher  than  the  price  of  ordinary  American  upland  cotton.     The 
annual  import  of  cotton  from  Egypt  for  the  last  three  yeai-s  has  averaged 
in  value  nearly  four  millions  of  dollars.     The  Egyptian  cotton  has  a 
very    fine,   silky  fiber,    generally   shorter   than  that   of  Sea-Island,  but 
lono-er  than  that  of  upland  varieties.     It  is  used  in  the  manufactua-e  of 
fine  yams  for  the  finer  qualities  of  hosiery  and  knit  goods.     A  number 
of  mills  buy  this  Egji^tian  cotton  to  mix  with  wool,  since  it  is  much 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  197 

harder  to  detect  in  wool  than  our  American  upland  cotton.  As  has 
been  said  before,  some  attempts  have  been  made  to  grow  Egyptian  cot- 
ton in  this  country.  In  1894:  the  Department  imported  and  distributed 
a  stock  of  Egyptian  seed5,  and,  while  experiments  with  these  have  shown 
favorable  results,  there  is  still  need  of  further  trial  to  determine  the 
exact  conditions,  imder  which  this  cotton  can  be  grown  to  best  advant- 
age. The  AgTicultural  Department  at  Washington  is  of  the  opinion 
that  with  proper  management  the  Egyptian  cotton  industry  may  be- 
come well  established  in  the  United  States. 

In  1897  the  United  States  imported  of  Egyptian  cotton  nearly  six 
thousand  bales;  in  1899  it  had  increased  to  more  than  sixty  thousand 
bales.  One  great  cause  of  this  importation  is,  that  the  Egyptians  handle 
their  cotton  with  so  much  more  care  than  the  South  does.  Our  country 
now  supplies  about  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  cotton  consumed  by  the  mills 
of  Europe  and  America. 

Egyptian  cotton  has  a  long,  strong,  silky  staple  from  1^  to  If  inches 
in  length,  -^-hile  the  staple  of  what  is  called  our  upland  cotton  ranges 
from  f  to  1  inch,  and  of  our  Sea-Island  cotton  from  1^  to  2^  inches.  It  is 
especially  adapted  for  sewing  thread,  fine  underwear,  and  hosieiy,  such 
as  balbriggan,  and  for  other  goods  requiring  a  smooth  finish  or  a  high 
lustre.  It  gives  a  fabric  a  soft,  silky-like  finish,  and  this  character,  to- 
gether ^rith  its  lustre,  makes  it  desirable  for  mixing  mth  silk  in  the 
manufacture  of  various  kinds  of  silk  goods.  Hence  this  Egj^^tian  cotton 
does  not  compete  with  either  our  shoi"trstaple  or  long-staple.  It  fills  a 
gap  between  the  two. 

Another  reason  for  the  increase  of  the  Egyptian  cotton  importation  is, 
that  many  descriptions  of  goods  ai*e  now  made  in  this  country  which 
were  formerly  made  in  Europe. 

Xow  we  come  to  the  question,  can  Georgia  and  the  South  raise  these 
60,000  bales  of  Egyptian  cotton  which  our  mills  annually  use?  The 
State  Department  of  Agriculture  is  clearly  of  the  opinion  that  this  can 
he  done.  "Wherever  long-staple  cotton  can  be  grown  successfully  the 
Egyptian  cotton  can  be  grown.  While  we  would  not  advise  one  to  plant 
hh  entire  crop  with  the  Eg}T)tian  variety,  still  we  think  it  worthy  of  a 
fair  trial. 

Corn. — Xext  to  cotton  in  rank  as  a  staple  crop  of  Georgia  comes  corn. 
The  yield  of  this  important  cereal,  wherever  the  best  methods  are  em- 
ployed, is  very  large.  As  is  the  case  with  cotton,  so  also,  in  respect  to 
com,  the  number  of  farms  in  ever)'  county  tilled  by  unskilled  methods 
brings  down  Georgia's  average  yield  to  the  acre.    This  is  between  eleven 


198  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^'D  IXDUSTRIAL. 

and  twelve  bushels,  although,  it  has  been  seen  that  some  of  our  most 
progressive  farmers  have  produced  as  much  as  125  bushels  to  the  acre. 
Of  the  cotton  States,  however,  only  two,  Tennessee  and  Teaxs  outrank 
Georgia  in  the  area  devoted  to  com.  Counting  in  the  great  grain  States 
of  the  northwest,  which  produce  no  cotton,  Georgia,  in  1890,  came  in  as 
the  eleventh  State  in  the  number  of  acres  devoted  to  corn,  viz.:  2,592,- 
316,  which  yielded  29,261,422  bushels. 

Ey  the  census  of  1900  Georgia's  corn  area  was  3,411,953  acres  and  her 
production,  34,119,530  bushels,  valued  at  $19,448,132.  On  March  1, 
1901  the  stock  on  hand  was  17,400,960  bushes,  or  51  per  cent,  of  the 
crop.  The  number  of  bushels  shipped  out  of  the  counties  in  which  they 
were  grown  was  2,047,172. 

In  the  years  of  the  civil  war  Georgia's  production  of  corn  was  very 
great,  and  the  southwestern  cart  of  the  State  was  the  granary  of  the 
Confederacy. 

Corn  is  one  of  the  most  important  products  of  the  field,  and  every 
farmer  should  seek  to  increase  the  capacity  of  his  land  to  give  him  an 
abundant  yield.  From  the  matured  grain  comes  the  meal,  which  con- 
stitutes the  chief  source  of  the  bread  supply  of  thousands  of  people,  while 
the  bran  separated  from  the  meal  by  bolting,  forms  an  excellent  feed 
for  stock.  For  this  latter  purpose  the  unground  grain  is  also  used,  the 
ration  of  com  upon  the  cobb  being  part  of  the  daily  stock  food  in  every 
well-filled  stall.  The  truck  farms,  or  market  gardens,  which  furnish 
vegetables  to  neighboring  or  distant  cities  and  towns,  send  to  the  market 
thousands  of  juicy  roasting  ears,  a  favorite  article  of  food  in  every 
American  community. 

But  when  we  have  considered  the  acreage  and  production  of  com, 
we  have  by  no  means  exhausted  the  subject  The  leaves,  or  fodder,  and 
the  shucks  that  are  stripped  from  the  ears  constitute,  when  properly 
cured,  a  forage  highly  prized  on  every  farm.  Sometimes  while  in  a 
green  state,  the  stalk,  fodder  and  shucks  are  cut  up  together,  and  being 
deposited  in  a  silo,  constitute  the  corn  ensilage,  so  useful  as  a  food  for 
the  milch-cow  and  other  stock. 

The  old-time  custom  of  pulling  fodder  is  not  so  much  in  vogaie  now  as 
formerly.  At  the  proper  time,  before  the  grain  is  fully  ripe,  the  stalks, 
with  their  leaves  and  corn  still  on  them,  are  cut  and  shocked  like 
wheat  or  other  grain.  Then,  when  the  ears  have  been  taken  out  of  the 
shucks,  the  shucks  are  shredded  by  means  of  a  machine  made  for  that 
purpose,  and  the  material  then  baled  is  ready  for  the  market.  Sometimes 
a  field  of  corn  is  purposely  planted  so  closely  as  not  to  produce  ears,  and 


GEORGIA: ^HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  201 

the  whole  mass,  at  the  proper  stage  of  advancement,  being  cut  down,  af- 
fords most  excellent  forage. 

Further  mention  of  the  uses  of  corn  as  a  forage  crop  will  be  made 
in  the  section  on  grasses  and  forage  crops. 

Wheat. — Although  Georgia,  being  a  leading  cotton  State,,  has  never 
ranked  in  wheat  production  with  the  jSTorth  Central  grain  States,  yet  her 
soil,  when  sowed  in  that  important  cereal^  is  capable  of  producing  great 
results.  Before  the  days  of  low  freight  rates  from  the  great  west,  wheat 
cultivation  was  very  remunerative  in  Georgia,  and  Georgia  flouring 
mills  declared  large  dividends.  But  the  grand  trunk  lines,  with  their  low 
rates  of  transportation,  made  it  so  difficult  for  Georgia  millers  to  com- 
pete with  the  west,  that  many  of  the  leading  mills  abandoned  the  con- 
test Then  the  farmers  sowed  but  little  more  than  enough  for  their 
own  use,  and  Georgia's  acreage  and  production  rapidly  declined.  At  the 
time  of  the  census  of  1890  her  wheat  area  was  196,633  acres,  with  a  pro- 
duction of  1,096,312  bushels,  or  a  little  more  than  five  and  one-half 
bushels  to  the  acre.  But  the  fact  that  they  were  raising  cotton  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  cause  an  over-production  and  consequent  low  prices,  aided 
by  the  constant  and  persistent  efforts  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  to 
induce  the  farmers  to  pay  more  attention  to  wheat,  oats,  and  other  small 
grains,  brought  about  a  wonderful  revival  of  wheat  culture.  Articles 
urging  the  planting  of  more  wheat  which  from  time  to  time  went  forth 
from  the  department,  were  copied  in  many  agricultural  publications  and 
reprinted  in  agricultural  monthlies  having  exten&ive  circulation  among 
the  farmers.  The  result  was  the  selection  of  some  of  the  best  lands  for 
wheat,  and  a  great  increase  in  the  acreage  from  year  to  year.  As  the 
farmers  increased  their  production,  the  Georgia  mills  once  more  became 
active.  Old  ones  that  had  shut  do^vn  started  up  again,  and  new  ones 
were  built  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  The  revival  of  the  wheat  in- 
dustry has  been  especially  noteworthy  in  the  last  two  years.  The  fall  of 
1899  saw  a  larger  percentage  of  land  in  wheat  than  ever  before.  Geor- 
gia, not  satisfied  with  her  record  as  one  of  the  foremost  cotton  States, 
seems  to  be  progressing  to  the  point  where  she  can  take  a  proud  stand 
among  the  wheat  growing  States  of  the  South.  Her  wheat  area  in  1899 
was  297,239  acres  and  her  production,  2,021,225  bushels,  showing  an  in- 
crease in  area  of  101,606  acres,  and  in  production  of  924,913  bushel?. 
The  value  of  the  wheat  crop  of  1899  was  $1,980,800.  The  wheat  crop 
of  1900  was  5,011,133  bushels,  valued  at  $4,760,576.  This  crop  was 
grown  on  550,674  acres,  and  501,113  bushels  were  shipped  out  of  the 
counties  in  wliich  they  were  grown.  The  stock  on  hand  March  1,  1901, 
was  1,302,895  bushels.    The  splendid  increase  in  acreage  and  production 


202  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  wheat  for  1900  is  highly  gi-atifying  to  those  who  are  anxious  to  see 
Georgia  take  her  proper  stand  as  a  wheat-growing  State. 

Some  farmers  sow  wheat  as  a  forage  crop,  preferring  it  to  oats,  rye  or 
barley  for  that  purpose.  What  may  be  done  with  wheat  in  Georgia  is 
best  seen,  not  from  the  general  average,  reduced  by  causes  previously 
mentioned,  but  from  what  has  been  accomplished  on  some  of  the  best 
managed  farms.  The  following  yields  of  wheat  are  well  authenticated: 
from  one  farm  in  DeKalb  county,  sixty-five  bushels  to  the  acre;  from 
one  in  Carroll,  forty  bushels;  twenty-eight  bilishels  an  acre  from  farms 
located  in  Cherokee,  Milton  and  Walton  counties.  Of  these  five  counties 
Dekalb,  Carroll  and  Walton  are  on  the  northern  border  of  the  Middle 
Georgia  belt;  Cherokee  and  Milton  are  higher  north.  In  Oconee,  a 
Middle  Georgia  county,  forty-eight  and  one-half  bushels  of  wheat  were 
grown  on  one  acre  in  1900. 

On  the  11th  of  July,  1900,  the  third  annual  convention  of  the  Wheat 
Growers  Association  of  Georgia  was  held  at  the  Academy  of  Music  in 
•  Macon.  Reports  were  made  and  prizes  which  had  been  offered  by  the 
Telegraph,  the  leading  journal  of  Macon,  were  bestowed  for  the  best 
yields  of  wheat.  In  each  case  the  report  was  rendered  by  different  com- 
mittees, each  consisting  of  tllree  gentlemen,  who  measured  the  field  re- 
ported and  the  wheat  as  it  was  threshed,  and  supported  their  report  by 
svv^orn  afiidavits.  The  yields  were  as  follows :  from  four  acres  in  Spalding 
county  belonging  to  W.  J.  Bridges,  an  average  of  sixty-five  bushels  to 
the  acre;  from  four  acres  in  Spalding  county,  belonging  to  W.  D, 
Walker,  an  average  of  fifty-nine  and  one-half  bushels  to  the  acre;  from 
four  acres  in  Bibb  county,  belonging  to  Julian  B.  Lane,  an  average  of 
forty-one  and  one-fourth  bushels  to  the  acre;  from  four  acres  in  Wash- 
ington county,  owned  by  T.  H.  Cox,  an  average  of  twenty-eight  bushels 
to  the  acre ;  from  four  acres  in  Jones  county,  owned  by  W.  F.  White,  an 
average  of  twenty-four  bushels  to  the  acre;  from  four  acres  in  Wilkin- 
son county,  owned  by  Z.  T.  Miller,  an  average  of  nineteen  and  three- 
fourths  bushels  to  the  acre;  from  one  acre  in  Bibb  county,  owned  by  J.  S. 
McGee,  thirty-nine  and  three-sevenths  bushels.  The  average  of  all  these 
reports  from  five  counties  of  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia  is  something 
over  thirty-nine  and  one-half  bushels  to  the  acre. 

This  is  another  proof  of  what  Georgia  can  do,  and  another  strong  argu- 
.rnent  in  behalf  of  wheat  culture  in  this  State. 

Mr.  Bridges,  the  successful  competitor  in  the  wheat  contest,  in  an  in- 
terview with  a  reporter  of  the  Macon  Telegrapli,  said:  "It  has  been  said 
by  some  that  wheat  should  not  be  planted  in  the  same  place  two  con- 
secutive years,  or  that  it  could  not  be  made  to  yield  satisfactorily  if  it  was 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  lyDUSTRIAL.  203 

clone.  This,  I  find,  is  a  mistake,  as  a  portion  of  my  land  this  year  had 
been  planted  in  wheat  for  three  consecutive  years,  and  on  sixteen  acres  I 
harvested  Til  bushels,  or  an  average  of  about  forty-four  and  one-half 
bushels  to  the  acre.     This  was  done  on  upland  too,  ag  I  do  not  approve 

of  bottom  land  for  wheat About  four  years  ago  I  began  to 

manure  my  land  with  the  idea  of  bringing  it  up  to  where  the  benefit  to  it 
would  be  permanent,  and  by  judicious  use  of  stable  manure  and  drop- 
pings from  cattle,  used  with  fertilizers,  I  brought  it  up  to  where  it 
would  make  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  bales  of  cotton  to  the  acre.  To 
do  this  I  gave  it  a  very  heavy  coating  of  manure  in  the  spring,  and  saw 
that  it  was  well  broken  up  with  a  two-horse  plow.  This  should  be  done 
in  the  spring  always.  As  to  the  land  that  I  planted  in  wheat  this  year, 
I  gave  it  a  very  heavy  coat  of  manure  in  the  spring  and  then  planted  it 
in  cotton.  After  I  had  gathered  the  crop,  I  ripped  out  the  stalks  and 
then  turned  the  land  over  with  a  two-horse  plow,  following  that  with  a 
cutaway  harrow,  then  rolling  it  with  a  heavy  roller.  My  Avheat  was  then 
put  in  with  a  drill,  using  about  four  hundred  pounds  of  a  special  high- 
grade  potash  fertilizer  at  the  same  time.    In  planting  the  wheat,  I  put  in 

105  pounds,  or  one  bushel  and  three  pecks  to  the  acre The 

land  upon  which  my  crop  was  made  is  a  gi-ay,  loamy  top  soil,  with  an 
undersoil  of  stiff  red  clay  that  retains  the  moisture  to  feed  the  roots.  I 
consider  that  this  is  the  best  soil  to  be  found  for  wheat,  as  it  enables  it  to 
withstand  a  drouth  better,  or  to  go  through  a  rainy  season  better,  than  a 
shallow  gray  soil  or  an  all  clay  on®.  The  variety  of  wheat  that  I  sow  is 
the  purple,  or,  as  it  is  sometimes  called  ,the  bluestem  variety,  which  has 
proved  the  best  that  I  have  known  used.  It  should  be  soaked  in  blue- 
stone  to  prevent  smut,  which  is  more  to  be  dreaded  than  rust.  To  do  this 
successfully  you  should  use  about  one  pound  of  bluestone  in  enough 
water  to  wet  the  wheat  thoroughly  and  go  right  on  sowing  it.  The  blue- 
stone  should  be  dissolved  in  boiling  water.  It  takes  only  about  a  gallon 
of  water  to  every  two  bushels  of  wheat.  I  have  always  followed  this  plan 
and  have  never  had  the  smut  to  appear  in  my  wheat.  '^Vhcat  should 
never  be  sown  until  after  the  first  big  frost  in  November,  for  then  it 
will  withstand  more  successfully  the  ravages  of  the  fly,  or  small  grub, 
that  begins  at  the  root  and  saps  the  vigor  from  the  young  shoots,  causing 
them  to  grow  up  spindling,  stalks  that  are  short,  with  faulty  heads.  Tho 
frost  seems  to  have  the  effect  of  killing  this  fly  if  tho  wheat  has  not  been 
planted  before  and  has  come  up  to  where  it  makes  a  nest  for  the  fly  and 
its  young.  As  for  the  other  bane  of  tho  wheat  gi-owers,  the  cheat,  I  have 
never  had  any  trouble  with  that,  and  am  not  prepared  to  suggest  any 
method  to  get  rid  of  it,  though  I  think  that  if  it  were  to  make  its  ap- 


204 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


pearance  in  my  grain  that  I  WQuld  take  tke  pains  to  pull  it  out,  each 
stalk  separately,  if  necessary. 

"After  harvesting  my  wheat  I  then  begin  and  plant  the  entire  acre- 
age in  peas,  which  really  amounts  to  the  same  thing  as  beginning  to  get 
your  ground  in  condition  for  wheat  again,  as  there  is  no  known  crop,  not 
even  clover,  that  under  the  same  conditions  will  do  your  ground  the 
permanent  good  that  peas  wilL  From  my  peas  I  usually  get  from  two 
to  three  tons  of  pea  hay  per  acre,  and  sometimes  I  expect  the  yield  will 
reach  four  tons.  This  year  I  have  planted  about  100  acres  in  peas  and 
am  confident  that  with  continued  seasons  a  large  portion  of  it  will  yield 
fully  three  tons  per  acre.  It  cannot  be  beat  as  a  forage  for  both  horses 
and  cows,  and  is  one  of  the  easiest  raised.  The  acreage  that  I  raised  my 
sixty-five  bushels  per  acre  on  will  again  be  planted  in  wheat  this  fall 
and  has  on  it  as  fine  a  crop  of  peas  as  ever  grew  out  of  gTOund.  I  am 
more  than  delighted  with  my  success  with  wheat  this  year." 

Mr.  Thomas  H.  Cox,  whose  four  acres  averaged  twenty-eight  bushels 
to  the  acre,  in  a  letter  to  the  Agricultural  Department  said:  "The  land 
on  which  my  wheat  grew  was  a  light  gray.  I  sowed  two  bushels  of  the 
bluestem  variety  per  acre  broadcast  and  plowed  it  as  deep  as  I  could 
with  single  plows.  I  used  as  a  fertilizer  about  seventy-five  bushels  of 
cottonseed.  I  sowed  this  crop  the  middle  of  November,  and  gathered 
the  20th  of  May.  I  really  believe  that  if  I  had  prepared  my  land  and 
had  harrowed  my  grain,  in,  I  would  have  made  more  per  acre  by  plowing 
in  deep.  My  wheat  never  came  up  regular.  I  notice  that  some  was  com- 
ing up  fully  six  weeks  after  the  first  had  come  up.  My  land  was  ele- 
vated but  well  terraced." 

Mr.  W.  F.  White,  who  made  an  average  of  twenty-four  bushels  to 
the  acre,  wi-ote  to  the  department  as  follows:  "I  broke  my  land  with  a 
one-horse  Haimon  stock,  using  a  common  4-inch  tumplow  on  what  is 
known  as  red  land,  clay  subsoil;  used  twenty-five  bushels  of  cottonseed 
per  acre,  sowed  one  bushel  of  wheat  per  acre  15th  of  ISTovember,  reaped 
on  the  18th  of  May.  I  sowed  purple  straw,  known  as  bluestem,  broad- 
cast; plowed  wheat  in  with  4-inch  turner;  ran  over  land  with  Thomas's 
smoothing  harrow.  I  soaked  the  wheat  twenty-four  hours  in  a  solution 
of  one  and  one-half  pounds  of  bluestone  to  five  bushels  of  wheat,  keep- 
ing it  well  covered  under  water  for  time  mentioned;  I  then  rolled  it  in 
slacked  lime.    You  can  then  see  where  every  grain  falls." 

Oats. — One  of  the  most  valuable  of  our  crops  is  oats.  To  the  raising 
of  this  important  product  our  farmers  are  paying  more  attention  than 
ever  before.  Under  favorable  conditions  the  yield  is  good  and  with  com- 
paratively little  expense  aids  materially  in  making  the  farm  self -sustain- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  207 

ing;  for,  besides  being  one  of  the  best  forage  crops,  oats  add  greatly  to 
the  fertility  of  land  on  which  they  are  raised. 

In  ISO 0  the  area  devoted  to  oats  in  Georgia  was  516,886  acres,  and  the 
production  was  4,767,821  bushels.  There  was  a  slight  falling  off  in 
acreage  and  production  in  1899.  In  1900  the  area  devoted  to  oats  was 
467,336  acres  and  the  production  was  7,010,040  bushels,  valued  at 
$3,434,920.  The  stock  on  hand  March  1,  1900,  was  1,121,606  bushels. 
There  were  140,201  bushels  shipped  out  of  the  counties  in  which  they 
were  raised. 

Among  well-authenticated  extraordinary  yields  of  oats  in  Georgia  are 
the  following:  137  bushels  to  the  acre  on  a  farm  in  Wilkes  county  and 
131  bushels  in  DeKalb,  both  of  these  counties  being  in  Middle  Georgia; 
121  bushels  in  Floyd  county,  ISTorthwest  Georgia;  115  bushels  in  Coweta 
county,  Middle  Georgia;  100  bushels  in  Schley  county,  Southwest  Geor- 
gia; 75  bushels  in  Brooks  county  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  State.  Thus 
we  see  there  are  lands  well  adapted  to  oats  in  every  section  of  Georgia. 

Rye. — This  is  one  of  our  best  green  forage  crops,  but  is  not  so  ex- 
tensively cultivated  in  Georgia  as  oats.  In  1899  the  area  devoted  to  rye 
was  15,805  acres  and  the  yield  was  94,830  bushels,  a  falling  off  in  acre- 
age, but  an  increase  in  yield  over  the  crop  of  1890,  when  20,949  acres 
produced  87,021  bushels.  The  area  sown  with  rye  in  1900  was  15,647 
acres  and  the  yield  was  109,529  bushels  valued  at  $112,815. 

Barley. — Barley  is  by  some  valued  more  than  rye,  and  is  generally 
sown  about  the  same  time;  but  in  Georgia  not  much  attention  is  given 
its  cultivation,,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  fact  that  in  1890  the  area  given  to 
barley  according  to  the  United  States  Census  was  only  549  acres  with  a 
yield  of  6,053  bushels.  In  the  Year  Book  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture  for  1900  Georgia  is  not  credited  with  any  barley, 
though  it  is  well  known  that  several  Georgia  farmers  did  raise  it.  It 
would  pay  our  farmers  to  give  more  attention  to  both  rye  and  barley. 

Rice. — In  China  and  India,  the  original  homes  of  the  rice  plant,  many 
varieties  are  known.  But  in  America  the  common  distinctions  are  up- 
land and  lowland.  Its  introduction  into  South  Carolina  in  1700  is  said 
to  have  been  acidental.  It  was  carried  also  to  Louisiana,  which  State 
leads  all  others,  with  South  Carolina  second  and  Georgia  third.  In  1890 
the  acres  devoted  to  rice  culture  in  this  State  were  18,126  and  the  pro- 
duction was  14,556,432  pounds.  There  have  been  for  several  years  past 
fluctuations  in  these  figures.  One  hindrance  to  its  production  has  been 
the  lack  of  a  sufficient  number  of  mills  for  cleaning  it.  This  is  particu- 
larly true  of  upland  rice,  to  the  cultivation  of  which  much  attention  is 
being  given  in  Southwest  and  also  in  Northeast  Georgia.    Milling  facili- 


208  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

ties  have  been  greatly  improved  of  late,  which  will  lead  to  a  considerable 
growth  of  this  industry.  Improved  modem  machinery  for  use  in  its  cul- 
tivation may  be  expected  to  impart  fresh  impetus  to  the  growth  of  this 
important  cereal.  The  planters  of  Louisiana  have  replaced  the  antique 
implements  of  the  hand  laborer  by  the  gang  plow,  disk  harrow,  drill  and 
broadcast  seeder.  In  the  cultivation  of  the  lowland  rice  where  water  is 
needed,  if  there  is  not  a  sufficiency  of  water,  this  is  secured  by  irrigation 
canals.  In  the  cutting  of  rice,  the  twine  binder  of  the  northern  wheat 
fields  is  a  very  useful  implement.  The  average  yield  of  rice  to  the  acre 
in  Georgia  is  800  pounds.  Some  well-authenticatel  yields  of  upland  rice 
are:  100  bushels  or  4,300  pounds  to  the  acre  in  Hall  and  White  counties 
of  JSTortheast  Georgia,  Pike  county  of  Middle  Georgia,  and  Early  county 
of  Southwest  Georgia.  The  present  production  of  rice  in  the  United 
States  falls  far  below  the  needs  of  our  people.  In  some  seasons  the  im- 
ports are  half  as  much  again  as  we  raise,  sometimes  they  equal  the  do- 
mestic crop,  and  sometimes  are  even  greater.  Inasmuch  then  as  the 
amount  produced  in  this  country  falls  below  our  o^vn  needs,  there  is  room 
for  great  increase  in  the  cultivation  of  rice.  To  men  of  enterprise  and 
thrift  wishing  to  embark  in  this  business  Georgia  presents  a  promising 
field. 

In  1900  Georgia  produced  7,500,000  pounds  of  rice,  a  decrease  of 
more  than  50  per  cent,  since  1890. 

Sugar-Cane. — Sugar-cane  yields  a  handsome  profit.  A  steadily  in- 
creasing demand  for  sugar  and  molasses  in  the  United  State  makes  it 
certain  that  there  will  always  be  a  ready  sale  for  the  product  of  the 
sugar-cane.  Over  large  areas  of  the  United  States  sugar  and  various 
syrups  are  being  extracted  from  the  beet  cultivated  for  that  purpose. 
But  no  other  known  plant  equals  the  sugar  or  rtbhon-cane  in  its  capacity 
for  supplying  those  two  articles  of  universal  consumption.  "When  we 
consider  that  from  1880  to  1895  the  United  States  produced  only  one- 
tenth  of  the  sugar  consumed  in  this  country,  and  paid  out  $1,500,000,000 
for  imported  sugar,  it  can  be  readily  seen  that  there  is  no  immediate  dan- 
ger of  overstocking  the  market.  The  20,000  acres  in  Georgia  devoted  to 
the  sugar-cane  in  1890  produced  1,307,625  pounds  of  sugar  and  3,223,- 
19-1  gallons  of  molasses.  Some  of  the  best  yields  were:  700  gallons  of 
syrup  to  the  acre  in  Bulloch  county;  695  gallons  in  Thomas  county;  600 
gallons  in  Brooks  county,  and  480  gallons  in  Burke  county.  Of  these 
coimties  Burke  and  Bulloch  are  in  the  noi-thern  part  of  the  Southern 
Georgia  belt,  while  Brooks  and  Thomas  are  in  the  extreme  south  on  the 
Florida  line.  In  Rockdale  county  in  Middle  Georgia  600  gallons  of  cane 
syrup  were  the  product  of  one  acre  of  the  farm  of  Hon.  W.  L.  Peek. 


]  GEORGIA:  EISTORTCAL  AXD  lyDUSTRIAL.  209 

Tlie  growing  of  sugar-cane  and  manufacture  of  syrup  in  South  Georgia 
has  doubled  in  two  years.  Twenty-five  thousand  barrels  of  syrup  have 
been  sold  in  one  year  from  a  small  section  of  the  extreme  southern  part 
of  Georgia,  In  the  fall  of  1899  a  gentleman  in  Tennessee  sold  150  bar- 
rels of  Georgia  syrup  in  six  days.  A  great  deal  of  it  has  been  sold  to  peo- 
ple in  Cleveland,  Cincinnati  and  Boston,  who,  after  mixing  it  with  ghi- 
cose,  put  the  blended  article  iipon  the  market  as  Georgia  "Wliite  Syrup. 
The  planters  are  finding  out  every  year  that  no  country  on  the  face  of 
the  globe  can  make  as  good  syrup  as  Southwest  Georgia,  and  are  increas- 
ing their  acreage.  Before  many  years  this  industry  will  equal  that  of 
cotton.  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  is  getting  to  be  a  strong  market  for  Georgia 
syi-up.  The  present  estimate  is  that  the  sales  of  Georgia  syrup  in  Pitts- 
burg for  the  year  will  amount  to  10,000  barrels.  A  sample  of  Georgia 
cane  tested  by  Professor  '\Ym.  C.  Stubbs  of  jSTew  Orleans,  in  1899  showed 
16^  per  cent,  sugar  content  and  not  quite  one  per  cent,  glucose,  with  a 
purity  coeflicient  of  nearly  90  per  cent.  Another  sample  contained  13^ 
per  cent,  sucrose  (cane  sugar),  and  only  1  and  four  one-hundredths  per 
cent,  of  glucose,  with  a  purity  coefficient  of  81  per  cent.  This  means 
more  than  12  per  cent,  of  sugar  available  in  ordinary  mills,  and  upon  a 
75  per  cent,  extraction  would  be  equivalent  to  180  pounds  of  C.  P.  sugar 
to  the  ton  of  cane,  or  nearly  200  pounds  of  commercial  sugar  as  usually 
made  in  Louisiana  sugar-houses  from  firsts,  seconds  and  thirds.  The  bet- 
ter grade  of  lands  with  ordinary  cultivation  and  fertilization  will  yield 
from  twenty  to  twenty-five  tons  to  the  acre,  and  the  same  land  under 
the  best  methods  will  yield  from  thirty-five  to  forty  tons  to  the  acre. 

Professor  Stubbs,  already  mentioned,  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  the  price  per  ton  of  sugar-cane  in  Louisiana  will  average  about  SO 
cents  for  each  cent  that  prime  yellow  clarified  sugar  is  worth  on  the 
Xew  Orleans  market. 

Hence,  if  prime  yellow  clarified  sugar  is  worth  five  cents  a  pound,  the 
price  for  a  ton  of  cane  will  be  five  times  eighty  cents,  or  four  dollars 
a  ton. 

The  number  of  gallons  of  syrup  that  can  be  obtained  from  a  ton  of 
Louisiana  cane  will  depend  entirely  upon  the  extraction  of  the  mill  and 
density  of  juice.  A  mill  getting  as  high  as  75  per  cent,  extraction,  or 
fifteen  hundred  pounds  of  juice  to  a  ton  of  cane,  will  give  from  twenty- 
five  to  thirty-five  gallons  of  syrup  cooked  to  a  density  of  34  degrees 
Baume.  The  variation  is  due  to  the  "total  solids"  contained  in  the  cano 
juice.    The  same  statement  will  apply  to  Georgia  cane. 

A  complete  plant  for  making  syrup  can  be  obtained  at  several  places 
in  the  United  States.     But  prol)ably  the  most  improved  machinery  can 


210  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

be  better  obtained  in  ISTew  Orleans,  where  every  manufacturer  is  famil- 
iar with,  its  practical  use.  For  an  up-to-date  factory  there  is  needed  a 
first-class  mill  with  filter  presses,  clarifiers  and  evaporators.  There  are 
also  needed  settling  tanis,  juice  tanks  and  syrup  tanks. 

Any  one  who  contemplatee  embarking  in  the  business  of  syrup-mak- 
ing, should  study  the  question  of  sterilization  of  syrup,  which  can  now 
be  easily  done.  The  syrup,  after  being  sterilized,  must  be  put  into  steril- 
ized vessels,  where  it  will  keep  indefinitely,  if  the  work  has  been  well 
performed. 

Soils  adapted  to  cane  are  those  naturally  rich  and  fertile,  though  upon 
soils  of  very  moderate  fertility,  well  prepared  and  fertilized,  remunera- 
tive crops  can  be  grown.  In  cane  culture  climate,  rainfall  and  manures 
are  more  important  factors  than  soils.  In  sandy  soils  without  manures 
the  cane  is  small.  Calcareous  soils  develop  a  superior  cane,  rich  in  sac- 
charine matter.  On  rich  alluvial  soils,  not  properly  drained,  the  canes 
are  poor  in  sugar  produce,  and  though  they  yield  a  large  quantity  of 
syrup,  it  is  not  a  first-class  article. 

As  to  whether  the  entire  cane  should  be  planted  or  only  that  portion 
which  is  the  least  fitted  for  making  sugar  Dr.  W.  C.  Stubbs  of  Louisiana 
says:  "It  can  be  positively  asserted  that  the  upper  third  of  our  canes  can 
be  profitably  used  for  planting  our  crop,  and  we  can  send  the  lower  two 
thirds  of  our  entire  crop  to  the  sugar-house,  thus  increasing  largely  our 
sugar  yields  and  diminishing  our  heavy  outlay  annually  for  seed." 

Before  planting  all  soils  should  be  well-prepared,  properly  fertilized, 
and  perfectly  drained.  It  is  best  to  break  or  flush  the  land,  then  bed  into 
rows  from  five  to  six  feet  wide;  then  open  the  bed  and  in  this  furrow 
plant  the  cane.  The  part  of  the  stalk  selected  for  seed  should  be  de- 
posited in  an  open  furrow  and  well  covered.  In  the  fall  this  covering 
should  be  several  inches  thick.  Eemove  the  extra  soil  in  early  spring  to 
secure  early  germination.  The  cultivation  best  for  corn  land  is  generally 
good  for  sugar-cane.  Let  there  be  thorough  and  deep  preparation  of  the 
soil;  then  cultivate  rapidly  and  as  shallow  as  the  soil  will  permit,  and 
"lay  by"  when  canes  shade  the  ground. 

The  fertilizers  for  cane  should  contain  enough  nitrogenous  matter  to 
insure  a  large  growth  by  September  1st,  Phosphoric  acid  is  very  bene- 
ficial to  cane.  Potash  may  be  demanded  upon  light  sandy  soils.  Experi- 
ments have  shown  that  the  limits  of  prifit  in  the  use  of  fertilizers  are  be- 
tween forty  and  fifty  pounds  of  nitrogen  obtained  from  oottonseed-meal, 
and  from  forty  to  eighty  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid. 

If  under  favorable  conditions  the  above  formula  is  used  on  our  best 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  213 

cane  lands  in  South  Georgia,  we  should  obtain  from  twenty  to  thirty  tons 
of  cane  to  the  acre. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  Georgia  was  the  original  cane-gi-owiug 
State  of  the  Union.  In  1825  she  gave  to  Louisiana  the  seed  of  the  nb- 
bon-cane,  thus  bequeathing  to  that  State  a  mine  of  wealth.  And  now 
the  genial  soil  of  Southern  and  lliddle  Georgia  offers  this  same  source 
of  wealth  to  her  own  people  or  to  the  stranger  seeking  a  home  within 
her  gates. 

The  establishing  of  sugar  refineries  will  greatly  promote  the  interests 
of  the  cane  growers.  There  will  be  no  scarcity  of  capital  for  such  enter- 
prises if  sufficient  quantities  of  cane  are  grown.  "We  predict  for  the  near 
future  the  establishment  of  a  number  of  sugar  refineries  in  South  Geor- 
gia. 

Syrup-making  in  Georgia  commences  about  the  last  of  October  or  the 
first  of  ISTovember,  and  continues  until  Christmas.  At  this  season  the 
traveler  journeying  on  a  country  road  will  see  on  almost  eveiy  farm  the 
smoke  issuing  from  the  syrup  furnace,  an  invitation  to  either  neighbor  or 
stranger  to  enter  the  home  and  share  the  hospitalities  to  which  every  one 
is  made  to  feel  welcome  in  cane-grinding  time.  Here  youths  and  maid- 
ens, wath  those  of  riper  years,  engage  in  the  sports  of  the  holiday  season, 
or  seated  near  the  cheerful  fire  regale  themselves  with  the  healthful  and 
delightful  beverage  extracted  from  the  sugar-cane.  At  this  season  of 
cane-grinding  and  syrup-making,  the  sick  and  feeble  recuperate  and 
often  find  their  health  again.  The  negroes,  too,  both  young  and  old, 
have  their  part  in  the  good  cheer,  and  even  the  stock  upon  the  farm  share 
in  the  general  glee. 

The  stalks  of  the  cane  shredded  are  worth  more  as  forage  than  corn- 
stalk or  cottonseed-hidls. 

The  little,  old-time  sugar  mill  on  each  man's  farm  ought,  in  this  pro- 
gressive day,  to  give  place  to  well  equipped,  up-to-date  syrup  mills  and 
sugar  refineries.  This  would  transfer  the  syinip-boiling  and  sugar-mak- 
ing to  the  mill,  just  as  cotton  is  taken  to  the  factory,  and  not  spun  upon 
each  farm. 

If  the  most  improved  methods  are  used,  the  cost  of  extracting  the  juice 
from  the  stalks  and  converting  it  into  syrup  is  a  mere  fraction  of  a  cent 
per  gallon. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  average  farmer  can  count  on  getting 
$120  gross  to  the  acre  for  syrup,  at  a  general  average  product  of  600  gal- 
lons to  the  acre. 

In  1890  the  area  devoted  to  sugar-cane  in  Georgia  was  20,238  acres, 


214  GEORGIA:  EI8T0BICAL  AWD  INDUSTRIAL. 

which  produced  1,307,625  pounds  of  sugar  and  3,223,194:  gallons  of 
molasses. 

In  1890  the  area  devoted  to  sorghum  in  Georgia  was  22,089  acres, 
which  produced  1,342,803  gallons  of  molasses. 

CASSAVA. 

Recent  experiments  go  to  prove  that  cassava  will  make  a  profitable 
crop  for  South  Georgia.  The  species  of  this  plant  recommended  for 
Georgia,  is  the  sweet  cassava,  which  does  not,  like  the  bitter 
cassava,  require  boiling  to  drive  out  poisonous  juices,  but  can 
be  fed  to  stock  in  its  natural  state  without  risk  of  harm.  It 
also  makes  a  very  paltable  table  vegetable.  But  its  chief  excellence 
consists  in  the  fact  that  it  yields  abundance  of  the  best  starch.  One  acre 
of  South  Georgia  land  planted  in  sweet  cassava  will  yield  4,000  pounds 
of  starch,  while  the  best  corn  or  potato  lands  in  Illinois  or  Michigan  can 
produce  only  1,200  pounds  of  starch  from  these  vegetables. 

Cassava  is  easily  propagated  by  cuttings  of  the  stem  and  grows  rapid- 
ly, attaining  maturity  in  six  months.  The  production  is  at  least  sixteen 
times  that  of  wheat. 

When  the  fanners  of  South  Georgia  become  thoroughly  convinced  of 
its  worth  and  embark  extensively  in  its  cultivation,  starch  factories  will 
be  started  on  every  hand.  It  has  been  estimated  that  these  will  pay  five 
dollars  a  ton  on  the  cars,  at  any  station  within  one  hundred  miles  of  their 
factory. 

With  sugar-cane  and  sugar  refineries,  cassava  and  starch  factories, 
South  Georgia  possesses  grand  opportunities  for  profitable  farming. 

GRASSES  AND  FORAGE  CROPS. 

If  it  be  true  that  the  farmer's  only  capital  is  his  land,  how  important 
it  is  for  him  not  only  to  preserve  his  capital  but  to  increase  it  year  by 
year.  There  is  no  surer  or  easier  way  to  do  this  than  by  growing  the 
grasses. 

The  value  of  the  hay  crop  of  the  United  States  exceeds  that  of  the 
cotton  crop  by  more  than  fifty  million  dollars.  The  present  race  of 
planters  grew  up  under  a  condition  of  things  which  looked  to  cotton  as 
the  sole  market  crop  and  since  grass  was  the  deadliest  enemey  to  cotton  the 
energy  of  the  planter  was  directed  to  the,  complete  extirpation  of  all  the 
grasses  of  the  field.  But  in  recent  years  new  light  has  dawned  upon  our 
progressive  farmers,  and  in  every  section  of  Georgia  the  grasses  and  for- 


I         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDU8TRIAL.  215 

age  crops  are  recei^^ng,  to  some  extent,  the  attention  which  they  de- 
serve. While  we  recognize  cotton,  when  cultivated  upon  a  true  business 
basis,  as  a  great  source  of  wealth  to  Georgia,  yet  we  must  remember  that 
its  culture  is  attended  with  great  expense,  since  it  requires  constant  at- 
tention and  work  from  January  to  January.  This  labor  largely  con- 
sumes the  profits,  whenever  cotton  sells  below  seven  cents  a  pound.  If 
we  look  upon  an  agricultural  map  of  the  United  State,  we  shall  find  that 
lands  sell, at  the  highest  price  in  those  States,  or  parts  of  States,  where  the 
grasses  and  forage  crops  are  cultivated  with  the  gi-eatest  attention.  On 
the  other  hand  we  shall  see  that  lands  sell  cheapest  in  these  States  or 
parts  of  States,  that  raise  all  cotton  and  kill  all  grass.  Hence  we  coDt- 
clude  that  the  value  of  land  increases  in  proportion  to  the  attention  given 
to  the  grasses  and  forage  crops.  If  we  turn  to  Europe,  we  find  a  similar 
state  of  affairs. 

Spain  grows  practically  no  grass  and  has  cheap  lands,  while  Holland  is 
known  as  a  vast  grass  meadow,  and  some  of  her  farm  lands  sell  at  $800 
or  $1,000  an  acre. 

Therefore,  every  farmer  who  wishes  to  enhance  the  value  of  his  land 
should  give  attention  to  the  cultivation  of  the  grasses  and  forage  crops. 
Georgia  is  rich  in  native  grasses,  and  it  has  been  fully  demonstrated  by 
some  of  our  intelligent,  wide-awake  farmers  that  the  artificial  or  foreign 
grasses  also  thrive  well  in  Georgia  soil.  In  fact,  when  we  consider  the 
entire  year,  Georgia  and  other  States  of  the  South  offer  better  advan- 
tages for  these  crops  than  the  ITorth.  While  Georgia's  acreage  in  hay  I& 
small  compared  to  that  of  States  which  make  it  one  of  their  principal 
crops,  yet  she  ranks  high  in  her  average  yield  to  the  acre.  Georgia's 
acreage  in  hay  has  not  quite  doubled  since  1890,  but  her  yield  has  more 
than  doubled.  Her  hay  crop  for  1900  amounts  to  190,237  tons,  being 
an  increase  of  120,468  tons  over  that  of  1890. 

Alfalfa,  or  lucerne,  is  cultivated  to  some  extent  in  Georgia,  although 
it  has  not  received  the  attention  that  its  merits  should  claim.  Among 
all  the  forage  plants  it  stands  unrivalled  for  abundant  yield,  longevity 
and  hardness.  It  flourishes  under  heat  that  would  destroy  any  other  spe- 
cies of  clover.  Over  the  entire  plant  are  scattered  purple,  pea-like 
flowers,  in  long,  loose  clusters  or  racemes.  It  is  not  affected  so  much  by 
altitude  as  by  the  depth  and  warmth  of  the  soil,  and  the  depth  of  the 
water-table  beneath  the  surface.  A  rich,  sandy  loam,  limy,  with  a  por- 
ous subsoil,  suits  it  best.  A  considerable  amount  of  sand  in  the  soil  is  not 
injurious  to  it.  It  will  grow  on  favorable  soils  at  almost  any  altitude, 
from  sea  level  to  7,000  feet  above  the  sea. 

Alfalfa,  when  young,  is  very  delicate  and  requires  much  nursing.     No 


216  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

crop  requires  more  careful  preparation  to  secure  a  good  stand.  But 
when  it  is  planted  upon  suitable  soil,  and  a  good  stand  is  obtained,  it 
may  yield  luxuriant  crops  for  thirty  or  more  years.  It  rarely  grows 
tall  enough  the  first  year  to  be  mowed  for  hay.  It  reaches  its  best  growth 
during  the  third  year.  "When  properly  managed  up  to  that  time  the 
number  of  cattle,  which  one  acre  of  it  will  keep  by  soiling  throughout 
the  whole  season,  is  something  wonderful.  "While  this  is  a  good  grass  for 
hay,  it  is  not  good  for  pasturing.  The  trampling  of  stock  compacts  it  so 
much  that  the  plants  deteriorate.  Hogs,  however,  do  not  injure  it  like 
heavier  stock.  Hence  it  may  be  used  as  pasture  for  them,  and  one  acre 
will  furnish  abundant  forage  for  from  ten  to  twenty  hogs  throughout 
a  season. 

Bermuda  grass  is  perennial  and  is  the  most  valuable  for  pastm-age  of 
any  grown  in  the  Southern  States.  It  can  endure  the  greatest  amount 
of  summer  heat,  and  its  growth  is  not  arrested  by  droughts  that  threaten 
the  vitality  of  all  other  grasses.  It  does  not  propagate  grass  by  seed,  ex- 
cept to  a  limited  extent.  The  best  means  of  propagating  it  is  to  cut  pieces 
of  the  turf  and  scatter  it  along  shallow  furrows,  or  sow  it  over  the  land 
well  prepared  by  plowing  and  harrowing,  and  cover  or  compress  the  roots 
into  the  soil  with  a  roller  or  drag  brush;  or  the  plants  can  be  gathered, 
root  and  branch,  from  any  patch  of  ground  covered  by  them,  and,  after 
being  shaken  free  from  earth,  passed  through  a  cutting-box,  as  though 
being  prepared  for  the  stall.  Then  sow  these  little  cuttings  by  hand 
broadcast  before  the  harrow  in  the  spring  of  the  year.  Every  joint  will 
germinate  and  bud.  "When  Bermuda  grass  is  once  thoroughly  rooted  it 
spreads  rapidly  and  soon  takes  possession  of  a  field.  Being  extremely 
difficult  to  exterminate,  it  should  not  be  planted  on  land  intended  foi> 
tillage.  But  Eev.  C.  "W.  Howard,  who  was  in  his  life-time  a  well-known 
^rriter  on  grasses,  thought  it  very  doubtful  whether  any  acre  of  land  in 
the  South  thoroughly  set  with  Bermuda  grass  was  not  worth  more  than 
with  any  other  crop  that  might  be  grown  upon  it. 

"A  good  Bermuda  sod,"  says  a  writer  in  the  Southern  Farm  Magazine^ 
"will  yield  an  almost  incredible  amount  of  pasturage  that  cannot  be 
gTazed  out  by  the  severest  treatment  in  the  hottest  summer  drought. 
Bermuda  is  highly  esteemed  for  hay,  wherever  it  grows  to  a  sufficient 
height  for  mowing."  It  must  be  cut  early  and  often  to  make  good  hay. 
When  left  until  the  culms  harden,  it  will  not  do  for  feeding.  To  make 
good  hay  and  make  the  largest  yield,  it  should  be  mowed  from  three  to 
five  times  every  summer. 

Under  the  Bermuda  sod  large  numbers  of  earthworms  may  be  found. 
These  add  fertility  to  the  soil,  and  when  in  summer  hogs  are  turned  into 


\         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  219 

tlio  pasture,  the  ^vorms  and  grass  combined  make  a  fattening  food  which 
they  much  enjoy.  Bermuda  grass  will  not  bear  dense  shade,  but  thriven 
best  where  most  exposed  to  the  sun. 

On  the  same  fields  where  cotton  grows  best  Bermuda  grass  is  most 
thriving.  A  grass  which  affords  such  excellent  pasturage  for  cattle  is 
capable  of  carrying  also  large  flocks  of  sheep.  There  is  no  reason  why 
the  cheapest  wool  should  not  be  produced  on  the  same  lands  that  produce 
the  cheapest  cotton.  It  has  been  estimated  that  one  acre  of  Bermuda 
grass  on  soils  entirely  suited  to  its  growth  will,  in  many  parts  of  the 
South,  maintain  ten  sheep  for  ten  months  of  the  year.  Bermuda  grass 
pastures  in  Georgia,  supplemented  by  pasture  of  winter  grasses,  suitable 
for  grazing  sheep,  would  add  to  our  people  another  source  of  untold 
wealth.  If  Georgia  should  become  a  great  wool-growing,  as  well  as  cot- 
ton-growing State,  who  can  measure  the  degree  of  her  prosperity  ?  "With 
cotton  and  wool,  two  of  the  most  important  fibers  for  clothing  that  the 
world  produces  and  manufactures,  our  people  would  double  their  present 
opportunities  for  acquiring  wealth.  Dr.  Thomas  P.  Janes  in  his  "Hand 
Book  of  Georgia,"  in  order  to  illustrate  the  fertilizing  effects  of  a  Ber- 
muda grass  sod  of  long  standing,  mentioned  the  following  results  ob- 
tained by  Colonel  A.  J.  Lane  in  Hancock  kcounty:  "The  first  year  after 
breaking  the  Bermuda  sod  he  harvested  1,800  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to 
the  acre,  the  second  year  2,800  pounds.  His  third  crop,  corn,  manured 
with  cottonseed  in  the  usual  way  and  quantity,  yielded  sixty-five  bushels 
to  the  acre.  The  fourth  year  he  harvested  forty-two  bushels  of  wheat 
to  the  acre.  ISTeither  the  cotton  nor  wheat  was  fertilized.  On  this  same 
land  oats  or  wheat  may  be  sown  after  the  corn.  If  Bermuda  sod  is  torn 
up  by  the  plow,  and  after  harrowing,  but  before  rolling,  blue  grass  seed, 
white  clover  and  hairy  vetch  are  so^vn,  a  pasture  of  the  highest  capacity 
for  both  winter  and  summer  will  be  obtained.  As  the  Bermuda  dies 
down  in  the  late  fall,  the  blue  grass  and  white  clover  appear,  giving  pas- 
turage in  the  winter.  As  the  summer  approaches,  the  reverse  of  this 
occurs. 

It  will  be  well  to  bear  one  thing  in  mind.  The  cultivation  of  artificial 
grasses  is  accompanied  with  more  or  less  expense.  But  Bermuda  is  with- 
in easy  reach  of  the  poorest  farmer. 

The  celel)ratod  line-grafts  of  Kentucky  and  TenncRsoe  is  used  in  con- 
siderable extent  in  Georgia  for  lawns  and  yards,  and  thrives  very  well  in 
some  of  the  soils  of  the  State.  The  Texas  blue-grass,  wliicli,  as  its  name 
indicates,  is  a  native  of  the  Lone  Star  State,  is  a  hardy  perennial  and  has 
a  vigorous  growth.  Fertile  soils,  especially  calcareous  loams,  will  pro- 
duce this  grass  in  great  luxuriance.     It  is  an  excellent  pasture  grass  for 

11  «a 


220  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

the  extreme  south,  and  remains  green  throughout  the  year,  growing 
through  the  winter  months  and  blooming  in  the  latter  part  of  April  or 
the  first  of  May.    It  also  is  well  adapted  to  Georgia. 

Meadow  oat  grass  is  excellent  as  a  winter  pasture  grass.  It  will  grow 
on  more  sandy  soil  than  most  of  the  artificial  grasses;  but  rich  upland  is 
the  proper  soil  for  it.  It  is  good  not  only  for  winter  pasturage,  but  also 
for  hay.  It  matures  so  rapidly  that  seed  sown  in  the  spring  will  produce 
.'Seed  in  the  fall.  Since  the  seed  becomes  ripe,  even  while  the  stalk  is 
/green,  it  can  be  saved  by  cutting  off  the  heads  with  a  cradle  and  tying  in 
bundles,  after  which  the  rest  can  be  mowed  for  hay.  Cattle  should  not 
graze  upon  it  in  summer  and  fall.  After  Christmas  they  can  feed  upon  it 
until  the  latter  part  of  February,  or  even  later,  until  the  other  grasses 
spring,  unless  it  is  designed  to  make  hay  of  it. 

Orchard-grass,  so  called  because  of  its  growing  vnld  in  orchards  or  in 
thinned  woodland,  is  next  to  the  tall  meadow  oat-grass  for  winter  pastur- 
age or  for  hay.  In  order  to  be  sweet  and  nutritious  it  should  be  cut  as 
<s,oon.  as  it  blossoms. 

€rdb-gass  is  indigenous.  It  is  never  sown,  but,  wherever  cultivation 
'ceases,  takes  possession  of  the  fields.  It  forms  an  excellent  pasturage 
through  the  summer  and  until  late  in  the  fall.  It  grows  very  rapidly 
after  oats,  and  if  cut  when  in  flower,  gives  a  very  large  yield  of  hay, 
and  sometimes  yields  more  forage  than  the  oat  crop  that  preceded  it. 
This  grass  sends  out  numerous  stems,  branching  at  the  base,  but  forms 
no  sod. 

Crowfoot  grass  is  confined  to  the  lower  and  sandy  part  of  Georgia. 

Both  this  and  crab-grass  should  be  cut  as  soon  as  they  are  in  blossom. 

Crimson  or  scarlet  clover  is  an  annul,  and  grows  to  the  height  of  three 

feet  on  good  soil.     It  should  never  be  fed  to  stock  after  the  crop  has 

ceased  flowering,  and  the  practice  of  feeding  stock  with  the  straw  after 

it  has  been  raised  and  threshed  as  a  seed  crop  should  be  avoided.     It 

makes  excellent  pasture  during  the  fall  months,  when  other  green  crops 

have  dried  up.     For  green  manuring  it  ranks  high.     Having  made  ita 

growth  during  the  fall  and  winter  months,  it  can  be  turned  under  in  the 

spring.     It  should  always  be  sowed  alone,  as  it  needs  all  the  land.     It 

is  excellent  food  for  milch-cows,  since  it  causes  a  full  flow  of  rich  milk, 

A  rich  clayey  loam  containing  more  or  less  carbonate  of  lime,  and  yet 

not  a  calcareous  loam,  suits  it  best.     After  the  clover  has  been  cut  in 

the  spring  the  same  field  may  be  planted  in  com. 

Eed  clover  thrives  on  land  of  moderate  fertility,  such  as  will  produce 
remunerative  crops  of  wheat  or  com.  With  the  right  treatment  red 
clover  will  succeed  in  Georgia.  It  has  been  tested  with  successful  results 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  221 

among  tlie  mountains  in  Middle  Georgia,  and  on  tlie  coast,  notably  on 
Hiitchinson's  Island,  opposite  Savannah.  In  all  of  these  localities  there 
have  been  fine  cloverel  fields.  Though  lucerne  is  superior  to  it  in  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  its  hay,  yet  red  clover  does  make  good  hay  and 
in  great  abundance,  with  the  additional  advantage  that  it  is  splendid  for 
pasturing,  while  lucerne  cannot  be  grazed,  and  cannot  form  part  of  an 
ameliorating  rotation  of  crops.  The  suitable  soil  for  clover  is  one  which 
contains  a  large  percentage  of  clay.  Extremely  sandy  soils  will  not  do. 
But  where  the  surface  is  sandy,  if  there  is  a  clay  subsoil,  the  clay  may 
be  brought  to  the  surface  and  manured.  A  good  wheat  soil  is  generally 
a  good  clover  soil.  The  subsoil  for  clover  must  be  dry,  because  it  will 
not  thrive  on  wet  lands.  But  it  will  thrive  on  bottom  lands  that  have 
been  thoroughly  drained.  Captain  C.  W.  Howard,  in  his  "Forage 
Plants  at  the  South,"  published  in  1881,  says:  "Clover  should  be  cut  for 
hay  as  soon  as  a  portion  of  the  heads  begin  to  turn  brown.     Earlier  than 

this  it  is  too  watery,  later  it  is  too  woody The  great  object  is  to 

cure  it  as  much  as  possible  in  the  shade.  The  hay  when  cut  at  the  proper 
time,  and  cured  in  this  way,  will  be  of  a  nice  green  color,  with  all  the 

leaves  and  blossoms  attached ISTo  live  stock  should  be  turned 

upon  a  clover  field,  until  the  clover  is  in  blossom.  The  temptation  to 
violate  this  rule  is  very  great.  Clover  springs  so  early  and  our  live  stock 
is  so  hungry,  that  the  inducement  is  very  great  to  put  them  upon  the 
clover  before  the  proper  time.  But  it  would  be  less  costly  to  buy  food 
than  to  do  this.  By  too  early  pasturing  the  clover  is  killed  out,  and  it 
is  then  said  that  clover  will  not  succeed  at  the  South.  Precautions  should 
be  taken  in  turning  horses  or  cattle  into  a  clover  field.  If  they  are  1mn- 
gry  at  the  time,  they  would  overeat  themselve  and  the  result  is  an  attack 
of  what  is  called  hoven.  The  animal  sweUs,  and  often  in  a  short  time 
dies.  To  prevent  this,  live  stock  turned  into  a  clover  field  should  pre- 
viously be  fully  fed;  they  should  not  have  had  access  to  salt  within 
twenty-four  hours;  they  should  not  the  first  day  remain  more  than  half 
an  hour,  and  the  dew  should  have  been  dissipated." 

White  clover  in  the  South  will  grow  tall  enough  to  be  cut  by  itself, 
which  is  not  the  case  in  the  North.  In  the  spring  it  affords  excellent  pas- 
ture for  hogs,  sheep  and  cattle.  It  is  also  good  for  horses  until  the  blos- 
soms fall,  when  it  salivates  them.  This  is  also  true  of  the  second  crop  of 
red  clover.  In  England  white  clover  is  much  valued  on  account  of  its 
manurial  properties. 

The  fescue  grasses  are  perennial  and  are  strongly  recommended  for 
worn-out  soils  and  hill-sides.  They  grow  well  on  dry,  sandy  soils,  have  a 
creeping  habit  and  make  good  turf. 


2215  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Italian  rye-grass  is  short-lived,  having  a  duration  of  two  or  three  years^ 
It  grows  best  on  rich,  moist  alluvial  lands  and  calcareous  loams.  It  is 
a  very  valuable  grass  when  early  forage  is  desired.  Indifferent  to  climate' 
and  texture  of  soil,  it  requires  only  dryness  and  richness.  It  gi'ows  suc- 
cessfully in  every  part  of  Georgia.  If  sowed  in  August  or  September 
it  will  be  ready  for  grazing  in  February.  Although  it  yields  largely  for 
hay  or  winter  grazing,  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  be  more  valuable  than 
barley  or  rye  for  these  purposes. 

Cow-peas  and  peavine  hay  have  come  into  imiversal  favor  in  all  the 
Southern  States.  Up  to  about  thirty  years  ago  their  cultivation  was  con- 
fined mainly  to  the  cotton-growing  States,  but  now  they  are  a  staple  crop 
even  in  the  border  Southern  States.  They  have  in  many  localities  taken 
the  place  of  clover,  and  may  appropriately  be  called  the  clover  of  the 
South.  The  pea-vine  is  a  leguminous  plant  and  appropriates  nitrogen 
from  the  atmosphere,  as  do  all  other  plants  of  the  same  family.  The 
vine  and  peas  supply  as  much  humus  to  the  ground  as  clover,  and  can 
be  grown  upon  soils,  in  which  clover  would  wither  and  die.  The  peas  can 
be  sown  in  Georgia  at  any  time  between  April  1st,  and  August  1st,  and 
the  soil  may  be  prepared  by  breaking  it  with  a  two-horse  plow.  About 
one  bushel  and  a  half  to  the  acre  should  be  sown,  after  which  the  ground 
should  be  well-harrowed.  Some  farmers  prefer  to  drill  the  peas  in  rows, 
from  two  and  a  half  to  three  feet  apart,  placing  the  peas  at  intervals  of 
one  or  two  inches  in  the  row.  After  they  have  come  up  a  cultivator 
should  be  run  between  the  rows.  Peas  furnish  a  large  amount  of  feed 
if  planted  between  the  corn  rows  at  the  second  or  last  plowing  of  the 
com. 

The  hay  should  be  cut  when  the  first  pods  begin  to  turn  yellow,  and 
while  the  leaves  are  yet  green  and  the  stems  tender.  If  cut  after  all  the 
peas  have  thoroughly  ripened,  the  stalks  will  be  hard  and  the  leaves  will 
fall  off.  They  should  be  cut  in  clear  weather  and  after  the  dew  is  off. 
There  are  many  varieties  of  the  pea.  Those  commonly  used  in  Georgia 
are  the  whippoorwill,  the  black  clay,  the  red  clay  and  the  unknown. 
There  is  no  better  soil  renovator  than  the  cow-pea.  The  most  worn-out 
soil  can  be  brought  to  a  condition  of  profitable  production  by  planting  a 
succession  of  cow-peas  upon  it. 

Valuable  as  is  the  pea-vine  for  food,  its  chief  excellence  is  this  property 
of  restoring  exhausted  soils.  It  surpasses,  perhaps,  all  other  leguminous 
plants  in  producing  maximum  results  in  a  minimum  of  time.  In  Geor- 
gia cow-peas  are  planted  in  the  late  spring  or  early  and  middle  summer, 
and  the  crops  of  vines  are  either  harveeted  for  hay  or  buried  for  fertil- 
izing in  the  early  fall.    The  more  economical  plan  is  to  har^^est  the  crop 


c 
o 


/         GEORGIA: ^HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  225 

for  hay,  then  turn  under  the  stubble  and  the  roots,  which  are  said  to 
contain  the  greater  part  of  the  elements  so  essential  for  the  renovation 
of  the  soil. 

The  vetch  is  found  in  two  varieties,  the  winter  and  summer  vetch. 
The  latter  is  of  very  little  use  to  us  in  Georgia,  because  it  will  not  for 
summer  soiling  yield  as  large  an  amount  of  green  forage  as  com.  Since 
the  winter  vetch  is  ready  for  the  first  cutting  during  the  first  warm  spell 
in  February,  it  is  very  useful  for  soiling  early  in  the  spring.  The  seed 
should  be  sown  early  in  August,  allowing  one  bushel  to  the  acre.  "Where 
land  has  been  well  manured,  the  vetch  or  tare  yields  a  large  amount  of 
early  cut  food,  or  it  may  be  made  into  nutritious  hay,  or  may  be  used  as 
a  winter  pasture. 

Eight  varieties  of  millet  have  been  cultivated  in  this  country.  It  is 
used  for  soiling  purposes,  for  hay  and  for  its  seed.  More  than  fifty  bush- 
els of  seed  to  the  acre  have  been  raised  on  rich  land.  The  hay  made  from 
it  is  of  good  quality  and  large  quantity.  But  Captain  Howard  says:  "For 
forage  purposes  it  is  not  superior  to  oats  and  is  inferior  to  the  vetch.  It 
is  an  annual." 

All  the  millet  family  requires  a  strong,  rich,  deep  soil,  sufficiently 
clayey  to  retain  a  large  amount  of  moisture;  but  at  the  same  time  the 
land  must  be  thoroughly  drained.  The  most  favorable  conditions  for  the 
growth  of  a  large  crop  of  millet  are  a  clayey  soil  in  a  moist  situation,  en- 
riched by  the  application  of  well-rotted  stable  manure,  kept  in  good  tilth 
and  thoroughly  prepared  by  frequent  plowings  or  harrowings.  Millet 
must  be  cut  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  head  and  before  it  blooms. 

Gayna  or  Sesame  grass  is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  beautiful  per- 
ennial grasses  gro\vn  in  Georgia.  It  is  a  native  grass  and  is  found 
throughout  the  South  from  tlie  mountains  to  the  coast,  reaching  often  a 
height  of  seven  feet.  The  seed  brealc  off  from  the  stem  as  if  in  a  joint, 
a  smgle  seed  at  a  time.  The  leaves  are  very  much  like  those  of  com. 
Horses  and  cattle  are  fond  of  the  hay,  which  may  be  cut  three  or  four 
times  during  the  season. 

Ilerd's-Grass  is  the  most  permanent  grass  for  all  soils.  It  is  a  universal 
feeder  and  is  therefore  of  special  value  to  every  faraier.  It  is  a  good 
meadow  grass  and  one  of  the  best  pasture  grasses.  When  it  has  been 
cut  for  hay,  its  aftermath  makes  excellent  late  summer  and  fall  pastures. 
It  may  bo  sovm  in  the  fall  or  in  the  spring.  It  may  be  sown  alone,  or 
with  wheat,  barley,  rj-e,  or  oats.  It  is  often  sown  with  other  grasses,  as 
timothy  and  clover.  This  herdVgrass  is  known  in  New  England  as  red- 
top. 


226 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


Timothy,  sometimes  called  cat-tail,  is  also  called  kerd's-grass.  It  is 
useful  only  for  hay.  The  well-drained  rice  land  of  the  Georgia  coast 
will  produce  it  in  perfection,  as  will  also  the  richest  of  bottom  land  that 
is  dry  enough  for  wheat.    It  should  be  cut  when  in  full  bloom. 

Brome,  cheat  and  rescue  grasses,  belonging  to  the  same  family,  make 
a  very  good  winter  pasturage,  but  are  Kable  to  some  objections. 

Peanuts  or  ground-peas,  which  when  parched,  are  so  much  relished  by 
young  and  old,  and  have  such  ready  sale  everywhere,  are  also  fine  forage 
for  cattle  and  hogs.  The  white  peanut  grows  with  spreading  branches 
that  lie  flat  upon  the  ground;  the  red  has  an  upright  growth.  Spanish 
peanuts  are  earlier  than  other  varieties  and  have  an  upright  growth  like 
the  red.  This  is  the  surest  crop  of  the  three.  Those  grown  in  the  far 
south  are  valuable  for  making  peanut  oil.  The  harvesting  must  always 
take  place  before  frost.  The  usual  yield  to  the  acre  is  from  thirty  to 
fifty  bushels,  though  sometimes  as  high  as  a  hundred  bushels  are  made. 
When  carefully  harvested  before  frost  the  vine  makes  an  excellent  food 
for  cattle  and  sheep.  Ewes  in  lambing  time  can  have  no  better  food 
given  them  than  well-cured  peanut  hay,  because  it  increases  the  flow  of 
milk  and  adds  richness  to  it. 

Corn,  when  desired  as  a  forage  crop,  is  planted  very  close  together,  and 
on  rich  and  well-prepared  soil,  makes  an  enormous  yield.  The  whole 
crop  is  cut  while  yet  green  and  tender,  and  properly  cured.  If  desired 
as  ensilage  it  is  cut  up  green  and  deposited  in  a  silo  pit. 

Cane  forage  is  prepared  from  the  sorghum  cane,  grown  in  the  same 
way  as  the  com  forage,  and  gathered  and  cut  up  in  the  same  manner. 

The  millets,  or  any  of  the  grasses,  including  peavine  and  peanuts,  may 
be  gathered  green  and  stored  in  the  silo. 

The  Soja  bean  ranks  among  our  best  crops,  both  as  an  improver  of 
soils  and  as  food  for  stock,  as  will  appear  from  an  analysis  taken  from 
the  United  States  Agricultural  Department: 


AS  A  FOOD 


SOJA   BEANS 

Protein 
Per  Cent 

Fiber 
Per  Cent 

N.  Free 
Extract 
Per  Cent 

Fat 
Per  Cent 

Green  fodder 

4.0 
14.4 
?4.0 

2  4 
16.6 
20.8 

6.7 

22.3 

4.8 

4.3 

20.1 
4.1 

10.5 
39.6 
23.8 

7.1 

42.2 
55.7 

1.0 

Dry  fodder    

5.2 

Grain    

16.9 

cow   PEAS 

Green  fodder  .         

.4 

Dry  fodder             

2  2 

Grain    

1.4 

GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL. 
AS  A  FERTILIZER 


227 


Nitrogen 
rer  Cent 


P.  Acid 
Per  Cent 


Potash, 
Per  Cent 


Soja  beans 
Cow  peas  . . 


2.32 
1.95 


.07 
1.05 


.08 
.52 


As  jou  will  understand  'protein  furnishes  the  materials  for  lean  flesh, 
blood,  muscles,  hair,  wool,  albumen  of  milk,  etc.,  and  is  a  very  important 
ingredient  of  all  feeding  stauffs.  Fiber  is  the  framework  of  plants.  The 
coarse  fodders,  as  hay  straw,  contain  a  large  proportion  of  fiber,  hence 
less  digestible.  Nitrogen  free  extract  includes  the  sugar,  starch,  etc.,  and 
forms  an  important  part  of  stock  feed,  especially  the  grains.  Fat  in- 
cludes besides  real  fats,  wax,  the  green  coloring  matter  of  plants,  etc. 
The  culture  of  the  Soja  bean  is  very  much  like  that  of  cotton.  The  rows 
should  be  from  three  to  five  feet  apart. 

Arctic,  or  rescue  grass  thrives  beet  in  ISTorth  Georgia  and  is  held  in 
high  esteem  by  some  of  the  farmers  of  that  section.  It  will  readily  yield 
from  1,500  to  3,000  pounds  of  hay  to  the  acre.  It  can  be  sown  in  July 
with  peas,  or  in  August,  September  and  October.  If  sown  then  it  makes 
a  fine  winter  pasturage,  and  cattle  can  be  kept  upon  it  until  the  first  of 
March  without  injury  to  the  crop,  which  can  be  cut  from  May  15th  to 
June  15th.  But  the  rescue  grass  (bromus  inermis)  must  be  carefully 
distinguished  from  cheat  (bromus  seculinus). 

To  show  what  can  be  done  with  the  grasses  and  forage  crops  in  Geor- 
gia, we  give  the  following  trustworthy  reports  of  the  work  of  some  of 
our  best  farmers :  In  Bibb  county  on  the  border  of  Middle  and  Southern 
Georgia  there  were  cut  8,046  pounds  of  crab-grass  hay  to  the  acre;  in 
Gordon  county  in  Northwest  Georgia,  9,400  pounds  of  lucerne  to  the 
acre;  in  Greene  county  in  Middle  Georgia,  13,953  pounds  of  Bermuda 
grass  hay  to  the  acre;  in  Spalding  county  in  Middle  Georgia  10,720 
pounds  of  pea-vine  hay;  while  of  clover  hay  there  were  cut  in  Greene 
county.  Middle  Georgia,  10,000  pounds  to  the  acre;  in  Cobb  county 
6,575  pounds  to  the  acre,  and  in  DeKalb  county  16,000  pounds  to  the 
acre,  both  of  these  last  two  counties  being  in  Northwest  Georgia  on  or 
near  the  northern  line  of  the  Middle  Georgia  belt. 

Greene  county  reports  a  yield  in  com  forage  of  27,130  pounds  to  the 


acre. 


The  hay  crop  of  Georgia  in  1900  was  190,237  tons,  valued  at  $2,425,- 
522.  The  area  devoted  to  this  crop  was  112,566  acres,  and  the  average 
yield  per  acre  for  the  entire  State  is  1.69  tons,  or  3,380  pounds. 

Again  we  say  there  is  no  industry  that  will  make  so  much  money  to  the 


228  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

farmer  at  such  small  outlay  of  expense  and  labor,  as  the  cultivation  of  the 
grass  and  forage  crops.  We  give  as  an  illustration  of  what  can  be  done 
on  this  line  in  Georgia,  the  case  of  Mr.  N.  B.  Moore,  who  lived  in  Au- 
gusta and  was  a  gentleman  well-known  through  all  his  section  of  the 
State.  He  was  one  of  the  pioneers  who  blazed  the  way  to  success  in  this 
important  field.  Soon  after  the  disastrous  close  of  the  civil  war  he  de- 
voted himself  to  grass  culture,  planting  nothing  else  on  his  farm  of  one 
hundred  acres  of  Savannah  river  land,  near  Augusta.  From  these  one 
himdred  acres  he  derived  an  income  of  from  seven  to  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars a  year.  "When  the  season  was  propitious  his  land  afforded  three  or 
four  cuttings.  His  bam  held  two  hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  hay.  He 
made  it  a  rule  that  the  grass  cut  at  noon  should  be  put  up  with  horse 
sulky  rakes,  in  cocks,  before  sundown.  Perhaps  it  is  not  inappropriate  to 
say  that  he  believed  strongly  in  paint  for  the  preservation  of  every  tool, 
and  that  after  more  than  twenty  years  of  use  his  wagons,  cai-ts  and  har- 
rows were  perfectly  sound.  The  citizens  of  Augusta  and  Richmond 
county,  who  knew  of  his  wonderful  success,  were  prepared  to  give  con- 
siderable credit  to  his  expressed  opinion  that  "farmers,  as  a  class,  to  be 
successful,  require  more  brain  than  any  of  the  so-called  learned  profes- 
sions." 

The  success  of  other  farmers  who  have  embarked  in  grass  culture  has 
been  so  wonderful  that  there  can  no  longer  be  a  doubt  in  the  mind  of 
any  one  as  to  the  adaptability  of  Georgia  soil  to  this  wealth-producing 
industry.  What  is  better  evidence  of  a  well-managed  farm  than  exten- 
sive fields  of  waving  hay  ready  for  the  reaper,  or  the  green  carpeted 
meadow  on  which  are  grazing  herds  of  sleek  cattle  suggestive  of  rich 
cream,  milk  and  butter,  or  juicy  steaks,  and  where  the  horses  that  en- 
joy its  bounteous  feast  will  compare  favorably  with  the  best  bloods  of 
Kentucky  ?  The  well-mowed  lawn,  too,  that  skirts  the  gravel  walk  and 
spreads  out  in  front  of  the  farmer's  neat  cottage  or  stately  mansion, 
and  through  his  grass  and  forage  crops  not  only  fills  his  bams  with 
plenty,  but  also  adds  to  his  bank  account  the  handsome  profits  that  ac- 
bears  testimony  to  refinement,  culture  and  good  taste. 

A  farm  and  home  like  this  are  within  the  reach  of  the  Georgia  farmer 
who,  devoting  only  a  part  of  his  land  to  cotton,  raises  his  own  supplies, 
crae  from  the  sale  of  the  vast  surplus  remaining  after  all  the  needs  of 
himself  and  farm  have  been  fully  met. 

POTATOES. 

"The  South  is  awakening  to  new  industries,  and  broader  fields  of  use- 
fulness."    The  good  work  is  going  on  with  increasing  impetus  in  this 


I         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  231 

year  of  grace,  1901.     Georgia  is  progressing  on  all  lines.    In  this  chap- 
ter, however,  we  are  speaiing  of  diyersified  fanning. 

The  potato  crop  is  another  source  of  wealth  to  Georgia.  Both  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes  make  good  yields;  but  the  acreage  and  production  of 
the  latter  are  much  larger  than  of  the  former. 

The  Siveet  Potato. — In  sweet  potatoes  Georgia  comes  just  behind 
IsTorth  Carolina,  which  State  ranks  first  in  this  product.  The  soil  is 
well  adapted  to  their  culture,  and  when  the  season  is  propitious  the  yield 
is  very  abundant.  Not  only  is  this  a  favorite  crop  for  home  consumption, 
but  great  quantities  are  exported  to  the  northern  States.  In  some  sec- 
tions they  are  used  also  for  fattening  hogs.  The  average  yield  is  78-| 
bushels  to  the  acre.  Yery  large  yields  have  been  reported  from  some 
of  the  best  farms,  viz. :  800  bushels  to  the  acre  in  Berrien,  Cra^vford  and 
Richmond  counties;  500  bushels  in  Brooks  county,  and  400  bushels  in 
Fulton  county.  Of  these  counties  Brooks  is  in  the  extreme  southern  part 
of  Georgia,  Berrien  just  north  of  it,  Crawford  partly  in  southern,  partly 
in  Middle  Georgia,  Richmond  and  Fulton  in  Middle  Georgia,  the  last 
on  the  edge  of  ISTorthwest  Georgia.  By  the  census  of  1890  the  produc- 
tion of  sweet  potatoes  in  Georgia  was  5,616,317  bushels,  worth  $3,250,- 
000,  raised  on  71,399  acres.  'No  report  has  yet  been  received  of  the  acre- 
age and  production  of  sweet  potatoes  in  Georgia  for  1900. 

The  Irish  Potato. — At  one  time  the  Irish  potato  crop  was  entirely  for 
home  consumption.  The  demand  for  early  vegetables  in  the  northern 
markets  is  such  that  it  has  caused  a  great  increase  in  the  cultivation  of 
Irish  potatoes,  and  the  truck  farmers  of  Georgia  have  not  been  slow  to 
take  advantage  of  thiis  fact.  Ordinarily  two  crops  are  made  in  the  year, 
and  there  is  one  instance  of  a  gentleman  in  Decatur,  Georgia,  who  raised 
three  crops  in  one  year.  Taking  the  average  of  all  lands,  good  and  bad, 
the  yield  is  74^  bushels  to  the  acre,  something  less  than  the  average  of 
sweet  potatoes  estimated  in  the  same  way.  But  as  many  as  420  bushels 
to  the  acre  have  been  raised  in  Wilkes  county,  Middle  Georgia,  and  109 
bushels  to  the  acre  in  Walker  county,  among  the  moimtaius  of  North- 
west Georgia. 

There  is  no  need  to  be  apprehensive  about  an  overproduction  of  Irish 
potatoes  in  Georgia.  Like  all  other  crops  of  vegetables,  berries  and  fruits 
the  Georgia  products  are  so  much  eaMier  upon  the  market,  that  they 
preclude  all  competition.  Our  Irish  potatoes  command  the  early  and  best 
prices  and  the  Georgia  truck  farmer  cannot  be.  forced  out  of  the  market 
by  his  Western  or  Eastern  neighbors.  In  April,  1895,  a  truck  farmer 
of  South  Georgia  shipped  to  the  Eastern  markets  one  hundred  and  fifty 


232  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

barrels  of  potatoes,  which  brought  him  $7.50  a  barrel  or  $1,125.00  The 
production  of  Irish  potatoes  in  Georgia  for  1900  was  391,816  bushels^ 
valued  at  $301,698.  These  were  raised  on  5,762  acres.  This  is  a  falling 
off  in  acreage  and  production  from  1890,  when  431,008  bushels  were 
grown  on  5,791  acres. 

Tobacco  has  never  been  a  staple  crop  of  Georgia.  Yet  it  can  be  grown 
with  great  success.  Many  farmers  have  cultivated  it  for  their  own  use, 
and  some  have  made  a  good  profit  by  its  cultivation  and  sale.  Improved 
facilities  for  harvesting,  curing  and  marketing  it  will  greatly  increase  its 
production.  The  type  of  tobacco  depends  upon  climate  and  soil.  Rich 
lands  give  one  type  of  tobacco,  while  other  lands,  almost  useless  for 
cereal  crops,  yield  a  tobacco  very  valuable  for  color  and  flavor.  Of 
course  the  culture  and  curing  of  the  plant  have  great  influence  on  the 
quality.  The  plant  is  first  raised  in  seed  beds  and  when  large  enough 
transplanted  like  cabbage  and  tomato  plants.  The  land  used  for  the  crop 
must  be  well  plowed  and  harrowed.  Before  seting  out  the  plants,  the 
land  must  be  marked  three  feet  or  more  apart  each  way,  and  hills  or 
ridges  must  be  made  at  the  intersection  of  the  marks,  and  in  these  in- 
tersectdons  the  plants  are  set  out  as  soon  as  warm  weather  is  assured. 

A  Gei-man  farmer  in  Dodge  county  who  tried  tobacco-raising  reported 
that  he  raised  on  one-twentieth  of  an  acre  160  pounds  of  Sumatra  leaf 
tobacco.  He  was  offered  $80.00  for  the  crop,  which  would  be  at  the 
rate  of  $1,600  to  the  acre.  In  Decatur*  county,  about  eight  miles  from 
Bainbridge,  is  a  tobacco  farm  of  600  acres,  which  yields  the  famous 
Sumatra  tobacco  of  the  finest  grade. 

By  the  census  of  1890  the  area  devoted  to  tobacco  in  Georgia  was 
800  acres,  which  produced  263,752  pounds,  or  329.69  pounds  per  acre. 

In  1900  Decatur  county  alone  produced  more  than  the  whole  State  of 
Georgia  in  1890. 

*See  account  of  tobacco  farm  in  Decatur  county  in  the  sketch  of  that 

county. 

AGRICULTUKAL  PRODUCTS   OF  GEORGIA  IN   1900. 

Bushels.  Value. 

Corn  34,119,530  $19,448,132 

Wheat 5,011,133  4J60,567 

Oats      """                   7,010,040  3,434,920 

Rye    '.'.".".'.'.'.".'.' 109,529  112,815 

Sweet  potatoes „,^  „„„ 

Irish  potatoes 391,816  ^^^Vfl 

Hav                                   190,237  Tons  2,425,522 

Cotton  '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1,345,699  Bales  48,024,822 

By  products  of  cotton ^'*'o29-!!5n 

Rice 7,500,000 pounds  3/o,000 

Sugar-cane No  report  received. 

Tobacco 

Peanuts 

Apples 

Peaches 


CHAPTER   VII. 


TRUCK  -  FARMING.— HORTICULTURE. 


TRUCK-FARMING. 

Truck-farming  has  long  been  one  of  the  industries  of  Georgia.  Before 
the  civil  war  there  were  in  the  neighborhood  of  our  cities  and  large 
towns  market  gardens,  where  vegetables  were  raised  for  sale  in  the  mar- 
kets and  upon  the  streets,  and  it  is  well  remembered  by  many  that  an  im- 
portant part  of  the  cargoes  of  vessels  sailing  from  Savannah  were  early 
fruits  and  vegetables  for  Philadelphia,  New  York  and  Boston,  which 
were  raised  not  only  near  Savannah,  but  all  along  the  lines  of  railroad 
that  centered  in  Georgia's  chief  seaport.  Augusta,  even  in  those  days 
was  one  of  the  points  from  which  melons,  fruits  and  vegetables  found 
their  way  northward,  either  by  rail  or  by  steamer  from  Charleston  and 
Savannah.  Immediately  after  the  close  of  hostilities  between  the  North 
and  South,  there  wa  sa  great  revival  of  this  business,  and  new  men  en- 
tered into  this  inviting  field.  From  year  to  year  there  was  a  steady 
growth,  until  at  the  present  time,  not  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  cities 
and  towns,  but  near  even  little  railroad  stations  along  all  the  great  lines 
of  transportation  that  traverse  all  sections  of  our  State,  market  gardens 
have  multiplied  and  trucking  has  reached  those  proportions,  which  en- 
title it  to  rank  among  the  leading  industries  of  Georgia.  The  vicinity  of 
Savannah  is  still  one  of  the  chief  centers  of  the  trucking  business.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  the  cli- 
mate is  so  mild  that  one  crop  or  another  can  be  grown  almost  every 
month  of  the  twelve.  Major  Garland  M.  Ryals,  who  moved  from  Vir- 
ginia to  Savannah  soon  after  the  war,  has  accumulated  a  fortune  in  truck- 
ing. From  one  acre  he  gathers  400  crates  of  cabbage,  selling  them  at 
$1.35  a  crate  or  $540.00  for  the  product  of  one  acre.  After  the  cab- 
bages have  been  gathered,  he  raises  a  crop  of  com  which  brings  him 
$30.00.  Then  he  raises  a  fall  crop  of  radishes,  the  sale  of  which,  added 
to  the  other  amounts,  will  bring  the  total  income  of  one  acre  to  about 
$700  in  one  year.  Another  farmer  near  Savannah  gathered  over  500 
bushels  of  cucumbers  from  a  single  acre,  which  sold  for  a  little  more  than 

(233) 


234  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

$540,  bringing  him  an  enormous  profit  Another  truck  farmer  sold  from 
one  acre  $400  worth  of  beets,  a  delicacy  much  in  demand  in  the  northern 
markets  in  the  early  spring.  So  mild  is  the  season  about  Savannah,  that 
lettuce  can  be  grown  in  midwinter  with  only  light  covering  of  leaves  or 
canvas  during  the  cold  spells.  This  product  reaches  the  northern  mar- 
kets when  most  in  demand.  English  peas  constitute  one  of  the  most 
profitable  crops.  They  are  ready  for  the  table  at  Christmas  time,  and 
being  shipped  to  the  eastern  markets  bring  the  highest  price.  One  farm- 
er reports  a  net  profit  from  two  acres  of  this  crop  of  over  $600.00  in  one 
season.  The  crop  of  tomatoes  is  so  planted  as  to  come  in  just  when  the 
northern  supply  is  exhausted,  and  they  always  command  good  prices. 
One  small  farmer  west  of  Savannah  made  $250.00  net  from  less  than  one 
acre  of  tomatoes.  At  Bloomingdale,  Meldrim,  Guyton,  Egypt,  Oliver, 
Halcyondale,  Dover  and  Kocky  Eord,  along  the  Central  Kailway,  the 
lands  are  specially  suited  for  trucking,  and  many  farmers  of  that  section 
have  abandoned  cotton  for  the  more  profitable  truck  crop.  Mr.  L.  C. 
Oliver  of  Bloomingdale,  gives  an  estimate  of  cost  and  profit  by  the  acre 
on  the  Irish  potato  crop  alone.  His  expense  on  one  acre  for  fertilizing, 
seed,  planting  and  working,  gathering  and  freight  was  $100.00.  An  acre 
produced  60  barrels  at  $4.00  a  barrel,  amounting  to  $240.00,  or  a  net 
profit  of  $140.00  to  one  acre.  Fertilizing  was  the  heaviest  item  of  ex- 
pense; but  by  this  means  his  land  is  becoming  permanently  enriched. 
All  truck  farming  enriches  the  land.  In  this  famous  trucking  section 
lands  can  be  bought  at  from  three  to  fifteen  dollars  an  acre,  according  to 
location  in  respect  to  towns  and  railways.  Of  course  improved  lands  sell 
at  a  much  higher  figure. 

The  value  of  the  trucking  business  of  Chatham  county  amounts  to 
$225,000  a  year;  of  Eichmond  county,  $85,000;  of  Bibb,  $35,000;  of 
Muscogee,  $30,000;  of  Fulton,  $150,000. 

These  are  the  counties  in  which  are  the  largest  cities,  viz. :  Savannah, 
Augusta,  Macon,  Columbus  and  Atlanta.  Brunswick,  the  Georgia  port 
of  the  Southern  and  Plant  systems  of  railway,  is  the  center  of  a  large 
trucking  business,  which  in  that  vicinity  has  taken  a  great  bound  for- 
ward. All  kinds  of  vegetables  and  early  fruits  do  well  there.  The  bot- 
tom lands  of  the  rivers  of  Southeastern  Georgia  are  admirably  suited, 
after  drainage,  to  celery,  cabbage,  potatoes,  strawberries  and  other  prod- 
ucts. The  sea-islands  cannot  be  surpassed  in  healthfulness  of  climate, 
and  with  the  advantage  of  the  fish  and  shell-fish,  the  market  gardener 
near  Brunswick  cannot  fail  to  live  well  and  prosper.  With  some  vege- 
tables as  many  as  three  crops  can  be  raised  on  the  same  ground  in  one 
year.  The  value  of  the  trucking  business  in  the  vicinity  of  Brunswick 
is  $50,000  a  year. 


c 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  237 

Besides  the  more  important  centers  already  named  are  numerous 
towns  and  stations  along  all  the  railway  lines  of  Georgia.  Some  of  the 
counties  with  a  large  trucking  business  are:  Houston  and  Burke,  the 
product  of  whose  market  gardens  is  $15,000  a  year  for  each;  Spalding 
county,  with  a  product  of  $16,000,  and  Macon  county,  with  a  product 
of  $12,000.  While  Eastern  Georgia  supplies  the  markets  of  the  I^orth 
and  East,  Middle  and  ISTorthwest  Georgia  should  supply  Louisville,  Cin- 
cinnati, Chicago  and  the  northwest  with  early  vegetables. 

Men  of  intelligence  and  thrift  here  and  there  throughout  Georgia  have 
shown  the  great  capacity  of  our  soil  for  high  cultivation.  "What  has 
been  done  by  some  can  be  done  by  all  with  the  same  good  skill  and  man- 
agement. 

Georgia  is  so  famous  for  melons  that  this  subject  should  not  be  closed 
wdthout  reference  to  them.  The  Georgia  watermelon  stands  unrivaled, 
both  in  quality  and  quantity,  and  enjoys  a  national  reputation.  So  ex- 
tensive is  its  cultivation  and  so  large  its  shipment  and  sales,  that  it  ranks 
as  one  of  the  money  crops  of  the  State.  One  hundred  thousand  acres  are 
devoted  to  its  culture,  and  more  than  10,000  cars  are  required  to  carry 
this  fruit  to  market.  As  many  as  316,000  melons  have  been  sold  in  or 
shipped  from  Augusta  alone  in  a  single  season. 

Thousands  of  melons  are  consumed  on  the  farms  and  in  the  cities  and 
towns  of  the  State,  vast  numbers  of  which  were  carried  to  their  various 
markets  in  wagons  and  carts.  So  the  shipments  by  rail  or  steamer  do  not 
give  a  complete  idea  of  the  great  numbers  sold  and  consumed.  Georgia 
cantaloupes,  too,  get  to  the  northern  markets  first,  and  like  all  other  early 
fruits  command  the  first  and  highest  prices. 

We  close  this  section  on  truck-farming  with  one  more  example  of  the 
success  which  attends  well-directed  management.  Mr.  E.  J.  Merriam, 
who  runs  a  hill-side  farm  near  Atlanta,  says  that  in  1893  he  broke  ground 
to  meet  the  market  demands  in  Atlanta.  Though  he  only  made  $500.00 
the  first  year,  the  receipt  of  $115.00  from  250  hills  of  cucumbers  con- 
vinced him  that  he  was  on  the  right  track.  The  next  year  his  sales  went 
to  a  little  above  $1,900,  and  from  one  acre  of  potatoes  he  received  $500. 
The  receipts  from  his  land  continued  to  increase  and  the  fourth  year 
his  receipts  were  $5,068,  of  which  $704.00  came  from  lettuce,  $583.00 
from  turnip  salad,  and  $404.00  from  beets.  In  1899,  not^vIithstanding 
the  very  bad  season  in  the  spring  months,  he  had  sold  up  to  the  1st  of 
August  $4,138.55  worth,  $000.00  of  which  came  from  one  acre  planted 
in  cabbage.  lie  estimated  tliat  lie  would,  by  the  close  of  the  year,  re- 
ceive a  round  $10,000  frnm  his  little  ftiriii. 


238  GEORQIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

To  the  careful,  intensive  farmer,  the  land  yields  rich  returns.  Many 
farm  lands  with  just  as  good  soil  as  those  that  have  been  cited  as  ex- 
amples, yet  unimproved,  can  be  bought  on  very  reasonable  terms. 

HOKTICULTTJEE. 

In  the  product  of  her  orchards,  Georgia  stands  in  the  front  rank.  It 
has  long  been  known  that  her  soil  was  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  fruit.  But  of  recent  years  it  has  been  shown  through  the 
labors  of  the  Georgia  State  Horticultural  Society,  that  Geargia  soil  has  a 
capacity  for  the  production  of  a  great  variety  of  fruits,  especially  of  ap- 
ples, apricots,  cherries,  peaches,  pears,  plums,  prunes,  grapes  and  straw- 
berries. In  the  extreme  southern  section  of  the  State  we  can  add  to  this 
list  oranges,  pineapples  and  bananas. 

Peaches. — But  the  queen  of  all  these  fruits  in  Georgia  is  the  peac^, 
and  our  State  has  as  great  a  reputation  for  peaches  as  Tlorida  has  for 
oranges.  Her  acreage  in  peaches  has  much  more  than  doubled  since 
1890,  and  the  capital  invested  in  orchards  of  this  delicious  fruit  has 
greatly  increased.  From  counties  of  the  northern  tO'  those  of  the  southern 
section  the  development  has  been  rapid.  There  is  in  all  America  no 
peach  of  superior  flavor  to  that  of  Georgia. 

The  land  seems  specially  adapted  to  their  production,  and  in  this  cli- 
mate the  crop  can  be  marketed  so  early  that  it  commands  the  highest 
prices.  "With  the  great  improvement  in  the  transportation  service  and  the 
fine  reputation  of  the  Georgia  peach  the  steady  growth  of  this  business 
is  well  assured.  The  country  lying  south  of  Macon  is  the  best  fruit- 
growing country  in  the  world.  The  fruit-grower  ships  his  fruit  to  the 
best  market  at  express  speed.  South  Georgia  fruit  being  the  first  to 
reach  the  market  has  the  advantage  of  the  first  prices,  which  are,  as  be- 
fore said,  the  highest.  Some  of  the  results  of  peach-growing  in  this  sec- 
tion seem  almost  fabulous.  A  few  years  ago  Messrs.  N.  Dietzen  and 
brother,  near  Fort  Valley,  cleared  $24,000  from  a  200-acre  orchard,  the 
net  profit  being  $120.00  to  the  acre.  Mr.  Ed.  M.  McKenzie,  of  Monte- 
zuma, by  his  first  year's  shipment,  cleared  $2,000  above  aU  expenses 
from  fifty  acres  of  peach-trees.  Mr.  J.  D.  Howard,  of  Lorane,  Ga.,  from 
a  five-acre  orchard  of  three-year-old  trees  realized  $1,200.  Mr.  S.  M. 
Mashbum  of  Bamesvillle,  from  thirty  acres,  sold  $4,000  worth  of  fruit. 
This  was  a  net  profit  of  $133.00  to  the  acre.  Mr.  S.  H.  Kumph,  of 
Marshallville,  is  probably  the  largest  fruit-grower  in  the  South.  He  was 
the  first  to  produce  the  famous  Elberta  peach.  He  has  more  than  160,000 
bearing  trees,  and  one  orchard  of  Abundance  plums  of  20,000  trees.    He 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  239 

13  also  largely  engaged  in  the  nursery  business,  from  which  alone  his  an- 
nual sales  run  as  high  as  $70,000.  Edgewood  Farm,  the  property  of  the 
Hale  Georgia  Orchard  Company,  at  Fort  Valley,  covers  1,000  acres  of 
the  best  fruit  and  nursery  lands  of  the  South,  and  is  situated  on  a  table- 
land, 600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  There  are  in  the  orchard 
200,000  trees  in  full  bearing  from  May  to  August.  Four  hundred  hands 
are  employed  in  these  orchards.  Every  extensive  peach-grower  should 
own  and  know  how  to  operate  a  canning  factory,  as  this  would  guarantee 
the  saving  of  his  entire  crop  in  any  kind  of  weather.  The  two  canning 
factories  of  Eatonton  offset  in  1900  by  canning  a  great  deal 
of  what  had  been  lost  to  Putnam  county  through  the  shipment  of  fruit 
which  had  been  so  affected  by  the  wet  spells  in  June,  that  it  reached  the 
market  in  an  unsalable  condition.  During  the  peach  season  the  canning 
factories  of  Fort  Valley  are  kept  busy  putting  up  thousands  of  the  best 
peaches,  which  are  too  ripe  to  bear  shipment,  and  notwithstanding,  are  in 
tine  condition  for  immediate  use.  The  steam  evaporator  for  drying  the 
peaches  has  also  been  the  means  of  saving  much  excellent  fruit  that  other- 
wise could  not  have  been  utilized. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Eastman  a  new  peach  region  is  rapidly  de- 
veloping. At  Tifton,  the  junction  of  the  Plant  System  of  railways,  and 
the  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida  Railroad,  are  large  orchards  produc- 
ing the  best  varieties  of  peaches.  This  section  is  less  liable  to  the  effects 
of  late  frosts,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  in  1894  and  again  in  1899, 
when  peaches  in  other  parts  of  the  State  were  a  total  failure  by  reason 
of  late  frosts  in  the  spring,  a  considerable  quantity  was  shipped  from 
Tifton  and  other  points  near  by.  Cobb  county  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  State,  on  the  extreme  northern  border  of  the  Middle  Georgia  belt, 
is  among  the  leading  peach-growing  counties.  The  number  of  peaches 
shipped  from  Marietta,  the  county  seat,  was  much  larger  during  the  sum- 
mer of  1900  than  in  any  previous  year,  because  so  many  new  orchards 
were  beginning  to  add  their  product.  The  largest  shipper  for  the  season 
of  1900,  Mr.  W.  K.  Turner,  shipped  from  his  large  packing  house 
more  than  20,000  crates.  The  principal  crop  of  the  county  is  the 
luscious  Elberta.  Mr.  W.  M.  McKenzie,  from  his  own  orchard  at  the 
foot  of  Kennesaw  Mountain  and  those  of  Mr.  J.  G.  Morris  and  United 
States  Senator  Clay,  shipped  over  12,000  crates  of  some  of  the  finest 
fruit,  both  in  size  and  color,  that  went  from  Marietta  in  the  summer  of 
1900.  The  orchards  of  Judge  George  F.  Gober  in  Cobb  and  adjoining 
counties  of  Cherokee  and  Pickens,  consit  of  300,000  trees,  most  of 
which  were  too  young  to  bear  in  1900.  Of  these  more  than  100,000 
are  in  Cobb  county,  75,000  in  Cherokee  and  125,000  in  Pickens. 


240  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Mr.  G.  A.  Moore  lias  an  orchard  of  60,000  trees,  most  of  which  are 
yet  young.  These  details  about  Cobb  county  give  some  idea  of  how  the 
fruit  industry  is  growing  all  over  Georgia.  The  vicinity  of  Rome,  close  up 
to  the  mountain  region,  and  Dalton,  among  the  mountains,  is  coming  into 
notice  for  orichards  which  produce  the  very  best  of  peacheis,  and  in  all  the 
region  between  Dalton  and  Dallas  new  orchards  are  adding  their  pro- 
ducts to  swell  Georgia's  prosperity.  Marietta,  Austell,  Rome,  Summer- 
ville,  Adairsville,  McHenry,  Plainville,  Calhoun  and  Dalton  are  com- 
ing to  the  front  among  the  great  shipping  points  for  Geoir'gia  fruits. 
The  bulk  of  the  crop  from  this  section  gets  into  the  northern  market 
after  the  rush  from  Middle  and  Southwest  Georgia  and  before  the  Dela- 
ware crop.  The  beauty  and  flavor  of  the  fruit  commands  the  highest 
prices. 

!Nor  should  we  forget  Cornelia,  located  upon  a  ridge  of  ITorth  Georgia 
hills,  1,600  feet  above  sea  level,  and  commanding  a  splendid  view  of  the 
far-reaching  Blue  Ridge.  This  is  the  trading  point  for  quite  an  exten- 
sive farm  neighborhood,  and  only  eighteen  miles  distant  from  ISTacoochee 
valley.  Here  in  the  mountains  some  of  the  most  successful  orchards  of 
the  State  are  located,  which  have  escaped  injury  from  frosts,  even  when 
the  peach  crops  of  other  sections  have  been  damaged.  The  great 
success  attending  the  efforts  of  peach-growers  here  has  led  to  the  begin- 
ning of  new  orchards. 

In  addition  to  the  commercial  orchards,  almost  every  farm  in  ISTorth 
and  Middle  Georgia,  large  or  small,  has  its  orchards  of  peach,  apple,  pear, 
plum  and  cherry  trees,  its  patches  of  watermelons  and  cantaloupes,  its 
strawberry  beds,  dewberries  and  blackberries  in  abundance ;  and  some  of 
them  have  also  their  raspberry  bushes. 

Mr.  J.  H.  Hale  of  Connecticut,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  Horticultural 
Department  of  the  eleventh  census,  in  a  speech  at  Mirmeapolis  at  a  meet- 
ing of  the  American  Association  of  Nurserymen,  said,  concerning  the 
great  peach  sectiom  of  Georgia:  "It  is  a  magnificent  soil,  easy  to  work, 
and  the  peach-trees  going  down  into  that  red  clay,  it  does  produce  fine 
colored  peaches,  and  they  look  better  and  taste  better  than  those  of  Cali- 
fornia." 

The  Boston  Herald  in  an  editorial  pronounced  the  Georgia  peach 
superior  to  that  of  California  and  to  all  others.  The  Chicago  Record 
said  :"The  fanciest  peach  that  comes  to  Chicago  is  the  Georgia  Elberta, 
....   richer  than  a  bowl  of  fresh  cream." 

The  New  York  Tribune  said:  "They  are  larger  than  the  peaches  pro- 
duced for  this  market  on  the  Delaware  peninsula  and  in  New  Jersey,  and 
by  universal  consent  much  more  delicious  than  the  northern  fruit."    In 


ELBERTA  PEACH. 

One  of  the  largest  and  most  esteemed  of  all  yellow  fleshed  peaches  ;  tree  vigorous  and 
productive  ;    a  valuable  acquisition. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  243 

an  editorial  on  "A  Nation's  Debt  to  Georgia,"  the  New  York  World 
said:  ^'The  more  northern  States  of  this  country  have  long  had  a  deep 
sense  of  their  obligation  to  the  State  of  Georgia  for  its  devotion  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  watermelon.  This  debt  is  now  increased  by  the  suc- 
cess of  the  Georgia  peach  crop,  which  has  this  year  been  sufficient  to 
drive  out  of  the  Eastern  market  the  beautiful  but  tasteless  peach  of  Cali- 
fornia." 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  an  article  which  appeared  in  the 
Chicago  Tribune  of  Thursday,  March  7,  1901,  regarding  the  peach  crop 
of  the  country :  "While  the  bulk  of  the  Georgia  yield  goes  to  New  York 
and  other  eastern  markets,  Chicago  is  favored  annually  with  a  steadily 
increasing  percentage,  and  fruit  men  agree  in  pronouncing  the  Georgia 
peach  as  by  all  means  the  best  in  point  of  size,  flavor  and  firmness  that 
comes  to  this  market." 

During  the  season  of  1900  the  number  of  car-loads  of  peaches  from  all 
Georgia  shipping  points  was  2,500,  of  which  1,400  were  from  stations 
along  the  Central  Railway,  along  the  various  lines  of  which  road  about 
2,100,000  trees  were  at  that  time  in  bearing. 

According  to   figures    furnished    by    Professor   W.    M.    Scott,    the 
State  entomologist,  there  are  this  year  (1901)  5,253,000  bearing  peach- 
trees  located  as  follows: 
On  the  Central  of  Georgia,  including  the  former  Chattanooga, 

Rome  and  Southern 3,473,000 

On  the  Plant  System 300,000 

On  the  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida 200,000 

On  the  Macon,  Dublin  and  Savannah 200,000 

On  the  Georgia  Eoad 150,000 

On  the  Seaboard  Air  Line 150,000 

On  the  lines  of  the  Southern  Railway 1,250,000 

On  the  Western  and  Atlantic 200,000 

On  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Northern 180,000 

On  the  Chattanooga  Southern 100,000 

On  the  Wrightsville  and  Tennille 50,000 

If  the  bearing  trees  away  from  the  railroads  be  counted  the  number  in 
Georgia  will  reach  6,000,000.  At  a  moderate  estimate  there  will  be  sold 
from  these  trees  4,000,000  crates  of  peaches  at  a  dollar  a  crate. 

Last  fall  (1900),  2,000,000  new  trees  were  set  out,  which,  with  those 
put  out  in  1899,  will  give  Georgia  over  8,500,000  bearing  trees  in  1903. 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  peach  industry  in  Georgia  is  rapidly  growing 
in  importance. 

Apples. — The  next  largest  fruit  crop  of  Georgia  is  that  of  apples. 

12  ga 


244  OEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

These  have  been  grown  successfully  in  all  sections  oi  Georgia.  Those 
raised  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State  are  particularly  fine.  Large  ship- 
ments are  made  from  Kome,  Marietta,  Cartersville  and  Dalton.  This 
section  for  early  apples  has  the  markets  of  the  North  and  West.  For 
later  apples  it  has  the  holiday  and  winter  trade  in  all  the  cities  of  the 
South,  especially  in  the  gulf  region,  where  the  best  varieties  cannot  be 
successfully  grown.  The  charming  city  of  Rome,  so  romantically  sit- 
uated on  picturesque  hills  sloping  to  the  water's  edge,  at  the  point  where 
the  Etowah  and  Oostanaula  join  their  streams  to  form  the  beautiful 
Coosa,  is  the  chief  market  for  the  receipt  and  shipment  of  apples  for  a 
large  fruit-growing  section.  We  have  no  apple  that  will  grow  in  South 
Georgia  of  such  size  and  flavor  as  to  come  in  competition  with  the  ap- 
ples of  the  ISTorth,  but  may  we  not  develop  one  ?  If,  when  Europe  had  no 
beet  that  would  make  sugar  in  paying  quantities,  scientific  agriculture 
could  develop  one,  may  not  our  horticulturists  do  the  same  for  the  Geor- 
gia apple  ? 

Judge  Gober,  who  owns  so  many  fine  peach  orchards  in  I^orthwest 
Georgia,  has  also  3,000  apple  trees,  bearing  fruit  of  excellent  flavor,  and 
there  are  many  thousands  of  apple  trees  all  through  ]^orth  and  Middle 
Georgia. 

Pears. — This  fruit,  too,  receives  considerable  attention  from  the  or- 
chai'd  metn  of  Georgia.  Thirty-five  varieties  are  mentioned  with  approval 
by  the  Georgia  State  Horticultural  Society.  In  Houston,  the  banner 
peach  county  of  Georgia,  over  10,000  pear-trees  are  owned  by  Ohio  com- 
panies. There  are  also  numbers  of  small  orchards  of  from  1,000  to  5,000 
trees.  These  net  their  owners  anywhere  from  $500.00  to  $10,000  dollars 
a  year.  There  is  said  to  be  a  strip  of  land  near  Marshallville  where  the 
fruit  crop  never  fails.  ITear  this  town  there  is  a  mile  of  pear-trees  flank- 
ing the  cotton  fields.  Here  can  be  seen  fruit  and  cotton  ripening  side 
by  side.  One  of  the  most  noted  points  near  Fort  Valley  is  the  Pear  Drive 
with  its  double  row  of  trees  lining  the  road,  a  favorite  resort  for  Hous- 
ton's belles  and  beaux. 

Plums. — There  are  also  in  Georgia  many  varieties  of  plums.  Many 
grow  wild,  but  considerable  attention  is  given  now  to  the  culture  of  the 
better  kinds.  In  the  two  great  peach  counties  of  Houston  and  Macon, 
the  number  of  plum-trees  exceeds  that  of  pear-trees  by  several  thousand. 
Near  Marshallville  is  a  magnificent  orchard,  partly  of  pears  and  partly 
of  plums. 

One  of  the  prettiest  views  of  the  fruit  lands  of  Georgia  is  the  plum 
orchard  of  James  Beaty  of  Spalding  county.  The  whole  country  around 
Griffin  is  full  of  peaches,  plums  and  grapes.     On  the  line  of  the  Central 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  245 

Hailroad  are  200,000  plum  trees  bearing  finer  plums  than  those  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

Grapes. — Georgia  is  rapidly  coming  to  the  front  as  a  grape-growing 
State.  The  average  in  vineyards  has  greatly  increased  of  late  years,  and 
their  output  has  attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  country.  The  eleventh 
census  reported  that  Georgia  produced  107,666  gallons  of  wine  and  3,- 
876,000  pounds  of  table  grapes.  "The  latter  ripen  early,"  said  the  census 
report,  "reaching  the  northern  markets  a  month  earlier  than  those  grown 
in  Ohio  or  Xew  York,  and  consequently  bring  much  higher  prices  than 
the  northern  and  western  grapes."  The  report  added  that  the  Niagara 
variety,  a  white  grape,  was  hardy  and  ripened  early,  and  for  these  reasons 
was  meeting  with  great  success  in  the  Southern  States,  but  that  the  acme 
of  perfection  was  the  Delaware.  Grape  culture  is  not  confined  to  any  one 
section  of  Georgia.  At  Cornelia,  in  Habersham  county,  a  number  of 
Swiss  families  settled  a  few  years  ago,  planted  vineyards  and  are  now 
turning  out  wines  of  the  finest  quality  and  in  great  quantity.  In  the 
vicinity  of  Tallapoosa,  in  Haralson  count}^,  is  a  large  grape  and  wine  dis- 
trict, where  hundreds  of  acres  of  vine-covered  trellis  stretch  before  the 
eye.  In  Floyd  county,  ^Northwestern  Georgia,  much  attention  is  also 
paid  to  grapes.  In  Middle  Georgia  the  yield  of  this  fruit  is  very  great. 
Xear  Tennille,  in  Washington  county,  there  is  a  large  vineyard  flanked 
by  an  orchard  of  LeConte  pears.  One  can  easily  surmise  whence  Vine- 
yard in  Spalding  county  gets  its  name.  All  along  the  lines  of  the  rail- 
way between  Atlanta  and  Macon  a  traveler  sees  stretches  of  vines  laden 
in  their  proper  season  with  luscious  fruit.  At  Visscher's  vineyard,  a 
sunny,  fertile  spot  in  Houston  county,  not  far  from  Fort  Valley,  all  the 
well-know  varieties  are  found.  Large  quantities  of  grapes  are  shipped 
each  year  from  the  prolific  vineyards  of  this  neighborhood.  The  raising, 
boxing  and  shipment  of  grapes  through  the  various  belts  of  •  Georgia 
promise  to  be  as  remunerative  in  the  near  future  as  is  peach-growing  now. 
About  thirty  miles  from  Atlanta,  in  Coweta  county,  at  Vina  Vista,  is  a 
large  vineyard  and  winery.  Here  grapes  of  every  variety  and  domestic 
wines  of  the  best  quality  are  produced.  To  give  some  idea  of  what  has 
been  done  in  Georgia  we  give  a  few  statistics  of  crops  and  sales  of  the 
fruit  of  the  vine. 

J.  F,  AVilson  of  Poulan,  Georgia,  made  from  23,415  pounds  of 
grapes  1,361  gallons  of  wine,  which  he  sold  for  $1.50  a  gallon,  or  $1,- 
941.50  for  his  wine.  He  also  marketed  12,593  pounds  of  gi'apes.  This 
makes  a  total  of  36,008  pounds  raised  on  eight  acres  of  land,  or  2|  tons  to 
the  acre  in  the  first  bearing  year.  Mr.  O.  A.  Dunson  of  LaG range,  Geor- 
gia, from  a  vineyard  of  about  25  acres  of  four-year-old  vines,  600  to  the 


246  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

acre,  gathered  30  pounds  of  grapes  to  the  vine,  or  18,000  pounds  to  the 
acre,  equal  to  nine  tons.     The  usual  estimate  is  three  tons  to  the  acre. 

Mr,  J,  C.  Gerioux,  of  Tallapoosa,  has  a  Worden  vine  which,  in  its 
fourth  year,  yielded  by  actual  count  232  bunches,  with  an  aggregate 
weight  of  75  pounds.  In  1895  he  sold  his  grapes  at  seven  cents  a  pound, 
and  has  never  sold  them  for  less  than  five  cents  a  pound.  Mr.  George 
M.  Williams,  of  the  same  town,  planted  one  acre  which  had  formerly 
been  a  baseball  ground,  setting  out  one-year-old  roots.  Two  years  later 
his  700  bearing  vines  bore  8,500  pounds  of  fruit,  which,  if  sold  as  low  as 
two  cents  a  pound,  would  bring  $170.00  as  the  money  product  of  that 
one  acre.  JS'or  should  we  forget  Judge  Gober,  a  noted  fruit  king  of 
Northwest  Georgia,  who  owns  15,000  grape  vines  of  sixty  varieties. 

Oilier  Fruits. — Many  other  fruits  thrive  well  and  make  abundant 
yields.  Excellent  cheiTies  are  produced  in  Northern  and  Middle  Geor- 
gia. Figs  and  pomegranates  grow  admirably  in  Midde  and  Southern 
Georgia,  needing  no  protection  in  winter,  except  in  the  upper  part  of 
the  middle  belt.  The  olive  succeeds  well  on  the  coast.  In  the  south- 
east Ogeechee  limes  are  gathered  in  considerable  numbers  for  preserving. 
Quinces  are  raised  for  the  same  purpose  in  Middle  and  Northern  Georgia. 
Oranges,  pine-apples,  lemons  and  bananas  are  successfully  grown  in  the 
southern  and  coast  tiers  of  counties. 

A  pecan  grove  of  1,000  trees  now  in  bearing,  is  located  in  Dougherty 
county.  Several  small  groves  are  located  in  Mitchell  county  in  addition 
to  which  100  acres  were  planted  last  year  in  that  county.  The  Tifton 
section  is  well  suited  to  pecan  culture,  and  already  several  small  groves 
are  in  bearing.  Nor  is  this  industry  confined  to  South  Geargia;  bearing 
groves  are  located  in  Spalding  and  Hancock  counties,  and  young  trees 
are  in  great  demand  for  planting  in  North  Georgia  as  well  as  further 
Bouth.  Eichmond  county  also  has  a  few  pecan-trees,  which  bear  nuts  of 
fine  quality. 

Berries. — Georgia  raises  abundant  crops  of  strawberries,  for  home  con- 
sumption and  the  northern  markets.  They  reach  New  York  and  Boston 
in  the  interval  between  the  berries  of  Florida  and  those  of  the  Middle 
and  New  England  States.  Blackberries  are  abundant,  both  wild  and  cul- 
tivated.   Raspberries  with  proper  attention  make  good  yields. 

Georgia  has  many  advantages  over  California.  It  requires  only  two 
or  three  days  to  transport  fruit  from  this  State  to  New  York  at  a  cost 
of  about  $208.00  a  car,  while  it  takes  nine  days  from  California  at  a 
cost  of  $3C0.00  a  car.  Besides,  Georgia  fruit  being  so  much  nearer  to 
the  eastern  markets,  can  be  picked  at  a  much  more  advanced  stage  of 
maturity  than  the  fruit  of  California. 


o 

o 

Q 


Q 
O 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  249 

The  eleventh  census  of  the  United  States  showed  that  no  farmer  could 
make  as  much  in  any  other  agricultural  pursuit  as  in  truck  raising  and 
fruit-growing,  the  average  profit  from  which  was  $150.00  to  the  acre. 
In  making  out  this  average  the  South  stood  the  highest,  which  fact  was 
due  not  only  to  its  great  productiveness,  but  also  to  its  cheap  labor,  and 
the  higher  prices  which  result  from  the  early  seasons.  Common  laborers 
can  be  hired  at  sixty  to  seventy-five  cents  a  day  of  twelve  working  hours, 
while  a  better  class  of  laborers  command  from  eighty  cents  to  one  dollar 
a  day.    The  laborers  provide  their  own  board  and  lodging. 


CHAPTER  VIIL 


DAIKYING  AND  CREAMEKIES. 

} 

Among  the  new  industries  that  are  claiming  more  and  more  the  atten- 
tion of  our  people  is  that  of  dairying.  Within  the  last  decade  encouraging 
progress  has  been  made  and  quite  a  number  of  dairy  farms  and  creamer- 
ies have  been  established.  Much  interest  in  the  subject  has  been  aroused 
by  the  Georgia  Dairymen's  Association,  which,  in.  its  report  at  the  sixth 
annual  meeting,  showed  a  membership  of  more  than  one  hundred  and 
seventy.  Of  course  no  one  will  embark  in  any  industry  unless  convinced 
that  it  will  pay.  It  can  be  easily  demonstrated  that  Georgia  is  in  every 
respect  well  adapted  to  this  business.  First,  climate  is  all  that  can  be 
desired.  Even  during  the  hottest  summer  months,  July  and  August,  the 
thermometer  rarely  goes  above  ninety  degrees,  though  it  does  sometimes 
go  as  high  as  ninety-five  degrees,  and  at  long  intervals,  say  once  in  five 
or  six  years,  may  reach  one  hundred  degrees.  In  winter  it  rarely  falls 
as  low  as  fifteen  degrees  above  zero,  although  it  has  occasionally  fallen  as 
low  as  eight  degrees  above,  and  once  in  about  fifteen  or  twenty  years  has 
been  known  to  gO'  to  zero.  Snow  is  of  very  rare  occurrence, 
Middle  and  Southern  Georgia  being  sometimes  for  several  years  in 
succession  entirely  free  of  it.  The  dairyman  is  not  compelled  to  incur  the 
expense  of  housing  his  cattle  for  months;  for  he  needs  only  such  sim- 
ple shelter  as  will  afford  them  protection  for  a  few  weeks.  This  is  itself 
a  very  important  consideration,  as  dairymen  of  the  ISTorth  and  West  well 
know. 

In  the  section  on  grasses  and  forage  crops  we  have  already  shown  the 
capacity  of  Georgia  soil  to  produce  the  most  nutritious  forage  and  pas- 
turage at  the  lowest  cost.  Not  only  are  the  so-called  foreign  grasses  suc- 
cessfully grown  on  Georgia  soil,  but  the  State  is  rich  in  its  possession  of 
the  hardy  Bermuda,  equal  to  the  Timothy  of  the  northwest.  Even  the 
poorest  soil  is  easily  set  with  Bermuda,  while  an  improved  soil  will  pro- 
duce it  so  abundantly  that  it  can  be  mown  two  or  three  times  during  a 
season.  By  sowing  on  the  Bermuda  sod  in  October  several  winter  and 
spring-growing  plants,  such  as  red,  burr  or  crimson  clover,  hairy  and 
common  vetch,  either  alone,  or  with  each  other,  or  with  oats  and  rye,  one 
may  secure  good  winter  and  spring  pasturage  until  April. 

(250) 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  251 

The  cow-pea,  besides  being  a  great  soil-restorer,  is  also  the  best  hay  and 
ensilage  crop  of  Georgia.    In  ninety  days  from  sowing  on  wheat,  or  other 
small  grain  stubble,  it  will  make  a  full  crop  of  vines.     It  mil  grow  on 
any  sort  of  soil,  although  of  course  the  better  soils  make  the  better  yield. 
Wheat  soA\Ti  Xovember  1st  can  be  harv-ested  by  June  1st.     Any  time 
from  then  until  July  1st  will  do  to  sow  the  cow-pea,  which  is  harvested 
in  September.     It  will  make  more  hay  in  ninety  days,  if  sown  after 
wheat  or  oats,  than  red  clover  will  in  a  year.    It  is  the  salvation  of  our 
lands  and  the  delight  of  the  milch-cow.    Others  of  our  native  grasses  are 
rescue  or  arctice  grass,  crab-grass  and  crow-foot  grass,  which  afford  pas- 
tpres  new  and  ample,  and  with  the  adition  of  the  various  clovers,  bar- 
ley,  rye,   oats,   sorghum-cane   and   corn   forage  give   a  great   variety 
of  food  for  cattle.     Our  cotton  seed,  after  the  oil  has  been  pressed  out, 
furnish  the  cakes,  considered  among  the  best  of  foods  for  cattle,  as  well 
as  the  cheapest.     A  good  milch-cow  can  be  fed  at  a  cost  of  seven  cents 
a  day  on  cotton  seed-meal  cakes,  cotton  seed-hulls  and  a  little  wheat  bran. 
Com  ensilage,  whose  succulence  and  beneficial  effects  make  it  doubly  val- 
uable, is  claimed  by  some  to  be  the  cheapest  of  all  foods  for  cattle.    All 
the  food  necessary  for  stock  can  be  grown  right  here  cheaper  than  at 
the  Xorth.     There  is  the  greatest  abundance  of  pure  water  supplied  by 
clear  running  streams.    In  healthfulness  no  land  is  more  desirable.     Our 
markets  are  numerous  and  excellent.    Atlanta,  Augusta,  Macon,  Colum- 
bus, Savannah  and  Brunsvsdck,  our  large  cities,  as  well  as  a  great  number 
of  large  and  flourishing  towns,  all  thriving  and  steadily  growing  in 
population  and  wealth,  are  heavy  importers  of  butter  and  cheese,  most  of 
which  they  obtain  from  the  States  of  the  North  and  West  and  even  from 
Canada.    Gladly  would  they  use  the  product  of  our  own  farms. 

The  sweetmilk,  buttermilk,  cream  and  butter  from  the  dairy  farmrs 
find  a  ready  sale  in  all  the  cities  and  to^vns  of  Georgia.  The  butter, 
which  by  most  people,  is  preferred  to  the  best  imported  article,  falls  far 
short  of  supplying  the  demand.  Good  creameries,  well  located,  are  a 
great  help  to  the  dairy  farms.  Creameries  in  Georgia  pay  about  one 
half  more  for  milk  than  is  paid  in  the  North,  and  the  home  mraket  for 
butter  and  buttermilk  insures  them  a  good  profit.  At  our  creameries 
whole  milk  is  worth  $1.25  a  hundredweight,  and  butter-fat  brings 
twenty  cents  a  pound,  which  is  equivalent  to  fourteen  cents  a  gallon  for 
milk,  a  much  better  price  than  can  be  obtained  North  and  West.  A 
fully  up-to-date  creamery  is  located  at  Griffin,  between  Macon  and  At- 
lanta. There  is  also  one  at  LaG  range,  in  Troup  county,  and  another  at 
Sparta  in  Hancock  county. 

Another  is  to  be  located  between  Macon  and  Savannah.     Thus  dairy- 


252  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

men  in  a  large  section  of  country  will  enjoy  creamery  advantages,  and 
this  will  add  much  to  the  profits  of  their  farms.  The  adaptation  of  the 
ice  machine  to  creamery  purposes  has  given  to  dairying  in  Georgia  ad- 
vantages unsurpassed  in  any  section  of  the  Union.  Creamery  men  know 
the  disadvantages  attending  this  industry  in  new  territory  in  the  North. 
Here  the  difiiculties  are  lessened  in  many  respects.  A  good  market  for 
buttermilk,  butter,  etc.,  enables  a  creamery  to  start  witk  a  small  supply 
of  milk.  The  profit  to  the  dairymen  soon  builds  up  a  sentiment  favor- 
able to  the  creamery. 

Lumber  for  siloes,  bams  or  other  outbuildings  will  cost  from  $7.00  to 
$9.00  a  thousand,  and  dressed  lumber  from  $10.00  to  $14.00.  Land  can 
be  bought  in  Middle  Georgia  at  from  $4.00  to  $15.00  to  the  acre,  and 
can  be  had  on  reasonable  terms  as  to  time.  The  rate  of  interest  is  8^. 
Land  fully  stocked  can  be  rented  on  about  the  same  terms  as  at  the 
North.  Most  of  the  lands  that  are  for  sale  are  under  cultivation  and 
have  more  or  less  of  the  necessary  buildings  upon  them. 

The  creamery  industry,  like  that  of  the  dairy  farm,  has  now  passed  the 
experimental  stage  in  Georgia.  The  satisfactory  results  and  handsome 
profits  realized  by  those  who  have  experimented  on  these  lines,  prove  the 
correctness  of  the  opinion  of  Prof.  H.  J.  Wing,  of  the  Georgia  Experi- 
ment Station,  that  in  comparing  Georgia  with  many  other  sections  for  the 
production  of  milk,  butter  and  cheese  ,the  "Empire  State  of  the  South 
has  nothing  to  fear." 

Mr.  R.  J.  Redding,  director  of  the  Georgia  Experiment  Station,  says: 
"I  know  of  no  soils  that  respond  so  promptly  and  gracefully  to  fertili- 
zers and  manure  as  the  soils  of  Georgia.  During  each  of  the  last  three 
years  yields  of  twenty-five  to  forty  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  have 
not  been  unusual.    The  same  soils  would  produce  75  to  100  bushels  of 

oats,  or  1^  bales  of  cotton,  or  50  bushels  of  corn The 

common  crab-grass,  the  inveterate  foe  of  the  old-time  Georgia  cotton 
farmer,  would  be  considered  a  very  great  boon  in  any  northern  State,  if 
it  would  spring  up  in  the  corn  fields  and  small  grain  fields  after  har- 
vesting and  produce  1  to  1^  tons  of  good  hay  (much  better  than  Tim- 
othy), as  it  will  do  in  any  good  soil  in  Georgia,  without  any  expense  ex- 
cept the  harvesting Cottonseed-meal  and  hulls  afford  an 

unfailing  resource  for  feeding  and  fattening,  being  especially  and  ad- 
mirably adapted  to  beef-cattle. 

Mr  John  "Wallace  of  GriflSn,  Georgia,  to  whose  "Conclusions  of  a 
Northern  Creameryman"  we  are  indebted  for  some  excellent  points,  de- 
clares: "I  have  been  extensively  engaged  in  dairying  in  the  North,  es- 
pecially in  Northwest  Iowa,  where  I  operated  several  creameries  and 


i 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


255 


cheese  factories,  and  have  now  been  operating  a  creamery  in  Georgia  for 
the  last  six  months,  and  am  highly  gratified  with  results.  .  .  .  Cheap 
lands,  climatic  conditions,  variety  of  grasses,  etc.,  offer  inducements  to 
young  dairymen  that  can  be  found  nowhere  in  the  northwest." 

Of  course,  after  the  questions  of  climate,  soil,  healthfulness,  and  food 
for  man  and  beast  have  been  considered,  the  selection  of  the  proper  breed 
of  cattle  for  the  dairy  farm  is  of  the  highest  importance.  The  question 
is  what  kind  of  cattle  will  pay  best,  and  how  much  attention  should  be 
bestowed  upon  them.  If  milk  is  the  object  of  the  proprietor,  special  at- 
tention should  be  given  to  providing  suitable  and  abundant  food,  and 
proper  care  should  be  bestowed  upon  the  cattle  themselves.  Of  course, 
each  individual  must  make  his  own  choice  of  breed  to  suit  his  soil,  cli- 
mate and  pasturage.  At  present  in  Georgia  the  Jerseys  are  the  most 
popular  and  fashionable.  Mrs.  B.  "W.  Hunt  of  Eatonton,  the  wife  of  one 
of  the  most  successful  farmers  of  Putnam  county,  in  an  article  on  "Ber- 
muda grass  and  the  Jersey  Cow,"  gives  a  decided  preference  to  this 
particular  breed,  which  she  considers  the  queen  of  the  milch-cows. 
Though  the  scepter  of  the  Jersey  is  disputed  by  the  Guernsey  and  the 
Holstein,  she  is  undoubtedly  the  preference  among  the  dairy  farmers  of 
Georgia. 

Skim-milk  is  a  valuable  by-product  of  the  dairy,  and  many  experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  feeding  it  to  pigs  and  calves  at  the  dairy.  These 
experiments  have  shown  that  skim-milk  in  combination  with  grain 
makes  an  excellent  food  for  hogs  at  all  periods  of  their  growth,  but  es- 
pecially during  the  earlier  periods.  Not  only  does  this  combination  make 
a  much  more  economic  ration  for  hogs  than  either  milk  alone  or  grain 
alone,  but  also  causes  the  animals  so  fed  to  make  much  more  rapid  gains 
in  flesh. 

When  the  proportion  of  these  two  articles  of  diet  is  three  pounds  or 
somewhat  less  of  skim-milk  to  one  of  grain,  the  return  for  the  skim- 
milk  is  greater  than  when  a  larger  proportion  of  it  is  used. 

When  hogs  are  fed  on  milk  alone  they  gain  very  slowly  and  do  not 
keep  in  good  health,  and  young  pigs  fed  on  grain  alone  do  not  thrive  as 
those  to  whom  milk  and  grain  are  fed  in  proper  proportion. 

If  fed  on  either  of  these  materials  alone  they  do  better  pastured  than 
when  kept  in  small  pens. 

Young  calves  up  to  3^  months  of  age  require  less  of  both  milk  and 
dry  matter  to  make  a  pound  of  gain  than  do  liogs.  When  they  have 
reached  five  or  six  months,  they  require  more  dry  matter,  lialf  of  which 
at  least  should  be  hay. 

Considering  only  the  gain  in  live  weight  and  (juulity  of  meat,  whole 


256  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

milk  is  the  best  food  for  calves,  but  is  too  expensive  a  ration,  and  tbey 
may  be  very  profitably  fed  on  skim-milk  when  properly  used. 

Calves  whose  rations  are  composed  larkely  of  skim  milk  gain  one 
lialf  of  a  pound  less  in  a  day  than  those  fed  on  whole  milk,  but 
require  practically  the  same  amount  of  dry  matter  for  every  pound  of 
gain. 

When  fed  to  calves,  fully  as  large  financial  returns  are  obtained  for 
the  skim-milk  as  when  fed  to  hogs. 

At  creameries  or  cheese  factories,  it  pays  to  feed  their  by-products  near 
these  establishments.  The  proceeds  from  them  can  be  divided  among  the 
patrons  according  to  the  milk  supplied  by  each,  in  the  same  way  as  the 
butter  and  cheese  made  are  divided.  Under  the  very  best  conditions  it 
costs  five  hours  of  labor,  or  fi^ty  cents,  to  look  after  500  hogs  for  one  day. 
This  is  $50.00  for  caring  for  500  hogs  for  100  days,  or  ten  cents  for  one 
hog  for  a  hundred  days,  or  for  a  gain  of  100  pounds,  which  gives  one- 
tenth  of  a  cent  as  the  labor  cost  of  producing  one  pound  of  live  weight 
of  hog.  If  the  value  of  the  gain  was  reckoned  at  four  cents  a  pound,  the 
labor  cost  of  producing  the  pork  was  only  2^  per  cent,  of  its  selling  price. 
It  is  evident  that  when  hogs  are  handled  in  large  numbers,  as  they  may 
be  at  a  creamery,  the  labor  of  growing  them  is  a  very  small  item.  These 
remarks  on  the  labor-cost  of  feeding  animals  are  just  as  applicable  to  the 
feeding  of  calves  as  of  hogs,  though  it  would  be  more  difiicult  to  feed 
a  large  number  of  the  former  than  of  the  latter.  On  the  farm  the  ex- 
pense of  feeding  these  animals  would  be  greater  than  at  the  creamery. 
The  value  of  whey  for  feeding  is  generally  estimated  at  one  half  that  ot 
skim-milk. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


STOCK-EAISIXG. 

So  soon  as  our  farmers  began  to  diversify  their  agricultural  industries 
and  no  longer  to  give  their  whole  attention  to  the  raising  of  cotton,  a 
demand  was  created  for  improvement  in  the  breeds  of  cattle,  and  more 
care  than  ever  before  was  given  to  the  raising  of  stock.  Of  course,  even 
under  the  old  system  every  enterprising  farmer  was  careful  to  secure 
a  full  supply  of  good  live  stock  for  his  plantation,  and  it  was  no  unusual 
thing  to  see  pastures  on  which  were  gracing  fine-looking  cattle,  or  flocks 
of  sheep.  Glossy-coated,  well-groomed  horses,  champed  in  the  stalls  the 
ripened  grain  or  fed  upon  the  nourishing  grasses  of  the  meadows.  The 
well-ordered  plantation  of  the  olden  time  was  well-stocked  also  with  fine 
mules  and  well-fed  hogs,  and  abundantly  supplied  with  poultry  of  every 
kind.  But  there  were  many  farmers  who  did  well  wdth  corn  and  cotton, 
whose  stock  was  of  such  inferior  sort,  as  to  convey  an  idea  of  thrif tlessness 
and  lack  of  enterprise.  Of  late  years,  with  the  great  improvement  in 
methods  of  cultivation,  have  come  advanced  ideas  on  the  breeding, 
rearing  and  care  of  all  kinds  of  stock  needed  on  the  farm. 

CATTLE. 

Cattle. — The  industries  of  dairying  and  creameries  comparatively  new 
in  Georgia,  have  had  much  to  do  with  the  preference  shown  in  this  State 
for  the  Jersey.  Indeed  the  high  favor  in  which  they  are  held  is  not  con- 
fined to  Georgia.  Mr.  Henry  E.  Alvord,  chief  of  Dairy  Division  of  the 
Bureau  of  Animal  Industry,  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
says:  "Jerseys  have  been  so  numerously  imported,  have  increased  so  rap- 
idly in  America,  have  been  so  largely  used  for  gi-ading,  and  have  proved 
so  remarkably  well  adapted  to  a  wide  range  of  climate,  that  the  character- 
istic markings  of  no  other  breed  can  be  so  frequently  seen  wherever  dairy 
cows  are  kept,  from  the  Saint  Lawrence  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  ocean  to 
ocean."  They  derive  thoir  name  from  the  island  in  the  English  chan- 
nel, known  as  Jersey,  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Ctesarca,  as  the 
Romans  called  it.  Though  there  were  importations  of  this  breed,  at  that 
time  known  as  Aldemeys,  to  the  United  States  prior  to  1S40,  thoso  nn- 

(259) 


260  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

portations  did  not  become  active  until  about  1860.  Since  that  time 
2,000  animals  or  more  have  been  imported  from  the  little  home  island 
year  after  year,  nearly  all  of  them  coming  to  this  country.  Jerseys  are 
the  smallest  in  size  of  the  noted  dairy  breeds,  cows  ran^  jg  from  700  to 
1,000  pounds  and  the  bulls  from  1,200  to  1,800  pounds.  But  their 
average  weight  in  America  is  considerably  above  that  attained  in  their 
native  island.  Where  effort  has  been  made  to  build  up  a  herd  of  larger 
size,  mature  cows  have  easily  attained  an  average  of  over  1,000  pounds. 
For  a  time  many  persons  imagined  that  a  pure  Jersey  had  to  be  of  a 
solid  color.  This  was  an  error;  for  all  the  earliest  importations  were 
broken  in  color.  For  a  long  time  they  were  bred  almost  exclusively  for 
butter.  In  this  country  breeders  have  successfully  striven  to  increase 
the  milk  yield,  while  still  maintaining  its  high  quality.  A  Jersey  cow  is 
essentially  a  machine  for  producing  butter-making  milk,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  worthless  when  she  ceases  to  give  milk.  Sometimes  a  Jersey 
steer  or  an  occasional  non-breeding  female  has  been  found  to  take  on 
flesh  and  make  small  beasts  for  the  butcher.  They  then  have  a  fine- 
grained, high-flavored  flesh,  very  rich  in  color. 

Guernseys  can  be  better  compared  with  Jerseys  than  with  any  other 
cattle.  They  are  a  size  larger,  stronger-boned,  and  a  little  coarser  in 
appearance.  They  are  claimed  by  some  to  be  hardier  and  larger  milkers, 
but  both  these  points  are  strongly  disputed.  They  are  called  after  their 
native  home,  the  second  in  size  of  the  channel  islands  and  in  common 
with  the  Jerseys  were  long  called  Alderneys,  both  in  America  and  Eng- 
land, without  regard  to  the  island  from  which  they  came.  They  are  light 
in  color,  yellow  and  orange  predominating,  with  considerable  white,  usu- 
ally in  large  patches  on  the  body  and  legs.  On  some  cows  darker  shades, 
approaching  brown,  occur,  and  these  colors  are  quite  common  on  bulls  of 
this  breed.  The  cows,  when  properly  handled,  are  very  gentle,  and  the 
aged  bulls  are  more  easily  managed  than  Jerseys  of  like  age.  The 
Guernsey  cows  give  milk  in  large  quantities,  and  of  uncommon  richness 
in  butter-fat  and  in  natural  color.  Wherever  quality  secures  a  good 
price  their  milk  ranks  high  in  market.  They  are  noted  for  the  richness 
of  their  milk,  combined  with  special  economy  in  feeding.  The  grades, 
offspring  of  a  Guernsey  bull  and  well-selected  cows  of  no  particular 
breeding,  usually  make  very  satisfactory  dairy  stock. 

On  their  native  island  their  beef  is  highly  prized  and  young  animals 
are  said  to  fatten  easily  at  a  profit.  The  friends  of  the  Guernsey  in  this 
country  lay  no  claims  to  its  being  a  beef  producer;  yet  when  an  animal 
of  this  breed,  if  not  too  old,  ceases  to  be  profitable  for  the  dairy,  it  can 
be  converted  into  beef  without  loss  to  the  feeder. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^D  INDUSTRIAL.  263 

The  Holstein-Friesians,  whose  native  home  was  Xorth  Holland  and 
Friesland,  constitute  one  of  the  most  notable  of  the  dairy  breeds.  Both 
in  England  and  America  these  cattle  have  been  known  by  several  differ- 
ent names,  viz. :  "Holland  cattle,"  "Is^orth  Hollanders,"  "Dutch  cattle," 
"Holsteins,"  "Dutch  Friesians,"  "Netherland  Cattle"  and  "Holstein- 
Friesians."  After  sharp  contention  in  this  country  the  last  name  was 
generally  accepted;  but,  says  Mr.  Alvord,  "It  seems  unfortunate  that  the 
simpler  and  sufficiently  descriptive  and  accurate  name  of  "Dutch  Cattle" 
was  not  adopted.  For  it  was  in  Holland,  a  land  noted  for  a  thousand 
years  for  dairy  products,  that  this  celebrated  breed  of  large  bi-colored 
cattle  has  slowly  but  surely  developed  its  present  dairy  excellence.  They 
are  distinguished  by  "their  large  frame,  strong  bone,  abundance  of  flesh, 
silken  coat,  extreme  docility  and  enormous  milk  yield."  The  original 
Dutch  settlers  of  New  York  doubtless  brought  over  with  them  their 
favorite  cattle  (during  the  I7th  century),  and  there  are  definite  records  of 
not  more  than  three  or  four  importations  previous  to  1850.  But  in  1857 
began  the  importations  which  have  steadily  increased  in  frequency  and 
numbers  until  they  are  now  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of  the  Union.  The 
striking  features  of  this  breed  are  the  color  markings  of  black  and  white 
and  the  large  size  of  the  animals  of  both  sexes.  They  are  the  largest  of 
all  the  dairy  breeds.  Their  large  frames  are  usually  well-filled  out,  with 
the  chest,  abdomen  and  pelvic  region  fully  developed.  Care  must  be 
taken  to  prevent  the  males  from  becoming  too  heavy  for  breeding  ani- 
mals, and  the  females,  when  not  in  milk,  take  on  flesh  quite  rapidly. 
They  are  large  feeders,  and  must  have  abundance  of  rich  food  without 
the  necessity  of  much  exertion  to  get  it.  The  cows  range  in  weight  from 
1,000  to  1,500  pounds,  with  a  general  average  of  about  1,250  pounds. 
The  bulls,  when  fully  matured,  often  weigh  above  2,500  pounds.  The 
cows  are  famous  as  enormous  milk-producers.  There  are  abundant 
records  of  cows  giving  an  average  above  their  own  live  weight  in  milk 
monthly  for  ten  or  twelve  consecutive  months.  There  are  numerous 
well-authenticated  instances  of  daily  yields  of  100  pounds  or  more  for 
several  days  in  succession,  and  20,000  to  30,000  pounds  of  milk  in  one 
year.  Cows  giving  from  40  to  60  pounds  (or  from  5  to  7  gallons)  of  milk 
in  a  day  are  average  animals,  and  from  7,500  to  8,000  pounds  a  year  can 
be  depended  on  as  a  herd  average.  The  milk  of  these  large  producers  is 
generally  pretty  thin,  low  in  percentage  of  total  solids  and  deficient  in 
fat.  The  cows  are  a  favorite  with  dairymen  doing  a  milk  supply  busi- 
ness, but  their  product  has  in  numerous  cases  been  below  the  standard 
fixed  by  State  and  municipal  laws.  Some  families  of  Holsteins  and  some 
single  cows  are,  however,  celebrated  for  rich  milk  and  fine  butter.     In 


264  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

temperament  these  animals  are  quiet  and  docile,  bulls  as  well  as  cows,  the 
bulls  being  exceptionally  so. 

The  cattle  which  have  been  most  famous  both  in  England  and 
America,  which  have  received  the  longest  attention  of  breeders  and  im- 
provers, and  which  have  made  the  most  general  impression  upon  the  live 
stock  of  both  countries  during  the  nineteenth  century  are  the  Shorthorns 
or  Durhams.  They  are  said  to  be  descended  from  an  old  IS'ortheast  of 
England  breed,  formed  by  crossing  the  aboriginal  British  cows  with 
large  frame  bulls  imported  from  the  continent.  Immediately  after  the 
American  Kevolution  attention  began  to  be  given  to  the  improvement  of 
cattle  in  America,  Virginia  taking  the  lead.  During  the  last  hundred 
years  the  Shorthorn  blood  has  been  more  generally  distributed  through 
the  United  States  than  that  of  any  other  cattle.  It  has  been  the  most  ac- 
ceptable basis  for  the  improvement  of  the  native  stock,  both  for  beef 
and  dairy  purposes. 

The  Shorthorns  are  a  beef -breed  and  have  been  so  for  generations.  Yet 
there  have  always  been  good  dairy  cows  among  them,  and  some  families 
among  them  have  been  kept  distinct  and  are  known  as  "milking  Short- 
horns." They  are  probably  the  largest  among  pure-breed  cattle.  Bulls 
ordinarily  weigh  a  ton  or  more,  some  running  up  to  3,000  pounds. 
EuUy  matured  cows  range  from  1,200  to  1,600  pounds,  sometimes  a  little 
below,  sometimes  a  little  in  excess  of  these  limits.  The  colors  of  this 
breed  have  always  been  red  and  white,  with  various  blendings  of  these 
two.  The  red  is  especially  fancied  in  this  country.  The  Shorthorns  are 
generally  quiet  and  gentle.  Although  they  are  to  be  generally  classed  as 
beef-cattle,  yet  there  are  records  of  cows  giving  6,  8  and  9  gallons  of 
milk  a  day,  with  no  other  food  than  grass. 

Ayrshire  cattle  are  among  the  youngest  of  well-established  breeds. 
Coming  originally  from  the  country  of  Ayrshire  in  the  Southwest  of  Scot- 
land, a  region  of  moderate  fertility,  where  natural  pasturage  is  so  sparse 
that  grazing  animals  must  travel  long  distances  in  a  day  to  satisfy  their 
hunger,  the  small,  unshapely  foundation  race  has  been  built  up  within 
the  ninteenth  century  by  the  liberal  use  of  blood  from  the  cattle  of  Eng- 
land, Holland  and  the  Channel  Islands,  until  they  bear  little  resem- 
blance to  the  cattle  of  Ayrshire  described  in  1825.  The  breed  of  the  pres- 
ent day  bears  strong  resemblance  to  the  Jersey  in  certain  features.  In 
form,  color  and  horn  it  is  very  similar  to  the  wild  white  cattle  of  Chilling- 
ham  Park.  "With  the  exception  of  the  little  Irish  Kerry,  there  is  no  cow 
which  excels  the  Ayrshire  in  thriving  on  scanty  pasturage  and  giving  a 
dairy  profit  upon  the  coarsest  of  forage.  Yet  she  responds  promptly  and 
profitably  to  liberal  feeding.     The  Ayrshires  are  of  medium  size  among 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  267 

dairy  cattle.  The  cows  weigh  from  900  to  1,100  pounds,  averaging 
probably  1,000  pounds  in  a  well-cared-for  herd.  The  bulls  weigh  from 
1,400  to  1,800  pounds  at  maturity,  sometimes  more.  This  breed  is  short- 
legged,  fine-boned,  and  very  active.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  body  is 
red  and  white  in  varied  proportions;  in  spots,  not  mixed.  The  Ayrshire 
cow  yields  a  large  supply  of  milk.  Five  thousand  five  hundred  pounds 
a  year  as  an  average  for  a  cow,  well  cared  for,  is  counted  on  and  often 
realized.  The  milk  is  not  exceptionally  rich,  but  somewhat  above  the 
average.  It  is  very  unifonn  in  character,  the  fat  globules  being  small, 
even  in  size,  and  not  free  to  separate  from  the  milk.  The  Ayrshii-e  is 
not,  therefore,  a  good  butter  cow,  but  its  milk  is  admirably  suited  for 
town  and  city  supply,  being  well  above  legal  standards,  capable  of  being 
earned  considerable  distances  and  roughly  handled  M^ithout  injury.  Some 
of  the  cows  have  been  known  to  produce  8,578  pounds  (about  1,000 
gallons),  in  a  year. 

A  good  beef  breed  is  the  Durham.  Some  of  the  cows  are  good  milkers, 
but  the  breed  is  not  sufficiently  numerous  and  has  not  as  yet  been  handled 
much  for  dairy  purposes.  American  breeders  have  succeeded  in  separat- 
ing from  the  general  Shorthorn  stock  a  family  having  all  the  features  of 
that  race,  but  with  no  horns  at  all.  These  are  called  Polled  Durhams 
and  are  now  allowed  a  name  and  place  as  a  distinct  breed. 

The  Brovm  Swiss,  as  the  name  indicates,  had  its  origin  in  Switzerland. 
Among  dairy  breeds  this  may  be  placed  in  the  second  class  as  to  size. 
They  are  fleshy  and  well  proportioned,  with  straight,  broad  back,  heavy 
legs  and  neck,  giving  a  general  appearance  of  coarseness.  But  when  c-x- 
amined  closely  they  are  found  to  be  small-boned  with  a  fine  silky  coat 
and  possessing  many  attractive  dairy  points.  They  are  generally  de- 
scribed as  brown  in  color,  which  nms,  however,  through  various  shades, 
often  into  a  mouse  color  and  sometimes  a  browmish  dun.  Bulls  and  cows 
are  alike  docile  and  easily  managed.  They  weigh  from  1,200  to  1,400 
pounds  on  the  average,  bulls  sometimes  running  up  to  1,800  pounds,  al- 
though they  are  not  so  much  heavier  than  the  females  as  in  most  other 
breeds.  The  cows,  when  developed  as  a  dairy  breed,  give  an  average  of 
ten  quarts  of  milk  every  day  in  the  year. 

These  cattle,  being  almost  always  fat  and  easily  kept  so,  are  good  for 
beef  as  well  as  for  milk.  The  flesh  is  said  to  be  fine-grained,  tender  and 
sweet.  This  breed  is  not  well-known  in  Georgia.  In  their  native  coun- 
try their  ordinary  food  is  nothing  but  hay,  grass,  or  other  green  forage 
throughout  the  year,  Init  they  respond  promptly  to  more  generous  feed- 
ing. 

The  Devons,  so  called  from  the  elevated  region  in  the  north  of  Devon- 


268  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

shire,  England,  were  among  the  very  first  cattle  brought  across  the  At- 
lantic, reaching  New  England  on  the  ship  Charity  in  the  year  1623.  But 
the  first  herd  to  be  brought  to  this  country  and  kept  pure,  so  that  breed- 
ers can  still  trace  it,  was  sent  directly  to  Mr.  Robert  Patterson  of  Mary- 
land, in  1817.  There  have  been  many  other  importations,  especially  in 
later  years.  They  are  noted  for  beauty,  compactness,  intelligence,  do- 
cility, aptitude  to  fatten  and  quality  of  milk.  The  horns  of  the  females 
are  particularly  elegant,  sharp-pointed,  black-tipped,  and  of  medium 
length  with  a  creamy  white  color  and  curving  upward.  In  the  bull  the 
horns  are  shorter  and  straighter.  Devons  are  of  medium  size.  As  a  rule 
they  do  not  yield  large  quantities  of  milk,  though  some  single  animals 
have  given  forty  or  fifty  pounds  a  day.  The  milk  is  rich  in  quality,  rank- 
ing in  that  respect  next  to  the  Jersey  and  Guernsey  in  percentage  of  but- 
ter-fats, total  solids  and  high  color.  Those  who  hold  this  breed  in  high- 
est esteem  regard  it  as  chiefly  a  beef-producer.  Its  flesh  is  fine-grained, 
usually  tender  and  well  marbled,  and  the  fat  is  of  a  deep  yellow  color 
like  milk  fat. 

The  animals  of  the  Dutch  Belted  breed  are  all  jet-black,  with  a  broad 
band  or  belt  of  pure  white  encircling  the  body.  The  cows  seem  to  give 
good  satisfaction  as  milkers,  although  their  milk  is  not  above  the  avei*- 
age  in  quality.    There  are  comparatively  few  of  this  breed  in  America. 

The  Red  Polled  cattle  resemble  the  Devons,  as  closely  as  the  Polled 
Durhams  resemble  the  Shorthorns.  Yet  the  two  races  are  probably  not 
closely  related,  the  Devons  coming  from  the  southwestern  part  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  Red  Polls  having  their  origin  on  the  eastern  plain,  north  of 
the  river  Thames,  particularly  in  the  counties  of  Norfolk  and  Suffolk. 
They  are  hornless  cattle,  red  and  other  colors.  They  were  among  those 
brought  in  the  early  days  to  the  English  colonies  in  America.  The  so- 
called  "muley"  cows  among  our  native  cattle  are  probably  their  descend- 
ants mixed  with  other  strains.  The  animals  of  this  breed  give  rather 
more  milk  than  the  Devons,  though  not  so  rich  in  quality.  They  seem 
to  be  better  adapted  to  making  meat  than  producing  milk.  Their  ad- 
mirers claim  that  they  are  good  at  both  and  strongly  recommend  them 
as  the  general  farm  cow.  Steers  of  this  breed  are  special  favorites  as 
working  cattle. 

Other  breeds,  especially  distinguished  as  beef -producers,  are  the  Here- 
ford and  Angus. 

If  beef  breeds  are  wanted,  their  superiority  is  in  proportion  to 
their  tendency  to  mature  early  and  to  produce  beef  of  high  quality.  The 
thoroughbred  animals  make  gains  much  more  rapidly  than  those  of  in- 
ferior blood,  even  though  the  feed  be  exactly  the  same  in  quantity  and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


271 


quality.  There  has  been  considerable  discussion  among  breeders  of 
beef  cattle  as  to  whether  the  heifer  and  steer  produce  equally  good  beef, 
or  whether  that  of  the  former  is  not  preferable.  To  the  latter  view  the 
English  meat  dealers  and  many  of  the  American  are  inclined.  "A  few 
years  ago,"  says  the  report  of  the  Kansas  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  "it 
was  the  aim  and  purpose  of  both  breeder  and  feeder  to  produce  cattle 
of  great  weight  and  size,  nor  was  the  steer  considered  fit  for  slaughter 
or  market  until  he  was  four  or  five  years  old.  .  .  .  What  a  revolution 
occurred  in  the  early  80's !  Every  progresssive  breeder  turned  his  atten- 
tion at  once  to  the  production  of  perfectly  matured  cattle  at  three  years 
as  an  objective  point.  The  governing  law  was  a  triune  one — the  cattle 
must  possess  hardness  of  constitution,  feeding  quality  and  early  maturing 
ability." 

The  report  of  the  superintendent  of  the  Farmers'  Institutes  of  the 
Province  of  Ontario,  after  describing  three  well-selected  animals  of  dif- 
ferent breeds,  an  Angus  heifer,  a  high-grade  Shorthorn  steer,  and  a  high- 
grade  Hereford  steer,  says:  "These  animals,  though  representing  differ- 
ent breeds,  present  that  compactness  of  form,  thickness  and  substance,  to- 
gether with  superior  finish  and  quality,  coupled  with  an  inherent  apti- 
tude to  lay  on  flesh  thickly  and  evenly,  that  always  characterizes  the 
beef  animal  of  outstanding  merit."  It  must  be  remembered  that  there 
is  a  pronounced  dairy  type  and  an  equally  pronounced  beef  type.  "There 
iire  not  a  few  cows  of  quite  positive  beef  tendencies  capable  of  making 
very  creditable  dairy  records,  and  a  great  many  that  combine  milk  and 
beef  to  a  profitable  degree,  but  a  good  carcass  of  beef  from  a  steer  of  a 
pronounced  dairy  type  or  breed  is  rarely  seen.  So  clearly  and  definitely 
is  this  beef  type  established  that  to  depart  from  it  means  to  sacrifice  beef 
excellence."*  Those  who  are  engaged  in  stock-farming  in  Georgia  will 
do  well  to  bear  it  in  mind,  that  for  dairy  purposes  the  best  breed  is  the 
Jersey,  while  for  beef  the  best  types  are  the  Shorthorns,  the  Hereford 
and  Angus. 

Long  strides  have  been  made  of  late  years  by  the  dairymen  of  Geor- 
gia toward  the  supplying  of  our  home  markets  with  butter  from  their 
own  farms.  Though  the  supply  of  good  home  butter  is  still  far  short 
of  the  demand,  yet,  as  our  dairy  farms  increase,  their  butter  product  will 
more  and  more  supplant  the  imported  article.  Georgia,  so  well  supplied, 
as  we  have  already  seen,  with  abundance  of  the  best  grass  and  forage 
<jrops,  'can  also  raise  its  own  beef  equal  to  the  best,  and  keep  at  home  the 
money  now  paid  to  the  great  packing-houses  of  the  North  and  "West. 
Let  intelligent  stockmen  turn  their  attention  this  way  with  the  full  as- 

*Keport  of  t!ic  Superintendent  of  Farmers'  Institute  of  tlie  Province  of  Ontario, 
i;;  ga 


272  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

surance  that  large  profits  will  attend  here  in  Georgia  their  thrift  and  en- 
terprise. 

Some  of  our  own  people  engaging  in  this  business  of  raising  beef  for 
the  market  would  make  a  good  profit  for  themselves  and  keep  money  in 
Georgia  that  now  goes  to  the  West. 

The  experience  of  Mr.  T.  E.  Sawtell  of  Atlanta,  will  give  some  idea  of 
the  low  price  at  which  cattle  can  be  fed.  In  a  letter  to  ex-Governor 
W.  J.  Northen,  he  said: 

"Below  you  have  the  result  of  my  experiment  with  the  thirteen 
months  calf  that  I  fed,  exclusively  on  cotton-seed  meal  and  cotton-seed 
hulls.  I  bought  the  calf  from  Mr.  M.  A.  Butler  of  N'oah,  Tenn.,  Decem- 
ber 16,  1899.  He  was  thirteen  months  old  and  weighed  899  pounds.  I 
paid  3^  cents  per  pound,  making  the  cost  $31.15.  I  took  him  to  my 
packing-house  and  fed  him  until  June  16th  on  cotton-seed  hulls  and  meal. 
When  slaughtered  he  weighed  1,320  pounds.  He  was  sold  at  5^  cents 
per  pound. 

Bought  899  pounds  at  3^  cents $31  15 

Fed  180  days  at  6  cents .  .,  10  80— $41  95 

Sold  1,320  pounds  at  5^  cents 72   60 

Net $30  65 

If  this  can  be  done  by  Mr.  Sawtell,  who  makes  it  a  business  to  supply 
good  beef  to  the  people  of  Atlanta,  would  it  not  pay  some  of  our  enter- 
prising citizens  to  select  the  best  breeds  and  raise  cattle  for  our  markets  ? 
If  the  profit  on  buying  and  feeding  one  calf  was  $30.65,  that  on  one 
hundred  calves  would  be  $3,065.00,  If  these  calves  were  raised  on  a 
stock  farm  with  abundance  of  pasturage,  the  cost  of  their  rearing  would 
be  less  than  where  all  the  feed  must  be  paid  for  at  the  regular  market 
prices.  As  has  been  said  before,  no  State  in  the  Union  is  richer  in  pas- 
turage and  in  grass  and  forage  crops  than  Georgia.  Besides  these  we 
have  right  here  on  our  farms  without  any  freight  expense  the  cotton^seed 
hulls  and  meal  which  make  such  excellent  feed  for  cattle.  If  cattle  in 
Norway  fed  on  cotton  seed  hulls  and  meal  shipped  from  our  country  can 
be  sold  at  a  profit  in  the  markets  of  England,  is  it  not  to  be  supposed  that 
our  farmers  can  raise  cattle  and  sell  them  at  a  profit  in  our  own  markets  ? 

The  most  profitable  course  for  the  general  farmer  to  pursue  in  im- 
proving the  quality  of  his  live  stock  is  to  buy  first>class  thoroughbred 
males.  The  calves  of  a  mixed  average  lot  of  cows,  sired  by  a  thorough- 
bred bull  of  any  of  the  best  breeds,  will  partake  much  of  the  nature  of 
the  sire,  and  the  females  of  this  grade  again  bred  to  a  thoroughbred  will 


CALF  FATTENED  BY  T.    R.  SAWTELL. 


BERKSHIRE  BOAR— (JOM-MAKJ)ER'S  AMERICA,  REGISTER 
NO.  53609,  RAISED  AT  BELMONT  FARM. 
Note.— For  description  of  Belmont  Farm,  see  Skotch  of  Cobb  County. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  275 

give  animals  equal  to  the  average  tlioroughbred  for  all  practical  purposes 
except  that  of  procreation.  The  same  principle  prevails  as  to  sheep, 
swine,  poultry  and  all  kinds  of  farm  stock.  But  especially  is  it  true  as 
to  the  best  cattle.  The  Shorthorn,  or  Durham,  is  one  of  the  best  breeds 
for  the  general  farmer.  It  will  give  you  a  steer  which,  under  proper 
treatment,  will  at  three  years  of  age  weigh  from  1,500  to  1,800  pounds, 
and  a  cow  which,  with  like  judicious  management,  will  give  from  two  to 
four  gallons  of  milk  in  a  day.  Be  careful  to  remember  one  thing.  The 
best  breeds  will  show  no  superiority  over  our  native  Georgia  stock,  if  left 
to  shift  for  themselves,  as  is  too  often  done  by  the  average  farmer. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1898,  there  were  in  Georgia  303,392  milch- 
cows,  valued  at  $6,629,115.  At  the  same  time  there  were  of  cattle  other 
than  milch-cow  503,593,  valued  at  $4,492,300.  By  the  census  of  1900 
there  were  in  Georgia  20,806  dairy  cows  kept  in  barns  and  inclosures. 

As  the  attention  of  the  breeders  of  cattle  for  the  dairy  and  for  beef  is 
more  and  more  attracted  to  the  advantages  offered  by  Georgia,  there  will 
be  given  a  new  impetus  to  an  industry  that  will  add  greatly  to  the  wealth 
and  prosperity  of  our  noble  State.* 

For  a  more  complete  account  of  the  breeds  of  dairy  and  beef  cattle 
see  the  pamphlet  of  Henry  E.  Alvord,  C.E.,  chief  of  Dairy  Division  of 
the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture, to  which  we  are  indebted  for  much  valuable  information.  See 
also  the  other  reports  from  which  we  have  quoted  in  what  has  been  said 
about  "Stock-raising." 

Hogs. — ^The  hog  is  used  very  extensively  as  an  article  of  food  both  in 
America  and  Europe.  His  flesh,  in  the  various  forms  in  which  it  is  pre- 
pared, furnishes  the  chief  meat  supply  of  a  large  class  of  our  people.  Es- 
pecially is  this  true  of  the  negroes  who  constitute  in  the  South  almost  the 
entire  body  of  hands  employed  by  our  farmers  in  cultivating  the  land, 
looking  after  the  stock,  or  attending  to  the  manifold  labors  of  the  house, 
garden,  field  and  orchard.  Pork,  sausage,  spareribs,  backbone,  bacon 
and  ham,  are  among  the  most  highly  esteemed  articles  of  diet  in  the 
lowly  huts  of  the  poor  and  the  lordly  mansions  of  the  rich.  Just  as  every 
farmer  should  raise  his  o-wn  wheat  and  com  for  bread,  so  also  should  he 
have  his  smoke-house  well  stored  with  bacon  and  ham  of  his  own  curing 

♦Organizations  of  Breeders  of  pure-bred  Cattle  and  addresses  of  their  Secretaries  lor  the  year  1809  : 
Ayrshire  Breeders'  Association,  C.  M.  Winston,  Brandon^  Vt. 
Brown  Swis^  Breeders'  Association.  N.  S.  Fish.  Groton.  Conn. 
American  Devon  Cattle  Club,  L.  P.  Sisson,  Wheelintj.  W.  Va. 
Dutrh  Belted  Association  of  Amenca.  H.  B   Hicliards,  Kaston,  Pa. 
American  Guernsey  Cattle  Club,  W.  II.  Caldwell.  Pcterboro.  N.  H. 
Holstein-Friesiaii  Association  of  America,  F.  L   Iloucliton,  Hrattlcboro,  Vt. 
American  lerscv  Cattle  Clnh,  J.  J.  HeminRway,  No.  H  W.-st  17th  St..  New  York.  N.  Y. 
American  Polled  Durham  Breeders'  Association,  J.  H.  Miller,  Mexico,  Ind. 
Red  Polled  Cattle  Club  of  America,  J.  McLain  Smith.  Dayton.  Ohio. 
American  Shorthorn  Breeders'  Association,  J.  H.  Pickrell,  Siiringfield,  III. 


276  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

from  hogs  of  his  own  raking.  Thus  making  on  his  own  lands  all  his  food, 
supplies,  he  can  use  the  money  obtained  from  his  crop  of  cotton  or  the 
surplus  of  all  the  products  of  his  fields  for  the  purchase  of  those  things 
that  add  culture,  refinement  and  adornment  to  the  home,  besides  having 
something  to  lay  up  for  his  own  comfortable  maintenance  in  old  age,  or 
to  add  to  the  inheritance  of  the  children  that  shall  come  after  him.  Every 
landowner  has  thus  an  opportunity,  by  economy,  thrift  and  enterprise, 
to  acquire  a  competence  and  secure  his  freedom  from  the  cares  that  tor- 
ture him  who  borrows  and  through  interest  and  mortgages  becomes  the 
bond-slave  of  the  lender.  Every  farmer  can,  by  intelligent  use  of  his  re- 
sources, live  a  prince  upon  his  own  estate.  But  the  first  step  toward  this 
happy  condition  is  the  raising  of  his  own  supplies,  so  that  he  can  be  in- 
dependent of  the  meat  and  granaries  of  the  West.  His  beef,  his  mutton, 
hogs  and  poultry  demand  some  part  of  his  attention. 

The  hog,  though  originally  unknown  in  America,  Australia  or  the 
Polynesian  group,  was  everywhere  introduced  by  the  early  navigators, 
and  has  propagated  his  species  so  rapidly  that  he  is  now  abundant  in  all 
these  lands,  both  in  confinement  and  in  a  state  of  nature.  Though  thriv- 
ing best  in  a  warm,  genial  climate,  yet,  like  man,  he  becomes  accustomed 
to  all  climates  and  countries.  Where  left  to  roam  wild  he  degenerates 
into  the  razor-backed  animal  of  the  mountain  or  the  pine  land  region. 
Where  properly  cared  for  and  developed  by  careful  breeding,  he  be- 
comes the  sleek,  fat  porker  of  the  well-kept  farm. 

From  the  wild  boar,  once  so  common  in  Europe  and  Asia,  the  domestic 
hog,  wherever  found,  has  sprung.  At  what  time  breeding  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  wild  animal  began  we  do  not  know,  although  we  are 
told  that  the  ancient  Romans  made  it  a  study. 

England  seems  to  have  taken  the  lead  in  this  useful  art.  The  swine- 
raisers  of  her  different  provinces  endeavored  to  improve  their  own  breeds 
by  crossing  the  fine-boned  hog  of  China  with  the  larger  breeds  of  Eng- 
land and  other  countries.  By  their  selections,  crossings,  and  re-crossings, 
have  arisen  the  varieties  which  take  their  names  from  the  provinces 
which  first  produced  them,  as  the  Berkshire,  Suffolk,  Essex,  Chester,  etc. 
It  is  not  our  purpose  to  go  into  a  description  of  these  various  breeds. 
Most  of  the  best  breeds  have  been  tested  by  the  farmers  of  this  country; 
and  at  one  fair  or  another  all  the  improved  breeds  have  taken  premiums. 
The  great  object  is  to  secure  such  as  are  hardy,  and  will  make  the  great- 
est supply  of  pork  and  lard  with  the  least  amount  of  feeding.  If  bacon 
is  the  object  desired,  it  is  well  to  select  the  large  and  heavy  variety.  If 
pork  is  the  thing  desired,  choose  the  smaller  varieties,  such  as  arrive  with 
greatest  rapidity  at  maturity  and  are  likely  to  produce  the  most  delicate 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  277 

flesh.  The  keeper  of  the  hog  should  be  just  as  careful  to  see  that  the  sty 
or  yard  is  kept  clean,  as  to  furnish  him  the  food  which  experienced  farm- 
ers have  found  to  be  best  suited  to  his  needs. 

Cleanliness  and  careful  attention  are  very  necessary  to  secure  the  best 
results,  both  as  to  the  healthfulness  of  the  animal  and  the  consequent  ex- 
cellence of  his  flesh  for  food.  Among  the  fine  breeds  the  Berkshire  is  the 
most  generally  distributed  throughout  Georgia.  E'ext  in  popularity 
comes  a  breed  which  results  from  a  crossing  of  the  hog  of  Poland  with 
that  of  China.  We  have  also  the  red  Jersey  hog,  the  white  Chester,  and 
other  valuable  breeds.  All  of  these  do  well  in  Georgia.  Our  farmers  are, 
of  course,  familiar  with  the  various  diseases  to  which  hogs  are  liable,  and 
also  with  the  remedies.  Many  of  them,  especially  skin  diseases,  can,  in 
a  great  measure  be  prevented  by  keeping  the  pigsty  or  yard  as  clean  as 
possible,  and  by  seeing  that  the  hog  gets  wholesome  and  suitable  food. 
In  the  case  of  an  animal  that  furnishes  such  a  heavy  per  cent,  of  the  meat 
supply  of  our  people,  too  great  precautions  cannot  be  taken  in  guarding 
him  against  any  of  the  causes  that  would  tend  to  make  his  flesh  unwhole- 
some. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1890  the  number  of  swine  in  Georgia 
was  1,396,362.  By  the  Year  Book  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture 
for  1899  we  find  the  number  to  be  2,093,987,  valued  at  $8,095,353. 
The  increase  in  the  number  of  sr^vine  from  1890  to  1899  was  697,625,  a 
gratifying  exhibit,  in  that  it  shows,  that  the  farmers  of  Georgia  are  rais- 
ing more  of  their  own  supplies  and  depending  less  on  the  packing-houses 
of  the  West. 

Sheep. — In  the  section  on  grasses  and  forage  crops  the  adaptability  of 
Georgia  to  sheep  husbandry  was  incidentally  referred  to.  In  1875  Hon. 
Thomas  P.  Janes,  then  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  issued  a  pamphlet 
on  Sheep  Husbandry  in  Georgia  which  met  with  such  high  favor  not  only 
in  this  State,  but  also  in  the  whole  country,  that  in  1883  his  successor, 
Hon.  J.  T.  Henderson,  republished  it,  with  such  additions  to  the  original 
as  were  deemed  necessary  to  give  more  fully  a  great  amount  of  desirable 
information  on  this  subject.  Wo  deem  it  well  to  acknowledge  in  the  out- 
set our  indebtedness  to  the  aforesaid  publication,  for  many  facts  herein 
recited.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1860  the  number  of 
sheep  in  Georgia  was  512,618.  From  that  time  to  1875  there  was  a 
steady  decrease,  the  number  in  the  State  being  less  by  193,295  than  in 
1860.  Doubtless  some  of  this  loss  was  due  to  tlie  ravages  of  war,  some  to 
thieves  during  the  disordered  times  that  immediately  followed  the  close 
of  hostilities,  but  the  greater  part  to  the  ravages  of  dogs.  Through  the 
persistent  efforts  of  the  friends  of  sheep  industry  the  legislature  was  pre- 


278  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

vailed  upon  to  pass  a  dog  law  allowing  each,  county  to  enact  its  provi- 
sion's within  its  own  borders,  as  it  might  see  fit.  The  law  has  been  adopted 
in  many  counties  with  very  beneficial  results,  and  in  those  counties  the  in- 
dustry of  sheep-raising  has  taken  on  new  life.  Many  more  counties  will 
doubtless  adopt  it  and  then  Georgia  will  resume  her  proper  position  as  a 
wool-producing  State.  In  this  industry,  as  in  everything  else,  one  must  be 
convinced  that  it  will  pay  before  he  will  put  his  money  into  it.  The  cli- 
mate of  Georgia  corresponds  with  that  of  some  of  the  best  woll-growing 
regions  of  the  world.  The  southern  part  of  Spain,  a  country  once  famous 
for  its  merinos,  is  warmer  than  South  Georgia.  Australia,  one  of  the  chief 
wool  countries  of  the  world,  has  a  warmer  climate  than  Georgia.  In  the 
cost  of  keeping  sheep  warm  climates  have  a  decided  advantage  over 
cold  ones.  In  Southern,  Middle  and  ISTorthern  Georgia  sheep  have  been 
kept  with  a  profit  to  the  owner  far  in  excess  of  that  derived  from  cotton, 
notwithstanding  the  ravages  of  dogs.  In  Southwestern  Georgia  snow 
never  falls  and  the  ground  seldom  freezes.  The  pine  forests  are  car- 
peted with  native  grass,  affording  rich  pasturage  all  the  year.  Accord- 
ing to  a  astatement  of  Mr.  David  Ayers  of  Camilla,  Mitchell  county,  his 
flock  of  3,500  sheep  cost  him  annually  14  cents  a  head  and  the  average 
yield  a  head  was  three  pounds  of  unwashed  wool,  at  30  cents  a  pound. 
Owing  to  its  freedom  from  hay-seed  and  to  the  fact  that  our  heavy  spring 
rains  wash  out  the  yolk  and  dirt,  the  unwashed  wool  of  Georgia  is  as 
clean  as  the  brook-washed  of  Pennsylvania.  He  did  not  feed  his  sheep 
at  any  time  during  the  year,  and  used  only  what  is  known  as  the  native 
stock.  Of  course  the  ci"oss  of  the  Merino  with  this  stock  would  have 
given  a  greater  quantity  and  better  quality  of  wool.  During  the  same 
year  a  Mr.  John  McDowell  of  Washington  county,  Pennsylvania,  on 
land  that  cost  five  times  as  much  as  that  of  Mr.  Ayers,  made  only  one 
half  of  the  profit  on  money  invested  in  the  best  breeds  of  sheep.  Thus  it 
seems  that  where  sheep-husbandry  is  made  a  specialty  Georgia  has  a  de- 
cided advantage  over  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  Robert  Humber,  of  Putnam  county  in  Middle  Georgia,  kept  138 
sheep  of  the  cross  between  the  Merino  and  the  common  stock.  He  said 
that  they  cost  nothing  except  the  salt  eaten  by  them  and  paid  100  per 
cent,  on  the  investment  in  mutton,  lambs  and  wool.  They  ranged  on 
Bermuda  grass  in  summer,  and  on  the  fields  from  which  the  crops  had 
been  gathered,  and  on  the  cane  bottoms  in  winter.  Their  only  food  was 
that  thus  gathered  by  themselves.  They  yielded  an  average  of  three 
pounds  of  wool  to  the  head,  which  he  sold  at  twenty-five  cents,  a  pound. 

Mr.  Richard  Peters,  who  kept  sheep  in  Gordon  county  and  had  an  ex- 
perience of  twenty-seven  years,  and  had  tested  the  Spanish  and  French 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  279 

Merinos,  Southdown,  Oxfordshire-Down,  Leicester,  Asiatic  Broad-tail,  or 
Tunisian,  Improved  Kentucky  Cotswold  and  native  sheep,  said  that  a 
cross  of  the  Spanish  Merino  and  natives  had  proved  most  profitable  with 
him.  Every  other  Georgia  correspondent  agreed  with  him  in  this  opin- 
ion. The  progeny  of  the  native  ewes  and  Spanish  Merino  bucks  showed 
"marked  improvement,  having  constitution,  fattening  properties,  thrifti- 
ness  and  a  compact,  close  fleece."  While  he  raised  only  70  lambs  to 
every  hundred  ewes  of  the  pure  Merinos,  he  raised  a  lamb  for  every  ewe 
of  the  cross-bred  natives  and  Merinos.  During  mild  winters  in  Gordon 
county  his  sheep  had  to  be  fed  only  30  days;  in  cold,  wet  winters,  twice 
that  long.  In  speaking  of  the  value  to  land  of  sheep  manure  Mr.  Peters 
said :  "I  can  only  judge  of  its  value  by  the  compact  sod  of  grass  on  my 
sheep  pasture,  capable  of  sustaining  ten  head  to  one  as  compared  to 
twenty  years  ago." 

The  experience  of  Mr.  Peters  agreed  with  that  of  almost  all  the  other 
sheep-raisers  in  Georgia  as  to  the  breeds  most  suitable  to  this  State.  The 
Merinos  are  better  suited  to  our  climate  than  the  long-wooled  Leicesters 
and  Gotswolds. 

Every  sheep-raiser  should  remember  the  maxim  that  increase  of  lambs 
is  increase  of  wool.  Special  attention  should  be  employed  to  have  the 
lambs  come  at  the  best  season.  The  period  of  gestation  is  151  or  152 
days.  The  best  time  for  the  coming  of  the  lambs  is,  for  Middle  and  Lower 
Georgia,  about  the  first  of  January;  for  North  Georgia,  either  in  iTovem- 
ber,  or  about  the  last  of  February  and  first  of  March. 

During  the  short  period  in  North  Georgia  when  sheep  must  be  fed 
cotton  seed  afford  a  cheap  and  excellent  food.  These,  with  oats  or  rye 
pastures  sown  in  the  early  fall,  will  afford  sufficient  food  to  induce  an 
abundant  flow  of  milk  for  the  lambs,  and  at  the  same  time  will  keep  the 
ewes  in  a  healthy  condition,  and  thus  increase  the  clip  of  wool  for  the 
next  season.  Quantity  and  quality  of  wool  will  be  greatly  improved,  and 
the  health  of  the  sheep  be  preserved,  by  keeping  them  in  a  uniformly 
good  condition  throughout  the  year.  Do  not  allow  them  to  grow  tliln 
during  the  winter.  That  part  of  the  fiber  grown  during  a  poor  condition 
of  a  sheep  will  be  weaker  than  that  grown,  when  abundance  of  food  is 
supplied  and  all  proper  attention  is  given  to  the  animal.  Weak  points 
in  the  fiber  injure  its  quality,  and  of  course  its  sale.  For  this  reason 
wool  grown  in  warm  climates,  where  there  is  a  continuous  supply  of 
green  food,  is  heavier  and  of  better  quality  than  that  grown  in  colder 
climates,  where  the  sheep  necessarily  grow  thin  during  severe  winters. 
There  is  among  sheep-raisers  a  maxim  that  for  sheep  "change  is  more 
important  than  range."     In  the  extensive  sheepwalks  of  the  northern 


2S0  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

sections  of  Georgia  or  the  wire-grass  regions  of  the  southern  section,  the 
flock  can  find  the  necessary  change  by  extending  their  walk.  But  when 
they  are  kept  within  inclosures,  in  order  to  insure  their  health  and  vari- 
ety of  food,  they  must  occasionally  be  changed  to  new  pastures. 

If  they  are  to  be  grazed  upon  100  acres,  it  is  a  good  plan  to  divide  this 
laud  into  two  fields  of  50  acres  each,  and  let  the  flock  alternate  monthly 
between  them.  They  ought  to  have  fresh  shading  ground  during  the 
day  and  fresh  beds  at  night.  Where  the  sheepwalk  is  always  the  same, 
certain  pungent  plants  necessary  for  the  health  of  the  animal  become  ex- 
hausted. During  the  summer  sheep  feed  early  in  the  morning  and  late 
in  the  evening,  spending  the  middle  of  the  day  in  the  shade.  Since  they 
seek  the  same  sheltering  places  from  day  to  day,  these  resorts  become 
foul  and  hurtful  to  the  health  of  the  flock.  If  a  change  of  pasturage 
is  not  practicable,  these  places  should  be  occasionally  cleaned  off,  and 
the  manure  from  them  should  be  saved. 

All  changes  from  pasture  to  pasture,  or  from  pen  to  pen,  should  be 
made  in  the  cool  of  the  evening  or  early  morning  (the  latter  being  thp 
better),  so  as  to  avoid  disturbing  the  flock  in  the  heat  of  the  day. 

Salt  should  be  constantly  accessible  to  the  sheep  and  in  sufiicient  quan- 
tities to  prevent  scufiling  and  fighting  over  it.  Or  a  good  plan  is  to  salt 
them  regularly  twice  a  week,  placing  the  salt  in  troughs  or  on  clean 
rocks.  It  is  best  to  give  the  salt  in  the  evening,  because  in  this  way  too 
free  use  of  water  after  salt,  which  is  not  good  for  the  sheep,  will  be 
avoided.  It  will  be  found  very  conducive  to  health  to  dig  troughs  in  or- 
dinary pine  poles  and  fill  them  with  common  tar  sprinkled  with  salt. 
These  being  arranged  at  a  convenient  point  in  the  sheepwalk  will  furnish 
salt  and  at  the  same  time  induce  a  moderate  consumption  of  tar,  which 
acts  as  a  disinfectant  and  promotes  health  by  checking  the  fiy  which 
sometimes  in  the  summer  months  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  nostrils  of  the 
sheep,  thus  producing  worms  in  the  head. 

The  sheep  is  exceedingly  neat  and  even  fastidious  about  its  food. 
Hence  it  should  have  clean  grass  and  clear,  running  water.  Though  they 
do  not  use  as  much  water  as  other  animals  and  sometimes  go  days  with- 
out it,  their  comfort  and  health  require  that  it  should  be  accessible. 

In  spring  and  summer  the  flock  should  be  closely  watched  for  maggots 
in  the  wool,  whose  presence  will  be  indicated  by  a  dingy,  bluish  appear- 
ance. Spirits  of  turpentine  should  be  promptly  used  on  the  infected 
parts;  for  if  the  flesh  become  penetrated,  serious  injury,  if  not  death,  will 
follow. 

If  not  salted  regularly  in  wet  spells,  diarrhea  is  apt  to  follow,  with  a 
fouling  of  the  wool  in  the  rear.    These  "tags"  must  be  promptly  removed 


^V?5- 


Vii 


■f^. 


jis^e 


SOUTH   DOWN   EWES. 


—^- 


sol  III   IM>WN  \\\y\. 


■J'^-' 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  283 

with  the  shears.  If  the  disease  is  obstinate,  the  sheep  should  be  led  for  a 
few  days  on  meal  with  a  little  salt  in  it  and  other  dry  food,  if  the  animal 
can  be  induced  to  take  it. 

For  the  shearing  of  sheep  clear,  warm  weather  should  be  selected,  not 
so  early  as  to  risk  the  health  of  the  sheep  by  cool  spells  coming  after  the 
removal  of  its  winter  coat,  not  so  late  that  this  coat  has  become  oppressive 
or  has  commenced  to  waste  and  shed  in  order  to  make  way  for  another. 

In  butchering  the  intestines  should  be  removed  at  the  earliest  possible 
moment  after  life  is  extinct,  and  before  the  removal  of  the  pelt,  if  neces- 
sary, so  as  to  avoid  the  peculiar  sheepy  odor  and  taste  sometimes  found 
in  mutton,  and  erroneously  supposed  to  be  due  to  the  contact  of  the  wool 
\vitli  the  meat. 

The  same  result  may  be  accomplished  by  pouring  a  bucket  of  cold 
water  into  the  cavity  as  soon  as  opened  and  before  the  removal  of  the 
bowels.  With  proper  attention  to  the  butchering  of  well  fattened  sheep, 
all  unpleasant  odor  or  taste  will  be  avoided,  and  the  prejudice  which 
many  people  feel  toward  mutton  will  be  removed. 

Properly  served,  lamb  or  mutton  furnishes  a  meat  at  once  wholesome 
and  much  more  delicate  than  the  gross  hog  meat  so  universally  consumed 
in  Georgia. 

There  are  in  Georgia  nearly  10,000,000  acres  of  practically  unoccu- 
pied lands.  ISTearly  all  of  these  could  be  profitably  used  as  sheepwalks. 
There  is  an  extensive  region,  beginning  in  Southeastern  Georgia  and  ex- 
tending across  the  State  from  the  Savannah  to  the  Chattahoochee.  This 
section  is  made  an  ideal  home  for  great  flocks  of  sheep  by  the  native  wire- 
grass  and  other  herbage  which,  with  their  luxuriant  growth,  afford  ex- 
cellent summer  pasturage,  while  the  aftermath,  remaining  evergreen  and 
reinforced  by  healthful  winter-growing  weeds,  gives  ample  feed  for  the 
cold  season.  Besides,  there  is  the  Bermuda,  most  valuj»ble  of  all  spon- 
taneous grasses,  equal  on  good  soil  to  the  best  blue-g'rass  of  Kentucky, 
and  capable,  even  on  land  unprofitable  for  cultivation,  of  supporting  five 
sheep  to  the  acre  for  nine  months  of  the  year.  Where  partially  protected 
by  pine  trees,  it  will  remain  green  throughout  the  winter,  supplying  pas- 
turage for  that  season.  Or  from  the  summer  pasturage  the  sheep  nuiy  be 
turned  upon  the  pea  fields  from  which  the  corn  has  been  gathered, 
care  having  first  been  taken  to  accustom  them  to  the  consumption  of  tlie 
pea,  as  a  guard  against  over-feeding.  From  the  pea-field  they  can  bo 
turned  into  the  cotton-field,  which  in  August  or  September  had  been 
sown  in  rye  or  oats.  These,  together  with  the  rutabaga  turnip  crop, 
which  was  also  sown  in  July  and  August,  will  afford  ample  green  pas- 
turage until  the  return  of  the  spring  vegetiition.     Or,  if  a  harvest  from 


284  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

the  grain  fields  be  desired,  the  turnips  can  be  reserved  for  early 
spring  feeding,  since  such  a  grain  field  should  not  be  grazed  upon 
later  than  the  first  or  last  of  February,  according  to  latitude.  Such  is  the 
advantage  of  the  climate  of  Middle  and  Southern  Georgia,  that  small 
grain  can  furnish  green  pasturage  all  winter,  and  a  paying  crop  the  next 
summer.  In  the  southern  half  of  Georgia  turnips  need  no  protection, 
and  can  be  utilized  with  no  more  labor  than  is  required  to  change  a 
movable  fence  as  often  as  fresh  pasturage  is  needed;  or  they  may  be 
banked  like  sweet  potatoes,  and  in  the  spring  be  fed,  after  being  reduced 
by  a  pulping  machine.  Wherever  the  sheep  are  fed,  either  on  extensive 
^Svalks"  or  inclosed  in  narrower  bounds,  they  heavily  fertilize  the  soil. 

One  great  economical  consideration  in  Georgia's  favor  is,  that  in  its 
larger  portion  sheep  do  not  need  winter  shelter. 

By  utilizing  Bermuda  and  wire-grass  for  summer  pasturage,  and  small 
grain  and  turnips  for  winter,  Georgia,  without  neglecting  her  cotton, 
corn,  grain  or  forage  crops,  and  while  increasing  the  number  of  her  dairy 
farms  and  creameries,  her  beef  cattle  and  her  swine,  and  extending  her 
factories  of  varied  kinds,  can  build  up  another  great  industry  of  sheep 
husbandry,  supplying  her  own  markets  and  those  of  other  States  with  the 
best  of  mutton  and  lamb,  and  deriving  a  large  profit  from  the  sale  of  mil- 
lions of  pounds  of  wool.  Georgia  can  easily  sustain  4,000,000  sheep  and 
at  the  same  time  largely  increase  her  agricultural  products  by  converting 
much  wasting  vegetable  matter  into  a  superior  fertilizer. 

In  the  portions  of  Georgia  where  the  sheep  can  have  extensive  range, 
they,  for  the  most  part,  take  care  of  themselves  without  taxing  either 
the  time  or  attention  of  their  owners.  It  was  in  consideration  of  this 
fact  that  Mr.  Janes,  Georgia's  first 'Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  spoke 
of  slieep  as  "the  best,  most  quiet,  peaceable,  industrious  and  profitable 
laborers,  who  nearly  double  their  number  annually,  demand  no  wages,  do 
not  steal  or  commit  other  crimes,  labor  assiduously  throughout  the  year, 
feed  and  clothe  themselves  and  their  masters,  make  no  strikes,  utter  no 
complaint,  and  never  'die  in  debt  to  man,'  " 

There  are  sections  of  Georgia  which  do  not  afford  such  extensive  sheep- 
walks  or  ranges,  and  where  those  who  prefer  these  sections  for  climatic 
or  other  causes  must,  if  they  desire  to  engage  in  the  business  of  sheep- 
husbandry,  grow  their  sheep  upon  inclosed  farms  and  provide  for  them 
shelter  against  the  inclement  winter.  Let  such  remember  that  millions 
of  the  best  sheep  in  the  world  are  raised  upon  inclosed  pastures  in  Eng- 
land, upon  the  continent  of  Europe  (especially  in  France),  and  in 
America.  With  one  tithe  of  the  care,  attention,  expense  and  worry  be- 
stowed upon  cotton  devoted  to  sheep-husbandry,  the  latter  can  be  made 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  285 

to  quadruple  the  net  profits  of  cotton  culture  on  any  given  area  of  dry 
and  reasonably  fertile  land  in  Georgia.  The  fact  that  the  native  flocks 
of  sheep  in  the  southern  part  of  the  State,  without  attention  prove  profit- 
able to  their  o^^^lel•s,  furnishes  abundant  evidence  that  under  a  more 
rational  system  in  which  ewes  and  lambs,  at  least,  would  have  the  benefit 
of  small  grain  pastures,  or  other  suitable  feed  during  the  winter  months, 
the  profits  would  be  much  larger  tlian  under  the  present  "let-alone" 
plan.  Our  neighbors  just  to  the  north  of  us,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky, 
make  enormous  annual  profits  on  early  spring  lambs  shipped  to  'New 
York  and  Boston.  "Georgia"  says  Mr.  Henderson,  "might  anticipate 
these  sources  of  supply  at  least  one  month,  by  having  the  lambs  dropped 
in  Xovember  and  grown  upon  succulent  pastures  of  small  grain  sown 
for  the  purpose.  If  butchered  beef  can  be  profitably  shipped  from  Chi- 
cago to  Georgia  markets  in  refrigerator  cars,  why  may  not  our  early 
lambs  be  shipped  to  Chicago  in  the  returning  cars  ?" 

The  offspring  of  Cotswold  bucks  and  native  ewes  would  be  little,  if  at 
all,  inferior  to  the  thoroughbred  for  mutton.     - 

ISTotwithstanding  the  risk  of  depredation  by  dogs,  sheep-husbandry 
can  be  made  profitable  in  Georgia  if  proper  attention  is  bestowed  upon 
the  sheep.  A  single,  faithful  hired  man  can  care  for  a  thousand  sheep, 
except  at  shearing  time,  when  extra  labor  will  be  needed.  The  annual 
net  income  from  the  flock  would  exceed  that  from  an  area  equal  to  the 
sheep  pastures  planted  in  cotton.  There  are  few  farms  in  Georgia  on 
which  it  will  not  pay  to  pasture  some  sheep.  Those  inexperienced  in. 
sheep-husbandry  should  begin  with  a  small  number,  which  may  be  in- 
creased in  proportion  to  their  growth  in  experience  and  skill.  To  those 
who  have  experience  in  this  business  we  say:  "There  is  room  enough 
and  a  hearty  welcome  in  Georgia  for  you  all." 

To  those  of  our  own  people,  who  depend  upon  agriculture  for  a  liveli- 
hood we  commend  the  words  of  Charles  L.  Flint,  for  twenty-eight  con- 
secutive years  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  of  Massa- 
chusetts, author  of  several  valuable  treatises  on  subjects  pertaining  to 
the  farm,  and  editor  of  others,  especially  of  The  American  Farmer  pub- 
lished by  Ralph  II.  Park  &  Co.  of  Hartford,  Conn.: 

"Unlike  the  culture  of  cotton  and  other  textile  materials,  the  cultiva- 
tion of  which  is  confined  to  certain  localities  of  our  country,  wool-grow- 
ing can  be  successfully  practiced  in  every  State  in  the  Union  and  its  ter- 
ritories, being  suited  to  all  soils  and  climates.  The  South  and  West  are 
sections  peculiarly  adapted  to  this  enterprise,  while  in  New  England  it 
must  of  necessity  bo  limited,  owing  to  the  density  of  the  population  and 
the  small  size  of  the  farms  in  that  section.     In  the  south  the  season 


286  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

for  winter  feeding  is  much  shorter  than  at  the  iN'orth,  affording  an  op- 
portunity to  depend  more  upon  pasturage  in  maintaining  the  flocks,  while 
the  well-sheltered  valleys  afford  protection  from  the  severity  of  storms  in 
winter  and  induce  an  early  growth  of  spring  grasses.  The  infertile  and 
worn-out  lands  can  by  this  means  be  reclaimed  to  cultivation  and  fertility. 
By  the  more  general  recognition  of  sheep-husbandry  as  an  adjunct  of 
southern  agriculture,  for  a  few  years,  a  marked  improvement  in  soil,  gen- 
eral agriculture  and  State  wealth  must  of  necessity  follow.  The  remark- 
able success  attending  wool-growing  in  New  South  Wales,  which  is  a 
region  of  excessive  heat,  proves  what  can  be  accomplished." 

In  an  article  on  "Wool  Industry  in  our  National  Economy"  Hon. 
John  L.  Hayes  says:  "The  relations  of  domestic  wool  to  domestic  manu- 
factures are  equally  conspicuous  and  important — the  rule  being  that  the 
characteristic  wool  manufactures  of  the  leading  nations  have  been  deter- 
mined by  the  abundance  and  peculiarities  of  their  raw  material." 

After  citing  as  examples  the  carpets  and  rugs  of  Turkey,  the  dress 
fabrics  of  England,  the  fine  broadcloths  of  Germany,  and  the  infinite 
variety  of  the  luxurious  dress-goods  of  France,  and  showing  how  all  of 
these  great  enterprises  grew  out  of  the  sheep-husbandry  of  those  coun- 
tries, Mr.  Hayes  continues:  "The  woll  manufacture  of  the  United 
States  is  dependent  upon  domestic  wool  production.  The  two  branches 
of  wool  industry  have  always  stepped  together.  The  more  prominent 
wool-growing  States  have  woolen-mills.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  not  one 
of  these  mills  would  have  been  established  but  for  the  contiguous  flocks, 
and  if  forced  to  seek  imported  wool,  each  one  would  stop." 

But  some  one  may  say,  what  has  the  farmer  to  do  with  woolen-mills  ? 
How  does  their  establishment  concern  him  ?  Much  every  way.  Whatever 
increases  the  demand  for  his  products  increases  his  opportunities  for 
profitable  business  and  the  legitimate  acquisition  of  wealth.  The  farm- 
ers of  those  sections  of  Georg-ia  adapted  to  sheep-raising,  can,  by  an  in- 
telligent use  of  the  resources  within  their  reach,  help  to  build  up  new 
manufacturing  industries,  which,  as  they  increase  in  number  and  in 
financial  strength,  will  amply  reward  the  thrift  and  enterprise  of  those 
on  whose  well-directed  work  their  own  success  depends.  Thus  agricul- 
ture manufactures  and  commerce,  going  hand-in-hand,  and  mutually  de- 
pendent, will  by  their  united  energies  place  Georgia  in  the  front  rank  of 
the  richest,  greatest  and  most  populous  commonwealths  that  constitute 
our  grand  American  Union. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Georgia  440,459  sheep  on  farms,  and  their 
wool-clip  was  841,141  pounds.  The  census  did  not  say  whether  the  wool 
included  washed  and  unwashed.     According  to  the  annual  report  of  the 


^:- 


^-i^i^- 


RKARKD  IN  (iB()K(ilA   BY   IJLI./VIONT  I  ARH, 
SMYRNA,  (iA.,  Cobb  Co. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  289 

Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  published  by  the  United  States  Department 
of  Agriculture  in  1899,  there  were  in  Georgia  at  that  time  204,826 
sheep,  and  their  wool-clip  was  1,218,612  pounds,  washed  and  unwashed, 
of  which  731,167  pounds  were  reported  as  scoured  wool. 

The  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1900  reports 
271,534  sheep  sheared  ,their  wool-clip  being  1,086,136  pounds  washed 
and  unwashed,  and  651,682  pounds  scoured  wool.  The  sheep  kept  in 
inclosures  are  reported  by  the  census  to  be  5,745. 

POULTRY. 

There  is  scarcely  any  food  more  highly  appreciated  by  the  great 
majority  of  people  than  the  flesh  and  eggs  of  the  various  kinds  of 
poultry  to  be  found  on  almost  any  farm.  Even  the  poor  man,  with  but 
a  few  acres  owned  or  rented,  can,  with  a  little  care,  raise  enough  chick- 
ens, turkeys,  geese  and  ducks  to  supply  his  own  table  with  the  whole- 
some and  palatable  food  which  they  afford. 

Very  few  people  keep  any  account  of  the  expense  and  profit  of  poul- 
try. If  you  were  to  ask  them  whether  it  pays,  they  could  not  tell;  for 
they  keep  no  account  of  eggs  or  chickens  used  or  sold,  or  of  the  cost  of 
the  food  consumed  by  them.  The  commonest  fowls,  that  are  left  to  shift 
for  themselves,  at  least  pay  their  way.  Take  those  same  fowls  and  give 
them  the  care  and  attention  that  all  poultry  should  have,  and  they  will 
bring  in  a  handsome  profit  on  the  investment. 

One  of  the  secrets  of  the  success  of  agriculture  in  France,  is  the  at- 
tention bestowed  upon  the  small  industries  of  the  farm;  and  one  reason 
why  many  of  our  farmers  fail  to  make  as  large  profit  as  they  might,  is 
their  neglect  of  small  things.  With  proper  attention  to  shelter,  feeding 
and  cleanliness  of  the  fowls,  the  breeds  commonly  known  throughout  our 
State  will  not  only  supply  the  farmer's  own  table,  but  also  prove  a  profit- 
able part  of  his  farm  produce.  There  is  always  a  good  and  unfailing 
market  in  our  cities  and  towns  for  poultry  and  eggs,  and  the  demand  for 
these  articles  will  increase  with  the  growth  of  our  municipal  population. 
In  fact,  there  is  nothing  on  which  the  small  farmer  can  more  securely 
depend.  Every  true  woman  delights  to  be  a  helpmeet  to  her  liusband, 
or  her  father,  not  only  by  economy  and  saving  at  every  possible  point, 
but  by  the  wise  planning  of  her  head  and  the  diligent  labor  of  her  hands. 
Nothing  better  suits  the  farmer's  wife  or  daughters  than  the  care  of  the 
poultry.  And  in  this  task  there  is  abundant  need  and  opi)ortunity  for  the 
employment  of  tact,  skill  and  scientific  knowledge. 

Let  it  be  understood  that  the  intelligent  application  of  one's  knowledge 
or  experience,  even  though  that  one  be  a  person  unlettered  and  un- 
learned, is  scientific.     The  female  members  of  a  household  on  a  small 


290  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

farm,  which  affords  but  one  or  two  milch-cows,  a  few  hogs,  a  few  bee- 
hives, and  some  poultry,  can,  by  thrift  and  economy,  furnish  a  large  pro 
portion  of  all  the  food  consumed  by  the  family,  keeping  the  table  sup- 
plied with  milk,  butter,  honey,  chickens  and  eggs,  looking  after  all  the 
wants  of  the  home,  while  father  or  brothers  drive  the  plow,  or  with  their 
single  mule,  perchance,  carry  to  market  the  little  surplus  that  remains 
over  and  above  the  supply  of  their  own  needs.  Many  a  thrifty  house- 
hold, in  which  each  member  lends  a  helping  hand,  has,  by  wise  manage- 
ment, been  able  to  add  from  time  to  time  a  few  acres  to  their  possessions 
until  the  small  farm  has  become  a  large  one,  and  their  intelligent  indus- 
try has  been  rewarded  by  competence  and  ease. 

The  poultiy  has  so  often,  like  the  hogs  and  sheep,  been  left  to  shift 
for  itself,  that  the  profits  derived  from  this  industry,  where  well  man- 
aged, have  in  many  instances  been  greatly  underestimated  or  altogether 
overlooked. 

In  considering  this  subject  a  very  important  question  is:  "What  are 
the  best  breeds  for  Georgia  ?" 

Of  chickens  the  preponderance  of  evidence  reported  by  correspondents 
continues  to  favor  the  Plymouth  Rock,  if  but  one  breed  is  to  be  kept. 
Next  in  favor  for  general  purposes  comes  the  Light  Brahma.  The  Leg- 
horn is  the  universal  favorite  for  egg  production,  the  Brown  variety  be- 
ing generally  preferred.  In  his  "Manual  on  Poultry"  published  in  1883, 
Mr.  Henderson  gave  the  testimony  of  some  of  the  most  experienced 
breeders  in  Georgia.  Mr.  Edgar  Ross  of  Bibb  county,  after  experiment- 
ing with  more  than  twenty  varieties,  said  that  the  Brown  Leghorn  gave 
the  most  satisfactory  result  as  a  combination  fowl  for  eggs  and  table  use. 
"They  are  excellent  egg-producers,  summer  and  winter,  and  the  chicks 
mature  rapidly,  being  ready  for  the  table  at  ten  weeks  old — flesh  of  ex- 
cellent quality."  He  pronounced  the  "White  Leghorns  as  good  layers  as 
the  Brown,  but  preferred  the  latter  on  account  of  their  color.  They  be- 
gin laying  when  five  months  old. 

After  making  every  conceivable  cross  with  twenty  odd  varities  ot 
thoroughbreds  and  common  stock,  he  considered  the  cross  of  the  Leghorn 
and  Light  Brahma  the  most  satisfactory.  Brahmas  are  excellent  mothers 
and  good  egg-producers.  Leghorns  are  the  best  of  layers,  but  are  non- 
sitters.  The  cross  between  them  possesses  both  the  qualities  to  perfection, 
losing  the  clumsiness  of  the  Brahma  and  inheriting  the  activity  of  the 
Leghorn.  i 

Mr.  F.  IT.  Wilder  of  Monroe  county,  who  had  bred  the  Light  Brahma, 
Dark  Brahma,  Brown  Leghorn  and  Plymouth  Rock,  preferred  the  Light 
Brahma  as  a  combination  fowl,  which  he  thought  unsurpassed  as  a  table 
fowl.    He  fed  his  chickens  regularly,  and  always  had  fresh  water  access- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  293 

ible  to  them  in  clean  earthen  vessels,  putting  in  a  few  drops  of  carbolic 
acid  twice  a  week.  He  kept  their  quarters  clean  and  free  from  vermin, 
and  provided  them  with  good  dust  baths  into  which  a  little  sulphur  was 
occasionally  poured.  Occasionally  he  hauled  a  load  of  cinders  from  the 
blasksmith's  shop  into  their  yards. 

Messrs.  J.  T.  Scott  &  Bro.  of  Crawfish  Springs,  in  Walker  county, 
North  Georgia,  obtained  satisfactory  results  from  some  breeds  not  ap- 
proved by  breeders  farther  south.  They  tried  both  the  Dark  and  Light 
Brahma,  the  Partridge,  Buff  and  "White  Cochins,  the  Brown  and  White 
Leghorns,  Plymouth  Pocks,  Black  Hamburgs,  Golden-Spangled  Ham- 
burgs,  Houdans,  etc. 

Mr.  W.  C.  Tate  of  Overton  P.  O.,  Elbert  county,  one  of  the  most  suc^ 
cessful  raisers  of  poultry  in  Georgia,  raising  annually  from  300  to  500 
chickens,  after  having  tried  the  Langshans,  Buff  Cochins  and  many  of 
the  other  special  breeds,  in  conversation  last  summer  (1900),  said  that  he 
considered  the  Indian  Game  the  best  of  all  for  general  purposes,  and  that 
he  had  for  the  last  six  years  practically  discarded  all  others.  They  are  a 
hardy,  thrifty,  compact,  closely-built  fowl,  the  hens  weighing  from  four 
to  six  pounds,  and  the  cocks  from  six  to  eight,  making  excellent  meat  for 
the  table. 

The  game  is  certainly  the  typical  breed,  most  closely  resembling  the 
wild  parent,  the  Gallus  Bankiva  of  Southeastern  Asia.  The  hens  are 
good  layers,  superior  sitters  and  unsurpassed  mothers,  too  much  disposed 
to  fight  young  chicks  of  other  broods,  but  with  great  spirit  defending 
their  own  brood  against  all  intruders. 

Our  common  Black-red  Game,  nearest  kin  of  all  our  domestic  fowls  to 
the  common  ancestor  of  them  all,  the  Jungle  fowl  or  Gallus  Bankiva,  is 
the  variety  from  which  so  many  sub-varieties  have  been  bred  by  selec- 
tion or  crossing  with  others. 

The  Dominiques,  in  their  plain  homespun  suits,  were  once  a  favorite 
among  the  older  American  breeds.  The  Plymouth  Rocks,  now  so  high- 
ly esteemed,  are  supposed  to  be  a  cross  between  the  Black  Java  or  Cochin 
and  the  Dominique.  Of  the  later  breeds  the  Wyandottes  and  Sebrights 
are  growing  in  favor. 

The  variety  to  be  grown  should  in  a  great  measure  depend  upon  the 
extent  of  the  range  available.  AU  of  the  smaller  varieties  require  a 
liberal  range  for  maximum  production.  The  larger  breeds,  such  as 
Cochins,  Brahmas,  etc.,  though  thriving  better  with  a  tolerably  wide 
range,  suffer  less  from  close  confinement  than  Leghorns,  Games  and  otlier 
small  varieties.  If  the  fowls  must  be  confined  to  a  small  area,  then  the 
breeder  must  supply  by  artificial  means  the  conditions  of  the  wider  range. 


294  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Birds  at  liberty  to  roam  find  for  their  sustenance  seeds  of  various  kinds, 
a  variety  of  green  vegetable  matter  and  insects.  If  confined  within  nar- 
row bounds,  they  must  be  supplied  with  what  they  desire  and  need,  by 
the  foresight  and  provident  care  of  the  owner.  Othenvise  the  fowls  will 
suffer  privation  and  become  unprofitable.  If  there  is  not  an  abundant 
supply  of  perennial  grass  to  which  the  fowls  have  daily  access,  small 
grain  of  some  kind  should  be  sown  for  them  as  pasturage  for  fall,  winter 
and  early  spring.  Breedei-s  of  poultry  in  Georgia  do  not  need  to  con- 
struct close  houses  for  their  shelter.  In  our  warm  climate  such  houses 
are  sources  of  disease  and  death  to  the  poor  birds,  by  reason  of  the  im- 
pure air  which  they  breathe.  Mr.  Henderson  says:  "They  may  be  used 
during  the  winter  months  to  advantage,  if  well  ventilated,  but  the  fowls 
should  be  excluded  from  them  from  May  1st  to  October  1st,  and  required 
to  roost  either  in  trees  or  open  sheds.  Thorough  ventilation  is  absolutely 
necessary,  even  in  winter,  to  prevent  disease."  The  ventilation  should 
be  above  the  roost.  The  roof  of  the  chicken-house  should  be  close  enough 
to  keep  out  the  rain  and  all  its  sides,  except  the  south,  should  be  close 
enough  to  exclude  the  cold  winds. 

It  is  better  to  let  the  fowls  roost  on  trees,  where  the  whole  body  is  ex- 
posed alike  to  the  cold  than  to  be  confined  in  a  house,  in  which  they  are 
exposed  to  draughts  of  cold  air.  The  roosts  should  not  be  higher  than 
thirty  inches  from  the  floor  of  the  house,  or  eighteen  from  its  sides.  If 
too  high,  the  larger  breeds  will  be  apt  to  injure  themselves  in  getting  up 
or  down.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  place  a  shelf  about  two  feet  wide  immedi- 
ately under  the  roost  and  about  eighteen  inches  from  the  floor.  Over  the 
shelf  should  be  sprinkled  coal  ashes  or  cottonseed  to  catch  the  droppings, 
which  should  be  collected  and  removed  every  two  or  three  days.  The 
floor  of  the  chicken-house,  whether  of  dirt,  planks  or  cement,  should  be 
occasionally  sprinkled  with  diluted  sulphuric  acid,  which  should  be  care- 
fully handled,  so  as  to  avoid  injury  to  the  clothing  or  person  of  those 
applying  it.  Thorough  whitewashing  twice  a  year  helps  to  purify  the 
house  and  keep  it  clear  from  hurtful  insects.  Fumigation  with  tobacco 
smoke  is  very  beneficial. 

It  is  better  to  make  the  nest  upon  the  ground  than  upon  planks.  A 
nest  of  green  cotton  seed  hollowed  into  the  form  in  which  the  hen  pre- 
pares it  when  .oft  to  herself,  is  in  some  way  offensive  to  mites  and  other 
injurious  insects.  T  material  of  the  nests  that  have  been  used  by  sit- 
ting hens  should  be  iitirely  removed  and  either  burned  or  thrown  into 
the  manure  pile. 

In  the  climate  of  Georgia  fowls  are  more  healthy  if  required  to  roost 
in  the  trees  duri  j  the  summer.    Indeed,  they  would  be  healthier  roost- 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  297 

ing  on  trees  throughout  the  yearj  but  will  produce  more  eggs  in  winter 
if  kept  in  comfortable  houses. 

The  appearance  of  disease  among  poultry  is  generally  the  result  of  neg- 
lect. If  contagious  diseases  appear,  the  best  plan  is  to  kill  the  diseased 
fowls,  and  either  burn  or  bury  them  at  a  distance  from  the  nm  of  the 
balance  of  the  flock.  Then  the  premises  should  be  immediately  disin- 
fected by  the  use  of  sulphuric  acid,  all  the  well  birds  being  kept  from  the 
yard,  if  possible,  until  the  disinfection  is  complete. 

By  universal  consent  the  turkey  is  considered  a  native  of  the  western 
continent.  All  our  domestic  breeds  of  turkeys  probably  have  a  common 
origin  from  some  one  of  the  original  t^'pes  of  wild  turkeys.  The  prin- 
cipal varieties  of  domestic  turkeys  are  the  Bronze,  the  Cambridge,  the 
White  Holland  and  the  Norfolk. 

The  Bronze  in  his  plumage  resembles  very  closely  the  common  wild 
turkey  of  our  forest  (Meleagris  Americana),  and  seemus  to  be  the  result 
of  a  cross  of  the  wild  gobbler  upon  the  domestic  hen.  Turkeys  of  this 
breed  are  very  handsome  and  much  larger  at  maturity  than  those  of  other 
breeds,  the  gobblers  sometimes  weighing  as  much  as  forty  pounds. 
They  retain  more  of  the  traits  of  the  wild  turkey  and  cannot  be  kept  un- 
less the  farm  affords  them  an  abundant  range. 

Other  breeds  are  more  domestic,  but  are  of  smaller  size  and  less  hardy. 
Many  turkeys  are  of  variegated  colors,  which  results  from  the  intermix- 
ture of  various  breeds. 

Very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  their  breeding  in  comparison 
with  that  given  to  chickens.  The  bronze  variety  is  the  result  of  greater 
care  in  this  respect. 

The  breeding  of  turkeys  on  a  small  scale  is  not  apt  to  be  profitable,  but 
on  large  farms,  where  they  have  the  run  of  the  stubble  after  grain  has 
been  harvested,  they  can  be  raised  with  small  cost  and  little  trouble. 

The  hens  begin  to  lay  in  early  spring  and  lay  from  twelve  to  eighteen 
eggs  each.  If  allowed  to  do  so,  they  will  seek  their  nests  in  some  se- 
cluded spot,  where  they  will  not  be  disturbed  by  the  gobbler  who,  by  his 
awkward  attentions,  sometimes  damages  the  eggs.  Some  allow  the  tur- 
key hens  to  have  their  liberty.  Others  take  them  to  houses,  as  soon  as 
they  show  an  inclination  to  brood,  while  others  shut  them  up  and  compel 
them  to  lay  in  the  house,  wlicre  they  are  to  sit.  If  not  disturbed,  they 
usually  hatch  well  under  any  of  these  plans. 

In  the  American  Farmer  a  poultry-breeder  gives  his  experience 
thus:  "All  the  first  lot  of  eggs  received  T  placed  under  hens  for  hatcliinfi^, 
and  you  will  find  that  the  turkeys  will  have  finished  their  second  lay 
ing  a  few  days  before  the  hens  have  finished  hatching.     I  then  take  tlie 

14  ga 


298  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

eggs  from  the  hens  and  give  them  to  the  turkeys,  and  sometimes  the 
turkey  has  only  to  sit  a  few  days,  when  she  has  her  young.  If  I  am 
compelled  to  leave  some  of  the  eggs  with  the  fowls  to  bring  out,  I  deem  it 
an  indispensable  requisite  to  see  to  it  that  the  hen  is  perfectly  free  from 
lice,  using  pulverized  sulphur,  etc.,  freely.  I  regard  it  as  next  to  impos- 
sible for  hens  to  raise  young  turkeys,  for  turkeys  are  exceedingly  tender 
when  young,  and  above  all  things  they  must  be  kept  free  from  the  para- 
sites that  infest  the  common  fowl.  They  must  not  even  be  allowed  to  re- 
main over  night  about  the  same  building,  where  the  common  chickens 
are  kept.  Do  not  be  afraid  of  putting  as  many  as  forty  or  fifty  young 
turkeys  with  the  old  mother  turkey,  but  keep  them  in  a  dry,  warm  place, 
especially  over  night." 

Young  turkeys  should  be  scrupulously  protected  from  rain  and  not 
allowed  to  run  in  grass,  which  is  wet  with  dew  or  rain.  The  floor  of  their 
pen  must  be  kept  dry  and  clean,  and  pure,  fresh  water  must  be  con- 
stantly within  their  reach. 

Young  turkeys  do  not  need  to  eat  at  all,  until  two  days  old.  The  ut^ 
most  care  must  be  taken  in  feeding  them.  Hard  boiled  eggs,  or  curd 
pressed  every  day,  will  prove  the  safest  food  for  the  first  two  weeks. 
After  this,  bread,  soaked  in  just  enough  milk  to  soften  it,  is  a  safe  and 
healthful  food.  The  health  of  the  chicks  will  be  materially  aided  by 
feeding  to  them  the  tender  tops  of  onions,  garden  fennel,  purslane  or 
dandelion,  chopped  fine  and  mixed  with  other  food. 

Young  turkeys  are  delicate  until  the  red  begins  to  appear  upon  their 
heads.  From  that  time  they  are  hardy,  and,  if  allowed  a  liberal  range, 
will  take  care  of  themselves. 

In  rearing  large,  strong  turkeys,  much  depends  upon  careful  selection 
of  the  breeding  stock.  The  practice  of  sending  to  market,  about  the 
time  of  Thanksgiving  or  Christmas,  all  the  largest  and  heaviest  birds,  and 
keeping  only  the  late  ones  of  inferior  size  for  breeding  purposes,  is  a  bad 
one.  The  turkey  does  not  attain  its  full  maturity  until  the  third  year. 
Some  of  the  largest  should  always  be  kept;  for  from  matured  parents 
only  can  the  largest  and  strongest  chicks  be  secured. 

Every  year  thousands  of  dressed  chickens  and  turkeys  are  shipped 
from  Tennessee  to  our  Georgia  cities  and  towns.  Why  cannot  our  own 
farmers  supply  this  demand  and  keep  the  money  at  home  that  now  goes 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  State  ? 

All  the  varieties  of  guinea  fowls  are  supposed  to  have  originated  in 
Africa.  Some  have  a  peculiar  bone-like  helmet  on  the  top  of  the  head, 
while  others  have  in  its  place  a  crest  of  feathers.  They  are  very  useful 
where  there  are  many  enemies  to  poultry,  such  as  hawks,  crows,  rats,  etc. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  299 

Being  ever  on  the  alert,  they  give  the  danger  alarm  with  a  loud  shrill 
cry.  An  extensive  poultry-keeper  says  of  them:  ''To  any  one  keeping 
a  large  number  of  hens  a  pair  of  guineas  is  a  good  investment     I 

know  from  experience  that  they  will,  and  do,  keep  hawks  away 

We  have  for  several  years  past  lost  but  one  chicken  by  the  hawks."  They 
are  prolific  layers  during  the  summer  season.  Their  eggs  are  small,  but 
rich  in  flavor,  and  make  up  in  numbers  for  what  they  lack  in  size. 

A  good  plan  is  to  let  chicken  hens  raise  the  young  guineas,  as  they 
grow  up  more  gentle  and  manageable  than  when  reared  by  the  guinea 
hen.  Their  flesh  is  very  palatable  to  those  who  like  a  gamy  flavor  and 
dark  meat. 

The  peafowl  is  an  ornamental  bird,  and  is  peculiarly  appropriate  to 
spacious  grounds  or  lawns,  but  is  not  much  desired  by  poultry-raisers. 

Ducks  and  geese  may  be  successfully  raised  under  domestication^ 
without  more  water  than  is  afforded  by  an  ordinary  drinking  trough;  but- 
since  in  the  wild  state  they  live  a  great  part  of  the  time  upon  the  water,, 
when  domesticated,  they  will  seek  water,  if  it  is  in  reach.  The  five  prin- 
cipal varieties  of  thoroughbred  ducks  are  the  Pekin,  Aylesbury,  Kouen, 
Cayuga  and  Muscovy,  each  of  which  has  its  fanciers.  The  common  duck 
seems  to  be  a  degenerate  descendant  of  the  Kouen,  which  it  strikingly  re- 
sembles in  its  plumage. 

Geese,  while  not  generally  prolific,  can  be  more  cheaply  raised  than 
any  other  domestic  fowl,  if  supplied  with  abundant  green  pastures.  Gos- 
lings need  feeding  only  a  few  weeks,  during  which  time  it  is  well  to 
give  them  soaked  bread  or  boiled  potatoes,  mixed  with  meal,  allowing 
them  also  to  run  on  the  grass  with  the  mother  goose.  If,  after  two 
weeks,  they  have  access  to  tender  grass,  they  will  thrive  without  other 
food,  if  they  have  dry  shelter  in  cool  nights. 

Artificial  incubators  of  various  patterns  have  been  largely  introduced. 
When  properly  managed  they  prove  very  successful,  and  are  useful  in 
that  they  produce  a  much  greater  number  of  broilers  for  the  table  than 
can  be  obtained  under  ordinary  methods. 

By  the  Uunited  otatas  census  reports  of  1890  the  number  of  domestic 
fowls  reported  for  Georgia  was  as  follows:  chickens,  7,357,934;  turkeys, 
148,797;  geese,  291,676;  ducks,  105,537.  The  number  of  eggs  produced 
was  11,522,788  dozen.  The  pounds  of  honey  produced  were  1,757,758, 
and  the  pounds  of  wax,  49,935. 

In  France  and  some  portions  of  England,  it  is  customary  for  the 
ladies  of  the  household  to  take  charge  of  the  poultry.  This  custom  pre- 
vails on  some  of  the  farms  in  our  State,  and  it  would  be  well  if  it  wore 
more  universal.    A  writer  quoted  in  tho  American  Farmer  has  well  said  : 


300  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

"We  can  assure  the  ladies  that  in  this  specialty  there  is  great  scope 
for  the  exercise  of  the  esthetic  perceptions.     What  can  be  more  beauti- 
ful, for  instance,  than  the  penciling  of  the  gold  and  silver  Hamburgs; 
T;he  exquisite  harmony  of  color  which  the  best-bred  gray  Dorking  pullets 
exhibit,  and  which,  we  think,  come  nearer  the  wild  game  birds  of  the 
country  in  beauty  of  form  and  plumage  than  any  other?     Then  there 
are  the  numerous  strains  of  game  fowls,  the  preux  chevaliers  of  their 
race,  unexcelled  in  splendor  of  plumage  and  unequalled  in  grace  of  form 
•and  carriage;  the  Houdans,  helmeted  like  cuisassiers,  and  the  plumed 
'■Crevecoeurs,  the  hlach  horse  cavalry  of  the  poultry  yard;  the  La  Fleche 
'with  its  branching  antlers,  and  the  Black  Spanish  and  Leghorns  with 
battlemented  combs  of  the  brightest  crimson,  flaming  above  the  raven 
and  snow  of  their  plumage,  entitle  them  to  be  considered  the  color  guard 
of  the  grand  poultry  army.     Then  there  are  the  stately  Brahmas  and 
Cochins,  the  giants  of  their  race;  the  Black  Polands  with  their  cr^owns  of 
snow,  and  their  golden  and  silver  cousins  beautifully  marked;  and  last 
oome  the  sprightly  little  Bantams,  whose  pencilings  have  made  immortal 
the  name  of  Sir  John  Sebright,  and  whose  tints  are  almost  as  various  as 
the  wild  flowers  of  spring.     Is  there  not  a  field  here  sufl&cient  to  tempt 
the  most  esthetic  taste?" 

The  Goat. — The  much  abused  goat,  the  delight  of  the  small  boy,  and 
the  butt  of  the  wit,  the  animal  whose  destructive  propensities  and  won- 
derful digestive  powers  have  furnished  many  a  joke,  has  his  good  traits, 
and  with  proper  management  becomes  a  useful  member  of  the  great  so- 
ciety of  dumb  laborers,  who  spend  their  days  and  lay  down  their  lives  in 
the  service  of  man.  The  farmer  who  keeps  a  little  flock  of  them,  shut 
in  upon  a  suitable  range,  will,  when  he  wishes  to  make  merry  with  his 
friends,  find  no  richer  feast  for  them  than  the  well-prepared  flesh  of  a 
tender  kid.  To  those  who  keep  even  the  common  goat  in  large  numbers, 
there  is  a  good  source  of  profit  in  their  skins.  There  is  a  steadily  increasr 
ing  annual  importation  into  the  United  States  of  goatskins  for  necessary 
use  in  home  manufactures.  The  invoice  value  of  these  imports  was  in 
1898  $15,500,000,  and  the  market  value  probably  over  $25,500,000. 
The  production  in  the  United  States  is  comparatively  none.  And  yet 
there  are  in  all  the  States  of  the  West  and  South  large  areas  of  unim- 
proved land  which  could  be  well  employed  in  the  feeding  of  goats  for  a 
profit.  Through  much  of  the  area  are  mountain  chains,  and  these  are  the 
favorite  pasture  ranges  of  the  goat.  If  all  the  goats  in  the  United  States 
were  kept  with  the  single  object  of  supplying  skins  for  the  market,  they 
would  fail  to  supply  a  small  fraction  of  the  present  demand,  and  at  the 
same  time  remain  at  their  present  number.    Estimating  four  pounds  to 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  393 

the  skin,  which  is  about  the  average  weight  of  dry  skins,  it  would  require 
the  slaughter  of  16,261,621  goats  and  kids  to  yield  the  skins  imported 
during  1898. 

A  large  proportion  of  our  stock  of  common  goats  is  kept  in  the  suburbs 
of  cities.  In  the  West  many  of  them  are  kept  with  sheep  as  a  protection 
against  dogs,  wolves  and  coyotes;  while  the  increasing  flocks  of  Angoras 
are  kept  chiefly  for  their  yield  of  mohair. 

The  goat  thrives  in  all  climates  outside  of  the  polar  regions.  Hence 
most  of  the  area  of  the  United  States,  with  the  possible  ex- 
ception of  Alaska,  is  favorable  to  the  goat  family  generally, 
and  much  of  the  Pacific  slope,  the  southwest  and  the  south,  is  particularly 
adapted  to  the  long-fleeced  varieties,  such  as  the  Angora.  Mr.  J.  T. 
Henderson,  Commissioner  of  Agi'iculture  of  Georgia  in  1885,  in  his  an- 
nual report  for  that  year  said :  "Experiments  in  the  raising  and  keeping 
of  the  Angora  goat  in  these  mountain  pastures  are  making  a  very  favor- 
able impression.  It  is  thought  ^vith  some  reason,  that  this  particular 
branch  of  stock  raising  may  be  easily  carried  to  a  very  large  and  impor- 
tant development  in  our  mountain  counties.  The  adaptedness  of  this  lo- 
cality to  the  raising  and  support  of  the  Angora  has  been  so  marked  that 
those  accustomed  to  the  care  of  this  valuable  animal  are  sanguine  that  we 
shall  see  in  the  near  future  a  very  important  source  of  profit  in  this 
branch  of  industry.  .  .  .  It  is  hardly  possible  that  the  native  habitat 
of  the  Angora  is  better  adapted  to  its  keep  and  development  than  are  the 
mountain  counties  of  this  State."  In  1878  Colonel  Kichard  Peters,  of 
Atlanta,  wrote  to  Mr.  John  L.  Hayes: 

"In  this  connection  I  may  say  a  few  words  about  the  Angora  goat, 
very  improperly  termed  the  ^Cashmere.'  I  have  owned  these  animals 
from  six  different  importations,  those  brought  over  by  Dr.  J.  B.  Davis 
in  1848,  proving  to  be  superior  in  many  respects  to  any  of  the  more  re- 
cent importations.  One  of  the  most  valuable,  interesting  and  remarkable 
traits  of  the  Angora  is  the  rapidity  with  which  fleece-bearing  goats  can 
be  obtained  by  using  thoroughbred  bucks  to  cross  on  the  common  short- 
haired  ewe  goats  of  the  country. 

I  have  had  great  success  with  the  Angoras  and  regard  them  as  one  of 
the  most  valuable  acquisitions  to  the  resources  of  our  husbandry.  They 
have  yielded  me  more  substantial  pecuniary  profit  than  any  other  of  my 
extended  stock  investments." 

Mr.  J.  W.  Watts  of  Laurens  county.  South  Carolina,  in  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Hayes  in  December,  1877,  said: 

"Even  here,  seventy-five  miles  from  tlio  mountains,  1  have  for  six 
years  grown  most  successfully  the  Angora  goat,  wlio«o  flc«li  T  regard  as 


304  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

superior  to  any  mutton,  and  whose  fleece  properly  handled  could  there 
(in  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountain  region)  be  made  more  profitable  than  any 
wool-growing.  In  a  cross  I  have  made  with  a  pure  Angora  buck  and  a 
Maltese  ewe  goat,  I  have  raised  a  ewe  goat  that  will  give  four  quarts  per 
day  of  as  good  milk  as  any  cow  on  my  plantation.  The  feed  of  one  of  my 
cows  will  keep  twelve  goats.  My  cows  must  have  certain  food  or  they 
will  not  thrive.  My  goats  will  eat  anything,  almost,  and  do  well;  and 
with  this  advantage  also,  that  their  milk  and  butter  are  not  in  any  way 
affected  by  their  diet. 

The  ease  with  which  they  can  be  kept,  feeding  as  they  do  on  weeds, 
briers  and  other  coarse  herbage,  fits  them  for  sections  where  sheep  can- 
not be  raised  to  advantage.  Their  readiness  and  ability  to  defend  them- 
selves against  dogs  is  greatly  in  their  favor.  A  flock  of  valuable  wool- 
bearing  goats  can  be  raised  in  a  few  years  by  using  thoroughbred  bucks. 

If  it  be  desired  to  raise  these  animals  for  profit,  much  might  be  derived 
from  the  sale  of  the  skins,  for  which  there  is  such  heavy  demand  in  the 
United  States.  There  is  also  a  good  market  value  for  their  flesh,  tallow, 
bones,  hoofs  and  horns.  The  females,  which  always  constitute  the  larger 
portion  of  the  flock,  possess  considerable  value  also  in  milk  for  household 
uses,  or  which  can  be  converted  into  the  most  salable  cheese,  similar  and 
equal  to  the  Roquefort,  Mont  d'Or,  Le  Sassenage  and  Levroux,  so  high- 
ly esteemed  in  France  and  Switzerland. 

Herded  goats,  under  suitable  conditions,  whether  for  skin,  fleece  or 
by-products,  will  pay  a  good  profit  on  the  investment. 

SPECIAL    INFORMATION    CONCERNING    THE     ANGORA 

GOAT. 

In  view  of  the  many  inquiries  that  have  come  to  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  concerning  Angora  goats,  it  has  been  considered  best  to  give 
some  special  information  on  this  subject. 

The  first  importation  of  Angoras  into  the  United  States  was  from 
Turkey  in  1848,  by  Dr.  James  B.  Davis  of  South  Carolina,  who  two 
years  before  had  been  appointed  by  President  Polk  to  visit  that  country 
in  response  to  a  request  from  the  Turkish  government  for  the  president 
to  send  a  man  to  them  who  understood  cotton  culture.  On  the  return 
of  Dr.  Davis  to  the  United  States,  he  brought  with  him  nine  Angora 
goats.  Colonel  Richard  Peters  of  Atlanta,  Georgia,  secured  two  pair 
of  these.  By  the  year  1854  he  had  crossed  his  thoroughbred  bucks  and 
the  common  does,  and  was  so  well  pleased  that  he  visited  the  farm  of  Dr. 
Davis  in  South  Carolina  and  purchased  the  remainder  of  the  importa- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  305 

tion  with  its  increase.  "These,"  says  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey,  the  great  Angora 
farmer  of  California,  "were  the  only  Angoras  imported  into  the  United 
States  up  to  1866."  In  that  year  Mr.  W.  W.  Chenery  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, secured  a  shipment  from  Turkey  and  sent  seven  head  to  Cali- 
fornia, one  of  which  died  on  the  way.  Two  of  the  remaining  six  were 
purchased  by  Mr.  C.  P.  Bailey  of  San  Jose,  California,  at  five  hundred 
dollars  a  head,  and  this  was  the  first  importation  into  California  of  thor- 
oughbred Angora  goats. 

By  two  subsequent  importations  in  1869,  by  Israel  Diehl,  United 
States  Minister  to  Turkey  and  Charles  S.  Brown  of  Ohio,  and  in  1876 
by  Messrs.  Hall  and  Harris,  Mr.  Bailey  has  added  to  his  original  pur- 
chase, and  now  from  their  descendants  has  a  flock  which  runs  up  into 
the  thousands.  His  great  success  in  the  raising  of  Angoras  makes  him 
authority  on  this  subject,  and  we  are  glad  to  avail  ourselves  of  his  knowl- 
edge and  experience,  as  given  in  a  little  pamphlet  on  "California  An- 
goras." 

One  of  the  principal  features  of  the  Angora  business  is  the  Mohair, 
whose  handling  and  care  is  therefore  of  prime  importance. 

In  the  first  place,  special  care  must  be  given  to  the  time  and  methods 
of  shearing.  A  general  rule  is  to  shear  as  early  in  the  spring  as  is  safe, 
because  the  earlier  the  mohair  can  be  taken  off  without  too  much  risk 
from  storms,  the  better  it  is  for  the  fleeces,  as  they  ar  j  more  oily  and 
lustrous  before  the  animal  begins  to  shed.  Where  there  is  any  danger  of 
snows  and  storms  late  in  the  spring,  the  first  of  AprU  is  early  enough  for 
the  shearing,  which  should  be  done  early  enough  to  save  the  hair. 

If  inclement  weather,  with  cold  rains  or  sleet,  should  follow  the  shear- 
ing, the  animals  must  be  carefully  protected  for  a  while.  The  ewes 
especially  must  be  sheltered,  for,  if  they  should  become  thoroughly 
chilled,  they  would  be  liable  to  drop  their  young  before  the  time.  Sheds 
should  be  provided  for  them  for  shelter  during  storms  or  cold  nights. 
These  sheds  need  not  be  very  elaborate,  for,  if  loft  i)artially  open,  they 
will  dry  quicker  after  a  wet  storm. 

Mr.  Bailey  thinks  it  better  to  shear  but  once  a  year,  since  one  long 
fleece  pays  better  than  two  short  clips.  However,  it  is  the  common  prac- 
tice to  shear  twice  a  year  in  California,  the  first  of  September  and  the 
first  of  April.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  make  two  cuts  in  the  hair, 
the  short  or  second  cut  being  entirely  worth.less  and  very  undesirable 
at  the  mills.  Start  the  shearing  at  the  top  of  the  neck  where  the  hair 
divides  and  continue  down  the  side  of  the  neck,  keeping  the  fleece  intact. 
This  will  })rcvent  the  cutting  in  two  of  the  long  locks  on  the  side  of  the 


306  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

neck.  Eioiigli  handling  must  be  avoided,  especially  of  the  ewes,  which 
are  very  tender  at  shearing  time. 

As  isoon  as  knives  shall  have  been  made  that  will  shear  Angoras  as 
well  as  they  do  sheep,  and  will  not  clog  vdth  the  mohair,  machine  shear- 
ing will  be  as  popular  with  the  goat  men  as  it  is  now  with  those  w^ho 
handle  sheep.  The  great  advantage  of  machine  shears  over  hand  shears 
is  that  they  shear  clean  and  smooth,  without  cutting  the  hair  twice  or 
injuring  the  goat's  skin. 

After  the  fleece  is  entirely  off  and  the  wool  on  the  face  and  legs 
clipped,  spread  the  hair  ont  on  the  floor  and  cut  of  all  tags.  Then  the 
fleece  should  be  turned  with  the  outside  out  and  tied  with  good  sewing 
twine — not  the  ordinary  wool  twine. 

The  kid  hair  should  be  kept  separate,  for  it  always  brings  the  best 
price.  Care  should  be  taken  that  there  may  be  no  straw  or  dirt  in  the 
sack  in  which  the  wool  is  packed.  The  hair,  after  reaching  the  mills  is 
cleaned  and  made  into  various  fabrics,  being  often  mixed  with  wool  or 
cotton. 

The  most  common  articles  of  mohair  manufacture  are  plushes,  such  as 
are  used  for  upholstering  furniture,  for  ladies'  dress  goods,  figured  cloth, 
braids,  rugs,  robes,  and  ornamental  furnishings.  American  grown  mo- 
hair finds  a  ready  market  in  ISTew  York  and  Boston,  and  is  manufactured 
largely  in  Massachusetts  and  Maine. 

The  price  of  mohair  depends  upou  its  fineness  and  length.  The  purer- 
bred  the  goat  is,  the  finer  its  hair  will  be  and  the  better  price  will  it  com- 
mand. 

The  skin  of  the  goat  is  also  the  basis  for  quite  an  industry.  Leather 
skins  are  obtained  chiefly  from  the  common  goat.  Large  numbers  of 
common  goat  skins  are  imported  into  the  United  States  annually,  and 
according  to  Mr.  Barnes  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture the  value  of  the  importation  for  1900  was  $25,000,000.  The  Vici 
kid,  so  popular  for  shoes,  is  made  from  the  common  goat  skin,  as  is  also 
a  fine  grade  of  glove  leather. 

The  skin  of  thie  Angora  is  used  for  rugs,  robes  and  trimmings.  It 
must  be  taken  off  properly  and  stretched  in  the  shade  to  dry,  or  else  it 
should  be  well  salted.  The  skin  should  not  be  allowed  to  lap  over  on 
the  flesh  side,  because  it  is  likely  to  heat.  They  should  never  be  thrown 
in  a  pile,  for  the  hair  will  slip,  if  left  for  only  a  few  hours,  and  then  the 
skins  are  worthless  for  robes.  The  hair. on  the  skin  should  be  kept  as 
clean  as  possible.  Shearing  skins  are  classed  with  common  goat  skins, 
and  skins  of  very  young  kids  are  of  no  value. 

The  best  time  to  take  the  skin  is  in  the  fall,  when  the  goat  is  fat  and 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  309 

has  seven  or  eight  months  gi'owth  of  hair.  Hair  at  this  time  will  be 
much  more  lustrous  and  will  shake  out  more  readily  than  after  a  longer 
growth. 

The  meat  of  the  Angora  resembles  mutton  so  closely  that  it  is  sold  in 
the  markets  as  mutton,  though  it  is  really  more  like  venison.  The  fat 
of  the  Angora  is  more  evenly  distributed  through  the  meat  than  in  mut- 
ton.   The  goats  usually  slaughtered  are  wethers  four  years  old  and  over. 

In  cleai'ing  brush  land  there  is  no  more  effective  worker  than  the  An- 
gora, but  he  must  not  be  allowed  to  get  into  your  garden  or  your  field. 

A  good  fence,  three  feet  high,  is  amply  sufficient  to  hold  goats.  Three 
boards,  with  two  barb-^m-e^,  or  a  twenty-four-inch  Page  woven  wire 
fence,  with  three  barb-wires  above  will  keep  them  within  bounds. 

The  kidding  season  is  the  busy  time  of  the  year  on  the  goat  ranch.  If 
the  weather  is  good,  the  task  of  caring  for  the  young  is  comparatively 
easy;  but  when  the  weather  is  stormy  and  the  lands  muddy,  considerable 
attention  must  be  given  to  them.  With  a  bunch  of  from  fifty  to  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  a  shed  large  enough  for  the  entire  lot,  it  is  easy 
to  raise  a  large  percentage  of  kids. 

The  kids  must  not  be  allowed  to  go  out  too  young,  and  after  birth  the 
kid  must  be  kept  with  the  mother  goat  long  enough  for  her  to  know  it. 
If  it  be  found  that  some  of  the  kids  are  not  being  cared  for,  does,  that 
apparently  are  not  suckling  kids,  should  be  caught  and  held  until  the 
nnnourished  kids  have  been  fed.  After  a  kid  gets  a  good  .start,  he  will 
steal  a  living  from  different  ewes,  if  necessary. 

Large  sized  Angora  skins  are  worth  from  one  to  two  dollars,  accord- 
ing to  size  and  condition. 

Half  breed  goats  scarcely  yield  enough  hair  to  pay  for  the  shearing; 
three-quarters  bred  goats  shear  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  pounds,  worth 
from  15  to  20  cents  a  pounds;  seven-eighths  bred  goats  shear  from  two  to 
three  pounds,  worth  from  20  to  30  cents  a  pound;  fifteen-sixteenths  bred 
goats  shear  from  three  to  five  pounds,  worth  from  30  to  45  cents. 

Mr.  Bailey  adds:  "the  fourth  cross,  or  fifteen-sixteenths,  is  the  lowest 
grade  I  would  keep  exclusively  for  mohair.  The  average  fleece  of  pure- 
bred goats  is  from  four  to  six  pounds;  but,  frequently,  eight  and  ten 
pounds  have  been  obtained  from  choice,  well-kept  animals." 

Goats  require  less  care  than  isheep. 

Shearing  must  be  done  as  soon  in  the  spring  as  the  hair  begins  to  shed. 
Otherwise  the  oil  in  the  hair  goes  into  the  body  of  the  animal  and  loses 
its  life,  lustre  and  weight. 

Young  Angora  docs  produce  the  finest  and  lieaviest  fleeces.  Tliey  are 
in  their  prime  at  from  two  to  six  years  old. 


310  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

"Will  Angoras  pay?     Mr.  Bailey  answers  the  question  thus: 

Cost  of  1,000  fifteen-sixteenth  grade  does $5,000 

Cost  of  20  thoroughbred  bucks 500 

$5,500 
4,000  pounds  of  mohair  will  bring $1,200 

800  kids 2,000 

Total  value  received $3,200 

Expenses — Herder,  one  year $420 

Extra  help  at  kidding 50 

Shearing  expenses 50 

Taxes  and  incidentals 80 

Total  expenses —       $630 

Balance,  net  gain $2,570 

This  is  over  46  per  cent,  on  the  investment." 

In  September,  1898,  the  number  of  Angora  goats  in  the  United  States 
was  estimated  at  247,000.  Texas  headed  the  list  with  75,000.  Of  thirty- 
two  States  Georgia  came  fourteenth  with  750.  Of  common  goats  the 
number  is  not  given.  The  number  of  all  kinds  for  the  whole  country  was 
estimated  at  500,000.  The  whole  number  of  goats  of  every  kind  in 
Georgia,  kept  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges  was  2,045 
accarding  to  the  census  of  1900. 

THE  HOESE. 

jSTo  domestic  animal  is  more  intimately  associated  with  man  than  the 
horse.  As  far  back  as  we  have  any  record  he  has  been  mau's  willing, 
faithful  friend,  sharing  his  perils  in  war,  his  toil  and  hardships  in  travel 
long  and  weary,  and  his  labors  in  all  peaceful  pursuits  of  life. 

For  whatever  purpose  a  horse  is  to  be  used,  there  are  certain  character- 
istics which  he  should  possess,  without  which  his  usefulness  is  greatly  im- 
paired. These  may  be  stated  as  a  good  disposition,  strength,  endurance 
and  activity.  Beauty  of  fonn  and  color  and  gracefulness  in  motion  are 
veiy  desirable,  though  not  absolutely  essential;  and  yet  it  is  better  to  pay 
a  little  bit  more  for  a  horse  that  has  an  attractive  appearance  than  to 
purchase  an  ungainly  animal,  however  useful  it  may  be. 

A  horse  with  a  bad  disposition  may,  by  kind  treatment,  be  greatly 
changed.  Yet  he  is  never  safe,  for  it  is  impossible  to  tell  when  his  bad 
temper  will  crop  out  and  cause  him  to  do  infinite  mischief. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  311 

There  are  also  among  horses,  as  among  men,  different  degrees  of  in- 
telligence, a  due  regard  to  which  is  very  essential  in  the  selection  of  a 
good  animal,  whether  for  the  saddle,  carriage,  or  general  purposes  of  the 
farm.  An  intelligent  horse  is  generally  more  docile,  and  is  safer,  be- 
cause less  liable  to  become  frightened. 

Strength  and  endurance  are  indispensable  qualities,  and  these  depend 
more  upon  form  and  muscular  development  than  upon  size.  Of  course 
these  things  being  equal,  the  larger  the  horse  is,  the  stronger  the  animal. 
Regular  hours  for  labor  and  rest  will  greatly  increase  the  power  of  the 
animal  for  endurance. 

On  farms  where  several  horses  are  kept  for  work,  and  a  special  one 
for  the  carriage,  the  heavier  draft  animal  is  better  suited  for  the  heavy 
work.  But  the  larger  class  of  farmers  can  keep  only  one  or  two  horses. 
For  such,  an  animal  of  meduium  size  is  the  more  desirable. 

"We  can  not  discuss  here  the  points  of  a  horse.  Experienced  dealers 
know  them  well,  and  a  man  of  little  knowledge  about  these  tilings 
should,  in  purchasing,  get  the  assistance  of  some  one  who  understands 
such  matters. 

The  diseases  of  horses  are  numerous,  and  in  many  instances  arise  from 
bad  management — an  improper  system  of  feeding,  ill-constructed  or 
poorly  ventilated  stables,  injudicious  driving  or  neglect  of  proper  clean- 
ing. When  diseases  do  occur,  quacks  should  be  avoided.  Dis- 
eased horses  should  be  treated  by  those  who  understand  their 
ailments  and  the  remedies  for  them.  Intelligent  management  will 
tend  greatly  to  prevent  disease,  if  the  animal  comes  of  good,  healthy 
stock. 

The  number  of  horses  in  Georgia  on  January  1,  1900,  was  109,905, 
valued  at  $6,001,626.  The  number  kept  in  bams  and  inclosures  and  not 
on  farms  was  21,016,  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900. 

This  noble  animal,  the  faithful  servant  of  man,  deserves  at  all  times 
the  kindest  consideration.  Careful  and  sufficient  feeding,  protection 
against  inclement  weather,  rough  treatment  and  overwork  will  increase 
his  usefulness  and  prolong  his  days.  Georgia  possesses  every  requisite 
for  the  raising  of  the  finest  breeds  of  hk>rses  for  the  saddle,  the  carriage 
or  the  work  of  the  farm. 

MULES. 

For  farm  use  and  all  kinds  of  heavy  work  t.lio  mule  excels  all 
other  animals.  He  is  admirably  adaj)ted  to  work  in  hot  weather,  such 
as  would  be  too  severe  for  the  horse  or  the  ox.  Therefore  he  is  a  favorite 
in  the  Southern  States.    The  mule  is  longer-lived  and  more  hardy  tlian 


312  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

the  horse.  He  can  work  for  a  much  longer  period,  and  will  thrive  with 
less  care,  is  not  subject  to  as  many  diseases  and,  when  sick,  is  more  easily 
cured.  A  well-bred  mule  will,  with  the  same  amount  of  attention,  out- 
last two  horses.  He  is  not  so  easily  frightened  and  therefore  not  so  apt 
to  run  away  as  a  horse.  He  is  more  steady  in  his  draught  and  less  likely 
to  waste  his  strength.  Having  a  tough  skin  he  is  not  so  much  annoyed 
by  flies.  The  expense  of  shoeing  a  mule  is  only  about  one  third  of  that 
required  for  shoeing  a  horse,  because  his  hoof  is  harder  and  more  horny 
and  so  slow  in  its  growth,  that  shoes  do  not  need  removal,  and  will  hold 
on  until  worn  out. 

Although  they  will  thrive  on  fare  coarser  and  much  less  in  quantity 
than  that  of  horses,  yet  it  is  economy  in  their  case  and  in  that  of  all  stock 
to  give  them  plenty  of  good  food  without  overfeeding  them. 

The  largest,  strongest  and  best  mules  are  the  offspring  of  improved 
blooded  mares,  having  as  their  sire  a  jack,  active  and  spirited  and  not  less 
than  fifteen  hands  high. 

Mules  ar  too  often  neglected  and  abused,  and  frequently  become  stub- 
bom  from  mere  self-defense.  They  are  naturally  affectionate  and  pa- 
tient, and  if  treated  kindly,  will  be  docile  and  obedient. 

The  number  of  mules  in  Georgia  on  the  first  of  January,  1900,  was 
157,008,  valued  at  $10,826,032.  The  number  kept  in  barns  and  in- 
closures  and  not  on  farms  was  Y,540,  according  to  the  census  of  1900. 


CHAPTER  X. 


FLORTICULTURE. 


SEED  FAEMS,  IKEIGxVTION,  TEKKACING. 

While  flowei's  and  flowering  plants  have  been  cultivated  in  hot-houses 
and  in  gardens  from  the  colonial  days  until  now,  and  while  they  have 
been  grown  for  sale  to  a  limited  extent  for  the  last  one  hundred  years, 
the  business  of  the  commercial  florist  in  the  United  States  has  been  de- 
veloped only  within  the  past  thirty-five  years  and  has  made  its 
most  rapid  strides  in  the  last  twenty  years.  In  the  vicinity  of  great 
cities  the  total  value  of  florists'  establishments  runs  up  into  the  millions, 
going  as  high  as  $9,254,873  in  ITew  York  State  in  1890.  ITew  Jersey, 
situated  between  the  great  cities  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  reported 
for  such  establishments  a  valuation  of  over  $3,600,000  in  1890,  making 
the  best  showing  in  this  line  of  business  of  any  State  in  the  Union  for  its 
size. 

The  trade  in  flowers  and  flowering  plants  in  Georgia  was  valued  at 
$81,932  in  1890,  showing  that  floriculture  is  beginning  to  be  important 
enough,  to  rank  as  one  of  the  industries  of  our  State.  As  our  cities  in- 
crease in  size,  this  beautiful  business,  so  congenial  to  esthetic  tastes, 
will  expand  more  and  more. 

Of  the  plants  sold  the  demand  for  the  various  kinds  varies  in  different 
sections  of  the  Union.  In  the  South  the  favorites  are  roses,  carnations, 
chrysanthemums,  geraniums,  palms  and  pansies.  There  is  also  every- 
where a  growing  demand  for  aquatic  plants,  and  specialists  are  giving 
marked  attention  to  them.  Eegarding  the  sale  of  cut  flowers  the  census 
reports  showed  that  roses  were  in  greatest  demand,  and  that  close  behind 
them  followed  carnations.  These  two  furnished  G5  per  cent,  in  value 
of  all  cut  flowers  sold  in  the  United  States.  Violets,  chrysanthcmimis, 
lilies,  hyacinths,  smilax,  bouvardia,  heliotropes,  pansies  and  tulips  in  the 
order  named  supplied  25  per  cent,  more,  while  the  other  10  per  cent,  was 
made  up  of  orchids,  tuberoses,  mignonettes,  primroses,  caraelias  (or 
japonicas),  daffodils  and  many  others,  cultivated  in  a  small  way  to  supply 

(815) 


316  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

some  special  or  local  demand.  For  instance  the  beautiful  camelia  japon- 
ica,  which  came  in  far  down  on  the  list  in  the  United  States  census  re- 
ports, is  decidedly  the  fall  and  winter  favorite  in  Augusta  and  Savannah, 
blooming  in  the  open  air  in  midwinter  in  the  latter  city. 

In  Georgia  there  were  reported  twenty-six  florists'  establishments,  five 
of  which  were  owned  and  managed  by  women.  The  largest  number  of 
square  feet  of  glass  reported  for  the  hothouse  of  one  establishment  was 
16,000  and  the  smallest  750.  The  total  number  of  square  feet  of  glass 
reported  in  the  whole  State  was  99,918.  The  number  of  acres  in  Geor- 
gia devoted  to  this  business  in  1890  was  106.  In  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, where  the  largest  establishment  reported  150,000  square  feet  of  glass 
and  the  smallest  1,440,  with  a  valuation  for  all  establishments  of  more 
than  a  half  million  dollars,  only  61  acres  were  cultivated.  By  far  the 
greatest  growth  of  this  business  in  Georgia  was  between  1880  and  1890. 

SEED  FAEMS. 

In  early  times  families  saved  the  seed  from  their  annual  productions, 
in  most  cases  from  whatever  remained  over  from  the  farm.  In  some 
cases  careful  selection  was  made,  and  purer  and  better  seeds  obtained, 
which  not  only  furnished  the  home  supply,  but  were  willingly  given  to 
friends  and  neighbors,  who,  in  return,  supplied  any  seed'  of  their  own 
that  might  be  considered  of  superior  quality.  This  same  practice  con- 
tinues in  many  communities.  The  general  growth  of  the  country,  the 
rapid  increase  of  population  in  cities  and  towns,  which  led  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  market  gardens,  the  demand  for  choice  seeds  and  the  diffi- 
culty of  procuring  them  led  the  market  gardeners  or  truck  farmers  to 
grow  and  save  them,  .at  first  for  their  own  use,  and  later  to  supply  the 
increasing  demand,  until  finally  some  of  them  drifted  into  the  production 
and  sale  of  seed  as  a  distinct  business.  The  first  regular  seed  farm  in 
the  United  States,  of  which  there  is  any  report,  was  established  in  con- 
nection with  the  nursery  business  in  Philadelphia  in  1787.  This  branch 
of  horticulture  was  not  made  a  subject  of  census  inquiry  until  1890.  Of 
the  596  seed  farms  in  the  United  States  reported  at  that  time,  258,  or 
nearly  one-half,  were  in  the  North  Atlantic  Division,  the  original  center 
of  seed  production.  In  the  South  Atlantic  Division  there  were  89  seed 
farms,  of  which  31  were  in  Georgia  and  46  in  Florida.  The  31  seed 
fai-ms  of  Georgia  embraced  2,627  acres  with  a  total  valuation  for  farms, 
implements  and  buildings  of  $177,000,  while  the  46  seed  farms  of  Florida 
embraced  only  760  acres,  with  a  total  valuation  for  farms,  implements 
and  buildings  of  $62,333.     Of  those  in  Georgia  which  reported  date  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  317 

establishment,  twenty-two  were  established  between  1880  and  1890.  Of 
those  in  the  North  Atlantic  Division  13  dated  back  to  the  decade  between 
1830  and  1840,  and  five  to  even  an  earlier  period.  The  first  one  re- 
ported in  Georgia  was  in  the  decade  between  1870  and  1880.  So  as 
far  as  onr  State  is  concerned,  it  is  a  decidedly  new  industry,  which,  be- 
tween 1880  and  1890,  showed  a  very  rapid  growth.  It  is  believed  that 
the  census  report  of  1900  will  show  a  large  increase  in  the  number  of 
seed  farms  in  Georgia. 

The  census  report  for  1890  said:  "While  this  report  shows  the  ex- 
tent and  production  of  the  seed  farms  proper,  the  total  amount  of  garden 
seed  produced  in  the  United  States  is  considerably  in  excess  of  the 

amount  here  given Again,  while  the  greater  amount  of  seed 

grains,  cotton  and  tobacco  used  upon  farms  is  of  home  production  and 
is  freely  exchanged  for  labor  or  for  other  products,  there  are  in  nearly 
every  county  successful  farmers  who,  by  a  careful  selection  of  seed  stock 
and  by  better  methods,  secure  greater  returns  than  their  neighbors,  and 
are  able  to  dispose  of  part  of  their  production  for  seed  purposes  at  ad- 
vanced rates.  These  men  cannot  be  classed  as  seed  farmers,  and  would 
hardly  be  able  to  estimate  what  proportion  of  their  crops  is  sold  for  seed 
purposes  annually;  but  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  such  farmers  produce 
one-third  of  all  the  small  grains,  com,  potatoes,  tobacco  and  cotton  seed 
planted." 

IKEIGATION. 

One  of  the  most  pressing  needs  of  Georgia  is  irrigation,  both  surface 
and  underground.  How  many  a  time  have  the  agricultural  interests  of 
our  State  suffered  from  a  drought,  that  has  blasted  the  brightest  prospects 
of  a  once  promising  crop !  How  many  a  time  has  the  farmer's  heart 
throbbed  with  anxiety  as  the  sun  scorched  his  fields,  while  he  longed  for 
a  favorable  season  and  sighed  for  the  rain  that  would  not  come !  Irriga- 
tion is  not  only  a  preventive  of  drought,  but  enables  the  farmer  to  con- 
trol the  supply  of  water  and  to  furnish  it  to  the  plant  at  the  right  time 
and  in  the  right  quantity.  This  question  concerns  also  the  drainage  of 
the  land  and  the  preservation  of  the  forests. 

In  the  vast  arid  stretches  which  are  found  in  tlio  States  west  of  tho 
Missiasippi  river,  and  where  farming  without  irrigation  is  impossible, 
men  learn  the  business  thoroughly.  But  this  is  intensive  farming,  a 
method  in  which  success  can  be  attained  only  by  tliorongli  tilling  and 
careful  attention  to  details.  Although  one  man  cannot  look  after  so 
much  land  as  under  tlie  old  method,  yet  he  soon  learns  that  he  can  make 


318  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

larger  profits  by  carefully  tilling  a  small  area  than  by  diffusing  his  efforts 
over  a  larger  one.  Where  a  small  measure  of  success  can  be  attained  by 
the  careless  tillage  of  many  acres  of  moderate  fertility,  farmers  are  apt 
to  go  on  ill  the  old  way,  trusting  to  the  weather,  getting  a  good  crop  if 
the  seasons  are  favorable,  and  in  a  year  of  drouth,  hoping  that  the  next 
one  will  be  better.  Then,  if  disappointed  again,  they  wonder  why  Provi- 
dence is  so  unkind,  forgetting  that  they  have  at  their  command  an  agent 
that  will  enable  them  to  overcome  the  ills  of  which  they  complain.  In 
some  sections  of  Texas  where  the  rainfall  is  inadequate,  it  is  customary 
on  irrigated  fields  to  make  at  least  a  bale  of  cotton  to  the  acre,  while  the 
average  on  unirrigated  lands  of  the  same  soil  is  hardly  more  than  one- 
fourth  of  a  bale  to  the  acre.  A  large  part  of  Idaho  is  so  deficient  in  rain- 
fall, that  the  country  looks  like  an  arid  waste.  But  right  in  the  midst  of 
a  desert,  that  appears  to  be  fit  for  nothing,  and  looks  as  though  it  can 
never  be  made  to  produce  anything,  the  traveler  will  come  to  an  orchard 
of  apples,  prunes  or  peaches,  each  limb  loaded  almost  to  breaking  with 
luscious  fruit.  Perhaps  only  three  years  ago  this  noble  orchard  was  part 
of  the  all-surrounding  sage-brush  desert.  What  wrought  the  wondrous 
change  ?  Irrigation,  a  scientific  expedient,  of  which  for  three  thousand 
years  man's  skill  has  made  use  to  overcome  the  unequal  distribution  of 
nature's  gifts.  Some  mountain  stream  near  the  foothills  has  been 
dammed,  a  great  reservior  built,  and  a  huge  ditch,  carrying  millions  of 
feet  of  water,  has  been  led  across  the  country  and  its  water  distributed  at 
the  points  where  needed.  The  difficulties  in  the  way  of  successful  irri- 
gation are  nothing  like  so  great  in  Georgia.  Prom  our  numerous  creeks 
and  rivers,  by  proper  machinery,  the  water  can  be  conveyed  and  dis- 
tributed wherever  needed.  Sometimes  artesian  wells  can  be  used  for 
this  purpose,  irrigating  the  land  through  a  system  of  ditches  or  storage 
tanks.  Windmills  can  also  be  used  for  pumping  up  water  from  wells 
and  distributing  it  over  a  garden  or  field. 

TEEKACmG. 

The  fertility  of  broken  or  rolling  lands  is  greatly  enhanced  by  strict 
attention  to  levels  or  horizontals  in  their  cultivation.  As  the  population 
of  the  State  increases,  the  old  system  of  large  plantations,  on 
which  exhausted  lands  could  be  turned  out  to  rest,  and  new  ones  with 
soil  yet  virgin  brought  under  cultivation,  becomes  more  and  more  im- 
practicable. Smaller  farms  become  a  necessity,  as  more  people  come  in 
to  take  up  the  land,  and  the  importance  of  devising  plans,  by  which  the 
fertility  of  all  lands  may  be  preserved,  becomes  yearly  more  apparent. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  321 

Especially  in  river  bottoms  the  exhausting  process  takes  from  the  ab- 
sorbing capacity  of  the  land  and  renders  it  more  liable  to  overflow.  In- 
structed by  repeated  disastei-s  in  the  bottom  lands,  and  in  those  of  the 
Savannah  river  in  particular,  by  which  for  three  consecutive  years  tho 
farmers  of  Georgia  were  sent  "West  for  their  com,  a  few  pioneers  began 
as  far  back  as  1885  to  put  their  land  under  a  more  or  less  perfect  system 
of  level  cultivation,  and  four  years  later  the  ten-ace  reform  began  in  earn- 
est all  over  Middle  Georgia.  As  to  proper  methods  of  terracing,  complete 
instructions,  which  meet  all  cases,  cannot  be  given.  To  one  who  has  never 
tried  it,  but  who  wishes  to  adopt  this  system,  a  visit  to  some  well-terraced 
farm,  with  its  unbroken  horizontal  lines  well  sodded  in  grass  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conserving  the  rainfall,  would  be  an  object-lesson  easily  compre- 
hended and  worth  more  practically  than  the  study,  or  blind  follomng  of 
■^  instructions  that  can  be  only  general  in  their  nature.  If  breaks  occur 
in  any  of  the  terraces,  a  good  practical  fai-mer  who  watches  his  fields  and 
soon  discover  whatever  may  be  needed,  can  take  his  hands  to  the  spot 
and  ^\^th  an  hour  or  two's  work,  repair  the  damage.  On  land  properly 
terraced,  after  a  heavy  rainfall,  each  water  furrow  is  covered  with  a  fine 
impalpable  powder  similar  to  the  rich  alluvial  deposits  found  on  bottom 
lands  from  back  water. 

Commercial  fertilizers  are  soluble  and  as  a  rule  are  put  in  near  the 
surface.  Hence  they  are  made  more  effective  by  being  protected  from 
washing  and  leaching  rainfalls;  and  such  is  the  case  on  land  properly  ter- 
raced. 

There  are  in  every  country  solid,  substantial  and  successful  farmers, 
some  of  whom  living  on  their  ancestral  domains,  soon  after  the  close  of 
the  great  civil  war  adjusted  themselves  to  the  new  order  of  things,  and 
studying  carefully  the  changed  conditions  and  their  requirements,  went 
diligently  to  work,  and  by  intelligence,  thrift  and  enterprise  won  back 
fortimes  that  had  been  lost  in  the  clash  of  arms.  Others  beginning  with 
scanty  means,  by  careful  cultivation  of  small  farms,  using  the  most  ap- 
proved methods,  have,  by  the  fruits  of  their  industry,  purchased  the 
worn-out  lands  of  their  neighbors,  and  under  the  best  system  of  intensi- 
fied fanning,  have  brought  them  back  to  life  and  fertility.  These  are 
the  men  who  set  the  pace  for  others  less  enterprising,  and  may  be  counted 
on  for  irrigation,  tenacing  and  any  other  advanced  movement  calculated 
to  promote  the  agricultural  progress  of  Georg'ia. 

I')  ga 


CHAPTER  XL 


riSH  AND  GAME. 

In  almost  every  county  of  Georgia  are  streams  whose  waters  abound 
in  many  kinds  of  fish.  Its  rivers,  creeks,  lagoons  and  ponds  give  yearly 
contributions  from  the  finny  tribes  to  reward  the  labors  of  the  profes- 
sional fisherman  with  net  or  seine,  or  to  repay  the  patience  of  the  youth- 
ful anglers  who  with  rod  and  line,  go  forth  on  holidays  to  ensnare  with 
worm  or  fly  the  unsuspecting  fish.  In  the  mountain  streams  sport  the 
speckled  trout.  On  the  Savannah,  the  Ogeechee  and  the  Altamaha,  shad 
are  caught  and  sold  in  the  markets  of  Augusta,  Savannah  and  Brunswick. 
The  little  town  of  Darien,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Altamaha,  carries  on  a 
considerable  trade  in  shad.  On  the  sounds  and  inlets  that  flow  between 
the  mainland  and  the  numerous  islands  that  fringe  the  Georgia  coast  ther 
fishermen's  boats  are  continually  busy  gathering  for  the  home  market  or 
for  shipment  several  varieties  of  salt  fish,  besides  oysters,  shrimps,  crabs 
and  lobsters.  In  the  waters  of  Okefinokee  Swamp  abound  black  bass, 
bream,  perch  and  many  other  varieties. 

In  commercial  fisheries  Georgia  did  not  rank  high  in  the  census  of 
1890,  simply  because  the  products  of  the  fisheries  had  been  almost  en- 
tirely consumed  in  supplying  the  home  demand.  By  the  census  of  1890 
the  inland  fisheries  of  Georgia  were  reported  as  employing  69  persons 
with  a  total  investment  of  $7,859  for  boats  and  minor  apparatus.  The 
annual  products  were  93,480  pounds  of  fish,  valued  at  $7,829.  All  these 
figures  were  considerably  below  the  reality.  The  fisheries  along  the 
coast  are  classified  in  the  United  States  census  under  the  head  of  the 
"Atlantic  and  Gulf  Boat  Fishery,"  and  embrace  the  fishing  along  the 
coast  in  boats.  It  is  so  called  to  distinguish  it  from  that  at  sea,  requiring 
vessels  large  enough  for  registry,  that  is  of  five  tons  burden,  or  more. 
The  fish  are  generally  sold  at  once  to  consumers  with  only  enough  of 
care  and  labor  to  insure  their  delivery.  A  large  proportion  of  the  fisher- 
men are  negroes,  who  equip  themselves  in  the  most  inexpensive  manner, 
their  boats  being  often  so  simply  made  as  to  have  a  merely  nominal 
value.  The  census  report  declares  that  "there  is  such  irregiilarity  in 
their  employment,  that  the  return  of  the  number  thus  engaged  is  es- 

(322) 


lijl    I'l  riilisfiiilll. 


r.LACK    I'.ASS. 
From  a  paiiitinj;  by  Il.il  .Muiiisoii  of  Atl:iiita.  Cm. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  325 

peciallj  unsatisfactory.  Of  the  "Atlantic  Boat  Fisher}-,"  reports  were 
made  of  only  ten  of  the  States  leading  in  this  industry.  Georgia  was 
not  one  of  these. 

Since  1893  there  has  been  an  immense  increase  in  the  fishery  busi- 
ness on  the  Georgia  coast. 

From  1888  to  1891  several  oyster  canneries  were  started,  but  all  failed 
from  lack  of  experience.  In  the  winter  of  1893  and  1894  Mr.  August 
Oemler  reopened  his  canning  establishment  on  Wilmington  island.  His 
business  has  steadily  grown,  and  for  each  of  the  last  two  winters  his  can- 
nery has  packed  1,400,000  cans.  His  establishment  employs  24  sailing 
crafts  of  from  eight  to  thirty-two  tons  burden,  also  three  tugs  Avith  seven 
barges,  besides  numerous  small  crafts  of  from  thirty  to  one  hundred 
bushels  capacity.  There  are  three  other  canneries  in  operation  in  the 
vicinity  of  Savannah.  These  are:  Vam  &  Byrd,  Thunderbolt;  George 
W.  Lowden,  Thunderbolt;  Eosedue  Cannery  Co.,  Coffee  Bluff.  These 
three  establishments  put  up  during  the  winter  of  1899-1900,  1,150,000 
cans.  Between,  1,500  and  2,000  persons  in  Chatham  county  are  engaged 
in  this  trade,  which  amounts  to  many  thousand  dollars  annually. 

Brunswick,  in  Glynn  county,  favorably  located  on  Oglethorpe  Bay, 
and  in  importance  the  second  seaport  of  Georgia,  enjoys  a  fine  reputa- 
tion for  oysters.  Those  shipped  from  that  market  are  considered  of  su- 
perior quality.  One  canning  company  puts  up  for  a  ISTew  York  whole- 
sale house  a  special  brand  which  is  said  to  bring  the  highest  price  of  any 
oyster  on  the  markket.  There  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Brunswick  not  less 
than  50,000  acres  of  natural  beds,  of  which  25,000  have  been  taJcen  up 
and  cultivated  to  some  extent.    These  yield  a  large  and  fine  oyster. 

There  are  fine  oyster-beds  also  contiguous  to  Darien  and  St  Mary's. 

Considerable  interest  has  already  been  awakened  throughout  the 
United  States  in  regard  to  fish  culture  in  private  ponds.  This  culture 
is  attended  with  slight  labor  and  expense.  Almost  every  farm  has  some 
stream  or  pond,  that  could  be  so  utilized,  or  at  least  land  of  a  swampy 
nature,  that  could  be  made  valuable  by  being  transformed  into  a  fish- 
pond. In  this  country  fish  culture  has  until  late  years  received  compara- 
tively little  attention.  The  artificial  propagation  of  fish  among  the  civil- 
ized nations  of  the  earth  is  a  new  science.  Yet  it  has  been  long  practiced 
by  some  of  the  heathen  nations,  especially  by  China  and  Japan,  who,  for 
thousands  of  years,  have  sustained,  to  a  large  extent,  their  dense  popula- 
tions upon  fish,  a  large  proportion  of  wliich  was  artificially  i)ropagated. 
To  France  belongs  the  honor  of  originating  fish  culture  in  the  manner 
now  practiced  among  civilized  nations.  With  such  marked  results  were 
their  efforts  attended,  that  other  European  nations  promptly  followed 
their  example. 


;326  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

On  many  Georgia  farms  the  carp  pond  has  been  introduced  as  one  of 
the  features.  It  would  be  well  to  introduce  ponds  stocked  w^ith  these  or 
other  kinds  of  fish,  wherever  nature  has  not  already  supplied  them. 

There  are  many  varieties  -of  fish  in  the  United  States.  It  would  be 
well  to  stock  our  Georgia  ponds  and  streams  with  them,  wherever  for 
any  cause  the  supply  is  running  short. 

'We  append  the  report  of  the  Fish  Commissioner  for  1900. 

EEPOET  OF  FISH  COMMISSIO^'EE. 

Hon.  0.  B.  Stevens,  Commissioner  of  Agi^icuUure  for  Georgia: 

Sir: — In-conformity  to  your  request,  I  have  the  honor  to  submit  my 
annual  report  as  Superintendent  of  Fisheries  for  the  State  of  Georgia,  for 
the  fiscal  year  ending  September  30,  1900. 

During  the  period  covered  by  this  report  there  has  been  a  marked  im- 
provement in  the  observance. of  the  laws  pertaining  to  fish  throughout  the 
State.  The  distribution  of  the  booklet,  "Georgia  Fish  Laws,"  over  the 
State  and  the  work  of  the  Fish  Wardens,  has  resulted  in  the  accomplish- 
ment to  a  large  measure  of  the  end  desired.  During  this  year  the  ^nola- 
tions  of  these  laws  have  been  less  than  any  former  year.  This  is  especially 
noticeable  in  the  inland  counties.  The  number  of  fish  has  noticeably  in- 
creased. The  abundance  has. been  remarked  on  by  citizens  throughout 
the  State.  More  fish  have  been  used  and  sold,  both  on  the  coast  and  in- 
land, than  for  years  past. 

The  following  statistics  taken  from  the  latest  authority  are  given  to 
show  the  amount  involvel  and  interested  in  the  fisheries : 

"In  1897,  1,869  persons  Avere  engaged  in  the  fisheries  of  Georgia — 
159  in  the  vessel  fisheries,  1,245  boat  fishermen,  and  465  shoresmen. 
The  investment  in  the  fisheries  amounted  to  $284,864.  Fifty-one  vessels 
were  employed,  worth,  with  their  outfit,  $28,833,  and  680  boats,  valued 
at  $20,277.  The  apparatus  of  capture  was  valued  at  $17,898,  while  tli© 
shore  projDerty  and  cash  capital  amounted  to  $217,856. 

"The  yield  of  the  fisheries  of  this  State  was  4,995,100  pounds,  worth 
$170,605.  The  most  important  items  in  the  fisheries  of  Georgia  are 
oysters,  the  yield  being  valued  at  $86,709,  and  shad,  the  value  of  which 
w^as  $46,705.  The  catch  of  teiTapin  was  valued  at  $11,254,  and  sturgeon 
at  $4,060.  The  value  of  products,  when  compared  with  that  of  1890, 
shows  an  increase  of  $47,042." 

The  Superintendent  wishes  especially  to  commend  the  work  done  by 
the  Fish  Wardens  throughout  the  State.  They  have  shown  interest  and 
activity,  and  have  succeeded  veiy  effectually  in  enforcing  the  laws.  The 
compensation  provided  for  these  Wardens  by  the  Code  is  "one-half  of 
the  fines  and  forfeitures  imposed  by  the  court  and  paid  by  the  violators." 
Under  the  construction  which  has  been  placed  on  these  words,  when  they 
have  been  construed,  the  Wardens  get  nothing  when,  the  defendant  is 
sent  to  the  chain-gang  in  default  of  paying  his  fine.  This  works  a  mani- 
fest injustice,    I  would  ree£>mmend  that  these  Wardens  be  paid  the  same 


/.'//  I'lrmhfion. 


Ill i;  (;i;( >K< ;i a  i'a kiui i>«!1';. 

].':■,, Ill    ;i    p.iiiiiiiii:-    by     llnl    Mnnis.m.    ..f    Ail;iiil;i.    (',:\. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  329 

proportion  of  the  amount  realized  from  the  hiring  out  of  a  defendant  to 
a  chain-gang,  where  he  docs  not  pay  the  fine,  as  is  given  the  Warden 
when  the  fine  is  paid.  The  hibor  performed  by  these  men  in  seeming 
the  con^dction  of  criminals  and  the  enforcing  of  the  laws  makes  this  just 
And  the  provision  should  be  the  same,, whether  the  money  comes  directly 
from  the  payment  of  the  fine  or  from  the  hiring  out  of  the  defendant. 

During  this  year  I  have  distributed  over  the  State  more  than  one 
thousand  copies  of  the  Georgia  Fish  Laws.  The  good  which  has  already 
resulted  from  the  publishing  of  this  booklet  is  gi'eat  and  will  continue. 
In  many  counties  the  wardens  have  reported  to  me  that,  with  the  distri- 
bution of  these  laws,  violations  have  practically  ceased.  An  addendum 
has  been  prepared  giving  the  public  and  local  laws  enacted  by  the  last 
legislature.  I  will  be  glad  to  furnish  upon  request  either  this  addendum 
or  the  Fish  Laws  of  those  wishing.  The  large  demand  already  made  for 
copies  evidences  the  interest  in  and  appreciation  of  the  pulication. 

Although  no  systematic  effort  has  been  made  to  investigate  the  vari- 
ous streams  and  lakes  stocked  with  new  varieties  of  fish,  this  office  is  in 
constant  receipt  of  infonnation  showing  the  result  of  their  introduction. 
The  United  States  has  established  a  fish  cultural  station  at  Cold  Springs, 
BuUochville,  Ga.,  and  there  some  of  the  fishes  most  suitable  to  the  warm 
waters  of  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  will  be  propagated.  The 
results  of  this,  I  believe,  will  be  most  gratifying. 

The  expenses  of  this  department  from  October  1st,  1899,  to  October 
1st,  1900,  have  been  $56.3-1,  as  shown  by  the  attached  itemized  state- 
ment. 

(See  Exhibit  A.)  Very  Eespectfully, 

A.  T.  DALLIS, 
Superintendent  of  Fisheries,  State  of  Georgia. 

I 

GAME. 

Game  also  abounds  in  almost  eveiy  part  of  Georgia.  In  the  mountains 
and  valleys,  in  fields  or  wood,  lagoon  or  swamp,  or  mid  the  extensive 
stretches  of  pine  forests  are  found  many  kind  of  birds,  the  squirrel,  hai-e 
and  opossum.  In  the  proper  season  the  echoes  resound  with  the  report 
of  the  shotgun,  the  favorite  weapon  of  those  who  seek  the  quail  (or  ])ar- 
tridge),  the  dove  and  field  lark,  or  the  rice  bird  of  the  swamps  and 
marshes. 

In  favored  sections  are  found  the  snipe  and  woodcock,  while  in  others 
the  wild  turkey,  a  nobler  game,  falls  a  victim  to  tli(>  Inintor's  shotgun 
or  rifle.  In  Northern  Georgia  or  in  the  woods  of  the  southern  portion 
of  the  State,  stalk  the  stately  deer,  which  are  cspcciiilly  numerous  among 
the  islands  of  Okefinokee  Swamp,  where  also  dwell  tlic  hnw,  otter,  wild- 
cat and  panther.  To  the  sportsman  who  does  not  object  to  hunting  in 
water  and  muck,  or  to  carrying  liis  food  and  bl:ink(>ts  on  his  bade,  Okeli- 
nokee  is  a  paradise  of  delights.     But  to  him  who  prefers  to  hunt  amid 


330  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

pleasanter  surroundings,  some  of  the  older  localities  give  ample  scope 
for  the  enjoyment  of  liis  favorite  pastime. 

In  Chatham  county,  which  was  settled  168  years  ago,  the  deer  yet 
roam  the  woods,  and  almost  any  winter  day  one  can  be  started  on  the 
edge  of  the  Ogeechee  swamps.  A  dozen  or  more  of  Savannah's  hunters 
each  winter  make  a  specialty  of  deer-shooting.  Every  now  and  then  they 
return  from  a  hunt  with  a  big  buck  or  a  fat  doe  strapped  to  their  buggies. 
For  many  generations  have  men  been  shooting  them,  and  yet  there  are 
many  survivors  who  continue  to  afford  the  hunter  "lots  and  loads  of  fun." 

ISTear  Savannah  regular  hunters  follow  the  dog  for  quail,  or  trail  up 
the  creeks  for  duck,  or  on  the  islands  of  the  river  and  along  the  edges  of 
the  rice  fields,  bring  down  with  unerring  aim  doves  and  partridges,  snipe 
and  woodcock.  In  one  of  the  large  game  preserv^es  below  Savannah 
pheasants  have  been  colonized. 

Jekyl,  one  of  the  loveliest  of  Georgia's  beautiful  sea  islands,  belongs  to 
a  club  which  has  stocked  its  woods  with  game  and  has  the  exclusive 
right  to  hunt  on  the  island  or  fish  in  its  waters.  The  owners  of  this  island 
enjoy  beautiful  scenery,   ocean  beaches  and  charming  forest   drives. 


CHAPTER    XIL 


MAXUFACTUKES. 

Georgia  stands  in  the  front  rank  of  the  Southern  States  in  the  variety, 
extent  and  value  of  her  manufacturing  establishments,  without  consider- 
ing the  question  of  her  leadership  in  any  one  particular  line.  Long  be- 
fore the  civil  war  the  prominence  of  the  State  in  railroad  construction 
and  manufactures  gained  for  her  the  proud  title  which  she  still  worthily 
bears,  ^'Empire  State  of  the  South."  Some  of  her  leading  manufacturing 
enterprises  began  far  back  in  the  thirties  and  steadily  grew  in  extent  and 
variety.  Many  of  the  small  industries,  such  as  shops  for  making  brooms, 
buckets  and  boxes,  were  early  introduced.  The  larger  ones,  such  as  cot- 
ton and  woolen  factories,  iron  works,  tanneries,  saw,  flour  and  grist  mills, 
lumber  and  planing-mills  for  making  doors,  blinds,  sashes  and  almost  all 
descriptions  of  carpentry,  were  found  in  many  localities,  especially  in  or 
near  the  larger  towns.  Although  agTiculture  was  the  leading  pursuit, 
many  enterprising  men  were  engaged  in  manufactures  and  their  number 
was  steadily  increasing.  Georgia  was  no  laggard  in  the  march  of  progress, 
suddenly  aroused  from  long  slumber  by  the  rude  shock  of  arms,  and 
taught  in  the  school  of  adversity  to  turn  her  attention  to  other  industries 
besides  those  of  planting.  The  thoughts  of  her  ^vide-awake  business 
men  had  long  been  turned  to  manufactures  and  commerce,  as  important 
colaborers  with  agriculture  in  the  development  of  their  beloved  State, 
and  many  of  the  most  influential  men  of  Georgia,  some  of  them  planters 
of  large  means,  were  stockholders  and  directors  of  cotton  and  woolen 
factories,  flour,  grist  and  saw-mills.  The  rattle  of  looms  and  whir  of 
spindles  were  heard  in  our  growing  cities  and  towns.  Manufacturing 
villages  sprang  up  near  good  water-powers,  in  solitudes  that  had  never 
yet  been  pierced  by  the  whistle  of  the  locomotive.  The  same  spirit, 
which  is  making  Georgia  great  to-day,  was  abroad  in  the  land  then.  Tho 
rapid  growth  of  our  cities  had  already  commenced.  We  see  the  evidence 
of  this  in  "White's  "Historical  Collections  of  Georgia,"  published  in 
1854,  where  we  find  the  following  reference  to  what  is  now  our  gi'catest 
city:  "Atlanta  has  had  a  growth  unexampled  in  the  history  of  the  South. 
It  is  the  point  at  which  the  Western  and  Atlantic,  the  Macon  and  West- 
em  and  tho  Georgia  railroads  connect."     Then  ]\[r.  White  gives  a  state- 

(331) 


332  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

ment  from  Jonathan  Iforcross,  Esq.,  a  few  extracts  from  whicli  are  here 
given:  "Population  of  Atlanta  not  precisely  known,  but  placed  by  none 

under  4,500  and  still  increasing There    is  in  this    city  one 

steam  flouring-mill,  investment  $35,000,  the  operation  of  which  may 
be  placed  at  $150,000  per  annum.  One  iron  foundry  and  machine  shop 
— cash  operations  $20,000  per  annum.  There  are  three  carriage  and 
wheelwright  shops,  two  large  tanneries,  one  large  shoemaking  establish- 
ment, two  large  tanneries  and  shoe-establishments  in  course  of  construc- 
tion. In  addition  to  the  Georgia  Railroad  and  State  machine  shops, 
which  employ  large  numbers  of  workmen,  one  car-shop  is  now  going  up 
as  a  private  enterprise — investment  $30,000." 

Mr.  White  then  goes  on  to  enumerate  "the  Winship  establishment  for 
making  railroad  cars,  with  a  capital  of  $20,000;  the  Atlanta  Tanning 
company — proprietors,  Alexander  and  Orme,  with  a  capital  of  $20,000 — 
hides  handled  by  machinery,  propelled  by  steam — connected  with  which 
establishment  were  a  grist-mill  and  patent  circular  saw-mill,  lathe  and 
shingle  machine;  the  Atlanta  Machine  Company  turning  out  $12,000 
worth  of  work  per  annum," 

The  railroads  and  manufactures  which  were  then  laying  the  foun- 
dations of  a  great  city  in  what  a  few  years  before  was  a  wilderness,  were 
the  fruits  of  Georgia  enterprise.  The  same  agencies  were  at  that  very 
time  putting  new  life  into  the  older  cities,  Augusta,  Macon,  Columbus 
and  Athens.  It  may  be  news  to  some  that  the  period  of  Atlanta's  most 
wonderful  development  and  most  rapid  growth  was  between  1850  and 
1860.  The  child  of  railroads  and  manufactures,  she  grew  at  a  tremen- 
dous pace,  which  no  subsequent  decade  of  her  history  has  paralleled,  and 
was  an  important  factor,  as  she  is  still,  in  winning  for  Georgia  a  reputa- 
tion for  energy,  pluck  and  enterprise. 

In  the  whole  State  there  were  in  1850  1,522  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, of  which  35  were  cotton-miUs,  several  of  these  being  also  en- 
gaged in  the  production  of  woolen  fabrics  for  the  sole  manufacture  of 
which  there  w^ere  three  mills.  The  other  entablishments  were  divided 
among  the  various  manufactures  which  minister  to  the  needs  of  every 
civilized  community.  The  total  value  of  the  products  of  all  manufacto- 
ries was  $7,082,075.  The  total  number  of  establishments  at  each  suc- 
ceeding decade  is:  in  1860,  1,890;  in  1870,  3,836;  in  1880,  3,593;  in 
1890,  4,283. 

The  total  value  of  their  products  has  shovm  a  steady  increase,  being 
for  1860,  $16,925,564;  for  1870,  $31,196,115;  for  1880,  $36,440,948; 
for  1890,  $68,917,020.  In  1880  the  24,875  laborers  employed  received 
$5,266,152  in  wages;  in  1890  the  56,383  laborers  were  paid  $17,312,126. 


HON.    .MARK    A.    COOPKU, 
A  Pioneer  in  Goor^'ia  M;iniir;i((iiriM.ir  Enterprises  juul  First  Presi- 
dent of  llie  (Jt'orjria  A^M-i<-iiltnr;i!   Sdcicty,   the   inliiUMico  ol' 
wliicli   organization   was   largely   instrnnieiital    in    tlie 
establishment  oC  the  State  Department  i>r  A^'ii- 
enllnre. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  335 

The  material  consumed  was  valued  as  follows:  $24,143,939  in  ISSO; 
$35,774,480  in  1890. 

If  the  ratio  of  increase  between  1890  and  1900  was  as  great  as  that 
between  1880  and  1890,  we  would  have  for  the  number  of  all  manu- 
facturing establishments  in  1900,  5,113;  the  total  value  of  tlieir  prod- 
ucts, $139,509,926;  the  number  of  laborers,  187,000;  their  wages, 
$58,861,228;  and  the  value  of  the  material  consumed,  $51,552,000. 

If  the  official  figaires  for  1900  can  be  obtained  in  time,  they  will 
appear  in  the  Appendix ;  if  not,  they  will  be  published  later. 

The  growth  in  the  textile  industries  of  the  whole  Union  during  the 
last  ten  years  is  remarkable;  but  the  most  wonderful  part  of  it  is  the 
progress  of  the  South  in  cotton  manufacturing. 

According  to  figures  collected  by  the  Boston  Textile  World,  the  Il^orth 
had,  in  1890,  12,721,341  spindles  and  the  South  1,828,982.  Xow  the 
Xorth  has  15,242,554  spindles,  w^hile  the  South  has  5,815,429.  The 
increase  in  the  South  for  the  last  decade  is  therefore  217  per  cent,  and 
for  the  North  19.8  per  cent.  South  Carolina  comes  third  in  the  Union, 
right  after  Massachusetts  and  Ehode  Island,  with  1,794,657  spindles. 
ISTorth  Carolina  is  fourth  with  1,429,540  spindles;  New  Hampshire  fifth 
with  1,343,923  and  Georgia  sLxth  with  1,218,504.  Of  the  Southern 
States  Georgia  ranks  as  third  in  number  of  spindles. 

Cotton  Mills. — In  1827  Augustin  S.  Clayton,  Thomas  Moore,  Asbury 
Hull,  James  Johnson  and  W.  A.  Carr,  began  the  erection  of  the  first 
cotton-mill  south  of  the  Potomac,  which  was  also  among  the  first  in  the 
United  States.  In  1833  John  White  became  superintendent  of  what 
was  then  called  the  Georgia  Factory,  and  to-day  his  descendants  own 
this  mill,  known  as  White's  Factory. 

By  1852  two  mills,  which  long  outranked  all  others  in  the  State  in 
size  and  product,  had  been  constructed.  One  was  the  Augusta  Cotton 
Factory  at  Augusta,  the  other,  the  Eagle  stills  of  Columbus.  The 
former  of  these  was  first  operated  in  1847  and  was  located  on  the  Augusta 
Canal,  which  being  completed  the  same  year  and  greatly  enlarged  in 
1875,  gives  to  that  city  a  magnificent  water-power,  and  aft'ords  splendid 
sites  for  factories  and  mills,  of  which  the  citizens  of  Augusta  have  not 
been  slow  to  avail  themselves.  For  on  the  banks  of  the  canal  tlicro  are 
now  seven  other  factories.  Yet  not  more  than  one  half  of  llic  water- 
power  of  the  canal  has  been  taken  up.  The  Eagle  IMills  (now  known  as 
the  Eagle  and  Phoenix,  with  more  than  double  their  original  capacity), 
built  in  1851,  were  first  operated  in  1852,  and  have  always  manufactured 
both  cotton  and  woolen  goods,  l^lwwy  nulls  for  the  luaimfacturo  of  both 
these  fabrics  were  built  at  many  points  in  (ho  State  where  good  water- 


336  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

powers  were  available.  The  cotton  and  woolen  mills  at  Roswell,  on  the 
Chattahoochee  in  Cobb  county,  were  famous  in  the  early  fifties,  their 
goods  being  held  in  high  esteem  and  finding  a  ready  sale  in  Tennessee, 
Alabama  and  Georgia.  During  the  civil  war  the  Roswell  factory  suj)- 
plied  good  woolen  cloth  for  suits  for  gentlemen  and  ladies. 

In  good  locations  with  no  available  water-power,  steam  cotton-mills 
were  erected,  which  paid  good  dividends  to  their  stockholders.  These 
facts,  with  the  additional  knowledge  that  factories  of  many  kinds  were 
in  operation  in  Georgia,  with  their  number  and  variety  rapidly  increas- 
ing between  1850  and  1860,  show  conclusively  that  those  are  greatly  in 
error  who  imagine  that  Georgia's  manufacturing  enterprise  is  of  post- 
bellum  birth.  The  four  years'  conflict  of  arms  between  the  E^orth  and 
South  checked  somewhat,  though  not  entirely,  enterprises  of  this  kind. 
In  the  wake  of  Sherman's  army  the  mills  at  Roswell,  Madison  and  Eaton- 
ton  were  committed  to  the  flames,  as  was  nearly  every  other  mill  of  any 
kind  along  its  desolating  march.  And  yet  in  1870,  or  flve  years  after  the 
close  of  hostilities,  Georgia  had  34  cotton-mills  in  operation,  one  more 
than  in  1860,  and  85,602  spindles,  or  416  more  than  in  1860.  By  1880 
the  number  of  cotton-mills  in  Georgia  had  increased  to  40,  with  198,656 
spindles,  and  by  1890  to  53,  with  445,452  spindles.  The  capital  invested 
in  1880  was  $6,348,657,  with  a  product  valued  at  $6,481,894.  In  1890 
the  capital  had  increased  to  $17,664,675  and  the  product  to  $12,635,629. 
In  1880  the  Georgia  mills  consumed  71,389  bales  of  cotton,  and  in  1890, 
145,869.  In  1880  the  average  number  of  employees  was  6,215,  who 
received  in  wages  $1,135,185,  while  in  1890  10,530  employees  received 
$2,366,086.  By  1896  the  total  amount  invested  in  Georgia  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cotton  textiles  exceeded  $25,000,000.  In  1889  there  were  in 
the  United  States  74  machines  for  printing  cloth,  of  which  44  were  in 
Massachusetts.  Only  three  were  located  in  the  South  and  they  were  in 
Georgia.  In  the  manufacture  of  higher  grade  cotton  goods,  Georgia 
stood  in  the  front  of  the  States  of  the  South,  being  the  only  one  of  them 
that  furnished  any  bleached  yams. 

Georgia  and  South  Carolina  were  the  only  Southern  States  at  that 
time  bleaching  cloth.  The  total  amount  bleached  was  in  South 
Carolina,  2,438,468  square  yards,  and  in  Georgia  7,593,950  square  yards. 
Another  fact  to  be  noted  is  that,  while  ISTorth  Carolina  had  91  mills  in 
1890  and  Georgia  53,  the  value  of  the  product  of  ISTorth  Carolina's  mills 
was  $9,563,443,  of  the  Georgia  mills  $12,635,629,  and  of  the  South 
Carolina  mills  $9,800,798. 

According  to  a  report  on  "Cotton  Movement  and  Fluctuations,"  by 
Latham,  Alexander  &  Co.,  bankers  and  commission  merchants  of  New 
York,  in  which  they  cover  the  period  from  1894  to  1899,  Georgia  had 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL. 


337 


for  the  season  of  1898-9  a  total  of  67  cotton-mills,  with  696,394  spindles. 
These  mills  consumed  280,177  bales  weighing  129,140,837  pounds. 
The  report  says 

"Southern  cotton-mills  have  likewise  enjoyed  a  more  prosperous  sea- 
son than  the  previous  one,  especially  since  the  first  of  January.  They 
were  in  better  condition  than  iSTorthern  spinners  even  during  the  last 
quarter  of  1898.  But  since  1899  began,  their  use  of  the  raw  material 
has  appreciably  increased  and  the  margin  of  profit  has  been  wider.  These 
changes  are  the  natural  result  of  the  more  active  consumption  of  goods. 
In  very  many  instances  Southern  mills  have  found  it  necessaiy  to  keep 
in  operation  night  as  well  as  day  to  prevent  a  too  rapid  accumulation  of 
orders.  There  is  as  yet  no  sign  of  a  check  in  this  development.  On  the 
contrary,  it  is  the  general  opinion  among  Southern  manufacturers  with 
whom  we  have  been  in  correspondence,  that  the  future  outlook  is  ex- 
tremely bright." 

For  the  year  from  September  1,  1899,  to  September  1,  1900,  the 
growth  of  the  cotton  industry  in  Georgia  was  beyond  all  precedent.  Many 
new  mills  were  put  ia  operation  and  many  others  were  in  process  of  con- 
struction on  September  1,  1900.  By  January  1,  1900,  there  were  in  opera- 
tion in  Georgia  75  mills  with  913,346  spindles,  and  21,903  looms.  The 
value  of  these  factories  was  $15,614,000.  By  September  1,  1900,  there 
had  been  completed  12  new  factories  and  24  others  were  approaching 
completion. 

The  following  factories  were  in  operation  on  January  1,  1900: 


LOCATION   AND   NAME    OP   COMPANY. 


Kqui 

pment 

Jan.  1.  I!00.    1 

rr. 

i> 

o 

.S 

o 

Pt 

^ 

X 

Alice — Harmony  Mills 

Aragon — Aragon  Mills .    

Athens — Athens  Manufacturing  Company 

Athens — Georgia  Manufacturing  Company 

Athens — Mai  tison  Braided  Cord  Company 

Athens — Princeton  Manufacturing  Company 

Athens — Star  Thread  Company 

Atlanta — Annestovvn  Cotton  Mills 

Atlanta — Atlanta  Cotton  Mills 

Atlanta — Exposition  Cotton  Mills 

Atlanta— Fulton  Bag  and  Cotton  Mills. 

Atlanta — Whittier  Mills  (Chattahoochee) 

Augusta — Augusta  Factory 

Augusta — Enterprise  Manufacturing  Company  . .  . . 

Augusta — Globe  Cotton  Mills 

Augusta — Jsaetta  Mills 

Augusta — .J.  P.  King  Manufacturing  Company 

Augusta — Sibley  Manufacturing  Company 

Augusta — Sutherland   Mills 

Augusta — Warwick  Cotton  Mills 

Banning — Ilutclieson  Manufacturing  Company 

Barnesville — Harncsviile   Manufacturing  Company. 
Beverly — Pearl  Cotton  Mills 


450 
350 

"5 
100 

() 

540 

143:} 

1200 

1000 

028 

lU 

150 

IS  12 

1400 


224 


800 

20000 

10000 

11048 

2000 

4000 

(iOOO 

2:i00 

ISOOl) 

4tiO()0 

45000 

10000 

:]:>{  11 )( t 

33000 
1728 
4100 

(102SS 

43200 
8800 
4100 
5000 

12410 
7-')00 


*$  25,000 
200,000 
125.000 

*  250,000 

•10,000 
10(\000 
lAO.OOO 

*  50,000 
300,000 
5(X).0(K) 
250,000 
]50,0(X1 
000,000 
751),  000 

25.000 
25,01 0 
1,000,000 
000,000 
35,000 
25,000 

*  00,000 
•»    120.000 

*  |||,(MI0 


338 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


LOCATION   AND   NAME   OP   COMPANY. 


Equip 

ment 

Jaii.l,  19C0.      1 

m 

<D 

n 

o 

,^ 

q 

^ 

J 

GC 

Oedartown — Cedar  town  Cotton  Company 

Columbus — Clegg  Manufacturing  Company 

Columbus— Eagle  and  Phenix  Mills 

Columbus — Hamburg  Cotton  Mills 

Columbus — Muscogee  Manufacturing  Company 

Columbus — Swift   Manufacturing  Company 

Cornelia — Porter  Manufi'.cturing  Company 

Commonwealth — Christian  Commonwealth 

Covington — Porterdale  Mills 

Dalton— Crown  Cotton  Mills 

DeBruce — Phoenix  Factory 

Dennard — Houston  Factory 

Elberton— Swift's  Cotton  Mill 

Forsyth — Forsyth  Manufacturing  Company 

Gainesville — Georgia  Manufacturing  Company , 

Griffin — Griffin  Manufacturing  Company 

Griffin— Kincaid  Mill 

Griffin— Spalding  Cotton  Mills 

Griffin— Rushton  Mills 

Harmony  Grove — Harmony  Grove  Mills 

Hartwell — Witham  Cotton  Mills 

High  Shoals — High  Shoals  Manufacturing  Company. 

Jackson — Pepperton  Cotton  Mills 

Jewell's — Jewell  Cotton  Mills   

Lafayette — Union  Cotton  Mills 

LaGrange — Dixie  Cotton  Mills 

LaGrange-LaGrfinge  Mills 

LaGrange— Park  Mills 

Lindale — Massachusetts  Mills  in  Georgia 

Macon — Bibb  Manufacturing  Company 

Macon— Manchester  Manufacturing  Company 

Macon — Payne  Cotton  Mills 

Macon— Willingham  Cotton  Mills 

Monroe— Monroe  Cotton  Mills 

Newnan — Newnan  Cotton  Mills 

Palmetto— Palmetto  Cotton  Mills 

Potterville — Taylor  Manufacturing  Company 

Raccoon  Mills — Raccoon  Manufacturing  Company.  . 

Rome — Rome  Cotton  Factory 

Roswell — Laurell  Mills  Manufacturing  Company. .  .  . 

Roswell — Roswell  Manufacturing  Company 

Sargent — Wahoo  Manufacturing  Company 

Savannah— Savannah  Cotton  Mills 

Shoal  Creek— Shoal  Creek  Mills 

Toccoa — Toccoa  Cotton  Mills 

Trion  Factory — Trion  Manufacturing  Company 

Union  Point — Union  Point  Manufacturing  Company 

Waleska— Little  River  Mills 

Waymanville — Wayman  Cotton  Mills 

West  Point— Lanett  Cotton  Mills 

Whitehall — Georgia  Manufacturing  Company  

Whitehall— Whitehall  Yarn  Mills 


116 

1754 

210 

450 

423 

80 

5 

80 
350 

"60 
174 


593 

430 

236 

150 

156 

102 

150 

160 

121 

212 

354 

75 

25 

1726i 


534 

"87 

'164 

106 

67 

120 


160 
1422 


76 
1500 


2360" 

47152 

600^ 

1300^ 

1300^ 

600*J 

'eooO 

lOOOO 

51 OO 

224O 

704O 

6OOO 

3300 

15000 

12552 

9000 

5000 

4160 

80.0 

5000 

5400 

4000 

6780 

20000 

10000 

1600 

51264 

25000 

10000 

3328 

7500 

5200 

10000 

6000 

2300 

3400 

5136 


12600 
3000 
7736 
2200 
5000 

49936 

400 

640 

340S 

56000 

1200U 
2500 


$  350,000 
36,000 
750,000 
100,000 
157,500 
250,000 

*  125,000 

2,500 

*  100,000 

*  180,000 
100,000 

*  60.000 

*  100,000 

*  50,000 
»  50,000 

*  400,000 

*  320,000 
200,000 
100,000 

*  100,000 

*  40,000 

*  150,000 
160,000 

75,000 

100,000 

350,000 

157,400 

25,000 

1,000,000 

1,417,000 

100,000 

*  50,000 
100,000 

*  100,000 

*  70,000 
50,000 
75,000 

164,700 

*  98,500 
«  55,500 

262,000 
48,000 

150,000 
30,000 

*  61,000 
»  600,000 

*  50,000 

*  10,000 
63,000 

500,000 

*  120,000 

*  75,000 


Totals  (47  towns,  75  mills) 22,289  927346  $15,914,000 

*  All  Georgia  capital. 

The  following  new  mills  were  completed  or  aj)proaching  completion  on 
September  1,  1900: 


!-# 


■#.'?* 

i^-r- 

1           a 

l^ 

1     1    >    1    - 

7               ~ 

i     -'     >     ! 

*     1    I 

L'?       I    V       . 


#!,_ 


GEORGIA:  Hlt^TORICAL  A^^D  IXDVSTRIAL. 


341 


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342 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


SUMMARY. 


Mills  in  operation  January  1,  1900. 
Mills  built  1899-1900 


Total  mills 


75 
36 

111 


Value  of  factories  in  operation $15,914,000 

Value  of  factories  building 4,775,000 


Total  value  of  factories $20,089,000 

Spindles  in  operation  January  1 ,  1900 927,346 

Spindles  installed  in  new  mills 265,140 


Total  number  of  spindles 1,192,486 

22,289 


Looms  in  operation  January  1,  1900 
Looms  installed  in  new  mills 


Total  number  of  looms 

Cities  and  towns  with  mills  January  1,  1900. 
Cities  and  towns  with  new  mills 


4,356 

26,645 

47 
36 


Total  of  cities  and  towns  with  mills. 


83 

Capital  of  organized  and  proposed  mills . . .  .$  1,757,000 

The  Division  of  Statistics  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, after  a  more  thorough  and  searching  investigation  than  ever  be- 
fore in  regard  to  the  growth  of  cotton  spinning  in  the  South,  published 
in  1901  the  following  table  prepared  by  Mr.  John  Hyde: 

PROGRESS  OF  COTTON  SPINNING  IN  THE  COTTON  STATES. 


Number  ol  Spindles. 

No.  of  Mills  in  Operation. 

New  Mills,  1900. 

States. 

1890 

1900 

1890 

1897- 
1898 

1898- 
1899 

38 
3 
3 

5 
79 

1899- 
1900 

Com 

pleted, 
etc. 

Pro- 
jected. 

Total. 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Louisiana 

Missouri 

79,234 

1 

j-    a  66,980 

J 

445,452 

437,200 

r       17,160 

J       62,222 

15,744 

I      60,876 

969,364 

2,000 

68,730 

88,584 

1,264,509 

1,693,649 

155,997 

105,452 

13 
1 
2 
1 
1 

53 

37 
2 
3 
3 

4 

77 

44 

4 

5 

4 

6 

86 

1 

10 

10 

190 

93 

32 

15 

5 
1 
3 

5 

10 
1 
3 

Texas 

Georgia 

3 

28 

3 

13 

6 

4l 

Kentucky  

Mississippi 

North  Carolina  .  . 
South  Carolina..  . 

Tennessee 

Virginia    

42,942 

57,004 

837,786 

332,784 

97,524 
94,294 

5 

9 
91 
34 
20 

9 

11 
7 
161 
76 
29 
15 

425 

11 

7 

169 

80 

29 

17 

7 

.     28 

25 

5 

2 

6 
2 

3 

9 
34 

27 
8 

Total 

1,554,000 

5,001,487 

239 

444 

500 

105 

34 

139 

a  Total  for  Arkans.is,  Louisiana,  Missouri  and  Texas;  details  for  each  State  not  given  in  census 
report  of  1890. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL. 


343 


The  increase  in  the  number  of  mills  in  each  State  from  1899  to  1900 
is:  Alabama  6,  Arkansas  1,  Georgia  7,  Kansas  1,  Louisiana  2,  Mississippi 
3,  Missouri  1,  Xorth  Carolina  21,  South  Carolina  13,  Tennessee  3,  and 
Texas  1;  total,  59.  The  records  of  the  Department  show,  as  is  seen  bj 
the  above  table,  105  new  mills  completed  in  1900,  of  which  number 
Georgia  is  credited  with  28.  The  report  of  the  Division  of  Statistics  says 
moreover:  "Thirty-four  additional  mills  are  projected,  that  is,  companies 
have  actually  been  organized  and  are  making  preparations  to  build."  Of 
these  34  Georgia  is  credited  with  13,  or  more  than  double  the  number  in 
any  other  State. 

Of  the  next  table  taken  from  this  same  report  the  following  state- 
ment is  made:  "All  the  figures  are  based  upon  actual  statements  made 
by  the  officials  of  the  mills  in  operation,  which  include  woolen  as  well  as 
cotton-mills,  showing  their  monthly  purchases  dunng  the  season,  their 
statements  having  been  revived  at  the  close  of  the  year.  Of  the  501  mills 
not  a  single  one  failed  to  report,  either  to  the  Department  directly  or  to- 
the  Department's  special  agent  detailed  for  this  work," 

COMPAKATIVE  MILL  STATISTICS  FOR  1898-99  AND  1899-1900. 
[In  commercial  bales.] 


STATES 


Number  of  Mills 


1898-99 


1899-1900 


Bales  Purchased 


1898-99 


1899-1900 


Per  Cent,  of  In- 
crease   or   Decrea.«e 
of  Bales  Purchased 


Increase    Decrease 


Alabama 

Arkansas  

Georgia  

Kentucky  

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North  Carolina. . . 
South  Carolina. .  . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia  

Utah  and  Kansas 

Total 


38 

3 

79 

11 

8 

7 

3 

169 

80 

29 

5 

17 

1 


445 


44 

4 
86 
10 

5 
10 

4 

190 

93 

32 

6 
15 


501 


121,128 

3,288 

281,527 

25,447 

18,749 

21,650 

3,017 

374,891 

466,181 

36,358 

17,156 

44,502 

34 


154,841 

2,394 

318,302 

26,008 

15,695 

21,440 

3,720 

442,508 

489,559 

34,882 

16,868 

44,595 

186 


;7.8 


13. 

9 


1,413.928     1,570,998     11.1 


23.3 

18.0 

5.0 


0.2 
447.0 


27.2 


16.3 
1.0 


4.1 
1.7 


The  following  table  shows  the  cotton  crop  of  each  State  for  the  season 
of  1899-1900,  the  amount  of  cotton  purchased  by  the  mills  of  each  State, 
the  amount  taken  by  the  mills  of  one  State  from  tlic  crop  of  another,, 
etc.: 


344 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


CKOPS  AND  MILL  CONSUMPTION,  1899-1900. 
[Commercial  bales.] 


STATES 


Crops 


Total 
mill  con- 
sumption 


Taken 

by    mills 

from  other 

States 


Per  cent. 

of  State's 
production 
taken  by 
mills  -with- 
in the 
State 


Per  cent. of 
mill  con- 
sumption 
taken  from 
other 
States 


Alabama 

Arkansas 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North  Carolina.  . 
South  Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utahar:d  Kansas 
Virginia  


1,005,313 

154,841 

669,885 

2,394 

1,345,699 

318,302 

24 

26,008 

699,476 

15,695 

1,203,739 

21,440 

17,275 

3,720 

503,8:^5 

442,508 

830,714 

489,559 

192,263 

34,882 

2,438,555 

16,868 

214 

186 

8,007 

44,595 

18,929 

64 

16,269 

26,008 


262 

3,720 

148,4«7 

119,100 

13,187 


60 

43,570 


14.0 
0.3 

22.4 


2.2 
1.8 


58, 

44 

11. 

0. 


12.8 


9.0 

2.7 

5.1 

100.0 


1.2 

100.0 

33.6 

24.3 

37.8 


97.7 


Woolen-Mills. — The  woolen  industiy  of  Georgia  has  been  subject  to 
considerable  fluctuation.  The  first  woolen  factory  in  the  State  was  re- 
ported in  1840.  The  niunber  increased  to  three  in  1850,  eleven  in  1860, 
and  46  in  1870.  The  capital  invested  also  showed  a  steady  increase  dur- 
ing the  same  period,  reaching  the  maximum  of  $936,585  in  1870. 

With  the  decline  of  sheep-raising  and  wool-producing  in  Georgia,  came 
a  falling  off  in  the  number  of  mills  and  the  capital  invested  in  them, 
and  in  1880  there  were  32  mills  with  a  capital  of  $180,733,  and  products 
valued  at  $239,390.  In  1890  the  number  of  establishments  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  woolen  goods  in  Georgia  was  18,  of  which  4  were 
equipped  with  machines  for  making  hosiery  and  other  knit  goods,  and 
the  rest  with  spindles  and  looms  for  the  production  of  woolen  cloth,  such 
as  jeans,  doeskins,  kerseys,  satinets,  cassimeres,  and  cheviots.  Though 
the  number  of  mills  was  less  than  in  any  other  decade  since  1860,  the 
capital  invested,  $420,033,  was  larger  than  that  reported  at  any  census 
except  that  of  1879,  and  the  value  of  the  product,  $340,095,  is  clear  be- 
yond that  of  1880. 

Labor. — By  reason  of  her  climate  the  cost  of  living  in  the  South  is 
much  less  than  at  the  ISTorth.  In  Georgia  the  laborer  can  live  in  comfort 
for  less  money.  Hence  he  can,  without  injustice  to  himself  and  family, 
work  for  smaller  wages. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Labor 
in  1891,  the  average  expenditures  of  each  individual  amounted  in  Geor- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AA^D  INDUSTRIAL.  347 

gia,  to  $94.26,  and  in  Massachusetts  to  $177.93.  The  detailed  statement 
of  the  Commissioner  as  to  the  condition  of  families  and  their  indulgences 
in  the  comforts  of  life  proves  that  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  living  was 
not  due  to  the  failure  of  the  Georgia  operative  to  provide  healthful  food 
and  the  comforts  of  home,  a^either  does  Georgia  labor  under  any  dis- 
advantage from  lack  of  ability  on  the  part  of  the  native  Southern  mill 
operative.  The  factory  hands  employed  in  the  cotton  and  woolen-mills 
of  Georgia  are  nearly  all  American,  mostly  natives  of  the  Southern 
States.  They  have  up  to  this  time  shown  great  aptitude  for  their  work, 
and  soon  become  skilled  and  proficient  laborers. 

Although  of  late  years  there  has  been  a  wonderful  groAvth  in  Georgia 
in  the  manufacture  of  higher  grade  fabrics,  the  improvement  of  the 
native  workman  has  kept  pace  with  this  gi'owth.  The  marvelous  increase 
of  the  number  of  mills  and  spindles  in  Georgia  during  the  last  two  years 
gives  assurance  that  this  State  with  unsurpassed  advantages  and  induce- 
ments will  continue  either  to  lead  or  to  stand  in  the  front  rank  of  this 
great  and  wonderful  advancement. 

"With  the  splendid  advantages  for  sheep-hiisbandiy  offered  by  Georgia 
there  is  no  reason  why  there  should  not  be  raised  in  this  State  millions 
of  these  wealth-producing  animals,  whose  wool  would  build  up  a  milling 
industry  rivaling  in  extent  that  of  cotton,  and  increasing  immensely  the 
prosperity  of  the  people  and  the  revenues  of  the  State. 

Silk  Factories. — An  industry  which  in  the  last  few  years  has  grown 
rapidly  in  the  United  States  is  the  manufacture  of  silk.  In  1890  there 
were  718,360  spindles  and  20,822  looms.  In  1900  there  were  1,420,2-15 
spindles  and  48,246  looms.  It  is  mostly  confined  to  the  northern  States; 
but  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  have  entered  this  field,  each  with 
30,000  spindles.  ISTorth  Carolina  has  also  1,455  looms,  and  Virginia  350. 
Although  Georgia  was  originally  intended  to  be  a  silk-producing  country, 
at  this  time  the  State  is  taking  no  part  in  this  business.  Yet  the  found- 
ers of  the  colony  of  Georgia  thought  that  its  chief  industry  would  be 
the  production  of  raw  silk.  General  Oglethorpe  in  speaking  of  the  pos- 
sibilities of  the  colony  said:  "It  must  be  a  weak  hand  indeed,  that  can- 
not earn  bread  where  silkwkorms  and  white  mulberry-trees  are  so  plenti- 
ful." Perhaps  at  some  future  day  Georgia  will  realize  in  this  industry 
the  expectations  of  its  founders. 

Colton  seecl  Oil  Mills. — The  value  of  the  cotton  seed,  as  food  for  stock, 
for  oil  and  for  fertilizing  purposes,  was  long  unknown.  When  the  farm- 
er had  gathered  his  cotton  and  ginned  out  the  seed,  he  baled  the  lint  and 
sold  it  for  the  best  price  that  it  would  bring,  and  tlionglit  that  ho  liad  re- 
ceived all  the  possible  profit  of  his  crop.     "No  longer  is  this  the  case. 

]«  ga 


348  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Among  the  faiiner's  profits  aiow  must  be  counted  those  derived  from  the 
sale  of  his  cotton  seed,  for  which  the  rapidly  increasing  cotton  seed-oil 
mills  have  created  a  great  demand.  This  by-product  of  the  cotton  is 
worth  to  the  farmers  of  Georgia  millions  of  dollars  annually.  Not  even 
the  cotton  factory,  whose  coming  to  the  fields,  is  hailed  as  a  harbinger 
of  good  to  the  planter,  is  more  closely  allied  to  the  agricultural  interests 
of  Georgia  than  the  mills  that  untilize  the  seed,  once  held  in  such  poor 
esteem.  They  furnish  to  the  farmer  the  meal,  the  cakes  and  hulls,  a 
cheap  and  wholesome  food  for  all  farm  animals,  supply  him  with  an  ex- 
cellent fertilizer,  and  g-ive  him  in  the  cotton  seed-meal  a  material  largely 
used  by  the  manufacturer  of  fertilizers  to  supply  nitrogen  in  his  chem- 
ical fertilizer.  This  meal  the  farmer  can  use  upon  his  fields  either  alone 
or  in  the  compost  heap,  thus  giving  to  them  that  most  costly  of  all  plant 
foods,  nitrogen. 

The  oil  extracted  at  these  mills  has  many  uses.  The  crude  oil,  often 
refined,  is  known  as  summer  oil.  A  prime,  summer,  yellow  oil,  also  called 
butter  oil,  is  used  in  making  oleomargarine,  butterinei,  cottolene,  etc.  A 
selected  yellow  oil,  subjected  to  cold  pressure,  becomes  a  salad  oil,  and  ia 
used  in  cooking.  Bleached  summer  oil,  also  known  as  summer  white  oil, 
is  used  for  making  compoimd  lard  and  similar  articles.  When  this  same 
oil  has  been  cold  pressed,  it  is  called  winter  white  oil,  and  is  used  in 
minei-s'  lamps  and  for  making  various  medicinal  compounds.  The  ordi- 
nary summer  yellow  oil  is  used  for  tempering  steel  and  other  manufac- 
turing purposes. 

Cotton  seed  oil  ranks  next  to  spenn  for  pui-poses  of  illumination.  It  is 
however,  in  greatest  demand  as  a  food  oil,  and  has  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent taken  the  place  of  olive  oil.  The  stearine  which  is  left  on  the 
cloths  in  the  filter  press,  when  the  oil  is  refined,  is  used  in  making  butter, 
lard  and  candles. 

We  can  easily  see  that  the  cotton  seed-oil  mill  is  a  very  important  in- 
dustry in  Georgia.  The  farmer  has  a  sure  market  for  all  his  seed  not 
needed  in  planting.  As  we  have  said  in  a  previous  chapter,  for  every 
pound  of  lint  cotton  there  are  two  pounds  of  cotton  seed,  which  is  sold  at 
$6,  $11,  and  even  $24  a  ton. 

In  1880  there  were  no  cotton  seed  oil-mills  in  Georgia.  By  1890  there 
were  17,  with  a  capital  of  $992,131,  paying  for  material  $1,298,421  and 
giving  a  product  valued  at  $1,670,196.  By  1896  there  were  20  of  these 
mills  paying  for  seed  $1,400,000  annually,  and  giving  a  product  valued 
at  $1,800,000.  In  the  year  1900,  there  were  52  active  oil  mills 
with  an  approximate  capital  of  $2,500,000,  not  counting  money  borrowed 
on  mortgages.     These  mills  paid  last  year  $5,000,000  for  cotton  seed 


X' 


J'i 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDISTRIAL.  ^bl 

alone,  not  counting  other  material  necessary  for  manufacturing  the  raw 
material  into  commercial  products.  The  value  of  these  products  was  for 
last  year  $14,000,000  approximately.  Six  new  mills  are  in  process  of 
construction. 


LIST  OF  GEORGIA  ^IL  MILLS. 

Americus  Oil  Co.,  Americus,  Ga.,  M.  S.  Harper,  ]\Igr. 

Athens  Oil  &  Fert.  Co.,  Athens,  Ga.,  J.  A.  Smith,  Pres.,  Abbeville, 
S.  C. 

Arlington  Oil  &  Fert.  Co.,  Arlington,  Ga. 

Blackshear  ILfg.  Co.,  Blackshear,  Ga. 

Co-operative  Mfg.  Co.,  Forsyth,  Ga.,  P.  B.  Maynard  &  Co.,  Mgrs. 

Carrollton  Oil  j\lills,  Carrollton,  Ga.,  J.  A.  Aycock,  Mgr. 

Excelsior  Mfg.  Co.,  Washington,  Ga.,  J.  A.  Benson,  Pres. 

Elberton  Oil  Mills,  Elberton,  Ga.,  A.  E.  Thornton,  Pres.,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Farmers  Cotton  Oil  Mfg.  Co.,  Locust  Grove,  Ga.,  A.  G.  Combs. 

Fort  Gaines  Oil  &  Guano  Co.,  Fort  Gaines,  Ga. 

Griffin  Oil  &  Fert.  Co.,  Griffin,  Ga.,  Walker  Bros. 

Gainesville  Oil  Co.,  Gainesville,  Ga.,  J.  D.  Woodsi  ie,  Pres. 

Gate  City  Oil  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  John  Oliver,  Pr 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  W.  J.  Mo  cj,  V-Pres. 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Macon,  Ga.,  R.  S.  Pu.. 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Augusta,  Ga.,  J.  H.  Tayiur,  Mgr. 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Eome,  Ga.,  W.  M.  Towers,  Mgr. 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Columbus,  Ga.,  J.  A.  "Walker,  Mgr. 

Georgia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Albany,  Ga.,  J.  R.  Forrester,  Mgr. 

Georgia  Farmers  Oil  &  Fert.  Co.,  Madison,  Ga.,  B.  A.  Warlick,  Mgr. 

Grovania  Oil  Co.,  Grovania,  Ga. 

Hardman  Oil  Co.,  Harmony  Grove,  Ga.,  L.  G.  Hardman,  Pres. 

Interstate  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Augusta,  Ga.,  J.  D.  Dawson,  Mgr. 

Jefferson  Oil  Mill,  Jefferson,  Ga.,  H.  W.  Bell,  Pres. 

Jackson  Oil  Mill,  Jackson,  Ga.,  H.  M.  Mallet,  Pres. 

Lathrop  Oil  Mills  Co.,  Hawkinsville,  Ga. 

LaGrange  Mills,  LaGrange,  Ga.,  J.  M.  Barnard,  Pres. 

Lavonia  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Lavonia,  Ga.,  L.  H.  Meekin,  Mgr. 

Middle  Ga.  Oil  &  Fert.  Co.,  Hogansville,  Ga. 

McBride  Oil  Co.,  Newnan,  Ga.,  R.  McBride  &  Co. 

Macon  Oil  &  Tee  Co.,  Macon,  Ga. 

Milledgfvinc  Oil  Mills  Millodgevillc,  Ga.,  A.  E.  Thornton,  P;-^. 

Monroe  Guano  Co.,  Monroe,  Ga.,  T.  C.  Mobley,  Secy. 

McCaw  Mfg.  Co.,  Macon,  Ga.,  W.  E.  McCaw,"  Pres. 

Mutual  Oil  Co.,  Macon,  Ga.,  Mr.  Gray. 

Pf'lliam  Oil  ]\fill.  Pf.lliam,  Ga.,  or  Hand  Trading  Co. 

Rockflalo  Oil  tt  Fertilizer  Co.,  Conyers,  Ga. 

Smithonia  Cotton  Oil  Infills,  Smitlionia,  Gii.,  J.  M.  Smilli,  Prop. 

Southern  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Savannali,  Cm.,  L.  W.  ll;i<kc]],  '^^i;r. 


352 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


Southern  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  L.  A.  Eansom,  Asst.  Mgr. 

Talbot  Co.  Oil  Mills,  Talbotton,  Ga. 

Yaldosta  Guano  Co.,  Valdosta,  Ga. 

West  Point  Oil  Mills,  West  Point,  Ga.,  D.  H.  Hickej,  Mgr. 

Wilkins  &  Jones,  Waynesboro,  Ga. 

Waynesboro  Oil  Mill  &  Pert.  Co.,  Waynesboro,  Ga. 

Cedartown  Cotton  Oil  Co.,  Cedartown,  Ga. 

Conyers  Oil  Co.,  Conyers,  Ga. 

Dublin  Oil  Mills,  Dublin,  Ga. 

Dawson  Oil  Mills,  Dawson,  Ga. 

McBurney  Oil  &  Pert.  Co.,  Warrenton,  Ga. 

Walton  Oil  Co.,  Social  Circle,  Ga. 

Washington  Co.  Oil  Co.,  Tennille,  Ga. 

Cotton  Ginning. — Of  course  every  farmer  must  have  recourse  to  a  cot- 
ton-gin in  order  to  separate  the  lint  from  the  seed.  Cotton  ginneries  are 
divided  in  the  census  reports  into  three  general  classes,  viz. :  those  con- 
ducted exclusively  for  the  public;  those  conducted  exclusively  for  the 
plantation;  those  conducted  for  both  the  public  and  the  plantation. 

The  following  table  gives  the  number  and  charecter  of  ginneries  and 
number  of  months  operated  for  crop  of  1899  by  States  and  Territories: 
number  of  months  operated  for  crop  of  1899-1900  by  States  and  Terri- 
tories: 


States  and  Territories. 


NUMBER  OF  GINNERIES. 


Total. 


Operated  for- 


The 
public 
only. 


The 
planta- 
tion 
only. 


Both. 


Average 
number 

of 
months 
in  opera- 
tion for 
crop  of 
1899. 


Total 

Alabama 

Arkansas 

Florida 

Georgia 

Indian  Territory 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

North  Carolina. . 

Oklahoma 

South  Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 


29,620 

6,468 

4,034 

792 

2,630 

668 

236 

73 

4,729 

696 

297 

215 

9 

1 

9 

1 

2,14s 

190 

3,976 

519 

56 

40 

2,.573 

431 

133 

109 

3,308 

298 

834 

255 

4,514 

2,165 

88 

15 

2,863 


20,289 


391 

133 

10 

572 

6 


361 

580 


278 


381 

45 

100 


2,851 

1,829 

153 

3,461 

76 

1 

1 

1,597 

2,877 

16 

1,864 

24 

2,689 

534 

2,249 

67 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  353 

It  will  be  seen  that  Georgia  came  first  in  1899,  in  the  total  number 
of  ginneries,  Texas  second  and  Alabama  third. 

In  1879  a  large  percentage  of  the  cotton  crop  of  the  United  States  was 
handled  by  private  ginneries,  and  their  motive  power  consisted  for  the 
most  part  of  horses  or  mules,  and  their  daily  capacity  was  from  three  to 
five  bales. 

The  introduction  of  steam  power  has  crowded  out  the  primitive  horse 
ginneries  to  such  an  extent  that  they  are  now  almost  a  thing  of  the  past. 

Of  the  29,620  cotton  ginneries  in  the  United  States  in  1899,  only 
2,863,  or  less  than  10  per  cent.,  are  reported  as  ginning  exclusively  for 
the  plantation,  and  a  very  smaU  percentage  of  these  are  of  the  old-fash- 
ioned horse-power  variety. 

Fertilizer  Manufactories. — Georgia  consumes  more  chemical  fertiliz- 
ers than  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  With  all  her  advantiiges  for  di- 
versity of  manufactures  she  ought  to  be  the  largest  producer.  She  does 
outrank  all  the  Southern  States  in  this  industry,  and  always  produces 
enough  to  supply  the  needs  of  our  own  people  if  the  entire  products  were 
consumed  in  the  State.  But  some  of  the  Georgia  farmers  purchase  fertili- 
zer goods  manufactured  in  other  States,  while  a  large  part  of  the  Georgia 
product  is  shipped  abroad  and  sold  outside  our  borders.  This  business  is 
closely  allied  to  that  of  the  cotton  seed-oil  mill;  for  the  cotton  seed-meal 
produced  by  the  latter  is  extensively  used  for  the  purpose  of  supplying 
nitrogen  in  the  goods  prepared  by  the  fertilizer  manufacturer. 

In  1880  there  were  in  Georgia  only  three  fertilizer  factories  giving  em- 
ployment to  67  men  who  received  $22,872  in  wages,  and  produced  goods 
valued  at  $256,500.  In  1890  there  were  44  establishments  with  a  total 
capital  of  $5,501,881,  in  which  1,328  laborers  were  employed,  whose 
wages  amounted  to  $484,889,  and  whose  product  amounted  in  vlaue  to 
$5,026,034. 

In  October,  1899,  there  were  110  fertilizer  establishments  of  which 
32  were  also  enlarged  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  seed-oil.  Besides  those 
were  30  establishments  from  other  States,  North  and  South,  selling  fer- 
tilizers in  Georgia.  A  special  act  of  the  legislature  passed  and  approved 
October  9,  1891,  places  all  this  business  under  the  control  of  the  com- 
missioner of  agriculture  and  protects  the  farmer  from  fraudulent  fertili- 
zers. 

A  special  bill,  approved  July  22,  1896,  also  forbids  the  sale  of  any 
cotton  seed-meal  that  is  shown  by  the  official  analysis  to  contain  less  than 
7^  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  provided  this  shall  not  apply  to  long-stapld 
cotton,  the  anal^-sis  of  which  must  show  not  less  tlian  5|  per  cent,  of 
ammonia. 


354  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

A  third  bill  approved  December  21,  1897,  prescribes  the  manner  of 
branding  and  grading  commercial  fertilizers. 

In  1900  Georgia  consumed  412,755  tons  of  fertilizers.  The  consump- 
tion for  1901  amounted  to  about  478,000  tons,  showing  a  considerable 
increase. 

Other  Chemicals. — For  the  manufacture  of  other  chemicals  in  Georgia 
there  were  five  other  establishments  in  1890  with  a  total  product  valued 
at  $680,497.  Among  the  items  enumerated  were  paints,  varnishes,  japana 
and  pharmaceutical  preparations.  This  business  has  greatly  increased  in 
every  way  within  the  last  decade. 

Lumber  Manufacture. — This  is  one  of  the  most  extensive  industries  in 
the  State,  and  together  with  the  tar  and  turpentine  business  has  brought 
into  the  cities  of  Savannah  and  Brunswick  a  vast  quantity  of  material  for 
exportation,  making  the  former  of  those  cities  the  greatest  lumber  and 
naval  stores  market  in  the  world.  The  trade  arising  from  these  industries 
adds  much  also  to  the  prosperity  of  the  smaller  Georgia  ports  of  Darien 
and  St.  Marys.  There  were  reported  for  the  census  of  1890  lumber 
mills  of  all  kinds  in  Georgia  to  the  number  of  516,  whose  total  product 
was  placed  at  $9,855,067.  Of  these  mills  434  were  engaged  in  produc- 
ing lumber  and  other  mill  products  from  logs  pr  bolts,  while  82  were 
planing-mills,  manufacturing  sashes,  doors,  blinds,  boxes,  and  other  plan- 
ing-mill  products,  such  as  wood  turned  and  carved  and  all  kinds  of  car- 
pentry material.  The  basis  of  this  immense  business  is  the  far-famed 
long-leaf  pine  of  Southern  Georgia,  for  which  millions  of  feet  of  lumber 
are  annually  marketed.  Its  durability  and  adaptability  for  every  class  of 
building,  interior  decoration  and  many  kinds  of  ornamental  work,  have 
gained  for  it  high  esteem.  In  the  Appalachian  range  through  North 
Georgia  there  are  also  extensive  forests  of  hardwood  trees,  which  are 
comparatively  undeveloped.  In  many  of  the  counties  there  are  bodies  of 
these  trees  from  which  the  planing-mills  gather  material  for  the  manu- 
facture of  furniture  of  all  sorts.  Between  1880  and  1890  there  was  a 
very  great  increase  in  the  planing-mill  product.  This  increase  was  from 
$737,200  to  $3,548,972  within  the  decade.  It  has  been  estimated  that 
the  valuation  put  upon  the  total  lumber  output  of  Georgia  by  the  United 
States  census  of  1890  was  at  least  50  per  cent,  short  of  the  actual  value. 
Great  difficulty  attends  the  securing  of  exact  reports. 

Rosin  and  Turpentine. — This  business  depends  on  the  long-leaf  pine 
of  Southern  Georgia,  and  is  known  as  navel  stores.  The  rosin  is  drawn 
from  the  standing  tree  which,  after  the  exhaustion  of  its  sap,  is  cut  down, 
transported  to  the  mill,  and  sawed  into  lumber.  The  increase  in  the  out- 
put of  this  business  has  kept  pace  with  that  of  other  industries  of  Geor- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD    INDUSTRIAL. 


355 


gia.  The  value  of  the  entire  product  in  18S0  was  $1,455,739.  Bv  1890 
it  had  more  than  doubled  and  amounted  to  $4,242,255. 

When  the  trees  have  been  removed  there  remains  a  cleared  field  well 
suited  to  agricultural  purposes,  in  some  instances  adapted  to  the  raising 
of  the  highest  priced  octton,  the  long-staple  or  sea-island  variety,  or  other 
staple  crops.  Especially  are  these  fields  fitted  to  the  planting  of  market 
gardens  for  raising  fruits  and  vegetables,  a  business  for  which  there  is 
an  ever-increasing  demand  in  the  growing  cities  of  our  own  State,  or 
those  of  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  from  Brunswick,  Georgia,  to  Boston, 
in  Massachusetts. 

Considering  the  whole  product  of  the  pine  forests  together,  there  is 
probably  as  much  capital  invested  in  it  as  in  any  other  one  interest,  per- 
haps more.  An  Atlanta  capitalist  purchased  a  tract  of  timber  land  in 
South  Georgia  for  which  he  paid  $75,000.  After  having  sold  from  it 
enough  lumber  to  pay  for  the  property,  he  estimates  that  there  remains 
on  it  enough  timber  to  bring  him,  when  cut,  $150,000.  When  the  land 
has  been  cleared  at  a  big  profit  to  himself  he  expects  to  use  the  tract  for 
f ruit-gi-owing  or  for  general  fanaiing  purposes.  This  is  only  one  example 
among  many  of  the  great  possibilities  of  Southern  Georgia. 

Furniture  Factories. — This  is  a  large  and  profitable  business  in  Geor- 
gia. According  to  the  census  of  1890  the  capital  invested  in  all  lines 
of  this  business  amounted  to  $1,036,825,  and  the  value  of  the  products 
for  that  year  was  $1,633,813.  This  industry  has  been  greatly  enlarged 
during  the  last  decade.  The  13  establisments  of  the  city  of  Atlanta 
alone  reported  in  1897  an  annual  product  worth  $1,164,000.  Much  of 
the  furniture  manufactured  is  of  a  high  grade,  and  is  largely  sold  in  the 
Eastern  markets.  This  is  especially  true  of  Atlanta,  whose  furniture  fac- 
tories are  always  represented  at  the  annual  exhibit  at  Grand  Rapids, 
Michigan.  The  growth  in  this  business  in  the  last  three  years  has  been 
very  great. 

Foundries. — Georgia  has  no  great  iron  plants  like  those  of  Alabama 
and  Tennessee;  and  yet  there  is  in  the  State  a  well  developed  iron  indus- 
try, in  which  a  large  capital  is  invested  and  from  which  large  profits  are 
derived.  The  many  foundries  manufacture  nuichinery,  agricultural  im- 
plements, boilers,  cotton-gins  and  castings.  The  census  of  1890  showed 
that  there  were  in  Georgia  52  iron  foundries  with  a  capital  of  $2,107,969 
and  an  annual  output  valued  at  $2,272,653. 

The  cotton-gins  and  presses  manufactured  in  Georgia  are  unrivaled. 
Often  the  factories,  working  night  and  day,  can  hardly  supply  tlie  de- 
mand from  every  section  of  the  South. 

Ornamental  Iron  Works. — The  business  of  miiking  arcliitcctural  and 


356  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

ornamental  work  from  iron  is  of  considerable  importance  and  is  on  the 
increase  in  Georgia.  By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  the  State 
three  factories  for  turning  out  this  kind  of  work.  The  capital  invested 
in  tlieni  was  $67,242  and  their  product  was  worth  $110,075. 

Iro7i  and  Steel. — One  of  the  most  notable  features  of  the  growth  of 
the  iron  and  steel  industry  of  the  United  States  is  the  activity  displayed 
in  the  Southern  States  in  the  erection  of  iron-making  plants.  Steel- 
making,  though  not  wholly  neglected,  has  not  formed  a  prominent  feat- 
ure of  this  metallurgical  development.  Under  the  head  of  "iron  and 
steel  industry,"  the  census  of  1890  reported  for  Georgia  five  establish- 
ments which  had  at  that  time  a  capital  of  $908,243  and  a  product  valued 
at  $471,357. 

Blast  Furnaces. — In  speaking  of  the  pig-iron  industry  of  the  South- 
ern States  the  United  States  census  report  of  1890  said:  "This  section 
has  long  been  noted  for  the  excellent  character  of  the  charcoal  pig-iron 
produced  within  its  borders;  but  prior  to  1880  attention  was  not  espe- 
cially directed  to  its  extensive  and  easily  worked  deposits  of  iron  ore,  nor 
to  tlie  advantages  which  the  close  proximity  of  coking  coal  and  limestone 
to  these  deposits  afforded  for  the  production  of  coke  pig-iron  at 
low  cost.  During  1880  the  Southern  States  produced  9.27  per  cent,  of  the 
aggregate  pig-iron  yield  of  the  United  States,  but  in  1890  the  furnaces  in 
this  section  contributed  18.52  per  cent,  of  the  total  output,  the  increase  in 
tonnage  over  1880  being  423.52  per  cent."  According  to  the  census  of 
1890  there  were  in  the  State  of  Georgia  four  blast  furnaces  T\ath  a  capi- 
tal of  $748,845,  and  an  output  valued  at  $339,422.  "The  pig-iron  in- 
dustry of  Georgia,"  says  the  census  report,  "remained  practically  sta- 
tionarv  during  the  decade  from  1880  to  1890."  The  gi'eater  part  of  the 
iron  ere  mined  in  Georgia  is  shipped  beyond  the  State. 

Carriage  and  Wagon  Factories. — Under  this  heading  are  included 
custom  work  and  repairing.  There  were  in  1890  as  many  as  129  of 
these  factories  in  Georgia,  some  of  them  doing  the  best  grade  of  work. 
The  buggies  manufactured  at  Barnesville  enjoy  a  fine  reputation. 

The  capital  employed  by  these  establishments  in  1890  was  $849,441 
and  their  output  was  valued  at  $1,221,119.  The  number  of  establish- 
ments, their  capital  and  product  have  steadily  increased  in  the  last  de- 
cade. 

In  addition  to  these  factories  were  several  where  carriage  materials 
were  made. 

The  BlachsmitJiing  and  Wheelwrighting  E stdblislimcnts,  which  ten 
years  ago  numbered  331,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $245,721,  turned 
out  annually  work  worth  $265,315. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  .359 

Car  Shops. — Most  of  these  are  operated  by  the  railway  companies, 
and  are  for  construction  and  repairs.  At  some  of  them  excellent  box- 
cars for  freight  and  handsome  passenger  coaches  are  made.  The  num- 
ber reported  in  1890  was  eleven,  with  a  capital  of  $450,512,  and  doing 
work  worth  $842,610.  The  rapid  increase  of  business  on  the  railroad 
lines,  and  the  constant  need  for  new  cars  and  for  repairs  to  old  ones,  in- 
sure constant  employment  for  many  hands  in  this  kind  of  work. 

Flour  and  Grist  Mills. — The  falling  off  in  the  cultivation  of  wheat 
between  1880  and  1890  led  to  a  corresponding  decrease  in  the  number 
of  mills,  the  capital  invested,  and  the  value  of  their  products.  During 
that  decade  the  numbers  of  mills  decreased  from  1,139  to  719, 
their  capital  from  $3,576,301  to  $2,347,835,  and  their  output  showed  a 
corresponding  decrease.  A  revival  of  wheat  growing  has  commenced  in 
Georgia,  and  with  it  a  revival  of  the  milling  industry.  Many  old  mills 
that  had  shut  down  have  started  up  again,  and  new  ones  have  been  built. 

The  Bread  and  Bakery  products  are  always  in  demand,  whether  the 
flour  used  be  imported  or  made  at  home.  Hence  the  rapid  increase  in 
the  population  of  Georgia  between  1880  and  1890  caused  almost  a  triple 
increase  in  these  products  for  the  same  periods.  Twenty-six  establish- 
ments with  a  capital  of  $118,450  and  a  product  worth  $464,162  had  in- 
creased to  76  establishments  with  a  capital  of  $394,356,  and  products 
worth  $1,241,349. 

Brick  and  Tile  Manufactories. — The  presence  of  so  much  excellent 
material  for  the  manufacture  of  brick  in  Georgia  has  led  to  the  erection 
of  many  establishments  devoted  to  this  industry,  in  which  Georgia  takes 
high  rank  among  the  States  of  the  South.  The  brick  and  tile  manufac- 
tories showed  between  1880  and  1890  a  very  gratifying  increase. 

Although  the  76  establishments  of  1880  had  been  reduced  to  61,  the 
capital  of  $212,600  had  increased  to  $950,263,  and  the  product  of  $409,- 
025  had  gi-own  to  $1,201,542.  With  the  growth  of  cities  and  towns  this 
business  is  sure  to  increase. 

Clay  and  Pottery  Products. — In  addition  to  brick  and  tiles  there  are 
other  products  of  clay,  such  as  pottery,  drain  and  sewer  pipes,  etc.  For 
the  manufacture  of  the  various  articles  from  clay  (exclusive  of  brick  and 
tiles),  there  were  in  Georgia  in  1890  seventeen  establishnicnts  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $229,269  and  an  annual  output  valued  at  $211,250. 
There  has  been  during  the  last  decade  a  gi'atifying  increase  in  this  busi- 
ness. 

Ocher  Mills  and  Paint  Industry. — Ocher,  the  basis  of  paint,  is  one  of 
the  mineral  products  of  Georgia.  The  mining  and  shipment  of  yellow 
ocher  has  become  a  considerable  business  in  Bartow  county.     There  are 


3(^0  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

at  Cartersville  four  mills  for  the  handling  of  this  material.  The 
shipment  of  ocher  from  this  county  for  the  year  ending  August  1, 
1900,  amounted  to  4,500  tons,  which,  at  the  average  price  of  $12.29  a 
ton,  amounted  to  $55,305.  Superior  natural  advantages  for  the  grind- 
ing and  mixing  of  ready  mixed  paints  are  enjoyed  by  the  manufacturers 
of  these  articles  in  Atlanta  where  the  market  for  them  is  always  good. 

Ice  Plants. — The  factories  for  the  manufacture  of  artificial  ice,  which 
in  1890  numbered  16  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $487,534,  have 
greatly  increased  their  capital  and  business  and  have  with  their  much 
cheaper  products,  run  out  of  the  markets  of  Georgia  the  imported  natural 
ice  which  in  former  years  was  sold  at  such  high  figures  that.comparanvely 
few  jDeople  could  indulge  in  what  was  then  an  expensive  luxury. 

Electric  Light  Plants. — Although  electric  lighting  had  been  intro- 
duced into  our  large  cities  previous  to  1890,  no  report  of  these  plants 
appeared  in  tlie  eleventh  census.  There  are  now  50  of  them  in  Georgia 
brilliantly  illuminating  all  our  large  cities  and  many  of  the  smaller  ones, 
including  towns  of  less  than  8,000  inhabitants. 

Electric  Motors. — The  electric  plants  furnish  the  motor-power  for 
propelling  cars  on  the  streets  of  cities,  and  in  several  instances  giving  to 
the  large  cities  such  frequent  and  rapid  connection  with  neighboring 
towns  and  all  the  intervening  country  as  to  make  of  them  practically 
one  community.  All  the  large  cities  of  Georgia  and  some  of  the  smaller 
ones  have  excellent  systems  of  electric  railroads. 

Cras  for  Illuminating  and  Heating. — Before  the  days  of  electric  lights 
and  motors,  gas  was  the  great  illuminating  power,  and  was  long  the  best 
dispenser  of  light  in  darkness  for  cities  and  towns.  Although  surpassed 
in  brilliancy  by  electricity,  its  days  of  usefulness  are  not  yet  ended  even 
in  buildings  where  electric  lights  are  used.  Its  utility  as  a  supplier  of 
heat  for  household  purposes  is  appreciated  wherever  the  gas-stove  is  used 
for  warming  offices,  or  for  avoiding  in  summer  the  excessive  heat  of  wood 
or  coal  by  means  of  the  neat  and  convenient  gas-stove.  The  million  and 
a  half  dollars  invested  for  gas  illuminating  and  heating  in  Georgia  cities 
and  towns  in  1890,  still  finds  reason  for  the  increase  of  its  capital,  and 
abundant  demand  for  the  bestowal  of  its  benefits  upon  the  people. 

Printing  and  Publishing. — l^or  is  Georgia  a  laggard  in  printing  and 
publishing,  especially  of  newspapers  and  periodicals.  Her  many  hun- 
dred establishment,  with  capital  and  product  nmning  up  into  the  mil- 
lions, show  the  high  position  which  she  holds  in  this  respect.  Some  of  her 
leading  newspapers  rank  among  the  first  in  America  and  are  found  on 
sale  in  the  chief  cities  of  the  Union. 

Marble  and  Stone  WorTc. — Georgia  marble  and  stones  for  building  and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  3(31 

for  monuments,  enjoy  an  enviable  reputation  throughout  the  whole 
Union.  In  1S90  under  the  heading  given  to  this  paragraph  the  United 
States  census  gave  the  total  value  of  products  as  $375,520.  According 
to  Dr.  Day,  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey,  the  value  of  the 
marble  production  for  1899  was  $742,554,  and  of  gi-anite  $411,344. 
This  shows  a  wonderful  and  gratifying  increase. 

Ship-Building. — Georgia  was  also  represented  by  this  industry  in  the 
census  report  of  1890,  according  to  which  four  establishments  "with  a 
capital  of  $156,100  turned  out  work  valued  at  $126,300  for  the  year  in 
which  the  report  was  made. 

Paving  and  Paving  Materials. — In  the  manufacture  of  paving  ma- 
terials and  in  paving  the  $67,000  invested  in  1890  showed  a  product 
valued  at  $513,648,  showing  a  splendid  profit  on  the  investment.  This 
business  has  also  enjoyed  a  wonderful  increase  in  the  last  decade. 

Roofing,  Etc. — Eoofing  and  roofing  materials  with  a  capital  of  $40,- 
000  showed  also  a  product  of  $180,960,  while  tin  smithing,  coppersmith- 
ing  ajid  sheet  iron  w^orking  for  an  investment  of  $282,770  reported  a 
product  worth  $528,814. 

Carpenter  Worh. — This  is  always  in  demand  in  to^^^l  and  country,  and 
the  business  is  bound  to  increase  with  population  and  wealth.  The  value 
of  work  runs  up  into  the  millions. 

Other  Industries. — Other  industries  that  make  a  good  showing  in  cen- 
sus reports  are  factories  for  boots  and  shoes,  brooms  and  brushes,  cloth- 
ing, cofiins,  burial  cases  and  undertakers'  goods,  dentists'  materials,  drugs, 
perfumes  and  cosmetics,  confectionery,  cooperage,  dyeing  and  cleaning, 
hand  stamps,  leather,  tanned  and  curried,  lime  and  cement,  liquors,  dis- 
tilled and  malt,  lock  and  gunsmithing,  looking-glass  and  picture  frames, 
masonry,  brick  and  stone,  mattresses  and  spring  beds,  musical  instru- 
ments, millinery,  painting  and  paper  hanging,  paper  and  paper  bags, 
plastering  and  stucco  work,  photography,  plumbing  and  gas  fitting,  sad- 
dlery and  harness,  shirt  manufacturers,  the  manufacture  of  chewing  and 
smoking  tobacco  and  snuff,  manufacture  of  trunks  and  valises,  umbrel- 
las and  canes,  vinegar  and  cider,  watch,  clock  and  jewelry  repairing  and 
wooden  ware.  All  these  manufactures  of  Georgia  here  bunched  to- 
gether, but  stated  separately  in  the  census  report  on  manufactures,  rep- 
resent a  combined  capital  and  a  valno  of  products  covering  several 
million  dollars.  Then  the  census  enumerates  a  long  string  of  small  in- 
dustries, some  of  which  are  baskets  and  willow  ware,  lithographing  and 
engraving,  stereotyping,  electrotyping,  wire  work,  rope,  cable,  etc.  To 
name  them  all  would  require  much  space.  Tliey  represent  altogether  a 
capital  of  nearly  $2,000,000  and  a  ])roduct  of  more  than  $3,000,000. 


362 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


Canning  Factories. — The  canning  and  preserving  of  fruit  made  but 
a  small  show  in  the  census  of  1890.  But  at  the  present  time  this  has 
become  a  great  industry  in  the  fruit  sections  of  Georgia.  The  four  can- 
ning establishments  of  1890  have  increased  to  10. 

Creameries. — This  is  an  industry  which  does  not  appear  at  all  in  the 
census  of  1890.  But  the  growth  of  dairy  farms  in  Georgia  has  created 
new  wants,  and  creameries  are  the  result.  There  are  now  three  of  these 
establishments,  which  purchase  the  products  of  the  dairy  farms  and 
manufacture  butter  and  cheese. 

The  growth  of  the  manufacturing  interests  of  Georgia  has  been  very 
rapid  within  the  last  twenty  years.  Many  old  establishments  have  been 
greatly  enlarged,  many  new  enterprises  giving  employment  to  thousands 
of  laborers  have  been  established,  and  manufactures  of  all  kinds  have 
increased  to  such  a  point,  that  scarcely  any  industry  lacks  representation. 


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CHAPTER  XIIL 


EDUCATION  IN  GEORGIA. 

In  the  earliest  days  of  the  colony  of  Georgia  provision  was  made  for 
the  education  of  the  people.  For  this  purpose  the  rents  of  certain  lands 
were  set  apart  by  the  crown  in  every  parish,  as  the  counties  were  then 
called,  and  good  schools  were  established  at  Savannah  and  Augusta. 
"When  the  Salzburgere  settled  at  Ebenezer,  the  schoolmaster  accompani- 
ed the  pastor,  and  education  walked  hand-in-hand  ^\'ith  religion.  Educa- 
tion received  the  careful  attention  also  of  the  Puritan  colonists  who  settled 
in  St.  John's  Parish,  afterward  known  as  Liberty  county.  Immediately 
after  the  conclusion  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  the  Legislature  of 
Georgia  began  to  provide  ways  and  means  for  the  promotion  of  this  great 
interest. 

Previous  to  the  great  civil  war  there  was  no  system  of  public  schools 
in  the  State.  But  under  the  conditions  then  existing  they  were  not  the 
necessity  that  they  now  are.  Private  schools  and  academies  were  numer- 
ous, and  were  taught  by  excellent  teachers  who  had  to  build  up  their 
schools  by  their  fidelity  to  duty  and  ability  in  their  profession.  The 
greater  part  of  the  people  were  able  to  educate  their  children,  and  doing 
so  were  careful  to  get  their  money's  worth  by  patronizing  teachei*s  who 
were  thoroughly  competent  for  the  work  undertaken.  The  instruction 
of  poor  children  was  provided  for  by  appropriations  made  by  the  legisla- 
ture, and  it  was  frequently  so  well  managed  that  the  pay  pupil  of  a  school 
did  not  know  who  the  beneficiaries  were.  In  some  of  the  cities  there 
were  flourishing  free  schools,  which  were  sometimes  presided  over  by 
teachers  of  such  ability  that  the  children  of  well-to-do  parents  were  en- 
rolled among  the  pupils. 

Just  before  the  war  between  the  States  steps  were  being  taken  for  the 
establishment  of  a  system  of  public  schools.  What  has  been  done  in 
Georgia  on  this  line  %vill  be  discussed  farther  on. 

As  far  as  the  action  of  the  State  government  is  concerned  the  attempts 
to  promote  the  cause  of  education  in  Georgia  began  at  the  top  and 
worked  downward.  Immediately  after  the  War  of  Independence  (1784), 
tr:e  legislature  of  Georgia  took  measures  for  establishing  a  State  TJniver- 
eity.    A  charter  for  this  purpose  was  granted  on  January  29,  1785.     In 

(3(jr,) 


366  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

ISTovember,  ISOl,  the  site  was  selected,  and  G30  acres  of  land,  on  which 
the  flourishing  city  of  Athens  is  now  principally  located,  were  sold  off 
in  lots  for  the  benefit  of  the  college.  This  land  was  the  gift  of  Governor 
John  Milledge.  The  first  commencement  exercise  took  place  in  May, 
1804,  on  the  present  college  campus,  under  an  arbor  formed  of  the 
branches  of  trees.  At  first  the  institution  was  partly  sustained  by  the  rent 
of  lands  given  to  it  by  the  State.  As  this  plan  did  not  work  well,  the 
lands  were  all  sold,  and  payment  was  made  in  the  notes  of  the  purchasers, 
secured  by  mortgage.  By  act  of  the  legislature  of  December  16,  1815, 
the  governor  was  authorized  to  advance  to  the  trustees  any  amount  not 
exceeding  two  thirds  of  the  sum  called  for  by  these  notes,  and  to  receive 
the  notes  in  lieu  of  the  same.  The  amount  agreed  upon  was  $100,000, 
but  as  the  money  was  not  paid,  this  sum  was  regarded  as  a  debt  due  to 
the  University  by  the  State,  and  it  was  agreed  that  an  'annual  interest  of  8 
per  cent,  should  be  paid  upon  the  same.  Accordingly  the  trustees  of  the 
University  have  ever  since  received  from  the  State  the  sura  of  $8,000  per 
annum.  Other  amounts  have  been  appropriated  by  the  State  for  the 
University  as  follows: 

-From  1830  to  1841  the  amount  of  $6,000  per  annum,  to  replace 
losses  by  fire  in  1830;  in  1875  the  suan  of  $15,000  for  furniture, 
apparatus  and  general  outfit  of  the  State  College  of  Agi-iculture 
and  the  Mechanic  Arts;  a  gift  of  $2,000  in  1881  for  the  purpose  of 
establishing  free  tuition,  and  another  of  $3,000  in  1883  for  repairs.  In 
1854  Dr.  Wm.  Ten-ell,  of  Hancock  county,  bequeathed  $20,000  to  the 
University;  in  1873  the  city  of  Athens  presented  it  with  $25,000  for  tlie 
erection  of  Moore  College;  in  1883  Senator  Joseph  E.  Brown  gave  the 
trustees  $50,000,  invested  in  7  per  cent,  bonds  of  the  State  of  Georgia, 
the  interest  to  be  devoted  to  educating  worthy  young  men  unable  to  pay 
their  way.  In  1866  the  State  of  Georgia,  by  legislative  enactment,  ac- 
cepted from  the  government  of  the  United  States  the  gift  of  30,000  acres 
of  land  for  each  senator  and  representative  in  Congress,  and  in  1872 
Governor  James  M.  Smith  transferred  the  fund  arising  from  the  sale  of 
the  lands  to  the  trustees  of  the  University  of  Georgia,  who,  in  May  of  the 
same  year,  opened  and  established  the  Georgia  State  College  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Mechanic  Arts  as  an  integral  part  of  the  University.  In  1873 
the  Medical  College  of  Augusta  became  one  of  the  departments  of  the 
State  University. 


STATE   NORMAL   SCHOOL,   ATHENS,  GA. 


GHtLS'    DoK.MIIdltV.    SiVli:    \(ii:\L\l.   Si'll<»"L,    ATllLNS.    (JA. 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL.  339 

DEPAETMEXT  OF  AGRICULTURE,  UNIVERSITY  OE 

GEORGIA. 

The  science  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture  is  taught,  with  practical 
illustration  and  experiment,  in  the  School  of  Agriculture  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Georgia.  This  is  one  of  the  Departments  of  the  State  College 
of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  which  is  presided  over  by  Dr. 
H.  C.  "White,  and  which,  together  ^\'ith  Franklin  College,  presided  over 
by  Dean  D.  C.  Barrow,  composes  the  University  at  Athens.  The  De- 
partment of  Agriculture  is  in  charge  of  Prof.  II.  N.  Starnes,  a  native 
Georgian,  familiar  -with  the  agricultural  situation  in  our  State.  He  is 
an  alumnus  of  the  University,  and  was  formerly  connected  with  the 
Experiment  Station  at  Griffin. 

The  Trustees  have  recently  appropriated  $5,000  to  the  Department 
of  Agriculture,  and  it  is  expected  that  ^rith  this  liberal  expenditure 
there  will  be  rapid  development  and  growth  in  the  Department. 

TWO  COURSES. 

Two  courses  are  given  in  this  Department;  first,  the  full  course,  ex- 
tending from  the  Freshman  through  the  Senior  year;  second,  the  short 
winter  course,  extending  from  January  1st  to  February  15tli  of  each 
year.  These  two  courses  are  fully  described  in  the  catalogues  and  in 
circulars  which  will  be  sent  on  application  to  the  office  of  the  chancellor 
of  the  University. 

The  following  is  a  brief  summary  of  the  work  done  in  the  two  courses: 

THE  FULL  COURSE. 

The  study  of  the  Freshman  year  is  Botany,  and  is  in  the  School  of 
Biology.  Any  student  otherwise  prepared  to  enter  the  Sophomore  class 
will  be  allowed  to  make  up  Botany  in  his  Sophomore  year.  In  the  other 
years  the  course  covers  the  folloAving  topics: 

(a)  Plant  production. 

(b)  Soils  (classification  and  composition,  etc.),  tillage,  drainage,  etc., 
fertilization,  rotation  of  crops,  etc. 

(c)  Farm  crops,  each  in  detail,  ^\dth  the  parallel  course  in  Agricul- 
tural Chemistry,  by  Dr.  II.  C.  White. 

(d)  Spraying. 

(e)  Animal  Industry  (breeding,  feeding  and  care  of  live  stock). 

(f)  Agrirultnral  Technology  (l)uttor  and  chccso  making,  canning, 
syrup  making,  etc.). 


370  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

(g)  Horticulture  (small  fruits,  orchard  fruits,  pruning,  grafting, 
packing,  shipping,  etc.). 

(h)  Terracing,  road,  bridge  and  fence  construction. 

This  course,  in  connection  with  other  studies  (see  catalogue),  leads 
to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Agriculture. 

THE  SHORT  WINTER  COURSE. 

This  course,  lasting  for  six  weeks,  and  beginning  January  1st,  is  in- 
tended principally  for  farmers'  sons  and  others  who  are  unable  to  take 

the  full  course. 

1^0  fees  of  any  sort  are  required.  The  time  is  fixed  at  the  period 
when  such  persons  can  best  afford  to  be  absent  from  the  farm. 

This  course  covers  the  most  important  topics  of  the  full  course.  While 
ihe  selection  of  subjects  is  limited  and  the  treatment  necessarily  brief, 
it  is  believed  that  the  students  in  this  course  will  acquire  the  point  of 
view  which  will  make  all  the  difference  between  the  empirical  and  the 
scientific  farmer. 

Those  who  are  interested  in  agricultural  education  in  the  State  are 
requested  to  send  to  the  ofiice  of  the  chancellor  of  the  University  the 
names  of  farmers'  sons  and  others  who  might  be  interested  in  this  course. 
Catalogues  and  other  information  will  be  sent  to  them. 

PRACTICAL  APPLICATION   OF  THE  TEACHING. 

The  campus,  the  University  farm  and  the  Agricultural  Museum 
constitute  the  means  for  aiding  the  instruction,  by  means  of  illustration, 
observation  and  experiment. 

1.  An  area  of  about  ten  acres  on  the  campus  has  been  set  apart  to 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  in  order  that  the  professor  may  have 
close  at  hand  a  plat  of  gTOund  sufficient  to  illustrate,  in  connection  with 
the  lectures,  all  the  processes  of  seed-growth,  etc. 

Dairying  will  be  installed  on  this  area  on  the  campus,  and  Veterinary 
Science  will  also  be  introduced. 

2.  The  Philosophical  Hall  has  been  turned  over  to  the  Department 
of  Agriculture  for  the  lecture  room  and  Agricultural  Museum.  A  full 
exhibit  of  fruits,  of  agricultural  products,  of  fertilizers,  of  models,  etc., 
will  be  made. 

3.  The  University  farm,  situated  beyond  the  corporate  limits  of  the 
city  of  Athens,  will  be  used  to  illustrate  horticultural  and  agricultural 
-processes  on  a  larger  scale. 


Q 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

EXPENSES  FOR  THE  FULL  COURSE   . 


373 


Ko  tuition  fee  is  charged  residents  of  Georgia. 

The  following  estimate  of  expenses  includes  all  necessary  items  ex- 
cept clothing  and  railroad  fare: 


Low 


Liberal 


Very 
Liberal. 


Matriculaton  fee 

Library  fee .  

Initiation  fee  to  Literary  Society 

Board •  ■    ■  ■ 

Fuel,  room-rent,  lights  and  attendance. 

Books  and  stationery . 

Furnishing  room  in  dormitory 

Laundry 


10  00 

5  00 
2  00 

72  00 
13  00 

8  00 

6  00 

9  00 


$  125  00 


10  00 

5  00 

2  00 

108  00 

37  00 

10  00 


12  00 


10  00 

5  00 

2  00 

144  00 

60  00 

12  UO 


14  00 


$  184  00  '$  247  00 


Each  student,  unless  excused  from  drill  because  of  physical  disability, 
is  required  to  purchase  a  uniform.     The  cost  of  this  is  $16.00. 

The  figures  above  given  are  for  the  Freshman  Class,  which  is  more 
expensive  than  subsequent  years.  They  are  based  upon  the  actual  ex- 
perience of  a  large  number  of  students.  Expenses  are  frequently 
brought  under  the  lowest  estimate  by  strict  economy.  Second-hand 
books  can  be  purchased  at  low  rates,  and  it  is  often  possible  to  purchase 
at  greatly  reduced  prices  uniforms  which  have  been  used  but  little.  In 
this  and  other  ways  money  can  be  saved,  and  cases  are  known  to  the 
faculty  where  students  have  spent  less  than  one  hundred  dollars  during 
the  entire  season. 

EXPENSES  FOR  THE  SHORT  COURSE. 

1^0  matriculation  or  other  fee  is  charged.  Board  can  be  had  in  the 
ned  Studeaits'  Boarding  Ilall,  which  is  admirably  conducted  as  a  co- 
operative students'  enterprise,  under  the  charge  of  Prof.  C.  M.  Snelling, 
at  $7.50  to  $8.00  per  month. 

FURTHER  INFORMATION. 

All  persons  interested  are  requested  to  write  for  catalogues  or  further 
information  to  the  chancellor  of  the  University  at  Athens;  also  to  send 
the  names  of  sons  of  fanners  and  others  who  may  be  interested  in  either 
of  the  cour^;es  above  outlLniil.  Circulars,  etc.,  will  be  sent  to  all  those 
whose  names  are  thus  supplied.    Address 

WALTER  B.  HILL,  Chancellor, 

Athens,  Oa. 

17  ga 


374  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  following  institutions  have  been  established  by  the  State  and  made 
branches  of  the  University :  The  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College  at 
Dahlonega,  Georgia  School  of  Technology  at  Atlanta,  Georgia  Normal 
and  Industrial  School  at  Milledgeville,  Georgia  State  Normal  School  at 
Athens,  Georgia  State  Industrial  School  for  Colored  Youths. 

The  North  Georgia  Agricultural  College,  which  was  opened  in  1873, 
is  located  at  Dahlonega.  There  are  no  elementary  students.  There  are 
two  sub-Freshman  classes,  which  prepare  students  for  the  four  college 
classes  at  Dahlonega  or  for  the  University  at  Athens. 

The  Georgia  School  of  Technology  is  located  at  Atlanta.  It  offers  an 
education  of  high  grade,  founded  on  Mathematics,  the  English  Language, 
the  Physical  Sciences  and  drawing.  Degrees  are  offered  in  Mechanical, 
Electrical,  Civil  and  Textile  Engineering.  The  workshop  and  the  textile 
building  are  important  features  of  this  school. 

The  Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial  College  is  situated  in  Milledge- 
ville. Its  purpose  is  to  provide  for  the  young  women  of  Georgia  an  in- 
stitution in  which  they  may  be  prepared  to  do  intelligent  work  as  teach- 
ers according  to  the  best  known  methods,  or  to  earn  their  own  livelihood 
by  the  practice  of  some  one  or  another  of  those  industrial  arts  suitable 
for  females  to  follow.    It  also  gives  a  full  classical  education. 

The  Georgia  State  Normal  School  was  first  organized  in  Athens  in 
1892  as  a  summer  school.  It  was  permanently  organized  in  April,  1895, 
and  is  devoted  entirely  to  preparing  teachers  for  work  in  the  common 
schools  of  Georgia.  It  has  eight  departments:  Civics,  Latin,  Elementary 
Science,  English,  Mathematics,  Geogi-aphy  and  History,  Pedagogy,  Free- 
hand Drawing  and  Penmanship,  and  a  Model  School  for  observation  and 
practice. 

The  Georgia  State  Industrial  College  for  Colored  Youths  was  estab- 
lished by  the  State  near  the  city  of  Savannah  in  1890,  for  the  purpose 
of  fui-nishing  a  liberal  and  industrial  education  to  colored  youths.  It  is 
supported  by  an  annual  appropriation  from  the  State  and  an  appropria- 
tion by  Congress  under  the  Morrill  Act,  approved  1890.  Its  location  is 
southwest  of  the  city,  about  five  miles  from  the  courthouse  and  not  far 
from  Thunderbolt. 

The  following  institutions  are  affiliated  with  the  university,  but  do  not 
now  receive  State  funds:  The  South  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural 
College,  Middle  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College,  and  West 
Georgia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College. 

The  South  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College  is  located  at 
Thomasville,  and  was  opened  in  1879. 

The  Middle  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College  is  located  at 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  377 

Milledgeville.  The  old  State  capitol  buildings  and  grounds  were  granted 
to  the  trustees  of  the  State  University  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  this 
college,  which  was  opened  in  IS 80.  Military  exercises  form  a  part  of 
the  course  of  instruction  and  cadets  are  required  to  wear  a  uniform.  A 
commercial  course  is  provided  for  students  desiring  to  fit  themselves  for 
business  life. 

The  West  Georgia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College  is  located  at 
Hamilton,  and  was  opened  in  1882.  The  building  is  large  and  commo- 
dious with  large  study  rooms  and  a  spacious  chapel. 

The  basis  on  which  the  State  University  is  built  is  Franklin  College, 
in  its  earliest  years  the  only  department  of  the  university.  It  is  still  the 
chief  classical  school  of  this  great  institution.  Before  the  days  of  free 
tuition  it  admitted  "fifty  meritorious  young  men  of  limited  means"  with- 
out charge,  and  also  young  men  studying  for  the  ministry  of  any  denom- 
ination who  stood  in  need  of  such  aid.  There  are  in  the  university  library 
at  Athens  many  thousand  choice  volumes,  of  which  about  1,000  were  the 
gift  of  Hon.  George  K.  Gilmer,  for  four  years  governor  of  the  State- 
There  are  also  several  thousand  volumes  in  the  libraries  of  the  two  liter- 
ary societies  of  the  University  at  Athens.  Another  department  of  the 
University  at  Athens  is  the  Law  School,  presided  over  by  an  able  faculty. 

OTHEE  NOTED  COLLEGES. 

Emory  College  at  Oxford,  in  jSre\rton  county,  is  the  joint  property 
of  the  jSTorth  Georgia,  South  Georgia  and  Florida  conferences  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,   South.    It  was  chartered  December  29, 
1836,  and  the  first  class  was  graduated  in  1841.     The  college  has  from 
time  to  time,  received  gifts  of  money,  specimens  for  its  mineral  cabinet 
and  books  for  its  library,  which  contains  twenty  thousand  choice  volumes. 
Each  of  the  two  literary  societies  has  about  three  thousand  volumes  in 
its  library.     One  of  the  early  donations  to  the  college  was  a  fund  of  $5,- 
000,  given  by  Mr.   George  W.  Williams,  a  Georgian,  who  moved  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  became  one  of  the  prosperous  merchants 
of  that  city.     During  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Atticus  G.  Haygood  Mr. 
George  I.  Seney,  of  New  York,  made  to  Emory  College  a  gift  of  $125,- 
000,  part  of  which  was  expended  in  the  erection  of  the  building  known 
as  Seney  Hall,  and  part  added  to  the  endowment  of  the  college.    Under 
the  presidency  of  Dr.  W.  A.  Candler,  the  sum  of  $100,000  was  added 
to  the  endowment,  of  which  Mr.  W.  P.  Pattillo,  of  Atlanta,  gave  $25,- 
000.     The  handsome  new  library  building,  known  as  Candler  Hall,  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.    It  has  ample  room  for  75,000  volumes. 


378  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  founder  and  first  president  of  the  college  was  Ignatius  A.  Few. 
Three  of  its  presidents,  Drs.  George  F,  Pierce,  Atticus  G.  Haygood  and 
Warren  A.  Candler,  were  elected  bishops  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  This  institution  bears  a  high  reputation  for  its  thorough 
instruction,  and  for  making  higher  education  possible  to  young  men  of 
limited  means  through  its  helping  halls,  loan  fund  and  other  agencies. 
There  is  connected  with  the  college  a  school  of  law,  presided  over  by 
Judge  Capers  Dickson.  There  is  also  a  department  of  Pedagogy.  The 
mineral  cabinet  is  very  large,  containing  thousands  of  specimens  collected 
during  the  last  fifty  years.  The  museum  contains  an  interesting  col- 
lection of  objects  of  historical  interest. 

Mercer  University,  located  at  Macon,  the  "Central  City"  of  Georgia, 
is  under  the  control  of  the  Georgia  Baptist  Convention.  At  its  organiza- 
tion in  the  town  of  Penfield  in  1838  it  was  called  Mercer  Institute.  Its 
curriculum  was  soon  after  extended  and  its  name  was  changed  to  Mercer 
University.  In  1870  it  was  removed  to  Macon,  new  and  handsome  build- 
ings were  erected,  and  its  entire  equipment  was  greatly  enlarged  and  im- 
proved. The  libraries  of  the  university  and  of  the  two  literary  societies 
contain  many  thousands  of  well-selected  volumes.  In  addition  to  a  regu- 
lar collegiate  course  there  is  connected  with  this  institution  a  school  of 
law,  presided  over  by  Judge  Emory  Speer.  Important  feeders  of  the 
University  are  Mercer  High  School  at  Penfield  and  Crawford  High 
School  at  Dalton.  The  university  has  in  all  ten  buildings.  The  main 
building,  which  is  four  stories  high,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000.  In. 
this  is  the  president's  residence  and  office,  several  lecture  rooms,  the 
geological  museum,  chemical  laboratories,  apparatus  rooms,  the  literary 
society  halls  and  their  libraries.  The  chapel  building,  also  four  stories 
high,  has  six  large  lecture-rooms,  also  the  biological  museum  and  labora- 
tory. In  the  rear  of  this  building  and  forming  a  part  of  it  is  the  chapel, 
capable  of  seating  eight  hundred  people.  In  the  rear  of  the  chapel  and 
connected  with  it  is  the  university  library  with  a  capacity  of  20,000  vol- 
umes. There  is  also  the  gymnasium,  a  large,  new  brick  building.  There 
are  two  boarding  halls  and  six  frame  dormitories  for  students. 

There  is  a  fund  for  the  education  of  young  ministers  of  limited  means. 
There  is  also  a  loan  fund  secured  through  a  bequest  of  the  late  M. 
Aquilla  Cheney,  supplemented  by  gifts  of  other  friends  of  the  college. 

TJie  Wesleyan  Female  College  at  Macon  enjoys  the  high  honor  of 
being  the  first  college  in  the  world  chartered  for  the  express  purpose  of 
bestowing  diplomas  upon  ladies.  It  is  the  property  of  the  North  and 
South  Georgia  and  Florida  Conferences  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.     It  was  chartered  December  10,  1836,  as  the  Georgia 


SKNKY   HALL,  lOMORY  COLLKCH-:,  OXFORD,  GA. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  331 

Female  College,  and  was  built  bj  general  subscription,  Methodist  minis- 
ters acting  as  agents  for  the  collection  of  the  necessary  funds.  Its  first 
president  was  Dr.  George  F.  Pierce,  af  ter^vards  a  bishop  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South.  The  first  class  was  graduated  in  1840.  A 
mortgage  of  ten  thousand  dollars  against  the  college  was  paid  off  in  1845 
by  James  A.  Everett  of  Houston  county,  who  then  presented  the  prop- 
erty to  the  Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  South, 
by  whom  its  present  name  was  conferred  upon  it.  In  1881  Mr.  George 
I.  Seney,  of  New  York,  donated  to  it  $50,000  which  he  afterwards  in- 
creased to  $125,000.  Most  of  this  donation  was  expended  on  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  college  building.  About  $35,000  of  it  forms  a  permanent 
endowment  of  the  college.  This  enlargement  of  the  college  occurred 
during  the  presidency  of  Dr.  W.  C.  Bass,  who  was  for  more  than  thirty 
years  identified  with  the  work  of  the  college,  first  as  a  professor,  and  for 
more  than  twenty  years  as  president.  The  Seney  gift  was  bestowed 
through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Atticus  G.  Haygood,  at  the  time  president 
of  Emory  College  and  subsequently  bishop  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  In  1894-95  a  well-equipped  chemical  laboratory  for 
practice  work  was  added  through  money  raised  by  the  efforts  of  Pro- 
fessors Charles  0.  Townsend  and  Joseph  T.  Derry.  In  1900  a  hand- 
some brick  building,  four  stories  high  and  complete  in  all  its  appoint- 
ments, was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $25,000  and  named  by  the  trusteea 
"Roberts  Hall"  in  honor  of  Dr.  J.  W.  Roberts,  president  of  the  college, 
to  whose  management  the  Institution  is  largely  indebted  for  its  recent 
rapid  advancement.  The  lower  floor  is  taken  up  by  seven  rooms  for  the 
Science  Department,  which  is  up-to-date  in  all  its  appointments.  Its 
new  chemical  laboratory,  physical  apparatus  and  mineral  cabinet  have 
been  well  arranged  by  the  head  of  the  Science  Department,  Professor 
W.  B.  Bonnell. 

The  Shorter  Female  College  at  Rome  was  organized  in  1873  as  the 
Cherokee  Baptist  Female  College.  In  1877  the  property  was  purchased 
by  Colonel  Alfred  Shorter  of  Rome,  who  determined  to  use  his  money 
for  the  equipment  and  endownnent  of  a  first-class  college  for  young  ladies. 
He  accordingly  employed  a  skillful  architect  and  erected  three  large 
buildings,  equipped  them  with  the  necessary  aj^aratns,  and  liberally  en- 
dowed the  institution.  He  then  presented  the  property  to  the  Baptista 
of  Georgia  as  a  "gift  to  our  daughters,"  to  be  used  exclusively  as  a  col- 
lege for  young  ladies.  This  institution  rightly  bears  the  name  of  the 
noble-hearted  gentleman  who  was  its  greatest  benefactor.  In  all  tho 
South  there  are  no  more  beautiful  school  edifices  than  the  graceful 
buildings  cro^vning  a  lofty  eminence  in  the  city  of  Rome.     The  college 


382  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

possesses  a  fine  equatorial  telescope,  and  excellent  chemical  and  biological 
apparatus.    It  also  has  a  large  and  finely  equipped  gymnasium. 

The  Agnes  Scott  Institute  at  Decatur,  eight  miles  east  from  the  city 
of  Atlanta,  began  its  career  in  a  rented  building,  September,  1889,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Decatur  Presbyterian  Church.  In  the  following 
spring  Colonel  George  W.  Scott,  an  elder  of  the  church,  purchased  five 
and  a  half  acres  and  proposed  to  provide  a  permanent  home  for  the  school. 
Hi?  first  gift  was  $40,000,  which,  by  the  time  the  work  was  completed, 
he  had  increased  to  $112,500.  For  this  splendid  property  Colonel  Scott 
delivered  deeds  to  the  board  of  trustees,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  Synod 
of  Georgia  it  was  dedicated  to  the  cause  of  the  Christian  education  of 
young  women,  November  12,  1891.  The  trustees,  in  recognition  of  Colo- 
nel Scott's  noble  gift,  gave  to  the  institution  the  name  of  his  mother, 
Agnes  Scott.  He  has  since  given  to  this  college  $8,000  more,  making 
his  total  gift  $120,000. 

The  Lucy  Cobh  Institute,  located  at  Athens,  was  first  opened  to  the 
public  in  1858.  This  flourishing  ladies'  college  was  founded  through  the 
efforts  of  General  Thomas  E.  K.  Cobb.  Just  about  the  time  of  the  open- 
ing of  the  school,  Lucy  Cobb,  eldest  daughter  of  General  Cobb  died,  and 
the  trustees  unanimously  decided  to  name  the  new  college  in  honor  of 
her,  the  daughter  of  its  founder.  The  main  building  is  a  convenient  and 
elegantly  arranged  home  for  young  ladies.  "When  the  necessity  arose 
for  a  new  college  chapel,  many  contributions  were  made  by  friends  in 
Georgia  and  elsewhere,  of  from  five  to  five  hundred  dollars.  General 
Henry  R.  Jackson,  of  Savannah,  Georgia,  was  one  of  the  most  liberal 
contributors.  As  more  money  was  still  needed,  one  of  the  young  lady 
pupils  wrote  a  beautiful  and  girlish  letter  to  Mr.  George  I.  Seney,  of 
New  York,  whose  gifts  to  Emory  and  Wesleyan  Colleges  had  made  his 
name  familiar  in  Georgia.  He  responded  with  a  liberal  gift,  and  Seney- 
Stovall  chapel  stands  as  a  monument  to  the  noble  gentleman  of  New 
York  and  fair  daughter  of  Georgia. 

The  Southern  Female  College  (Cox  College)  for  young  ladies  is  a 
Baptist  institution  located  at  College  Park,  about  eight  miles  southwest 
from  Atlanta.  The  buildings  are  elegant  and  are  furnished  with  all 
modem  conveniences.  They  are  also  fully  equipped  with  the  apparatus 
deemed  necessary  for  a  first-class  college. 

The  Southern  Female  College  at  LaGrange  is  the  property  of  the 
Baptist  denomination.  It  was  organized  in  1843,  and  has  always  enjoyed 
a  fine  reputation.  The  old  college  buildings  have  been  lately  replaced 
by  elegant  new  ones  of  modem  style  and  are  well  equipped  for  college 
work. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  385 

The  LaGrange  Female  College  began  its  existence  as  the  LaGrange 
Female  Academy  in  1833.  In  1836  it  was  chartered  as  the  LaGrange 
Female  Institute.  In  1852  its  charter  was  amended  and  it  became  La- 
Grange Female  College.  It  is  the  property  of  the  North  Georgia  Con- 
ference of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  having  been  ten- 
dered to  the  conference  and  accepted  in  December,  1867.  It  is  among 
the  most  noted  of  the  educational  institutions  of  Georgia. 

Andrew  Female  College  at  Cuthbert,  which  is  the  property  of  the 
South  Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South, 
was  established  in  1853.  It  has  ever  since  its  foundation  been  doing  a 
good  work  for  the  young  ladies  of  that  section  of  the  State.  A  large  new 
building  will  soon  be  added  to  the  equipment  of  the  college. 

The  Monroe  Female  College  at  Forsjiih  was  chartered  in  1849,  and 
in  1850  was  opened  to  the  public.  It  is  held  in  high  esteem,  and  its 
handsome  buildings  are  an  ornament  to  the  thriving  and  pretty  town  in 
which  it  is  located.  This  school  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Baptist  de- 
nomination. Two  commodious  buildings  have  been  recently  added  to 
the  equipment  of  this  institution. 

Young  Female  College  at  Thomasville  was  established  in  1808  by 
Major  E.  K.  Young,  who  donated  for  that  purpose  the  sum  of  $30,000. 

St,  Stanislaus  College  was  first  organized  under  the  name  of  Pio 
Neno  Colege,  mainly  by  the  efforts  of  Right  Reverend  William  H. 
Gross,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  the  diocese  of  Georgia.  It  is  located 
at  Vineville,  near  Macon,  and  is  a  training  school  for  priests. 

Young  L.  Harris  Institute  was  founded  through  the  liberality  of 
Mr.  Young  L.  Harris  of  Athens,  who  presented  the  property  to  the 
Methodists  of  Georgia.  It  is  a  college  for  young  ladies  and  young  men, 
and  is  doing  a  noble  work. 

The  Brenau  Female  College  at  Gainesville  is  the  outcome  of  an  in- 
stitution founded  by  Dr.  W.  C.  Wilkes  and  a  board  of  trustees  in  1878, 
called  at  first  the  "Georgia  Baptist  Seminary  for  Young  Ladies."  In 
1880  the  property  was  bought  by  Prof.  A.  W.  Vanlloose  who,  in  1893, 
foimed  a  partnership  with  Prof.  H.  J.  Pearce  of  Columbus,  Georgia. 
These  two  gentlemen  have  built  up  a  first-class  college  which  was  their 
own  property  until  1900,  when  they  sold  an  interest  in  it  to  Dr.  M.  M. 
Riley  of  Greenville,  S.  C.  The  name  of  the  college  was  changed  soon 
after  Professor  Van  Iloose  took  charge  of  it  to  the  Georgia  Fcmalo 
Seminary  and  Conservatory  of  Music.  Brenau  is  the  name  just  adopted 
for  this  institution  with  its  grcaly  enlarged  facilities. 

The  Piedmont  Institute  at  Rockmart,  founded   in   1889,   is  doing 


386  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

a  fine  work  for  the  boys  and  girls  of  l^orth west  Georgia.  It  is  the  prop- 
erty of  the  North  Georgia  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South. 

The  South  Georgia  College  at  McRae,  the  property  of  the  South 
Georgia  Conference  of  the  M.  E.  Church,  South,  is  also  doing  good  ser- 
vice in  the  cause  of  education. 

For  the  Colored  people  of  Georgia  there  are  also  several  institutions. 

The  Atlanta  University  for  the  education  of  negroes  was  established 
in  1867  by  the  Ereedmen's  Bureau  and  various  Northern  Aid  Societies, 
the  chief  of  which  was  the  American  Missionary  Association. 

Clark  University  at  Atlanta  was  chartered  in  1887  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. 

The  Georgia  State  Industrial  College  for  Colored  Youths  at  Savannah 
has  already  been  mentioned  as  a  department  of  the  State  University, 
supported  by  the  State. 

Payne  Institute  at  Augusta,  is  a  school  for  the  colored  people  imder 
the  auspices  of  the  M,  E.  Church,  South. 

Other  institutions  for  the  education  of  the  negroes  are: 

Spellman  Seminary,  Morris  Bro\vn  College  and  Gammon  University, 
all  in  Atlanta. 

In  addition  to  the  institutions  of  learning  before  mentioned,  Georgia 
has  many  schools  enjoying  a  fine  reputation.  Two  of  the  oldest  schools 
in  the  State  are  the  Chatham  Academy  of  Savannah  and  the  Academy  of 
Kichmond  county,  in  Augusta,  each  dating  back  to  old  colonial  days. 
Both  of  these  are  now  part  of  the  public  school  systems  of  their  respective 
cities. 

PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

Last,  but  not  least,  is  the  gi'eat  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  The 
State  Constitution  of  1868  made  provision  for  "a  thorough  system  of 
general  education,  to  be  forever  free  to  all  children  of  the  State."  At  a 
meeting  of  the  Georgia  Teachers'  Association  held  in  Atlanta  in  August, 
1869,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  report  upon  a  school  system  adapted 
to  the  condition  and  wants  of  Georgia.  The  committee  consisted  of  Pro- 
fessor Gustavus  J.  Orr,  for  many  years  professor  of  Mathematics  in 
Emory  College,  chairman;  Bernard  Mallon,  long  the  superintendent  of 
the  public  schools  of  Savannah,  and  afterwards  of  Atlanta;  John  M.  Bon- 
nell,  then  president  of  Wesleyan  Eemale  College  at  Macon;  Martin  V. 
Calvin  of  Augusta,  and  David  W.  Lewis,  president  of  the  North  Georgia 
Agricultural  College  at  Dahlonega.  By  direction  of  the  committee  the 
chairman  prepared  the  report,  which  was  then  submittted  to  the  exe- 


tii 


i L. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  389 

cutive  committee  composed  of  Eev.  H.  H.  Tucker,  at  one  time  president 
of  Mercer  University  and  later  of  the  State  University;  Prof,  W.  Leroy 
Bro\\'ne  of  the  State  University;  Rev.  Alexander  Means,  D.D.,  long  a 
professor  in  Emory  College;  Professor  W.  D.  Williams,  principal  of  the 
Georgia  Academy  for  the  Blind;  Professor  Bernard  Mallon,  and  Professor 
Gustavns  J.  Orr.  After  nine  hours  spent  in  discussing  the  report,  section 
by  section,  it  was  adopted  as  written,  xit  another  meeting  of  the  Georgia 
Teachers'  Association,  held  at  Macon  in  November,  1869,  the  report 
after  being  discussed  for  an  entire  day  was  unanimously  adopted. 

That  report  forms  the  main  provisions  of  the  first  public  school  law, 
approved  October  13,  1870.  Under  this  act  an  organization  was  effected, 
and  Governor  R.  B.  Bullock  appointed  General  J.  R.  Lewis  State  School 
Comxaissioner.  This  office  has  since  been  held  by  Professor  Gustavus  J. 
Orr,  Hon.  J.  S.  Hook,  Professor  S.  D.  Bradwell  and  Professor  G.  R. 
Glenn. 

It  is  appropriate  to  state  in  this  connection  that  at  a  meeting  of  the 
National  Educational  Association,  a  committee  raised  for  the  purpose  of 
farming  an  ideal  school  system  for  a  State,  and  composed  of  some  of  the 
ablest  educational  men  of  the  Union,  with  the  school  laws  of  all  the 
States  before  them,  in  their  report  followed  to  a  remarkable  extent  the 
public  school  law  of  Georgia. 

The  system  of  common  schools,  though  organized  in  1870,  did  not 
really  go  into  effect  until  1873.  There  was  a  common  school  commis- 
sioner, and  a  tax  for  the  support  of  schools  had  been  levied  and  collected. 
Schools  had  been  put  into  operation  in  some  counties  and  teachers  em- 
ployed; but  at  the  close  of  1871  more  than  three  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars was  due  to  school  officers  and  teachers  for  services  rendered.  There 
was  nothing  with  which  to  pay  them;  for,  in  violation  of  the  Constitution 
of  the  State,  the  fund  of  $327,000  had  been  appropriated  to  the  payment 
of  legislative  and  other  expenses  of  the  government.  In  vain  did  teachere 
and  school  officers  clamor  for  their  pay,  for  there  was  nothing  to  the 
credit  of  the  school  fund  in  the  treasury. 

It  was  feared  that  the  system  had  received  a  fatal  blow  in  the  very  first 
years  of  its  existence.  No  schools  were  taught  in  1872,  and  the  com- 
missioner devoted  his  attention  to  systematizing  the  work  under  the  law 
passed  in  August  of  that  year.  The  legislature  of  1872  provided  for  the 
levying  of  a  tax  for  the  puqDOse  of  paying  the  claims  of  teachers  and 
school  officials.  Under  the  operation  of  this  law  the  debts  were  finally 
paid.  In  1873  the  schools  were  again  put  in  operation,  and  have  in- 
creased in  number  and  efficiency  from  that  day  to  this.  From  the  time 
of  Governor  Smith's  induction  into  office  in  1871  to  his  retirement  in 


ggQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

1877,  the  amount  of  $1,271,368  was  raised  for  the  support  of  the  public 
school  system,  out  of  which  the  debts  to  teachers  and  school  officers  were 
paid,  besides  meeting  promptly  the  expenses  of  running  the  schools. 

In  1871  the  total  attendance  on  the  public  schools  of  Georgia  was  49,- 
678,  and  in  1876  it  was  179,405.  For  the  year  1877  Professor  Orr,  the 
State  School  Commissioner,  reported  the  attendance  on  the  public  schools 
to  be  in  round  numbers  200,000. 

The  report  of  Commissioner  G.  K.  Glenn  for  the  year  1899  showed  a 
total  enrollment  of  416,352  pupils  in  the  public  schools  of  Georgia.  Of 
this  number  247,912  were  white  and  168,440  were  colored. 

The  amount  apportioned  and  paid  for  the  support  of  the  public  schools 
in  Georgia  for  1900  is  $1,440,642.  To  this  should  be  added  $400,000 
paid  by  local  city  and  county  appropriations. 

By  a  school  census  taken  by  the  State  School  Commissioner  in  1893 
it  was  ascertained  that  the  number  of  children  in  Georgia  between  the 
ages  of  ten  and  eighteen,  who  were  unable  to  read  and  write,  was  114,- 
527.  Of  this  number  35,638  were  white,  and  78,884  were  colored.  A 
similar  census  in  1898  showed  the  number  unable  to  read  and  write  be- 
tween the  ages  of  ten  and  eighteen  to  be  83,616.  Of  this  number  22,- 
917  were  white  and  60,699  were  colored.  This  shows  a  gratifying  de- 
crease in  the  number  of  illiterates  in  Georgia.  From  the  report  of  Com- 
missioner Glenn  rendered  October  1,  1900,  it  appears  that  there  were  in 
Georgia  5,866  white  teachers  and  3,113  colored,  a  total  of  8,979.  The 
number  of  pupils  enrolled  during  the  year  was  251,093  whites  and  172,- 
374  colored.  The  average  daily  attendance  was  151,341  whites,  about 
60  per  cent,  of  the  enrollment;  and  101,852  colored,  or  about  59  per  cent. 
of  the  enrollment. 

Among  other  prominent  schools  of  Georgia  are:  Douglasville  College, 
Douglasville ;  J.  S.  Green  College,  Demorest;  Martin  Institute,  Jefferson; 
"Wynton  Male  and  Female  College,  Columbus;  South  Georgia  Male 
and  Female  College,  Dawson;  Gordon  Institute,  Barnesville; 
Dalton  Female  College,  Dalton;  Monroe  Female  College,  Monroe; 
South  Georgia  College  for  both  sexes,  McEae;  Chappell  Female  Insti- 
tute, Columbus;  Georgia  Military  Academy,  College  Park;  New  Eben- 
ezer  College,  Cochran;  Hiawassee  High  School  and  the  North  Georgia 
Baptist  College,  at  Morganton. 

The  following  tables  give  valuable  information  concerning  schools  of 
all  kinds  in  Georgia  : 


R 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 
TABLE   1. 


393 


SCHOOLS  BELONGING  TO  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOL  SYSTEM  OF  GEORGIA. 

NUMBER  OP   TEACHERS. 


WHITE. 

COLORED. 

TOTAL. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Grand 
Total. 

2851 

3015 

5866 

1317 

1796 

3113 

4168 

4811          8979 

GRADES  OP  TEACHERS. 


FIRST   GRADE. 

SECOND   GRADE. 

THIRD   GRADE. 

White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

White. 

Colored. 

Total. 

White. 

Colored . 

Total. 

2970 

417 

3387 

1594 

886           2480 

983 

1661 

2644 

Number  of  normal  trained  teachers— White,  1277;  colored,  341;  total,  J618. 
Schools— Number  of  white  schools,  5045;  colored,  2710;  total,  7755. 

ENROLLMENT. 

Number  of  pupils  admitted  during  the  year : 


WHITE. 

COLORED. 

TOTAL. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female.    Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Grand 
Total. 

129778 

121315 

251093 

1    81486 

90888 

172374 

211264       212203 

423467 

ATTENDANCE. 

Average  number  of  pupils  in  daily  attendance: 


WHITE. 

COLORED. 

TOTAL. 

Male. 

Female. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Grand 
Total. 

76067 

75274 

151341 

47024 

1 

64828        101852 

122463 

130102  1    253193 

Monthly  Cost — Average  monthly  cost  per  pupil $'  13 

Amount  of  average  monthly  cost  paid  by  the  State 96 


394  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

TABLE  1— Continued. 

teachers'  salaries. 
Average  monthly  salaries  paid  teachers: 


FIRST   GRADE. 

SECOND    GRADE. 

THIRD    GRADE. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

White. 

Colored. 

$  35  31 

$  25  80 

$  26  30 

$  20  76 

$   20   70 

$  16  65 

Number  of  visits  made  by  the  commissioners  during  the  year 9,383 

Number  of  schoolhouses  in  the  State  belonging  to  the  county  boards 

of  education,  5,779 ;  value $1,430,288  43 

Number  of  schoolhouses  in  cities  and  towns  not  belonging  to  the 

county  boards,  527;  value 1,868,264  00 

Financial  Statement — Receipts  for  the  year: 

Balance  in  hand  from  1898 42,423  20 

Amount  treasurer's  quarterly  checks 1,268,885  30 

Amount  from  any  and  all  other  sources,  including  supplemental 

checks 150,959  03 

Total  receipts 1,462,267  53 

Expenditures  : 

Salary  of  county  school  commissioners 62,074  50 

Salary  of  members  of  boards  of  education 10,827  41 

Postak'e,  printing  and  other  incidentals . .                     16.282  97 

Amount  expended  in  the  purchase  of  school  supplies  and  build- 
ings   71,628  67 

Amount  paid  to  teachers  1,235  858  36 

Total 1,396,«81  91 

Balance  remaining  on  hand   65,;">85  62 

Total  amount  of  salaries  credited  to  teachers  during  the  year,  as 

per  itemized  statements 1,318,512  25 

Number  of  school  libraries,  183;  value,  $32,802.31. 

TABLE  2. 

ENROLLMENT  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS  UNDER  LOCAL  LAWS. 


Pupils  in  Schools  for  Whites. 


Pupils  in  Schools  for  Negroes. 


Total. 


35,856 


23,340 


59,196 


From  the   total  should   be   deducted   8,202   already   counted   in   the 
county  schools. 

TABLE  3. 

PUPILS  ENROLLED  IN  PRIVATE  HIGH   SCHOOLS   AND  COLLEGES. 


In  those  for  Whites. 

In  those  for  Negroes. 

Total. 

10,097 

4,877 

15,974 

All    these   tables  are   made    up   from  the  report  of  the  State  School 
Commissioner,  G.  R.  Glenn,  submitted  on  October  1,  1900. 


fUir'*- 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


BENEVOLENT  INSTITUTIONS  OF  GEORGIA. 

"Not  for  themselves,  but  for  others"  was  the  motto  of  the  founders 
of  Georgia,  who  gave  their  time  and  money  for  promoting  the  welfare 
of  those  who  needed  help,  expecting  no  other  reward  than  that  which 
arises  from  the  consciousness  of  duty  well-performed.  It  is 
not  strange,  then,  that  the  first  benevolent  institution  of  Geor- 
gia had  its  birth  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony.  This  was  White- 
field's  Orphan  House  at  Bethesda,  about  nine  miles  from  Savannah, 
founded  in  1739.  The  building  was  erected  by  funds  collected 
through  the  untiring  efforts  of  the  distinguished  minister  in  whose  honor 
it  was  named.  Of  this  noble  enterprise  Mr.  Whitefield  said,  "Some  have 
thought  that  the  erecting  such  a  building  was  only  the  product  of  my 
own  brain;  but  they  are  much  mistaken;  for  it  was  first  proposed  to  me 
by  my  dear  friend,  the  Eev.  Mr.  Charles  Wesley,  who,  with  his  excel- 
lency General  Oglethorpe,  had  concerted  a  scheme  for  carrying  on  such 
a  design  before  I  had  any  thoughts  of  going  abroad  myself."  This  giv- 
ing of  due  credit  to  others  adds  to  the  honor  of  the  founder  and  first 
superintendent  of  the  Orphan  House,  which  he  called  Bethesda,  "be- 
cause," said  Mr.  Whitefield,  "I  hoped  it  would  be  a  house  of  mercy  to 
many  souls."  And  such  it  has  been,  and  is  still.  It  is  a  home  for  boys 
and  is  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Union  Society,  which  last 
year  (1900)  celebrated  its  150th  anniversary. 

The  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  near  Milledgeville,  is  one  of  the  noblest 
charities  of  the  "Empire  State." 

In  1837  the  Georgia  legislature  made  an  appropriation  and  appointed 
a  commission  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  lunatic  asylum.  The  com- 
mission bought  for  a  small  price  40  acres  of  pine  land  two  miles  from 
Milledgeville,  located  on  a  high  hill  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  town 
and  the  intervening  country.  In  December,  1842,  the  building  was 
completed  and  the  first  patient  was  admitted.  At  first  the  counties  had 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  their  pauper  patients,  and  the  friends  of  patients 
who  were  able  to  pay  had  to  provide  for  their  maintenance  in  the  asylum. 
This  plan  was  changed  to  State  care  of  the  pauper  insane  about  1846. 
Up  to  1877  patients  were  received  from  other  States.  At  that  time,  on  ac- 

(307) 


398  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

count  of  the  overcrowded  condition  of  the  institution,  the  General  Asr 
semblj  was  obliged  to  pass  an  act  sending  all  patients  not  citizens  of 
Georgia  to  their  respective  States.  During  the  same  year  an  act  was 
passed  making  the  asylum  free  to  all  bona  fide  citizens  of  Georgia.  By 
the  same  act  it  was  provided  that  friends  could  deposit  with  the  steward 
funds  for  extras  to  be  used  by  the  patients  individually,  but  no  part  of 
this  was  to  go  to  the  support  of  the  institution.  The  first  superintendent 
was  Dr.  David  Cooper,  elected  in  1843.  Three  years  later  Dr.  Thomas 
F.  Green,  a  man  of  kindly  nature,  genial  manner,  and  of  great  enterprise 
and  energy  was  elected.  He  succeeded  in  obtaining  appropriations  year 
after  year,  in  making  improvements  and  in  securing  a  suitable  corps  of 
attendants.  He  remained  in  charge  of  the  asylum  until  1879  when  in  a 
peaceful  old  age  and  still  possessed  of  all  his  faculties,  he  suddenly  ex- 
pired. He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  T.  O.  Powell  who  had  been  associated 
with  him  for  nearly  twenty  years. 

In  184Y  the  legislature  added  another  building  to  the  original  one,  and 
the  female  patients  were  placed  in  the  new  building.  White  attendants 
were  also  substituted  for  negroes,  who  had  formerly  discharged  this 
duty.  In  1849  plans  were  approved  by  the  legislature  for  greatly  enlarg- 
ing the  asylum  accommodations.  The  legislature  appropriated  $10,500, 
and  in  1851  added  $24,500  for  a  large  and  handsome  new  building.  To 
this  the  original  buildings  were  to  be  wings.  Additional  appropriations 
were  made  as  follows:  $56,500  in  1853;  $110,000  in  1855;  $63,500  in 
1857,  and  $30,000  in  1858,  in  which  year  the  building  was  completed. 

The  building  is  supplied  with  every  convenience  for  the  comfort  of 
the  patients  and  of  the  officers  and  their  families.  In  1870  and  1871 
another  appropriation  of  $105,855  was  voted  for  enlarging  the  main 
building.  In  1881,  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  the  board  of  trustees,  the 
legislature  appropriated  $165,000  for  the  erection  of  two  separate  build- 
ings for  white  convalescents,  one  for  males,  the  other  for  females.  In 
1883  an  additional  appropriation  of  $92,875  was  made,  and  in  1893  the 
legislature  voted  $100,000  more  for  the  erection  of  additional  buildings 
for  white  and  colored  insane. 

The  emancipation  of  the  negro  population  in  1865  necessi- 
tated asylum  accommodations  for  the  insane  of  this  race.  In 
1866  the  legislature  appropriated  $11,000  for  an  insane  asylum  for 
negroes.  This  building  was  enlarged  in  1870  at  an  expense  of  $18,000. 
In  1879  the  legislature  appropriated  $25,000  more  for  the  same  purpose, 
and  in  1881  the  sum  of  $82,166  for  a  new  building  and  heating  apparatus 
for  the  insance  of  the  colored  race.  Of  course  the  erectiooii  of  all  these  large 
building  required  much  more  land  than,  was  embraced  in  the  original 


t=l 

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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  401 

purchase.  The  institution  now  has  3,000  acres  in  one  body.  The  asylum 
has  its  own  water  works,  the  water  being  furnished  from  a  bold  stream 
on  its  own  grounds.  It  has  also  a  well  900  feet  deep,  much  of  it  through 
solid  rock.  With  the  exception  of  the  capitol  in  Atlanta,  the  center 
building  of  the  asylum  is  the  handsomest  edifice  in  Georgia.  About  a 
mile  from  the  asylum  proper  is  the  hospital  for  the  treatment  of  conta- 
gious diseases.  The  total  cost  of  the  land  and  buildings  is  more  than  one 
million  dollars. 

Georgia  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumh.  At  the  beautiful  town  of 
Cave  Spring,  not  far  from  the  city  of  Rome,  in  a  charming  valley  between 
mountains  and  hills,  stand  the  commodious  and  substantial  buildings  of 
the  Georgia  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  No  more  appropriate 
location  for  such  an  institution  could  bo  found.  The  legislature  of  the 
State  has  at  different  times  made  liberal  appropriations  for  the  education 
of  the  deaf  and  dumb.  Before  Georgia  had  an  institution  of  her  own  for 
this  purpose  a  commissioner  was  appointed  to  receive  application  in  be- 
half of  indigent  deaf  and  dumb  residents  of  the  State,  and  to  make  all 
necessary  arrangements  for  conveying  them  to  the  American  Asylum  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut.  For  this  purpose  the  sum  of  $3,000  was  appro- 
priated. Later  the  State  made  an  arrangement  for  educating  deaf  mutes 
at  the  Heam  Manual  Labor  School,  at  Cave  Spring,  in  Floyd  county, 
Georgia.  In  184-7  the  legislature  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  governor 
to  appoint  five  commissioners,  whose  duty  it  should  be  to  make  all  neces- 
sary arrangements  for  the  erection  of  an  asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb. 
In  1849  the  necessary  buildings  had  been  provided,  and  the  institution 
was  opened  for  pupils  in  July.  Here  deaf  and  dumb  children  and  some 
of  more  advanced  years  have  been  taught  by  the  most  approved  methods. 
The  first  building,  of  brick,  was  erected  in  1849.  In  1850  an  easterly 
extension  was  added,  and  in  1875  another  on  the  south.  A  shop  two 
stories  high  was  also  erected.  Another  brick  building,  known  as  the 
storeroom  was  erected  in  1878,  and  in  1882  the  north  extension  to  the 
main  building  was  added  for  the  use  of  the  principal  and  his  family. 
During  this  same  year  a  department  for  negro  deaf  mutes  was  opened 
in  a  building  of  brick,  purchased  for  the  purpose  and  located  about  250 
yards  from  the  dormitory  building  for  whites.  In  1885  the  present  hand- 
some school  building  was  begun.  It  was  completed  and  occupied  in 
1889.  In  1887-88  the  dormitory  was  enlarged  by  putting  upon  it  a  hand- 
some mansard  roof.  In  1890  an  engine-house  and  laundry  were  added 
with  all  necessary  appliances,  also  a  SOO-gallon  steam  pump.  Six-inch 
water  mains  were  laid,  with  ten  Ludlow  fire  plugs  conveniently  located; 
hoee  carriage  and  700  feet  of  firo  department  hose  were  purchased  and 


402  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

steel  stair  fire-escapes  were  erected  where  needed.  In  1894  a  new  and 
handsome  building  was  erected  for  shop  purposes.  This  building  has 
been  equipped  for  a  general  line  of  wood-working;  also  a  well-arranged 
printing  ofiice;  a  shoe  shop;  a  blacksmith  shop  and  wood-carving  depart- 
ment. In  1897  the  sum  of  $7,000  was  spent  in  electric  lighting  and  in 
steam  heating.  There  is  also  a  well-equipped  art  studio  in  the  school 
building.  The  buildings  are  situated  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  town  of 
Cave  Spring  and  command  a  fine  view  of  Van's  Valley  and  its  pictures- 
que sceneary. 

The  Academy  for  the  Blind  is  another  of  the  institutions  of  Georgia 
established  and  supported  by  the  State.  It  is  located  in  the  city  of  Macon 
on  College  Hill.  This  institution  was  incorporated  by  act  of  the  legis- 
lature, January  2,  1852.  It  originated  in  a  movement  made  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Macon  at  a  meeting  called  for  this  purpose  on  April  15,  1851. 
Mr.  W.  S.  Fortescue  was  the  first  principal,  and  Miss  Hannah  Guillan 
was  assistant  teacher.  For  the  years  1852  and  1853  the  legislature  appro- 
priated $5,000  per  annum  to  aid  in  the  support  of  the  institution.  On 
February  18,  1854,  the  legislature  appropriated  $10,000  for  the  erection 
of  a  suitable  building.  Further  appropriations  were  made  and  in  1860 
the  main  building  facing  Orange  street  was  completed  at  a  total  cost  of 
$65,000.  The  average  of  the  annual  appropriations  up  to  1876  was  about 
$13,000.  For  the  year  ending  October  1,  1899,  the  appropriation  from 
the  State  was  $18,500.  Additions  were  made  to  the  main  building  in 
1893,  and  a  handsome  boy's  dormitory  was  added  several  years  later.  The 
entrance  to  this  is  from  College  street.  A  two-story  brick  building  in  which 
are  the  workshops  faces  Orange  street.  In  1882  a  department  for  the  col- 
ored blind  was  opened  and  a  large  and  comfortable  brick  building  facing 
Madison  street  was  erected.  This  is  under  the  same  management  as  the 
white  department,  but  the  two  are  on  lots  distant  from  each  other.  In 
Aug-ust,  1858,  Professor  W.  D.  Williams  was  elected  principal  and  re- 
tained this  office  until  his  death,  December  20,  1898.  His  son,  Dudley 
Williams,  was  elected  his  successor,  and  upon  his  resigTiation  in  1901  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  T.  U.  Conner. 

The  Female  Asylum  at  Savannah  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  benevolent 
institutions  of  Georgia.  On  the  I7th  of  September,  1801,  several  of  the 
prominent  ladies  of  Savannah  met  for  the  purpose  of  organization,  and 
Mrs.  Ann  Clay  was  called  to  the  chair.  Fourteen  lady  managers  were 
elected,  and  the  following  officers  of  the  asylum  were  chosen.  Mrs.  Eliza- 
beth Smith,  first  directress;  Mrs.  Ann  Clay,  second  directress;  Mrs.  Jane 
Smith  and  Mrs.  Sarah  Lamb,  secretaries;  Mrs.  Margaret  Hunter,  treas- 
urer. 


^. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  405 

This  institution  is  supported  bj  annual  subscriptions  and  has  received 
many  valuable  bequests.  Its  business  is  managed  by  a  board  of  directors 
who  meet  once  a  month.  A  visiting  committee  is  appointed  to  purchase 
the  necessary  food,  such  as  groceries,  and  clothing.  The  house  is  under 
the  direction  of  a  matron,  second  matron  and  teacher. 

The  Augusta  Orphan  Asylum  was  incoi-porated  in  January,  1852. 
In  1855  a  house  was  rented  and  placed  in  charge  of  a  matron,  and  four 
orphans  were  admitted  to  the  privileges  of  the  asylum.  Mr.  Isaac  S. 
Tuttle,  who  died  December  12,  1855,  bequeathed  his  home  on  Walker 
Street  and  other  property  amounting  to  $50,000  for  the  use  of  the  asso- 
ciation. This  gift,  added  to  the  annual  income  from  200  shares  of  Geor- 
gia Railroad  stock,  provided  amply  for  the  institution  in  its  infancy.  For 
seventeen  years  the  Tuttle  House  was  occupied  as  an  Oi^phan  home.  On 
the  9th  of  January,  1859,  Dr.  George  M.  Kewton,  stepson  of  Mr.  Tuttle, 
died  leaving  to  the  asylum  property  valued  at  $200,000.  In  1869  an 
eligible  site  between  Harper  and  Boundary  streets,  near  the  western 
boundary  of  the  city  of  AugTista,  was  selected,  mainly  through  the  in- 
fluence of  Dr.  Lewis  D.  Ford,  the  second  president  of  the  association. 
An  elegant  home  was  here  built  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Goodrich  after  plans  fur- 
nished by  Mr.  D.  B.  Woodruff.  It  was  begun  in  December,  18Y0,  and 
completed  in  December,  1873.  In  1889  this  building  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  but  was  rebuilt  by  Mr.  Charles  B.  Allen,  after  plans  frunished  by 
Mr.  Lewis  F.  Goodrich,  the  son  of  the  builder  of  the  old  home.  It  was 
reoccupied  by  the  children  in  December,  1890.  There  are  connected 
with  this  institution  a  farm  and  dairy,  which  made  for  the  year  ending 
Apiil  1,  1900,  a  net  profit  of  $2,036.77.  More  than  $1,400  of  this  came 
from  the  products  of  the  dairy.     These  were. 

5,023  gallons  of  milk  at  20  cents  a  gallon $1,004  60 

1,330^-  pounds  of  butter  at  30  cents  a  pound 399   15 

68  loads  of  compost  from  cow  yards  at  50  cents  a  load 34  00 

Total  dairy  products $1,437  75 

The  farm  supplied  the  following  values  at  market  prices: 

Potatoes,  corn  and  other  vegetables $503  25 

578  watermelons  at  5  cents  each 28  90 

1267  cantaloupes  at  3  cents  each 38  01 

And  the  following  field  crops : 

Oats,  rye,  vetch  and  green  feed 98  00 

25  tons  of  cured  oafs  at  $15  a  ton 375  00 

15  tons  of  peavinc  hay  at  $13  a  ton 195  00 

Corn  and  fodder 30  00 


Total  value  of  products $2,705  91 

18  Ka 


406  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Purchased  during  year  seven  caws $234  00 

Sold  five  cows $130  70 

Butchered    four    calves    weighing 

243  pounds  at  12c.  a  pound 29  16 

Sold  one  calf 5  00 — $164  86 

Debit       $  69   14 
Debit $     69  14 

$2,636  77 

The  larger  boys  of  the  home  have  their  hours  for  school,  for  work  on 
the  farm,  and  for  recreation.  The  girls  have  their  hours  for  school,  for 
work  in  the  cutting,  fitting  and  making  department,  and  for  recreation. 
They  also  take  their  turn  at  cooking  and  general  housework. 

The  Orphan  Home  of  the  North  Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  is  located  at  Decatur,  in  DeKalb  county,  about 
eight  miles  from  the  city  of  Atlanta.  It  was  founded  in  1867.  The 
plan  was  originated  by  Rev.  Jesse  Boring,  M.D.,  and  D.D.  The  home  has 
no  endowment  and  depends  upon  the  voluntary  contributions  of  the  peo- 
ple. Yet  it  is  well  maintained,  and  additions  are  constantly  being  made 
to  its  equipment.  The  property  consists  of  seven  comfortable  buildings, 
prettily  situated,  and  a  farm  which  raises  produce  for  sale  in  the  market 
after  supplying  the  needs  of  the  home.  In  addition  to  going  to  school 
the  boys  woa-k  on  the  farm,  while  tlie  girls  learn  to  sew,  cook,  wash  and 
iron. 

The  Orphan  Home  of  the  South  Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church,  South,  is  located  in  Yineville,  a  beautiful  suburb  of 
the  city  of  Macon.  It  was  organized  June  12,  1873.  It  has  a  dairy  and 
farm  for  the  boys,  and  a  cutting,  fitting  and  making  department  for  the 
girls,  who  also  take  their  turn  at  cooking  and  general  housework.  The 
trustees  intend  adding  other  departments  as  they  may  be  able.  Of  course 
all  the  children  attend  the  school  of  the  home.  This  institution  was  first 
founded  as  a  private  benevolent  enterprise  in  1857  by  Mr.  Maxwell  of 
Macon.  In  1873  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  South  Georgia  Confer- 
ence. 

The  Appleton  Orphan  Home  at  Macon  is  the  property  of  the  Protest- 
ant Episcopal  Church,  and  was  built  through  the  liberality  of  Mr.  Apple- 
ton  of  'New  York. 

The  Baptist  Orphans'  Home  at  Hapeville,  eight  miles  from  the  city 
of  Atlanta,  is  beautifully  located  in  full  view  of  the  Central  Railroad. 
There  are  three  main  buildings.  The  central  one,  known  as  the  Admin- 
istration Building,  fronts  the  railroad.     To  the  right  with  a  front  of  60 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL.  4()7 

feet  and  a  colonial  piazza  40  feet  in  length,  stands  the  Boys'  Cottage,  a 
brick  building  donated  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Etheridge  of  Jackson,  Georgia,  in 
honor  of  his  mother.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  lawTi  stands  a  similar 
cottage  for  the  girls,  costing  the  same  money  and  modeled  after  the 
same  plan,  a  gift  of  Judge  James  R.  Brown  of  Canton,  Georgia,  in 
memory  of  his  daughter,  Sallie  Rice  Brown. 

Besides  attending  school  the  girls  are  taught  to  cut  and  fit  clothing,  do 
mending  and  repairing,  housework,  washing  and  ironing;  and  the  boys 
are  taught  to  cultivate  the  fields,  clean  the  premises,  cut  wood  and  make 
fires. 

Within  the  past  year  $500  worth  of  produce  of  the  farm  has  been  sold, 
this  being  the  surplus  left  after  supplying  the  wants  of  the  orphanage. 

The  Hebrew  Orphan  Home  is  located  in  the  city  of  Atlanta,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Hebrews  of  Georgia,  and  supported  by  their  congrega- 
tions in  the  State.  The  Abram's  Home  in  Savannah,  is  one  of  their 
most  noted  benevolent  institutions. 


CHAPTER    XV. 


EELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS  OF  GEOKGIA. 

"When,  on  the  12th  daj  of  February,  1733,  the  first  settlers  under  the 
lead  of  James  Edward  Oglethorpe  landed  at  Yamacraw  Bluff,  they  were 
accompanied  by  Dr.  Henry  Herbert,  a  clergyman  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. In  March  of  the  next  year  a  body  of  Salzburgers  from  Germany 
landed  at  Savannah.  At  Ebenezer  in  Effingham  county,  they  built  the 
first  Lutheran  Church  in  Georgia.  Of  this  church  the  first  pastor  was 
the  Eev.  John  Martin  Bolzius.  In  1786  there  were  three  Lutheran 
churches  in  Georgia,  one  at  Ebenezer,  one  at  Goshen  and  one  in  Savan- 
nah. 

Eev.  Henry  Herbert,  pastor  of  the  Episcopal  Church  at  Savannah, 
was  succeeded  by  Eev.  Samuel  Quincy,  and  he  was  followed  by  John 
Wesley  in  1736,  and  George  Whitefield  in  1738.  Charles  Wesley  ac- 
companied his  brother  John  to  Georgia.  The  two  Wesleys  and  White- 
field  are  renowned  as  the  founders  of  the  powerful  and  influential  body 
of  Christians  known  as  Methodists,  though  neither  one  of  them  ever  sepa- 
rated himself  from  the  Church  of  England,  in  which  the  three  were  or- 
dained ministers.  When  in  1755  the  trustees  surrendered  their  charter 
to  the  crown  and  Georgia  became  a  royal  province,  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land (Episcopal),  was  declared  to  be  the  established  church  of  the  colony. 
Parishes  were  formed,  in  three  of  which  were  churches;  one  in  Savannah, 
one  in  Augusta  and  one  in  what  is  now  Burke  county.  The  three  coun- 
ties of  Chatham,  Eichmond  and  Burke  were  at  that  time  known  as 
Christ  Church  Parish,  St.  Paul's  Parish  and  St.  George's  Parish.  Part 
of  what  is  now  Chatham  county  was  kno^vn  as  St.  Philip's  Parish.  Out- 
side of  Savannah,  the  churches  were  supplied  with  missionaries  sent  out 
by  the  "Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts."  The 
Eevolution  caused  a  temporary  abandonment  of  the  field  by  the  Church 
of  England  and,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  there  was  no  organized 
Episcopal  Church  in  Georgia  for  nearly  twenty  years  after  the  establish- 
ment of  independence.  The  first  bishop  of  this  church  who  visited  Geor- 
gia was  Bishop  Dehon  of  South  Carolina,  who  came  in  1815,  to  conse- 
crate the  new  building  for  Christ  Church,  where  he  confirmed  a  class  of 
sixty.  This  was  the  first  confirmation  ever  held  in  Georgia.  In  1840 
the  Eev.  Stephen  Elliott  was  elected  the  first  bishop  of  the  diocese,  which 

(408) 


O 


O 
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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  411 

office  he  held  until  his  death  in  1866.  He  was  succeeded  by  Eev.  John 
W .  Beck^^^th  in  IS 67,  upon  whose  death  the  Kev.  Cleland  Kin- 
loch  Xelson  was  elected  bishop. 

As  early  as  1735  a  colony  of  Scotch  Presbyterians  settled  at  ISTew 
Inverness,  now  Darien,  in  Mcintosh  county,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Alta- 
maha  river.  Their  pastor  was  Eev.  John  McLeod.  The  Independent 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Savannah  was  organized  about  the  year  1765. 
The  first  presbytery  was  held  at  Liberty  Church  in  Wilkes  county, 
March  16,  1797.  The  names  of  the  ministers  constituting  it  were  John 
:N'ewton,  John  Springer,  Eobert  M.  Cunningham,  Moses  Waddell  and 
William  Montgomery.  The  Synod  of  Georgia  now  embraces  five  pres- 
byteries, extending  over  all  sections  of  the  State. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  John  Wesley,  the  founder  of 
Methodism  came  to  Georgia,  accompanied  by  his  brother  Charles  in 
1736,  and  that  he  was  followed  by  George  Whitefield  in  1738.  This 
may  properly  be  regarded  as  the  introduction  of  Methodism  into 
America,  although  it  was  many  years  later  when  the  church  of  that 
name  was  formally  established  on  the  Western  Continent.  Mr.  Wesley 
used  to  refer  to  the  comins:  of  himself  and  brother  and  of  Mr.  White- 
field  to  America  as  the  "second  rise  of  Methodism."  Georgia  in  her  in- 
fancy had  the  ministry  of  John  and  Charles  Wesley,  Benjamin  Ing- 
ham, George  Whitefield,  Delamotte  and  Cornelius  Winter,  men  whose 
names  are  familiar  in  the  early  history  of  the  Methodist  movement.  The 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  America  was  organized  in  Baltimore  in 
1784  on  account  of  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  Great  Britain. 
Mr.  Wesley,  acting  in  accordance  with  his  views  of  church  polity,  or- 
dained Dr.  Thomas  Coke  as  superintendent.  He  came  to  America  and 
set  apart  Eev.  Francis  Asbury  as  superintendent  or  bishop  of  the  Meth- 
odist societies  in  this  country.  In  1785  Methodist  ministers  entered 
Georgia  at  Augusta,  coming  from  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  Soon 
afterwards  Georgia  was  included  in  the  South  Carolina  Conference.  The 
first  circuit  extended  from  the  city  of  Savannah  to  Wilkes  county. 
Among  the  most  prominent  pioneer  preachers  were  James  Poster, 
Thomas  Humphries,  John  Major,  Hope  Hull,  John  Garvin,  Stith  Mead 
and  Levi  Garretson.  As  early  as  1805  Dr.  Lovick  Pierce  was  an  active 
itinerant  Methodist  preacher  in  Georgia.  His  son  George  P.  Pierce,  one 
of  the  most  renowned  pulpit  orators  of  the  world,  became  a  bishop  in 
the  Methodist  Church.  In  1830  the  Georgia  Conference  was  fonned. 
In  1840  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States  divided 
into  two  general  conferences.  The  church  in  the  Southern  States  has 
since  that  time  been  known  as  the  Methodist  Episcopal  (Imrch,  South. 


412  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

By  1866  the  Georgia  Conference  liad  become  too  large  and  was  divided 
into  the  North  and  South  Georgia  Conferences. 

The  first  Baptist  in  Georgia,  of  whom  there  is  any  account,  was 
IsTicholas  Begewood,  in  1757.  This  gentleman  was  an  agent  of  White- 
field's  Orphan  House  near  Savannah.  As  far  as  has  been  ascertained, 
the  first  Baptist  Church  organized  in  Georgia  was  in  1772,  at  Kiokee 
Meeting-House,  where  Appling,  in  Columbia  county,  now  stands,  under 
the  ministry  of  Rev.  Daniel  Marshall,  at  that  time  the  only  ordained 
Baptist  minister  in  Georgia.  In  the  year  1794  Messrs.  Jonathan  Clarke, 
George  Mosse,  Thomas  Polhill  and  David  Adams  proposed  the  erection 
of  a  house  of  worship  for  the  Baptists  of  Savannah,  who  at  that  time 
numbered  not  more  than  eight  or  ten.  They  were  encouraged  to  take 
this  step  by  Rev.  Mr.  Reese,  a  Baptist  minister  from  Wales,  who  visited 
Savannah.  Accordingly  by  the  help  of  their  Christian  brethren  of  other 
denominations  a  Baptist  Church  was  erected  in  1795,  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Ebenezer  Hills,  John  Millen,  Thomas  Polhill,  John  Hamil- 
ton, Thomas  Harrison  and  John  R.  Roberds,  as  trustees. 

In  1796,  as  they  had  no  pastor,  they  rented  their  church  to  the  Pres- 
byterians whose  house  of  worship  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The 
Presbyterians  occupied  it  for  three  years,  when  the  Rev.  Henry  Hol- 
combe  became  the  pastor  of  the  Baptist  Church  of  Savannah.  Under 
his  ministry  the  membership  was  greatly  increased.  The  Georgia  Bap- 
tist Convention  was  organized  in  1822  at  Powelton,  Hancock  county. 
Rev.  Jesse  Mercer  was  Moderator  of  the  first  meeting  of  the  convention. 
Other  prominent  ministers  of  this  denomination  of  the  early  period 
were  Edmund  Bottsford  and  Silas  Mercer. 

There  is  another  denomination  whose  members,  like  the  Baptists,  hold 
to  immersion  as  the  only  method  of  Christian  baptism,  but  who  refuse 
to  be  called  by  any  other  name  than  that  of  Christians  or  Disciples. 
One  of  their  founders  was  the  pious  and  learned  Alexander  Campbell  of 
Kentucky. 

The  Congregationalists,  though  few  in  numbers,  are  zealous  and  enter- 
prising. 

The  Unitarians  are  not  yet  very  strong  in  Georgia;  neither  are  the 
Universalists. 

The  first  Roman  Catholic  church  established  in  Georgia  was  at  Locust 
Grove  in  Taliaferro  county,  seven  miles  from  Crawfordville,  by  a  colony 
of  Catholics  from  Maryland  in  1794.  Soon  afterwards  a  number  of 
Catholics  who  were  refugees  from  the  terrible  massacres  of  St.  Domingo, 
settled  in  Savannah  and  Augusta,  and  a  priest,  who  came  with  them, 
went  to  Locust  Grove.    He  was,  as  far  as  the  record  goes,  the  first  Roman 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


413 


Catholic  clergyman  that  ever  officiated  as  pastor  of  a  church  in  Georgia. 
This  State  and  the  two  Carolinas  were  subject  to  the  See  of  Baltimore 
until  July  11,  1820.  At  that  time  these  three  States  were  raised  to  a 
diocese  by  the  appointment  of  Dr.  John  England,  who  was  the  first 
Catholic  bishop  of  Charleston.  There  was  at  that  time  but  one  Roman 
Catholic  Church  with  regular  services  in  Georgia.  That  one  was  in  Au- 
gusta— those  at  Locust  Grove  and  Savannah  being  without  pastors. 
Georgia  was  made  a  distinct  diocese  ISTovember  10,  1850,  and  Rev.  Dr. 
Gartland  was  appointed  the  first  bishop  with  residence  at  Savannah.  He 
was  succeeded  after  his  death  by  Bishops  Barry,  Yerot  and  Persico.  On 
April  27,  1873,  Rev.  William  H.  Gross  was  appointed  bishop. 

The  following  statistical  table  of  the  leading  Christian  denomina- 
tions in  Georgia  for  the  year  1900  will  prove  interesting  and  instructive: 

Baptist  Church  in  Georgia 


Church       Value 
Buildings     ^^^^^ 

Ordained 
Preachers 

Num- 
ber of 
Mem- 
bers 

Sunday    Number  of 
Schools       Pupils 

Value  of  all 

Church 

Property. 

White  Baptists 

Colored  Baptists  . . . 

Total 

2,086 
1,500 

1,322 
1,000 

193,230 

175,00(1 

712             41,052 
500             a5,000 

Over    S3,000.000 
About      900,000 

3,586 

2,322 

368.231 

1,212!             76,052 

83.900.000 

Methodists  in  Georgia 

Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South. 


Ordained 

a 

Preachers 

s 

0 

ki 

lU 

0)  -ks 

„^ 

_j 

■^  2 

s3 
0 

0 

53 
0 

$Z 

J 

H 

» 

ir.  >> 

•a  i: 

0 

0 

0  ft 

0) 

*a: 

J3 
0 

OS 

c 
0 
2 

CM 

>, 

5d 

■a 

0 

a 

o3 

osja 

a 

a* 

> 

>o 

CO 

North  Georgia  Conference 
South  Georgia  Conference 


Total 

Methodist  Kpiscopal 
Church  (called  in  Geor- 
gia Northern  Metho- 
dists)   

Colored  M.  E.  ('hurch  of 

America  (set  off  from  the 

M.  K. Church, South): 

North  Georgia  Conference 

South  (Jeorgia  Conference 

African  M.  K.  Church 

Protestant  Methodists  (es- 
timated)   


29 


528 


998 


99,009 
62,688 


161,617 


3,400 


9,902 
14,459 
80,000 

3,000 


771 
617 


8  1,091,780 

885,682 


I  1,977,462 


52,107 


291 

591 
950 


1,000,000 


Total 1298  1347  2<U5  271,968    3,205  8  3,029,569    649  8     487,235  81,345,870    1,857  117,828 


$     223,435 
159,800 


$     383,235 


4,000 


100,000 


8     667,424 

78,446 


I     745,870 


(i00,000 


740 
561 


1,301 


500 


50,934 
30,929 

80,863 


3,848 


5.677 

7,440 

20,000 


PRESBYTKRIiiN    ChURCH   IN   GEORGIA 


Ordained 

Ministers. 

Number  of 
Clui  relies. 

Total 
Communicants. 

Sunday-scliool 
Sch()lftra. 

White 

110 
23 

211 
20 

16,138 
1,892 

10,*t6 
2,253 

Colored 

Total 

133 

237 

18,030 

12,599 

414 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


The  Presbyterians  have  much  valuable  Church  property;  but  the 
exact  figures  were  not  available.  The  money  raised  by  Methodists, 
Baptists  and  Presbyterians  for  missions  and  for  benevolent  and  educa- 
tional purposes  run  up  into  the  millions. 


CONGKEGATIONALIST   ChURCH 


a -22 
OS 

o  a 

> 

1^ 

4) 
3 

> 

All  other 
Church 
Property 

o   ,     . 

a  g^ 

o 

White  and  Colored 

66 

4,714 

65 

$   100,000 

7 

$      6,500 

$  465,000 

66 

4,284 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  Diocese  op  Georgia 


Ordained 
Preachers. 

Number  of 
Memhers. 

Number  of 

Church 
Buildings. 

Number  of 
Parsonages. 

Number  of 

Sunday-School 

Pupils. 

Value  of  all 
(Jhurch 
Property. 

Bishops ...  1 

Priests 47 

Deacons...  6 

White 7,090 

Colored 886 

137 

29 

White 3,437 

Colored 969 

$756,679  87 

Total 54 

Total 7,976 

137 

29 

Total 4,406 

S756,679  87 

Capital  invested  for  benevolent  and  educational  objects,  8315,837.37. 
Christian  Church  (or  Disciples) 


Number  of 
Preachers. 

Number  of 
Members. 

Church 
Buildings. 

Number  of  Sunday- 
School  Pupils. 

'V'ial'Qe  of  all  Church 
Property. 

75 

9,805 

110 

3,147 

1146,200 

EoMAN  Catholic  Church  in  the  Diocese  op  Georgia. 


Secular  Priests...  15 
Priests   of    Reli- 
gious Orders 25 

Total 40 


Number  of 
Members. 


20,000 


Church  Edi- 
fices   26 

Chapels 14 

Total 40 


Value. 
S500,000 


Parsonages. 
13 


Value. 

t50,000 


Sunday- 
Schools. 

10 


Pupils. 
2,500 


Three  Orphan  Homes,  valued  at  120,000. 


The  Hebrews  in  Georgia  constitute  an  enterprising  law-abiding  class 
of  the  population,  and  are  found  in  all  the  cities  and  important  towns. 
They  number  about  6,200,  have  handsome  synagogues  in  all  the  large 
cities  and  several  benevolent  institutions  in  the  State. 


(iOVKK.NOK  AIJ.HN   1).   CAXIM-KK. 


n 


CHAPTER  XV L 


STATE  GOYERKMENT. 

The  government  of  Georgia,  like  that  of  all  the  other  States  of  the 
Union,  is  republican  in  form,  and  is  divided  into  three  departments,  the 
Executive,  the  Legislative  and  the  Judicial. 

The  executive,  or  administrative  branch  of  the  government,  is  placed 
in  the  hands  of  the  Governor,  Secretaiy  of  State,  Comptroller-General, 
Treasm-er,  Attorney-General,  Commissioner  of  AgTiculture  and  State 
School  Commissioner  elected  by  the  people.  Principal  Keeper  of  the  Pen- 
itentiary, a  Eailroad  Commission  and  a  Pardon  Board  appointed  by  the 
Governor.     The  Governor  is  vested  with  the  veto  power. 

The  legislative  department  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Erepre- 
sentatives,  the  members  of  both  houses  being  elected  by  a  direct  vote  of 
the  people.  The  State  is  divided  into  forty-four  senatorial  districts  from 
each  of  which  one  senator  is  elected.  The  members  of  the  House  of 
Pepresentatives  are  elected  from  the  counties  in  proportion  to  popula- 
tion, the  more  populous  counties  having  three  representatives. 

The  Judicial  depai'tment  consists  of  the  Supreme  Court  with  three 
justices,  the  superior  court,  the  court  of  ordinary,  and  the  justice  courts. 
In  addition  to  these,  city  and  county  courts  are  created  by  special  act, 
and  vested  with  limited  jurisdiction  and  powers. 

The  Supreme  Court  is  the  court  of  last  resort  and  has  no  original  juris- 
diction. The  superior  court  may  be  termed  a  court  of  general  juris- 
diction, though  its  jurisdiction  does  not  extend  to  all  cases.  In  certain  cases 
it  has  also  appellate  jurisdiction.  The  court  of  ordinary  is  the  probate 
court,  with  general  powers  relative  to  county  matters.  The  justice  courts 
have  jurisdiction  in  civil  cases  arising  out  of  contract  .and  damage  to 
personal  property,  provided  the  amount  does  not  exceed  $100.  In  crim- 
inal cases  it  is  a  committing  court.  Under  the  conservation  and  safe  ad- 
ministration of  the  State's  affairs  for  many  consecutive  years,  aided  by 
wise  enactments  of  the  legislature,  Georgia's  finances  have  been  brought 
out  of  the  chaos  in  which  war  and  reconstruction  left  them,  and  now  her 
credit  stands  as  high  as  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

The  constitution  of  the  State  adopted  in  1877  guards  well  the  rights, 
of  the  people  and  prevents  extravagant  appropriations  by  the  legislature. 

(417) 


418  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  laws  enacted  give  proper  protection  to  individual  and  corporate  cap- 
ital without  any  injustice  to  the  laborer.  There  is  no  interference  by  the 
legislature  with  the  right  of  contract,  except  where  humanity  demands  it. 
In  upholding  and  enforcing  the  law  the  courts  and  the  governor  have  the 
moral  support  of  the  community.  ISTever,  except  in  the  case  of  a  most 
heinous,  unmentionable  crime,  has  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  been  vio- 
lated, and  even  then  under  the  most  exasperating  circumstances  no  Geor- 
gia mob  has  even  been  guilty  of  the  excesses  perpetrated  by  the  Illinois 
mobs  in  the  spring  of  1900,  or  the  mob  at  Akron,  Ohio,  in  August  of  the 
same  year. 

Although  the  power  of  taxation  is  vested  in  the  legislature,  the  abuse 
of  it  is  wisely  guarded  against  by  the  State  Constitution.  No  taxes  can 
be  levied  by  the  legislature  except  for  the  support  of  the  government 
and  public  institutions,  the  payment  of  principal  and  interest  of  the  pub- 
lic debt,  to  suppress  insurrections  or  repel  invasion,  to  pension  under  cer- 
tain restrictions  Confederate  soldiers  and  the  widows  of  Conferedate 
soldiers,  and  to  provide  a  system  of  elementary  education.  The  Consti- 
tution provides  that  taxation  shall  be  uniform  on  all  classes  and  ad 
valorem  on  property.  For  educational  purposes  a  poll-tax  of  one  dollar 
is  provided. 

Public  property,  colleges,  schools,  churches,  cemeteries,  literary  asso- 
ciations and  public  libraries,  paintings  and  statuary  not  for  sale,  are  ex- 
empted from  taxation. 

County  taxation  is  limited  to  public  works,  court  expenses,  prisons, 
the  debt  existing  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution.  A  two- 
thirds  vote  is  required  to  increase  the  debt  of  any  county  or  municipality, 
and  the  amount  of  the  debt  must  not  exceed  seven  per  cent,  of  the  assessed 
value  of  property.  Counties  and  municipalities  are  not  allowed  to  be- 
come stockholders  in  any  corporation,  and  are  forbidden  to  lend  or  give 
except  to  charities  and  schools.  All  taxes  must  be  collected  under  gen- 
eral laws.  The  property,  real  or  personal,  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  not  residing  in  Georgia  cannot  be  taxed  higher  than  the  property 
of  residents. 

No  foreign  corporation  is  allowed  to  own  more  than  5,000  acres  of 
land  without  first  becoming  a  corporation  of  the  State  under  her  laws. 

Conveyances  of  real  estate  are  made  by  deed,  which  must  be  signed  by 
the  maker,  attested  by  at  least  two  witnesses,  delivered  to  the  purchaser 
or  some  one  for  him,  and  founded  on  a  valuable  or  good  consideration. 
No  special  form  is  required.  It  is  sufficient,  if  it  states  clearly  the  trans- 
action between  the  parties.  A  deed  executed  out  of  the  State,  in  order 
to  be  entitled  to  record^  must  be  attested  by  a  commissioner  of  deeds  for 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL.  419 

the  State  of  Georgia,  a  counsel  or  vice-counsel  of  the  United  States,  a 
judge  of  a  court  of  record,  with  the  certificate  under  seal  of  the  clerk 
of  the  court  to  the  genuineness  of  the  signature  of  such  judge.  If  the 
deed  is  executed  in  the  State,  it  cannot  be  recorded,  until  attested  by  a 
judge  of  a  court  of  record,  or  a  justice  of  the  peace,  or  a  notary  public, 
or  a  clerk  of  the  superior  court. 

In  the  case  of  the  last  named  officers,  the  deed  must  be  attested  in  the 
county  where  they  hold  office.  If  not  so  attested  at  the  time  of  its  exe- 
cution, it  may  be  acknowledged  before  any  of  these  officers  and  the  fact 
certified  on  the  deed.  If  it  has  not  been  so  attested  or  acknowledged,  it 
may  become  entitled  to  record  upon  the  affidavit  of  a  subscribing  wit- 
ness before  either  of  the  officers  testifying  to  the  execution  and  attesta- 
tion of  the  deed.  If  the  witnesses  are  dead  or  incapacitated,  the  affi- 
davit of  a  third  party  to  the  execution  or  genuineness  of  the  signature  of 
the  witness  or  witnesses  will  admit  it  to  record.  Deeds  to  evade  the 
usury  law,  or  a  part  of  a  usurious  contract,  are  void. 

The  legal  rate  of  interest  in  Georgia  is  seven  per  cent,  though  by 
special  contract  eight  per  cent,  may  be  charged.  Any  rate  above  that  is 
considered  usury,  the  penalty  for  which  is  the  forfeiture  of  the  excess  of 
interest. 

By  law  certain  liens  are  established. 

1.  State,  counties,  and  municipal  corporations  for  taxes. 

2.  Decrees  and  judgments  of  the  courts. 

3.  Laborers'  special  lien  on  the  products  of  their  labor,  and  generally 
on  the  property  of  their  employer. 

4.  Special  liens  of  landlord  for  any  necessaries  furnished  to  tenants 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  crop  or  supporting  their  families,  such  lien 
being  upon  crops  made  during  the  year  in  which  such  supplies  were  fur- 
nished.    They  have  also  a  general  lien  for  rent. 

5.  Lien  held  by  mechanics  on  property  manufactured  or  repaired,  for 
material  furnished  or  work  done. 

C.  Innkeepers,  carriers,  stable-keepers,  pawnees,  and  depositaries  have 
liens  on  special  property  in  their  possession. 

7.  Mechanics,  contractors,  material  men,  manufacturers,  including 
corporations,  have  liens  on  railroads,  factories,  houses,  etc.,  for  material 
furnished  or  for  work  done. 

The  general  rule  is  that  liens  must  be  enforced  by  suits  within  one 
year. 

The  statutes  of  limitations  fix  certain  limits  on  the  time  in  which 
actions  must  bo  brought,  as  follows:  instinimeuts  under  seal,  twenty 
5 ears;  statutory  rights,  twenty  years;  promissory  notes  not  under  seal 


420  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

and  other  simple  contracts  in  writing,  six  years;  contracts  not  in  writing 
iii!.l  open  accounts,  four  years;  foreign  judgments,  five  years;  domestic 
judgments,  seven  years  without  execution  issued,  with  docketed  seven 
J  tars  from  the  last  entry  on  the  execution.  Dormant  judments  may  be 
levived  by  scire  facias  within  three  years  from  dormancy;  suits  against 
administratoi-s,  guardians,  executors  or  trustees,  except  on  their  bonds, 
ten  years;  suits  to  recover  trust  property,  three  years  after  the  removal 
of  the  disability;  trespasses  or  damages  to  realty  or  personalty,  four 
years;  personal  injuries,  two  years;  injuries  to  reputation,  qui  tarn  ac- 
tions of  informers,  and  claims  against  a  county,  one  year;  against  dis- 
charged administrator  by  the  heirs  or  distributees,  five  years. 

The  extreme  penalty  of  the  law  for  murder  is  death  or  imprisonment 
for  life.  For  capital  offenses  other  than  murder  the  limit  of  imprison- 
ment is  seven  years;  for  all  other  felonies,  four  years;  for  misdemeanors, 
two  years. 

All  promises  to  answer  in  any  way  for  the  debts  of  others,  in  order  to 
be  binding,  must  be  in  writing,  signed  by  the  party  to  be  bound,  or  his 
authorized  agent. 

The  homestead  laws  differ  materially  from  those  of  most  States,  being 
somewhat  in  the  nature  of  a  trust  estate  in  charge  of  the  court  for  the 
benefit  of  dependents,  which  becomes  subject  to  debts  when  the  con- 
ditions and  purposes  for  which  it  was  created  cease  to  exist. 

Due  precaution  is  taken  to  prevent  fraud  on  the  part  of  debtors  in  dis- 
posing of  and  conceding  their  property.  While  statutory  proceedings  in 
attachment  and  garnishment  are  allowed  upon  the  usual  grounds,  the 
wages  of  daily,  weekly  and  monthly  laborers  are  excepted  from  garnish- 
ment. 

The  rights  of  creditors  are  favored  by  the  courts  and  every  facility  for 
the  collection  of  debts  has  been  made. 

In  the  making  of  a  will  no  particular  form  is  required.  All  wills,  ex- 
cept nuncupative,  must  be  in  wi-iting,  signed  by  the  maker,  or  in  his 
presence  and  by  his  direction.  Every  will  must  be  attested  by  three  com- 
petent witnesses  in  the  presence  of  the  testator.  All  wills  disposing  of  real 
property  in  the  State,  in  order  to  be  entitled  to  probate,  must  be  executed 
with  the  same  formality  as  if  made  in  the  State.  Bequests  to  any  kind 
of  institutions  must  be  executed  at  least  ninety  days  before  the  death  of 
the  testator,  and  must  not  so  dispose  of  more  than  a  third  of  the  estate,  if 
the  testator  has  a  wife,  child,  or  descendants.  If  any  bequest  violates 
this  rule,  it  is  null  and  void. 

The  legal  age  at  which  marriage  may  be  contracted  is  seventeen  in 
males  and  fourteen  in  females.     Under  eighteen  in  females  the  consent 


DR.  THOS.  V.  JANES, 
First  ('oiniiiissioner  of  Agriculture, 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  423 

of  the  parents  must  be  obtained.    Marriage  within  the  Levitical  degrees 
of  affinity  and  consangniaity  are  forbidden. 

Miscegenation,  or  marriage  betTveen  the  white  and  colored  races,  is 
forbidden. 

The  divorce  laws  are  better  than  those  of  many  States,  in  that  they 
make  the  sundering  of  the  marriage  tie  no  easy  matter. 

The  property  rights  of  the  wife,  both  real  and  personal,  are  fully  pro- 
tected by  the  law. 

Banking,  insurance,  railroad,  canal,  navigation,  express,  and  telegraph 
companies,  formerly  chartered  by  the  General  Assembly  are  now  char- 
tered by  the  Secretary  of  State  upon  petition,  and  are  given  by  statute 
the  powers  usually  conferred  upon  such  companies.  Other  corporations 
are  chartered  by  the  superior  court  in  the  county  where  their  principal 
office  is  located. 

The  Comptroller-General  is  ex  officio  Insurance  Commissioner,  and  a 
license  from  him,  granted  only  upon  certain  conditions,  is  required  of  all 
companies,  and  to  him  statements  of  the  assets  and  liabilities  of  the  com- 
panies must  be  made.  iSTo  security  is  required  of  purely  mutual  life 
companies.  Fire  insurance  companies  are  required  to  make  a  deposit  of 
$25,000  in  cash  or  approved  bonds,  and  life  insurance  (stock)  companies 
must  make  a  deposit  of  $100,000. 

The  State  Treasurer  is  by  law  the  State  Bank  Examiner,  and  is  re- 
quired to  examine  each  bank  at  least  once  a  year,  and  to  him  is  made  a 
quarterly  statement  which  is  required  to  be  published.  The  general 
banking  laws  of  Georgia  furnish  the  depositors  excellent  protection 
against  fraudulent  loss.  One  of  these  laws  forbids  their  lending  to  their 
officers  without  good  collateral,  and  except  on  collateral  no  more  than 
ten  per  cent,  of  their  capital  can  be  loaned  to  any  one  person.  Cash 
assets  must  not  be  reduced  below  25  per  cent,  of  the  deposits.  Every 
precaution  is  taken  against  any  possibility  of  fraud. 

Pure  food  laws  protect  the  people  of  the  State  against  adulterated  and 
unwholesome  foods  of  any  kind. 

The  propagation  of  fish  is  confided  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture, who  is  authorized  to  employ  a  superintendent  of  fisheries,  who, 
under  the  direction  of  the  commissioners,  shall  have  charge  of  the  prop- 
agation of  fish. 

In  all  the  rivers  of  Georgia,  in  which  shad  are  caught,  there  is  a 
"closed  time"  of  forty-eight  hours  each  week,  from  sunrise  on  Saturday 
to  sunrise  on  the  following  ^Monday,  during  which  no  sliad  or  other  mi- 
gratory fish  are  allowed  to  be  caught  by  any  means  whatever  No 
shad  are  allowed  to  be  taken  by  any  means  whatever  except  between  the 


424  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

first  day  of  January  and  the  twentieth  day  of  April  of  each  year,  ex- 
cept for  spawning  purposes. 

The  game  laws  protect  birds  and  all  othe  game  against  hunters  dur- 
ing certain  specified  seasons. 

The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  is  charged  with  the  execution  of  the 
quarantine  laws  for  the  protection  of  cattle  against  Texas  fever  and  the 
cattle  tick.  For  a  thorough  understanding  of  this  subject  we  publish  the 
bulletin  on  Cattle  Quarantine  Laws,  published  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

AUTHORITY  FOR  MAKmG  RULES  AND  REGULATION'S. 

AN  ACT. 

To  protect  the  cattle  of  this  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious 
diseases,  to  authorize  and  empower  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of 
this  State  to  establish,  maintain  and  enforce  quarantine  lines,  and  make 
such  rules  and  regulation  as  he  may  deem  proper  and  necessary  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  to  prohibit  the 
driving  of  diseased  cattle  through  said  State,  or  cattle  calculated  to  spread 
disease,  to  provide  a  penalty  for  violation  of  same,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. 

COMMISSIONER  OF  AGRICULTURE'S  DUTY. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Georgia,  and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  authority  of  same,  That  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  of  this  State  shall  immediately  upon  the  pas- 
sage of  this  Act,  and  from  time  to  time  thereafter,  ascertain  in  what 
sections  of  this  State  cattle  are  free  from  contagious  or  infectious  diseases 
and  splenetic  fever. 

QUARANTINE  FOR  CATTLE. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  where- 
ver the  cattle  of  any  section  of  this  State  are  found  to  be  free  from 
contagious  and  infectious  diseases  and  splenetic  fever,  said  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture  is  hereby  authorized,  empowered  and  required  to  estab- 
lish and  maintain  such  quarantine  lines,  and  to  make  and  enforce  such 
rules  and  regulations  as  may  be  necessary  for  the  protection  of  such 
cattie. 

CO-OPERATION  WITH  OTHER  STATES. 

Sec,  3.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  said 
Commissioner  shall  co-operate  with  the  officials  of  other  States,  and  with 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States  in  establishing  such 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  425 

quarantine  lines,  ruless  and  regulations  as  he  shall  deem  proper  and  best 
for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  of  this  State  free  from  any  of  the  diseases 
referred  to  in  the  foregoing  sections  of  this  Act. 


PENALTY. 

Sec.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  any 
person  or  persons,  company  or  corporation  who  shall  violate  any  quaran- 
tine provisions,  rules  or  regulations  established  by  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  of  this  State,  under  the  authority  conferred  by  this  Act, 
shall  be  guilty  of,  and,  upon  conviction,  punished  as  for  a  misdemeanor. 

Sec.  5.  Be'^it  further  enacted.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  con- 
flict with  this  Act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  December  20,  1899. 

PROCLAMATION  OF  THE   RULES  AND   REGULATIONS  FOR   THE  CON- 
TROL OF  CONTAGIOUS  OR  INFECTIOUS  DISEASES  OF  CATTLE  . 

To  Whom  it  May  Concern: 

In  accordance  with  the  authority  and  power  conferred  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  Georgia  in  the  Act  No.  374,  laws  of  1899,  entitled,  "An 
Act  to  protect  the  cattle  of  the  State  from  all  contagious  or  infectious 
diseases,  to  authorize  and  empower  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of 
this  State  to  establish,  maintain  and  enforce  quarantine  lines,  and  make 
such  rules  and  regulations  as  he  may  deem  proper  and  necessary  for  the 
purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  to  provide  penalties 
for  violation  of  the  same,  and  for  other  purposes,"  I,  O.  B.  Stevens, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  after  due  inquiry 
into  the  conditions  of  cattle-raising  in  this  State  and  the  prevalence  of 
communicable  cattle  diseases,  do  hereby  set  forth  and  declare  the  follow- 
ing rules  and  regulations  for  the  control  of  contagious  or  infectious  dis- 
eases of  cattle  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 

April  30,  1901.  .^..„ 

(Signed)  O.  B.  STEVENS, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

RULES   AND  REGULATIONS. 

The  term  cattle  used  in  these  regulations  shall  include  bulls,  oxen, 
steers,  cows,  heifers,  yearlings  and  calves. 

The  terms  "contagious"  or  "infectious  diseases"  shall  include  all  dis- 
eases of  cattle  which  are  communicable  from  animal  to  animal;  for  ex- 
ample contagious  abortion,  tuberculosis,  (actinomycosis),  anthrax, 
rabies,'  or  splenetic  fever  (including  red  water,  bloody  murrain,  acclima- 
tion disease,  Texas  cattle  fever,  tick  fever,  and  other  local  names). 


426  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Section  1.  Whenever  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease  of  cattle 
shall  exist  in  any  portion  of  this  State,  the  infected  cattle  or  infected 
material  which  may  convey  disease,  or  both,  or  animals  which  may  have 
come  in  contact  with  such  disease,  shall  be  quarantined  on  the  premises 
or  in  lots  or  buildings  in  which  they  may  be  found,  until  such  time  as 
danger  from  the  spread  of  disease  has  passed,  all  necessary  disinfection  is 
comj)leted,  and  they  are  released  by  order  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Sec.  2.  The  annual  regulations  and  amendments  thereof  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  concerning  Interstate  cattle  transpor- 
tation are  hereby  adopted  as  a  portion  of  these  regulations  during  such 
time  as  said  regulations  are  in  force. 

Sec.  3.  N^o  cattle  shall  be  transported,  driven  or  caused  to  be  driven, 
or  allowed  to  stray  from  any  place  in  the  quarantine  district  in  this 
State,  into  the  districts  exempted  from  the  Federal  quarantine  by  the 
United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture  between  such  dates  as  the  Secre- 
tary and  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  determine  upon;  Pro- 
vided, that  this  order  shall  not  apply  to  cattle  transported  by  rail,  con- 
signed through  such  exempted  districts  to  other  States,  which  are  trans- 
ported in  accordance  with  the  Federal  regulations  relating  to  Interstate 
transportation  of  cattle. 

Sec.  4.  1^0  cattle  originating  in  the  area  of  other  States  prescribed  by 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  States  as  having  a  contagious 
or  infectious  disease,  known  as  splenetic  or  Southern  fever,  among  its 
cattle,  shall  be  transported,  driven  or  caused  to  be  driven,  or  allowed  to 
stray  at  any  time  of  the  year  across  or  into  any  portion  of  this  State  in 
which  cattle  are  declared  by  the  said  Secretary  of  Agriculture  as  being 
exempted  in  whole  or  in  part  from  the  operations  of  the  Federal  regula- 
tions concerning  transportation  of  cattle  originating  in  certain  areas; 
Provided,  this  section  shall  not  apply  to  interstate  traffic  in  cattle  by  rail 
or  by  boat  transacted  in  accordance  with  the  Federal  regulations  relating 
thereto,  or  to  uninfected  cattle  exempted  by  special  permit  of  tide 
United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture;  Provided  further,  that  between 
such  dates  and  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  agreed  upon  by  the  said 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  the  Commissioner  of  Argiculture  of  this 
State,  cattle  may  be  transported,  driven,  or  caused  to  be  driven,  or  al- 
lowed to  stray  when  found  free  of  infection. 

Sec.  5.  When  cattle  from  the  infected  areas,  as  defined  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  in  the  annual  regu- 
lations concerning  cattle  transportation  and  the  amendments  thereof, 
shall  have  moved  or  been  moved  in  violation  of  these  regulations  or  their 
amendments,  the  feeding  places,  yards,  and  pasturages  upon  which  the 
said  cattle  have  been  moved  shall  become  infected  districts  and  subject 
to  the  same  regulations  as  other  infected  areas;  the  limits  of  said  in- 
fected area  shall  be  defined  by  the  extent  of  range  allowed  the  animals 
from  the  infected  areas  and  by  the  efficiency  of  the  exclusion  of  other 
cattle  from  said  infected  districts. 

Sec.   6.  l^otice  is  hereby  given  that  cattle  infested  with  the  Boo- 


HON.  .loii.x  '1".  iii;.\j»i:ks(».\.  si;('(».\i>  commissiom:!:  oi' 
A(rKi(i  i/n  i:i:. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  429 

philus  Bovis,  or  Southern  cattle  tick,  disseminate  the  contagion  of  splen- 
etic fever;  therefore  cattle  which  are  found  iu  the  exempted  districts  in- 
fested with  tick  (Boophilus  Bovis)  shall  be  considered  as  infectious  cat- 
tle. 

Sec.  7.  Such  infectious  cattle,  or  cattle  suspected  of  being  infectious, 
shall  be  kept  in  close  quarantine  and  not  admitted  to  the  public  road  or 
free  range  imtil  such  time  as  they  are  disinfected  or  proven  to  be  unin- 
fected, and  permission  is  granted  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture 
for  their  removal. 

SPECIAL  ORDER  NO.  1. 

Whereas,  the  cattle  owners  of  Gilmer,  Fannin,  Union,  Towns  and 
Rabun  counties  have  appealed  to  this  Department  for  protection  of  their 
cattle  from  splenetic  fever  and  cattle  ticks,  and  it  appears  that  the  cattle 
of  a  greater  portion  of  said  counties  are  free  from  these  pests,  it  is  hereby 
ordered : 

Section  1.  That  no  cattle  shall  be  driven  into  the  counties  of  Gilmer, 
Fannin,  Union,  Towns  and  Rabun  from  any  part  of  this  State  in  which 
the  cattle  are  declared  infected  with  splenetic  fever  infection  by  the 
United  States  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  or  from  any  other  State  or  por- 
tion thereof  in  which  the  cattle  are  declared  infected  until  such  cattle 
are  exempted  from  the  quarantine  regulations  by  the  said  Secretary  of 
Agriculture. 

Sec.  2.  That  all  cattle  within  the  aforesaid  area  which  are  infested 
with  cattle  ticks,  or  which  are  suspected  of  being  infected  with  such 
ticks,  shall  be  placed  in  close  quarantine  and  not  allowed  on  the  public 
roads  or  at  large  until  such  a  time  as  shall  be  proven  that  they  are  not 
80  infested,  and  they  shall  be  released  by  order  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture. 

The  Commissioner  will,  upon  application  of  the  Ordinary  or  cattle 
owners  of  any  county,  temporarily  forbid  the  entrance  of  cattle  from 
any  infected  county  or  district  mitil  such  time  as  danger  of  infection 
from  said  county  or  district  is  past.  This  local  quarantine  will  be  pub- 
lished in  local  newspapers  and  sufficient  notices  will  be  posted  on  the 
public  roads. 

Georgia  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Federal  Cattle  Qnnrantino  Line. 
Special  Regulation  No.  1. 

Authorized  by  Georgia  Laws  of  1899,  No.  374,  "Protection  of  cattle 
against  infectious  diseases." 

On  and  after  this  date  no  cattle  (bulls,  steers,  oxen,  cows,  heifers, 
yearlings  or  calves)  shall  be  led,  driven,  or  caused  to  be  driven,  allowed 
to  stray  or  carried  in  any  manner  into  the  counties  of  Gilmer,  Fannin, 
Union,  Towns  and  Rabun. 

Violation  of  the  above  is  a  misdemeanor. 

By  order  of  0.  B.  STEVENS, 

Commissioner. 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  April  30,  1901. 

10  Ra 


430  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

DUTIES  OF  CATTLE  INSPECTORS. 

1.  To  see  that  the  Eules  and  Regulations  this  day  issued  by  the 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture  of  Georgia,  found  in  another  portion  of 
this  bulletin,  be  strictly  enforced  and  carried  out. 

2.  To  locate  all  territory  in  your  division  or  district  of  this  State 
that  may  now  or  hereafter  become  infested  with  fever  ticks.  Take  any 
legal  steps  necessary  to  prevent  the  ticks  from  spreading  therefrom  to 
any  other  territory  in  Georgia. 

3.  Place  all  infested  cattle  and  pastures  in  quarantine,  and  report 
same,  giving  location  of  infested  areas  to  the  State  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture,  Atlanta,  Georgia. 

4.  Use  all  possible  means  to  the  end  of  exterminating  the  ticks  on 
such  infested  farms  or  areas.  Urge  the  cattlemen  to  grease  them  and 
care  for  their  cattle,  looking  to  the  prevention  of  further  propagation 
of  the  tick. 

5.  Advise  the  burning  over,  both  in  fall  or  spring,  of  all  infested 
pastures  or  ranges  with  a  view  to  the  destruction  of  the  cattle  tick. 

You  will  be  held  strictly  to  account  for  any  trouble  arising  from  the 
neglect  of  these  instructions. 
This  April  30th,  1901. 

I^ote. — Cattle  inspectors  receive  salary  from  the  State  department, 
and  cannot  make  any  charges  for  inspecting  cattle. 

f 
TEXAS  FEVER  AND  CATTLE  TICK. 

'No  disease  to  which  our  cattle  are  susceptible  has  such  an  important 
bearing  upon  the  cattle  interests  of  the  Southern  States  as  "Southern  Cat- 
tle Fever"  or  "Texas  Fever."  For  this  reason  we  have  deemed  it  wise  to 
issue  from  this  department  a  short  bulletin  giving  the  salient  points  of 
the  cause,  history  and  present  conditions,  with  a  few  common  sense 
suggestions  as  to  the  prevention  of  this  dread  disease,  known  as  the 
"Texas  Fever."  To  a  very  large  degree  this  disease  prohibits  the  im- 
portation into  our  Southern  country  of  pure  bred  animals  from  areas 
north  of  the  United  States'  quarantine  line  of  which  we  may  be  de- 
sirous for  the  building  up  of  our  dairy  and  beef  cattle  interests.  Be- 
sides it  has  resulted  in  a  barrier  being  placed  by  the  Federal  authori- 
ties known  as  the  "Federal  Quarantine  Line"  for  the  protection  of 
ISTorthern  cattle  against  the  exportation  of  our  Southern  stock  to  ISTorth- 
em  markets,  except  these  cattle  be  carried  by  rail  or  boat  for  immediate 
slaughter,  which  cripples  to  a  great  degree  the  Southern  cattle  industiy 
on  account  of  this  cattle  disease.  It  has  been  proved  by  experiment 
that  when  ticks  which  have  been  living  on  the  blood  of  our  Southern 
cattle  are  transported  to  latitudes  north  of  the  Federal  Quarantine  Line 
and  become  attached  to  cattle  in  those  sections,  or  when  l^orthern 
cattle  from  above  the  quarantine  line  are  brought  South  and  subjected 
to  infection  by  ticks  from  our  stock,  the  animals  will  contract  this  mal- 
ady, which  proves  that  the  tick  is  the  means  through  which  the  con- 
tagion is  conveyed.     ISTow,  what  we  are  most  interested  in,  is  how  to 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  43 x 

get  rid  of  the  tick,  for  when  we  destroy  this  pest  we  remove  the  source 
of  this  dreadful  disease,  which  is  called  by  many  names,  to  wit:  ''Murrain, 
Bloody  Murrain,  Eed  Water,  Yellow  Water,  Black  Water,  Acclimating 
Fever,  etc.,  and  according  to  the  authorities  all  of  these  diseases  ai-e 
nothing  more  nor  less  than  the  Texas  or  Southern  Cattle  Fever.  Nearly 
all  authorities  agree  that  this  Bovine  tick  fever  is  a  specific  fever,  com- 
municated not  in  a  direct  manner  from  one  animal  to  another,  but  indi- 
rectly through  the  medium  of  cattle  from  infected  pastiu-es,  roads  and 
other  places,  and  in  an  indirect  manner  conveying  the  disease  to  suscepti- 
ble animals  which  are  exposed  to  those  infected  surroundings. 

When  it  is  known  that  beef  cattle  above  the  Federal  Quarantine 
Line  are  worth  from  one  to  one  and  one-half  cents  per  pound  more 
than  the  same  grade  of  cattle  below  the  line,  our  people  in  Georgia 
can  readily  see  the  enormous  profits  they  have  lost  for  years  past.  By 
virtue  of  the  fact  that  most  of  the  counties  of  our  State  are  tick  infested 
they  will  see  the  importance  of  energetic,  systematic  and  judicious  work 
looking  to  the  suppression  of  this  dreaded  pest  named  by  Dr.  Cooper 
Curtice  the  Boophilus  Bovis. 

WHEN  AND  WHERE  THE  TICK  IS  FOUND. 

The  cattle  tick  is  found  in  warm  weather  in  most  of  the  States  that 
lie  south  of  the  35th  parallel  of  latitude.  During  the  heat  of  summer 
the  iSTorthem  distribution  is  sometimes  extended  into  jSTorthern  markets, 
but  it  is  killed  off  in  the  fall  or  early  winter  months.  In  mild  winters 
the  tick  may  be  found  at  any  time  of  the  year  in  South  Georgia,  but 
in  some  of  the  counties  in  extreme  North  Georgia  the  tick  is  practically 
exterminated  by  the  frosts  of  winter  and  does  not  reappear  until  brought 
back  in  the  course  of  cattle  traffic.  In  severe  winters  this  extermination 
extends  further  southward. 

DIFFERENCE  BETWEEN  TICKS. 

Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  gives  the  following  description  of  ticks: 
"The  fact  that  at  least  three  species  of  ticks  may  be  found  on  cattle 
and  that  one  is  disease  bearing  and  outlawed,  would  seem  to  complicate 
matters.  The  existence  of  the  other  two  species,  however,  entei-s  very 
little  into  the  problem  practically,  for  they  are  easily  told  apart  and 
are  quite  different  in  habits. 

"All  these  ticks  look  alike,  especially  the  largo  females,  which  are 
those  usually  seen.  They  are  often  as  large  as  a  castor  oil  bean  seed, 
and  usually  leaden  blue  in  color;  have  a  soft,  leathery  body  provided 
with  four  pairs  of  little  legs  and  a  hard  little  head  with  movable 
mouth  parts.  The  three  vai'ioties  can  bo  distinguishod  by  a  glance  at 
their  heads.  In  the  cattle  tick  the  color  is  solid  chestnut  brown.  In 
the  variety  that  also  pesters  people,  horses  and  dogs,  the  head  lias  a  little 
bright,  often  gohlen,  spot  at  its  bnck  oflge,  from  which  it  has  gninod 
the  name  'lone  star  tick,'  'pass  or  spot  tick.'     The  third  variety,  which 


432  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

is  often  found  on  deer,  dogs  and  other  animals,  has  the  head  nearly 
white  or  with  a  white  margin.  It  is  commonly  called  'deer  tick,'  'dog 
tick'  or  'bear  tick.'  These  characters  will  always  serve  to  distinguish 
the  species.  While  the  male,  which  is  an  inconspicuous  little  fellow, 
always  accompanies  the  female,  his  presence  is  of  no  practical  impor- 
tance, since  it  is  the  female  which  attracts  our  attention  and  against 
which  all  efforts  must  be  made.  Their  resemblance,  especially  in  the 
head  parts,  to  the  females,  and  their  association  with  females,  enables 
the  observer  to  readily  classify  them. 

"The  lone  star  tick  and  the  dog  tick  usually  attach  themselves  to  ani- 
mals when  the  latter  are  going  through  the  woods  or  in  marshy  places, 
while  the  cattle  tick  rarely  gets  on  man,  or  other  animals  save  possibly 
horses,  and  is  always  found  in  pastures  where  cattle  have  spread  them. 

"The  star  tick  and  the  dog  tick  usually  get  about  the  ears,  dewlap 
and  sides  of  cattle,  while  cattle  ticks  are  most  numerous  on  the  lower 
edge  of  the  dewlap,  along  the  underparts  and  on  the  thighs  of  the  cattle. 
This  is  because  the  little  ticks  are  the  most  numerous  where  the  cows 
rest  and  get  on  them  from  short  grass. 

"The  lone  star  and  the  dog  tick  are  most  commonly  found  from 
June  to  August,  and  then  seem  to  disappear.  They  are  soon  followed 
by  'seed  ticks,'  which  get  upon  one  walking  through  the  pastures  and 
sink  their  heads  beneath  the  skin.  Often  at  the  same  time  the  'mid- 
dling' or  'yearling,'  an  intermediate  size  between  the  seed  and  adult 
tick,  is  encountered.  These  are  but  different  stages  of  eithea-  of  the  above 
ticks.  Cattle  ticks  are  not  numerous  in  the  spring,  but  rapidly  increase 
in  numbers  as  the  seasons  wear,  or  until  they  are  said  to  literally  shinglt 
the  cows  by  their  hosts.  The  same  steps  of  growth  occur  as  in  the  other 
species,  but  they  rarely  if  ever  get  upon  people  and  spend  their  whole 
existence  upon  the  cattle.  It  thus  happens  that  the  careful  invcotigator 
may  find  all  the  stages  from  the  seed  tick,  which  may  be  seen  by  very 
close  examination,  up  to  the  unsightly  adult  female." 

LIFE  OF  THE  CATTLE  TICK. 

Most  authorities  agree  that  all  cattle  ticks  come  from  eggs  laid  by 
other  ticks,  and  can  only  reach  maturity  on  cattle;  that  the  tick  drops 
from  the  cow  and  remains  passive  a  few  days,  then  begins  to  lay  eggs, 
and  in  two  weeks  she  has  laid  some  two  thousand  eggs  to  be  hatched 
out  in  from  three  to  six  weeks  according  to  the  temperature  of  the 
weather.  These  eggs  are  generally  deposited  under  a  bunch  of  grass, 
leaves  or  sticks,  being  sheltered  from  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun.  When 
hatched  the  young  ticks,  or  "seed  ticks,"  spread  out  short  distances,  and 
attach  themselves  to  the  nearest  blade  of  grass  or  twig  and  collect  at 
their  tops,  and  there  appear  to  merely  exist  in  wait  for  their  future  host 
— ^the  cow. 

After  arriving  on  the  cattle  they  remain  there  from  three  to  four 
weeks,  when  the  females  become  mature,  and  fall  from  the  cattle  to 
the  ground  wherever  the  cattle  happen  to  be  when  the  tick  becomes 


,o  ^^  ^^%^ 


HON.  R.  T.  NESBITT, 
Tliird  Commissioner  of  T^gricullure. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  435 

mature.  Hence  the  places  most  frequented  by  the  cattle  in  the  pasturage 
are  where  you  ^vill  find  the  most  infection,  yet  any  place  may  become 
infected  pro\'ided  the  cattle  pass  over  it  and  drop  the  tick  at  such  a 
place. 

In  summing  up  the  life  history  of  the  tick  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  says: 

1.  Ticks  are  introduced  on  farms  by  cattle. 

2.  Seed  ticks  appear  in  from  twenty-five  days  to  sLx  weeks. 

•  3.  Ticks  grow  to  maturity  in  about  four  weeks  after  they  attach 
to  cattle. 

4.     Ticks  when  mature  fall  to  the  ground  to  give  rise  to  new  multi- 
tudes. 

SOME  REMEDIAL  SUGGESTIONS. 

If  proper  and  judicious  work  be  done,  there  is  no  good  reason  why 
the  farms  and  counties  of  North  Georgia  should  remain  infected  longer 
than  twelve  months.  In  point  of  fact  many  militia  districts,  as  well 
as  almost  entire  counties,  are  practically  free  of  the  diseasercarrying 
tick.  We  would  not  advise  the  discrimination  between  ticks,  as  all  ticks 
are  noxious  and  loathsome.  Early  spring  is  perhaps  the  best  time  to 
begin  work,  for  the  destruction  of  a  single  tick  in  spring  is  often  the 
means  of  preventing  thousands  from  coming  into  life.  A  female  tick 
which  lays  from  two  to  twenty-five  hundred  eggs  will  likely  produce 
one  thousand  pairs  of  ticks.  One  tick  in  spring  or  summer  will  be  suffi- 
cient to  stock  a  farm  of  ordinary  size  in  one  year.  Fields  used  for 
g^o^ving  crops  must  be  considered  as  uninfected,  since  frequent  plowing 
and  turning  over  the  soil  destroys  the  tick  to  a  large  degree.  Old  fields 
may  be  disinfected  by  burning  off  the  dry  grass  in  early  spring  and 
during  the  fall;  but  we  would  advise  that  marshy  places  and  comers 
and  small  plots  of  woods  that  cannot  be  burned  off  be  fenced  from  the 
cattle,  as  they  would  furnish  a  sufficient  number  of  ticks  to  reinfect  the 
whole  pasture.  If  a  large  area  now  used  for  pasturing  cattle  be  divided 
by  a  fence  and  use  only  one-half  of  the  pasture  for  cattle,  not  allowing 
cattle  to  trespass  upon  the  other  half  of  the  pasture,  this  method  would 
practically  free  the  latter  half  of  the  pasture  from  ticks  in  twelve 
months.  If,  however,  the  pasture  be  small  and  conditions  are  not  suited 
to  the  above  method,  then  the  cattle  must  be  carefully  and  continuously 
picked  during  the  spring  and  summer,  using  from  time  to  time  sulphur 
and  lard,  or  any  grease  that  is  most  convenient.  If  this  hand-picking 
is  continued  daily  a  small  farm  can  be  cleaned  of  the  ticks  in  a  short 
while.  Oils  and  grease,  however,  have  their  uses  on  farms,  and  aid 
materially  in  disinfection,  and  save  labor  in  the  hand-picking  process. 
A  little  tar  mixed  with  the  grease  is  advisable.  The  cattle  should  be 
thoroughly  rubbed  from  time  to  time  with  these  ointments.  But  there 
can  be  no  successful  extermination  of  the  tick  unless  the  county  at 
largo  co-operates  in  this  matter,  to  the  extent  that  the  highways  and 
market  places  and  stock  yards  sliall  bo  kept  free  of  infection.  So,  if 
cattle  men  generally  will  carefully  comply  with  the  rules  and  rcgula- 


436  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

tions  and  adopt  the  above  suggestions,  they  will  find  that  the  extermina- 
tion of  the  tick  is  but  an  easy  matter,  requiring  patience  and  persever- 
ance, with  only  a  small  expense. 

SOME  OF  THE   SYMPTOMS  OF  THE  DISEASE. 

Dr.  Curtice  says  that  experiment  and  observations  show  that  the 
majority  of  cases  break  out  and  die  in  from  10  to  21  days  after  infection. 
!For  the  first  few  days  there  is  no  fever  or  any  indication  of  the  disease, 
but  either  on  the  fifth  or  sixth  day  a  very  high  fever  breaks  out,  which 
often  renders  the  animal  deliiious  or  stupid;  their  heads  droop,  their 
ears  lop,  cud  chewing  is  suspended,  and  other  signs  of  ill  health  follow. 
They  usually  die  towards  the  end  of  the  first  week  of  fever,  although 
some  last  into  the  second  week,  while  a  small  percentage  survive.  The 
urine  of  diseased  animals  is  usually  deeply  stained  and  appears  even 
dark  or  black  red,  resembling  the  color  of  coffee.  The  eyeballs  and 
other  mucous  membranes  show  a  yellow  cast.  If  the  animals  survive 
the  attack  of  fever  they  remain  poor  and  recover  very  slowly.  The 
virulence  of  this  disease  varies  at  different  seasons  of  the  year,  and  in 
different  animals.  All  who  may  desire  to  study  this  question  fully  from 
a  scientific  point  we  would  advise  to  write  to  Dr.  D.  A.  Salmon,  Chief 
of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  at  "Washington,  D.  C,  for  bul- 
letins on  Texas  fever  and  cattle  tick.  If  this  little  bulletin  should  create 
an  interest  in  the  study  of  this  disease  and  the  remedies  therefor,  and 
bring  about  co-operation  of  the  people  looking  to  the  suppression  of  this 
disease,  its  object  will  have  been  accomplished.  Get  rid  of  the  tick  and 
you  get  rid  of  the  disease. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

Much  of  the  data  given  in  this  paper  is  taken  from  a  bulletin  from 
the  North  Carolina  Bureau  of  Agriculture  by  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice,  who 
was  at  the  time  of  issue  State  Veterinarian  of  N'orth  Carolina. 

FEETILIZEK  LAWS. 

To  prevent  fraud  and  imposition  in  the  sale  of  fertilizers,  all  fertilizers 
and  fertilizer  material  sold,  or  offered  for  sale  in  the  State  must  be 
registered,  inspected  and  analyzed.  Each  bag,  barrel  or  package  must 
have  branded  thereon,  or  attached  thereto,  the  guaranteed  analysis  of 
tbci  manufacturer  and  dealer.  In  the  event  it  does  not  come  up  to  the 
guarantee,  failure  of  consideration  can  be  plead.  All  complete  fer- 
tilizers must  contain  2  per  cent,  of  ammonia,  actual  or  potential,  with 
r  aum  of  not  less  than  8  per  cent,  of  available  phosphoric  acid  and  pot- 
rsh.  Other  fertilizers  must  contain  10  per  cent,  of  available  plant  food. 
r'*ailure  to  come  up  to  the  standard  of  the  State  voids  the  sale. 

For  the  convenience  of  both  manufacturer  and  consumer,  the  law 
regulating  the  sale  of  Commercial  Fertilizers,  passed  and  approved  Oc- 
tober 9th,  1891,  is  given  in  full  below: 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  437 

AN   ACT. 

To  amend  and  consolidate  the  laws  governing  the  inspection,  analysis 
and  sale  of  commercial  fertilizei's,  chemicals  and  cotton-seed  meal 
in  the  State  of  Georgia  and  to  repeal  all  other  laws  and  parts  of 
laws  in  conflict  therewith,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Stiite  of 
Georgia,  That  all  manufacturers  of,  or  dealers  in,  commercial  fertilizei-s 
or  chemicals,  or  cotton-seed  meal,  to  be  used  in  manufacturing  the  same, 
who  may  desire  to  sell  or  offer  for  sale  in  the  State  of  Georgia  such 
fertilizers,  chemicals  or  cotton-seed  meal,  shall  first  file  with  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  of  the  State  of  Georgia  the  name  of  each 
brand  of  fertilizers  or  chemicals  which  he  or  they  may  desire  to  sell  in 
said  State,  either  by  themselves  or  their  agents,  together  with  the  name 
of  the  manufacturer,  the  place  where  manufactured,  and  also  the  guar- 
anteed analysis  thereof,  and  if  the  same  fertilizer  is  sold  under  different 
names,  said  fact  shall  be  so  stated,  and  the  different  brands  that  are 
identical  shall  be  named. 

Sec.  II.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  fertilizers,  or  chemicals  for 
manufacturing  the  same,  and  all  cotton-seed  meal  offered  for  sale  or 
distribution  in  this  State,  shall  have  branded  upon,  or  attached  to,  each 
bag,  barrel  or  package  the  guaranteed  analysis  thereof,  sho'u^ng  the 
percentage  of  valuable  elements  or  ingredients  such  fertilizers  or  chemi- 
cals contain,  embracing  the  following  determinations: 

Moisture  at  212  deg.   Fah per  cent. 

Insoluble  phosphoric  acid per  cent. 

Available  phosphoric  acid per  cent. 

Ammonia,   actual  and  potential per  cent. 

Potash  (K^O)    per  cent. 

The  analysis  so  placed  upon,  or  attached  t-o,  said  fertilizer  or  chemical 
shall  be  a  guarantee  by  the  manufacturer,  agent  or  person  offering  the 
same  for  sale  that  it  contains  substantially  the  ingredients  indicated 
thereby,  in  the  percentages  name  therein,  and  said  guarantee  shall  be 
binding  on  said  manufacturer,  agent  or  dealer,  and  may  be  pleaded  in 
any  action  or  suit  at  law  to  show  total  or  partial  failure  of  consideration 
in  the  contract  for  the  sale  of  said  fertilizer,  chemical  or  cotton-seed 
meal. 

Sec.  III.  Bo  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  tlio  Com- 
missioner of  Agricnltiire  to  forbid  the  sale  of  either  of  the  follo\v!n<»: 
Any  acid  phosphate  which  contains  less  than  ten  per  centum  of  avail- 
able phosphoric  acid;  any  acid  phosphate  with  potash  which  contains  a 
sum  total  of  less  than  ten  per  centum  of  available  pliosphoric  acid  and 
potash  when  the  per  cents,  of  the  two  are  added  together;  any  acid 
phosphate  with  ammonia  which  contains  a  sum  total  of  less  than  ten 
per  centum  of  available  phosphoric  acid  and  ammonia  when  the  per 


438  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

cents,  of  the  two  are  added  togetkerj  any  acid  phosphate  with  ammonia 
and  potash  which  contains  a  sum  total  of  less  than  ten  per  centum  of 
available  phosphoric  acid,  ammonia  and  potash,  when  the  per  cents,  of 
the  three  are  added  together;  that  no  brands  shall  be  sold  as  ammoniated 
superphosphates  unless  said  brands  contain  2  per  cent,  or  more  of  am- 
monia. And  also  to  forbid  the  sale  of  all  cotton-seed  meal  which  is 
shown  by  official  analysis  to  contain  less  than  7  1-2  per  cent,  of  am- 
monia, j^othing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  nullify  any  of  the 
requirements  of  an  act  entitled  an  act  to  require  the  inspection  and 
analysis  of  cotton-seed  meal. 

Sec.  IV.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  persons  or  firms  who  may 
desire  or  intend  to  sell  fertilizers,  chemicals  or  cotton-seed  meal  in  this 
State,  shall  forward  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  a  printed  or  a 
plainly  written  request  for  tags  therefor,  stating  the  name  of  the  brand, 
the  name  of  the  manufacturer,  the  place  where  manufactured,  the  num- 
ber of  tons  of  each  brand  and  the  number  of  tags  required,  and  the 
person  or  persons  to  whom  the  same  is  consigned,  the  guaranteed  analy- 
sis, also  the  number  of  pounds  contained  in  each  bag,  barrel  or  pack- 
age in  which  said  fertilizer,  chemical  or  cotton-seed  meal  is  put  up,  and 
shall  at  the  time  of  said  request  for  tags  forward  directly  to  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  the  sum  of  ten  cents  per  ton  as  an  inspection 
fee;  whereupon  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture to  issue  tags  to  parties  so  applying,  who  shall  attach  a  tag  to  each 
bag,  barrel  or  package  thereof,  which,  when  attached  to  said  bags,  bar- 
rel or  package,  shall  be  prima  facie  evidence  that  the  seller  has  com- 
plied with  the  requirements  of  this  act.  Any  tags  left  in  possession  of 
the  manufacturers  or  dealers  at  the  end  of  the  season  shall  not  be  used 
for  another  season,  nor  shall  they  be  redeemable  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture. 

Sec.  V.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any 
person,  firm  or  corporation,  either  by  themselves  or  their  agents,  to  sell 
or  offer  for  sale  in  this  State  any  fertilizer,  chemical  or  cotton-seed  meal 
without  first  registering  the  same  with  the  Commissioner  of'  Agricul- 
ture, as  required  by  this  act,  and  the  fact  that  the  pm'chaser  waives  the 
inspection  and  analysis  thereof  shall  be  no  protection  to  said  party  so 
selling  or  offering  the  same  for  sale. 

Sec.  VI.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture shall  appoint  twelve  inspectors  of  fertilizers,  or  so  many  inspectors 
as  in  said  Commissioner's  judgment  may  be  necessary,  who  shall  hold 
their  offices  for  such  terms  as  said  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  in 
his  judgment  think  best  for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  this  act.  The 
greatest  compensation  that  any  one  inspector  of  fertilizers  shall  receive 
shall  be  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  dollars  per  month  and  his  actual 
expenses  while  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as  such  inspector.  It  shall  be 
their  duty  to  inspect  all  fertilizers,  chemicals  or  cotton-seed  meal  that 
may  be  found  at  any  point  within  the  limits  of  this  State  and  go  to  any 
point  when  so  directed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  and  shall 
see  that  all  fertilizers,  chemicals  or  cotton-seed  meal  are  properly  tagged. 


HON.  O.  15.  .STKNENS  COMMISSIONER  OF  AGKICULTUHE 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  44I 

Sec.  Vli.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  each  inspector  of  fertilizers 
shall  be  provided  with  bottles  in  which  to  place  samples  of  fertilizers, 
chemicals  or  cotton  seed  meal  drawn  by  him,  and  shall  also  be  pro- 
vided with  leaden  tags,  numbered  in  duplicate  from  one  upward,  and  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  each  inspector  of  fertilizers  to  draw  a  sample  of  all 
fertilizers,  chemicals  and  cotton-seed  meal  that  he  may  be  requested  to 
inspect,  or  that  he  may  find  uninspected,  and  he  shall  fill  two  sample 
bottles  with  each  brand,  and  place  one  leaden  tag  of  same  number  in 
each  sample  bottle,  and  shall  plainly  write  on  a  label  on  said  bottles  the 
number  corresponding  to  the  number  on  said  leaden  tags  in  said  bot- 
tles, and  shall  also  write  on  the  label  on  one  of  said  bottles  the  name 
of  the  fertilizer,  chemical  or  cotton-seed  meal  inspected,  the  name  of 
the  manufacturer,  the  place  where  manufactured,  the  place  where  in- 
spected, the  date  of  inspection,  and  the  name  of  the  inspector,  and  shall 
send  or  cause  to  be  sent  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  the  sample 
so  drawn  by  him  annexed  to  a  full  report  of  said  inspection,  written 
on  the  form  prescribed  by  said  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  which 
report  must  be  numbered  to  correspond  with  the  number  on  said  sam- 
ple bottles  and  number  on  the  leaden  tags  placed  therein;  and  it  shall 
also  be  the  duty  of  said  inspectors  of  fertilizers  to  keep  a  complete  record 
of  all  inspections  made  by  them  on  forms  prescribed  by  said  Commis- 
sioner of  Agriculture.  Before  entering  upon  the  discharge  of  their 
duties  they  shall  take  and  subscribe,  before  some  oificer  authorized  to 
administer  the  same,  an  oath  faithfully  to  discharge  all  the  duties  which 
may  be  required  of  them  in  pursuance  of  this  act. 

Sec.  YIIL  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  the  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture shall  have  the  authority  to  establish  such  rules  and  regulations 
in  regard  to  the  inspection,  analysis  and  sale  of  fertilizers,  chemicals 
and  cotton-seed  meal  not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act, 
as  in  his  judgment  will  best  carry  out  the  requirements  thereof. 

Sec.  IX.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  to  keep  a  correct  account  of  all  money  received 
from  the  inspection  of  fertilizers,  and  to  pay  the  same  into  the  treas- 
ury, after  paying  out  of  said  sum  the  expenses  and  salaries  of  inspectors, 
and  for  the  tags  and  bottles  used  in  making  such  inspections. 

Sec.  X.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  contracts  for  the  sale  of  fer- 
tilizers or  chemicals  in  the  State  of  Georgia  made  in  any  other  manner 
than  as  required  by  this  act,  shall  be  absolutely  void;  provided,  that 
nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  to  restrict  or  avoid  sales  of  acid 
phosphate,  kainit  or  other  fertilizer  material  in  bulk  to  each  other  by 
importers,  manufacturers  or  manipulators  who  mix  fertilizer  material 
for  sale,  or  as  preventing  the  free  and  unrestricted  shipment  of  these 
articles  in  bulk  to  manufacturers  or  manipulators  who  mix  fertilizer 
material  for  sale. 

Sec.  XT.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  selling  or  offering 
for  sale  any  fertilizers  or  chemicals  without  first  having  complied  with 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  con- 


442  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

viction  thereof  shall  be  punished  as  prescribed  in  section  4310  of  the 
Code  of  Georgia. 

Sec.  XII.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in 
conflict  with  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

FORMAL  EEQUEST  FOR  REGISTRATION. 

To  O.  B,  Stevens,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Atlanta,  Ga. : 

You  are  hereby  requested  to  register  for  sale  and  distribution  in  the 

State  of  Georgia manufactured  by 

at 


THE  FOLLOWING  IS  THE   GUARANTEED  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  BRAND. 

Moisture  at  212  deg.  Fah per  cent. 

Insoluble  phosphoric  acid per  cent. 

Available  phosphoric  acid per  cent. 

Ammonia,  actual  and  potential per  cent. 

Potash  (K^O)    per  cent. 

The  ammonia  is  in  the  form  of 

Nitrate  of  soda  has been  used  in  the  manufacture  of  this 

brand. 

The is  put  up  in of 

lbs.  each 

It  is  identical  with 

In  consideration  of  being  allowed  to  sell  and  distribute  the  above 

brand  before  the  official  analysis  thereof  is  made agree 

and  bind to  cancel  all  sales  thereof  and  forfeit 

all  claims  for  purchase  money  therefor,  if,  after  the  official  analysis  is 
made,  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  prohibit  its  sale  in  accord- 
ance with  the  law. 


2.  Under  section  4,  relating  to  requests  for  tags,  in  order  that  no 
delay  may  occur  in  shipments,  the  manufacturer  or  dealer  need  not 
notify  the  Department  at  the  time  of  the  request  for  tags  of  the  name 
of  the  purchaser  or  consignee,  but  must  notify  the  Commissioner  in 
writing  of  eveiy  sale  or  consignment  on  the  day  in  which  the  same  is 
made.  This  notice  must  distinctly  state  the  brand  of  the  fertilizer  or 
the  name  of  the  chemical  or  fertilizer  material  and  the  number  of  tons, 
together  with  the  name  of  the  purchaser  or  consignee  and  their  places 
of  residence.  It  must  request  inspection  and  contain  an'  agreement  to 
cancel  all  sales  thereof,  in  the  event  the  Commissioner  shall  prohibit 
its  sale  in  accordance  with  law.  The  following  form  may  be  used,  sub- 
stantial compliance  with  the  above  rule  being  regarded  as  sufficient: 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  443 

NOTICE  OF  SALES  AND  CONSIGNMENTS,  AND  REQUEST  FOR 

INSPECTION. 


190 


To  0.  B.  Stevens,  Cominissioner  of  Agriculture,  Atlanta,  Ga, : 

You  are  hereby  notified  that have  this  day  made  the 

following  sales  and  consignments,  and  request  that  the  same  be  in- 
spected: 

In  consideration  of  being  allowed  to  sell  and  distribute  the  above  be- 
fore the  ofiicial  analysis  thereof  is  made agree 

and  bind to  cancel  all  sales  thereof  and  forfeit  all 

claims  for  purchase  money  thereof,  if.  after  the  official  analysis  is  made, 
the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall  prohibit  its  sale  in  accordance 
with  law. 

Manufacturers  and  dealers,  by  this  rule,  are  not  required  to  delay 
shipment  in  order  that  the  inspection  may  be  made,  but  are  required  to 
see  that  their  goods  are  properly  tagged,  the  inspection  being  made  while 
the  fertilizer  or  fertilizer  material  is  in  the  hands  of  the  purchaser  or 
consignee. 

3.  All  orders  for  tags  must  be  sent  direct  to  this  department,  and 
the  request  must  be  accompanied  with  the  fees  for  inspection  at  the 
rate  of  ten  cents  per  ton  for  the  fertilizer  or  fertilizer  material  on  which 
they  are  to  be  used. 

Manufacturers  and  dealers,  or  their  agents,  may  request  tags  in  such 
quantities  as  they  see  fit,  but  each  request  must  state  distinctly  the  brand 
or  brands  on  which  they  are  to  be  used,  with  the  number  of  tons  of  the 
brands,  or  of  each  of  said  brands. 

It  is  not  necessary  that  the  fertilizer  or  fertilizer  material  be  actually 
on  hand  at  the  time  the  request  is  made,  but  manufacturers  or  dealers 
can  order  such  number  of  tags  as  they  may  need  during  the  season, 
bearing  in  mind  that  no  tags  carried  over  will  be  redeemed  by  the  de- 
partment. 

In  the  event  that  more  tags  are  ordered  for  any  brand  than  it  is  ascer- 
tained can  be  used  on  the  sales  and  consignments  of  that  brand,  by 
proper  notice,  with  the  consent  of  the  Commissioner,  the  tags  can  be 
used  on  another  brand  put  up  in  packages  or  sacks  of  the  same  weiglit 
and  sold  or  consigned  the  same  season. 

4.  If  a  fortilizor  be  oiTored  for  registration,  inspection  or  sale  branded 
as  either  of  the  following: 

"Ammoniatcd  Superphosphate," 
"Ammonia  Dissolved  Bone," 
"Aminoniatf'd  Guano," 
"Guano," 
"Fertilizer." 
or  other  words  implying  that  the  same  is  an  ammoniatod  supon)Iio^pli;i»-o. 


444  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

the  guaranteed  analysis  must  claim  that  it  contains  not  less  than  two 
per  cent,  of  ammonia  (actual  or  potential). 

5.  That  part  of  section  3  excepting  from  the  operations  of  the  act  an, 
act  to  require  the  inspection  and  analysis  of  cotton-seed  "meal"  leaves 
the  inspection  of  that  article  under  the  Calvin  bill,  which  requires  that 
all  cottonseed  meal,  for  whatever  purpose  to  be  used,  be  inspected.  It 
is  therefore  necessary,  and  is  required,  that  a  request  for  inspction  be 
«ent  to  the  Commissioner,  and  that  the  inspection  be  made  in  the  hands 
of  the  manufacturer,  dealer  or  their  agent,  or,  if  shipped  in  the  State, 
at  some  convenient  point,  before  the  meal  is  sold  or  distributed.  In  all 
cases  fees  will  be  sent  direct  to  the  Conmiissioner,  who  will  immedi- 
ately  order  the  nearest  inspector  to  make  the  inspection. 

CALVIK  BILL. 

COTTON  SEED  MEAL. 

A  bill  to  be  entitled  an  act  to  require  all  cotton-seed  meal  to  be  sub- 
jected to  analysis  and  inspection  as  a  condition  precedent  to  being 
offered  for  sale,  and  to  forbid  the  sale  in  this  State  of  such  cotton- 
seed meal  if  it  be  shown  by  the  official  analysis  that  the  same  con- 
tains less  than  7  1-2  per  centum  of  ammonia;  to  prescribe  a  penalty 
for  the  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  and 
it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  authority  of  the  same.  That  from  and  after 
the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  person  or  persons 
to  offer  for  sale  in  this  State  any  cotton-seed  meal  until  the  same  shall 
have  been  duly  analyzed  by  the  State  Chemist  and  inspected  as  now 
required  by  law  in  the  matter  of  all  fertilizers  and  chemicals  for  manu- 
facturing or  composting  purposes;  nor  shall  it  be  lawful  to  offer  such 
cotton-seed  meal  for  sale  in  this  State  if  it  be  shown  by  the  official  analy- 
sis that  the  same  contains  less  than  7  1-2  per  centum  of  ammonia;  pro- 
vided, that  the  provisions  of  this  act  as  to  the  per  centum  mentioned  in 
this  section  shall  not  apply  to  meal  manufactured  from  sea-island  cotton- 
seed; but  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  shall,  upon  the  passage  of  this 
act,  fix  and  make  public  a  minimum  per  centum,  which  shall  control 
as  to  the  cotton  seed  meal  referred  to  in  this  proviso;  provided  further, 
that  if  any  cotton-seed  meal  shall  not  analyze  up  to  the  required  per 
centum  of  ammonia,  the  same  may  be  offered  for  sale  as  second-class 
meal,  provided  the  analysis  be  made  known  to  the  purchaser  and  stamped 
on  the  sack. 

Sec.  11.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  there 
shall  be  branded  upon  or  attached  to  each  sack,  barrel  or  package  of 
cotton-seed  meal  offered  for  sale  in  this  State  the  true  analysis  as  de- 
termined by  the  State  Chemist,  and  the  number  of  pounds  net  in  each 
sack,  barrel  or  package. 

Sec.  III.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  it 


JUSTICES  or  J' I  no  supheme  court. 

1.  T.  J.  SiMMuxs,  Chief  Justice. 

2.  Samuel  Lumpkin,  Associate  Justice. 
'A.  W.  A.  Littm:, 

4.  Wm.  H.  Kisii,  " 

.">.  Andrew  J.  Cobb,  "  " 

(J.  II.  T.  Lewis,  "  " 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A}fD   INDUSTRIAL.  447 

shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  to  take  all  steps 
necessary  to  make  effective  the  provisions  of  sections  1  and  2  of  this 
act. 

Sec.  TV.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  any 
person  or  persons  violating  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  deemed 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  on  conviction  shall  be  punished  as  pre- 
scribed in  section  4310  of  the  Code  of  1882. 

Sec.  V.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  all 
laws  and  part5  of  laws  in  conflict  ^vith  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,, 
hereby  repealed. 

Approved  July  22,  1891. 

BLALOCK  BILL. 

COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS— HOW  BRA^'DED  AND  GRADED. 

No.  358. 

An  act  to  prescribe  three  grades  of  complete  commercial  fertilizers,  for 
the  branding  of  same  upon  each  sack  or  package  of  fertilizers,  and  for 
other  purposes. 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  That 
from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act  it  shall  be  unlawful  to  sell  any 
complete  commercial  fertilizer  in  this  State  unless  the  grade  of  same  is 
branded  upon  each  sack  or  package  thereof  in  letters  of  not  less  than 
one  inch. 

Sec.  II.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  the  grades  of  such  fertilizer 
shall  be  divided  into  three,  to  wit:  ''High  grade,"  which  shall  contain 
not  less  than  fourteen  per  cent,  of  plant  food;  "Standard  grade,"  which 
shall  contain  not  less  than  twelve  per  cent,  of  plant  food,  and  "Low 
grade,"  which  shall  contain  not  less  than  ten  per  cent,  of  plant  food; 
provided,  this  act  shall  not  go  into  effect  until  after  the  fii-st  day  of 
August,  1898. 

Sec.  III.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  a  failure  to  comply  with  the 
requirements  of  this  act  shall  subject  the  seller  thereof  to  all  the  pains 
and  penalties  now  of  force  for  failure  to  have  fertilizers  properly  in- 
spected. 

Sec.  IV.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in 
conflict  -^vith  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  December  21,  1897. 

COI^BIEECIAL  FERTILIZERS,  HOW  BRANDED,  ETC. 

No.  170. 

An  act  to  amend  section  1  of  an  act  entitled  "an  act  to  prescribe  throe 
grades  of  complete  commercial  fertilizers,  for  the  branding  of  tlie 
same  upon  each  sack  or  package  of  fertilizers,  and  for  other  pur- 


448  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

poses";  so  as  to  make  it  unlawful  to  sell  any  commercial  fertilizers 
in  this  State  unless  the  grade  of  same  is  branded  upon  each  sack  or 
package  thereof  in  letters  not  less  than  one  inch. 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  That 
from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  above  recited  section  be,  and 
the  same  is,  hereby  amended  by  striking  from  the  third  line  of  said 
section  the  word  "complete,"  so  that  when  amended,  said  section  shall 
read  as  follows:  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia, 
That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  it  shall  be  unlawful  to  sell 
any  commercial  fertilizers  in  this  State  unless  the  grade  of  same  is 
branded  upon  each  sack  or  package  thereof  in  letters  not  less  than  one 
inch ;  provided,  that  this  act  shall  not  be  construed  as  applying  to  cotton 
seed  meal  and  German  kainit  and  muriate  of  potash;  and  that  said  act 
shall  not  go  into  effect  until  the  first  day  of  August,  1899. 

Sec.  II.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  con- 
flict with  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  December  22,  1898. 

ELLnTGTON  BILL. 

'Eo.  168. 

An  act  to  regulate  the  sale  of  fertilizers  in  this  State;  to  fix  a  method 
for  determining  the  value  of  the  same,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Section  I.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  and 
it  is  hereby  enacted  by  authority  of  the  same.  That  from  and  after  the 
passage  of  this  act  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  purchaser  of  fertilizer  from 
any  owner  thereof,  or  agent  of  such  owner,  to  require  of  the  person 
selling,  and  at  the  time  of  sale  or  delivery,  to  take  from  each  lot  of  each 
brand  sold  a  sample  of  its  contents. 

Sec.  II.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  said  sample  so  taken  shall  be 
mixed  together  and  placed  in  a  bottle,  jar  or  such  other  receptacle  as 
the  purchaser  may  present.  It  shall  then  be  the  duty  of  such  purchaser 
and  seller  to  deliver  said  package  to  the  Ordinary  of  the  county,  who 
shall  label  same  with  the  names  of  the  parties  and  of  the  fertilizers. 

Sec.  III.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  said  Ordinary  shall  safely  keep 
said  package,  allowing  neither  party  access  to  the  same,  save  as  herein- 
after provided.  The  Ordinary  shall  receive  a  fee  of  ten  (10)  cents  from 
the  party  depositing  such  sample  for  each  sample  so  deposited. 

Sec.  IV.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  should  said  purchaser,  after 
having  used  such  fertilizers  upon  his  crops,  have  reason  to  believe  from 
the  yields  thereof  that  said  fertilizer  was  totally  or  partially  worth- 
less, he  shall  notify  the  seller  and  apply  to  the  Ordinary  to  forward  the 
said  sample  deposited  with  him  (or  a  sufficiency  thereof  to  insure  a  fair 
analysis)  to  the  State  Chemist,  without  stating  the  names  of  the  parties, 
the  name  of  the  fertilizer  or  giving  its  guaranteed  analysis,  the  cost  of 
sending  being  prepaid  by  the  purchaser. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IXDDSTRIAL.  449 

Sec.  V.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  said  State 
Chemist  to  analyze  and  send  a  copy  of  the  result  to  said  Ordinary. 

Sec.  YI.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  should  said  analysis  show  that 
said  fertilizer  comes  up  to  the  guaranteed  analysis  upon  which  it  is  sold, 
then  the  statement  so  sent  by  the  State  Chemist  shall  be  conclusive  evi- 
dence against  a  plea  of  pai-tial  or  total  failure  of  consideration.  But 
should  said  analysis  show  that  such  fertilizer  does  not  come  up  to  the 
guaranteed  analysis,  then  the  sale  shall  be  illegal,  null  and  void,  and 
when  suit  is  brought,  upon  any  evidence  of  indebtedness  given  for  such 
fertilizer,  the  statement  of  such  State  Chemist,  so  transmitted  to  the 
Ordinary,  shall  be  conclusive  evidence  of  the  facts,  whether  such  evi- 
dence of  indebtedness  is  held  by  an  innocent  third  party  or  not. 

Sec.  Vn.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  in  lieu  of  the  State  Chemist, 
should  the  parties  to  the  contract  agree  upon  some  other  chemist  to 
make  said  analysis,  all  the  provisions  of  the  act  shall  apply  to  his  analysis 
and  report  to  the  Ordinary. 

Sec.  VIII.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  should  the  seller  refuse  to 
take  said  sample  when  so  requested  by  the  purchaser,  then  upon  proof 
of  this  fact  the  purchaser  shall  be  entitled  to  his  plea  of  failure  of  con- 
sideration and  to  support  the  same  by  proof  of  the  want  of  effect  and 
benefit  of  said  fertilizer  upon  his  crops,  which  proof  shall  be  sufficient 
to  authorize  the  jury  to  sustain  defendant's  plea  within  whole  or  in  part, 
whether  said  suit  is  brought  by  an  innocent  holder  or  not. 

Sec.  IX.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in 
conflict  with  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  December  27,  1890. 

ILLUMINATING  OILS. 

All  illuminating  oils  must  be  inspected  by  an  officer  appointed  for 
that  purpose,  and  the  Department  of  Agriculture  is  charged  with_  the 
supervision  and  enforcement  of  the  inspection  laws  concerning  fertilizers 
and  oils. 

The  following  is  the  new  Georgia  oil  law  of  1899: 

NEW  GEORGIA  OIL  LAW. 


To  prescribe  the  method  of  testing  illuminating  oUs  in  this  State,  and 
the  manner  in  which  test  shall  be  made,  and  to  provide  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a  General  Inspector  to  aid  in  the  inspection  of  such  oils, 
and  for  other  purposes. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  and 
it  is  hereby  enacted  by  authority  of  the  same,  That  from  and  after  tlie 
passage  of  this  act  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agricul- 
ture of  the  State  of  Georgia  to  appoint  a  General  Inspector  of  Oils  of 


450  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

said  State,  whose  duty  it  skall  be  to  go  from  point  to  point  about  the 
State  at  the  direction  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  to  inspect 
such  oils  as  may  be  desired,  instruct  the  local  inspectors  in  the  art  of 
taking  fair,  correct  and  impartial  samples  of  oils  for  illuminating  pur- 
poses, and  to  test  the  same  under  provisions  of  this  act;  to  check  up  all 
accounts  and  books  of  account  of  local  oil  inspectors,  and  to  see  that 
said  moneys  due  the  State  from  fees  paid  for  oil  inspections  are  paid  into 
the  State  treasury,  and  to  see  that  said  local  oil  inspectors  fairly,  cor- 
rectly and  impartially  discharge  the  duties  imposed  upon  them  by  this 
act,  and  existing  laws  not  in  conflict  herewith,  and  perform  such  other 
duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture.  If  any 
dispute  arises  as  to  the  test  of  any  oils,  then  said  General  Inspector  shall 
take  a  fair  sample  of  said  oil  and  forward  it  to  the  State  Chemist,  who 
shall  make  a  final  test  and  his  decision  shall  control  in  all  matters  of 
dispute.  Said  General  Inspector  shall  be  paid  a  salary  not  to  exceed 
($100.00)  one  hundred  dollars  per  month  and  actual  and  necessary 
traveling  expenses  while  in  discharge  of  his  duties,  and  said  salary  and 
traveling  expenses  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  fees  collected  from  oil, 
inspections;  provided,  however,  that  this  act  shall  not  be  in  conflict  with 
sections  1579-1584  and  other  sections  of  the  Code  of  Georgia  providing 
for  the  appointment  and  compensation  of  local  oil  inspectors. 

Sec.  2.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  no  per- 
son shall  manufacture,  or  have  in  his  possession,  or  sell,  or  give  away 
for  illuminating  or  heating  purposes,  in  lamp  or  stoves  within  the  State, 
any  oil  or  burning  fluid  wholly  or  partly  composed  of  naptha,  coal  oil, 
petroleum  or  products  thereof,  or  of  other  substances  or  material  emit- 
ting an  inflammable  vapor,  which  will  flash  at  a  temperature  below  100 
degrees  Fahrenheit,  when  tested  in  the  closed  oil  tester,  known  as  the 
New  York  State,  or  Elliott  Oil  Tester,  according  to  the  following  for- 
mula, to  wit:  rill  the  water  bath  with  fresh  well  or  hydrant  water  up 
to  the  lead  mark  on  the  inside;  then  immerse  the  oil  cup  in  the  water 
and  pour  in  oil,  so  as  to  fill  the  cup  up  to  within  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
of  the  flange.  Take  a  piece  of  blotting  paper,  and  remove  all  air  bub- 
bles from  the  surface  of  the  oil  by  lightly  touching  them  with  the  paper. 
ISText,  carefully,  with  a  dry  towel  or  cloth,  wipe  the  upper  inner  parts 
of  the  oil  cup,  so  as  to  remove  any  drops  of  oil  that  might  have  spat- 
tered on  the  upper  part  of  the  cup.  Then  put  on  the  glass  cover  of  the  oil 
cup,  pass  the  thermometer  through  the  hole  in  the  cork  to  such  a  point 
that  the  mercury  bulb  will  just  be  covered  by  the  surface  of  the  oil. 
ISText  light  the  lamp  and  introduce  it  under  the  water  bath.  So  adjust 
the  flame  that  the  temperature  will  rise  at  the  rate  of  two  degrees  a 
minute.  "Wait  until  the  temperature  reaches  ninety-nine  degrees  F.; 
then  light  a  wooden  toothpick  and  pass  the  flame  through  the  semi- 
circular opening  in  the  glass  plate  at  such  an  angle  as  to  clear  glass 
cover  and  to  a  distance  about  half  way  between  the  oil  and  the  cover. 
The  motion  should  be  steady  and  uniform,  rapid  and  without  pause. 
The  appearance  of  a  slight  bluish  flame  shows  that  the  flashing  point  has 
been  reached.    If  the  oil  flashes  at  this  point  it  should  be  branded  "State 


iiox.  CLAitK  ii(»\\i:i.L,  rKi:sii)i:.\T  oi'  tiik  «;i;(»k<;i a  si:x.\rK 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  453 

of  Georgia.  Eejected."  If  it  does  not  flash  at  this  point  it  should  be 
branded  "State  of  Georgia.  Approved.''  JN aphtha  and  illumiuatiug 
products  of  petroleum  ^Yhich  will  not  stand  the  flash  test  required  by 
this  section  may  be  used  for  illuminating  or  heating  purposes  only  in  tho 
following  cases: 

1st.  In  street  lamps  and  open  air  receptacles,  apart  from  any  build- 
ings, factory  or  inhabited  houses  in  which  the  vapor  is  burned. 

2d.  In  dwellings,  factories  or  other  places  of  business,  when  vapor- 
ized in  secure  tanks  or  metal  generatoi-s,  made  for  the  purpose,  in  which 
the  vapor  so  generated  is  used  for  lighting  or  heating, 

3d.  For  use  in  the  manufacture  of  illuminating  gas  in  gas  manufac- 
tories situated  apart  from  dwellings  and  other  buildings.  The  inspector 
shall  provide  at  his  own  expense  instruments  for  testing  oil,  and  stencils 
for  branding  packages  to  read  thus:  "State  of  Georgia.  Approved," 
with  name  of  inspector  and  date  of  inspection.  The  inspector  shall 
brand  all  oils  and  fluids  falling  below  100  degrees  flash  test,  in  the 
Elliott  tester,  "State  of  Georgia.  Rejected,"  with  name  of  inspector 
and  date  of  inspection.  If  the  inspector  shall  find  any  illmninating  oil 
or  fluid  under  the  flash  test  required  by  law",  or  falsely  branded,  he  shall 
cause  the  offender  to  be  prosecuted. 

Sec.  3.  And  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  such  General  Inspector 
of  Oils  to  personally  prosecute  each  and  every  offender  under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  act,  and  upon  conviction  such  offender  shall  be  punished 
as  prescribed  in  section  1039  of  the  Code  of  Georgia,  and  all  fines  aris- 
ing from  prosecution  under  this  act  shall  be  paid  into  and  become  a 
part  of  the  general  educational  fund  of  this  State. 

Sec.  4.  Be  it  further  enacted.  That  all  laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  con- 
flict with  this  act  be,  and  the  same  are,  hereby  repealed. 

Approved  December  20,  1899. 

The  organic  law  of  the  State  is  its  constitution,  which  we  here  ap- 
pend: 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

BILL  OF  RIGHTS. 

PREAMBLE. 

To  perpetuate  the  principles  of  free  government,  insure  justice  to  all, 
preserve  peace,  promote  the  interest  and  happiness  of  the  citizen,  and 
transmit  to  posterity  the  enjoyment  of  liberty,  wo,  the  people  of  Georgia, 
relying  up  the  protection  and  guidance  of  Almighty  God,  do  ordain 
and  establish  this  Constitution: 

ARTICLE  I. 

Section  T, 

Paragraph  T.  All  government,  of  right,  originates  with  the  pco])lo, 
is  founded  upon  their  will  only,  iiiid  is  instituted  solely  for  tlio  good 

■20  RE 


454  GEORGIA:  HISTORWAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  the  whole.    Public  officers  are  the  trustees  and  servants  of  the  people, 
and  at  all  times  amenable  to  them. 

Par.  II.  Protection  to  person  and  property  is  the  paramount  duty 
of  government,  and  shall  be  impartial  and  complete. 

Par.  III.  No  person  shall  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property,  ex- 
cept by  due  process  of  law. 

Par.  IV.  No  person  shall  be  deprived  of  the  right  to  prosecute  or  de- 
fend his  own  cause  in  any  of  the  courts  of  this  State  in  person,  by 
attorney  or  both. 

Par.  V.  Every  person  charged  with  an  offense  against  the  laws  of  this 
State  shall  have  the  privilege  and  benefit  of  counsel ;  shall  be  furnished, 
on  demand,  with  a  copy  of  the  accusation,  and  a  list  of  the  witnesses 
on  whose  testimony  the  charge  against  him  is  founded;  shall  have  com- 
pulsory process  to  obtain  the  testimony  of  his  own  witnesses;  shall  be 
confronted  with  the  witnesses  testifying  against  him,  and  shall  have  a 
public  and  speedy  trial  by  an  impartial  jury. 

Par.  VI.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  to  give  testimony  tending  in 
any  way  to  criminate  himself. 

Par.  VII.  Neither  banishment  beyond  the  limits  of  the  State,  nor 
whipping,  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  shall  be  allowed. 

Par.  VIII.  No  person  shall  be  put  in  jeopardy  of  life,  or  liberty, 
more  than  once  for  the  same  offense  save  on  his,  or  her,  own  motion  for 
a  new  trial  after  conviction,  or  in  case  of  mistrial. 

Par.  IX.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  im- 
posed, nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishment  inflicted;  nor  shall  any  person 
be  abused  in  being  arrested,  while  under  arrest  or  in  prison. 

Par.  X.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  to  pay  costs,  except  after  con- 
viction on  final  trial. 

Par.  XI.  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended. 
Par.  XII.  All  men  have  the  natural  and  inalienable  right  to  worship 
God,  each  according  to  the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience,  and  no  himian 
authority  should  in  any  case,  control  or  interfere  with  such  right  of  con- 
science. 

Par.  Xin.  No  inhabitant  of  this  State  shall  be  molested  in  person  or 
property,  or  prohibited  from  holding  any  public  office  or  trust,  on  ac- 
count of  his  religious  opinions;  but  the  right  of  liberty  of  conscience 
shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  excuse  acts  of  licentiousness,  or  justify 
practices  inconsistent  with  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  State. 

Par.  XIV.  No  money  shall  ever  be  taken  from  the  public  treasury, 
directly  or  indirectly,  in  aid  of  any  church,  sect  or  denomination  of  re- 
ligionists, or  of  any  sectarian  institution. 

Par.  XV.  No  law  shall  ever  be  passed  to  curtail,  or  restrain,  the  lib- 
erty of  speech,  or  of  the  press;  any  person  may  speak,  write  and  publish 
his  sentiments  on  all  subjects,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  lib- 
erty. 

Par.  XVr.  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons, 
houses,  papers  and  effects  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures 
shall  not  be  violated;  and  no  warrant  shall  issue  except  upon  probable 


GEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  455 

cause,    supported   by   oath,    or    affii-mation,  particularly  describing  the 
place,  or  places,  to  be  searched,  and  the  person  or  things  to  be  seized. 

Par.  XVII.  There  shall  be  within  the  State  of  Georgia  neither 
slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  save  as  a  punishment  for  crime  after 
legal  conviction  thereof. 

Tar.  XVIII.  The  social  status  of  the  citizen  shall  never  be  the  sub- 
ject of  legislation. 

Par.  XIX.  The  civil  authority  shall  be  superior  to  the  military,  and 
no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the 
consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  except  by  the  civil  magistrate, 
in  such  manner  as  may  be  provided  by  law. 

Par.  XX.  The  power  of  the  courts  to  punish  for  contempts  shall  be 
limited  by  legislative  acts. 

Par.  XXI.  There  shall  be  no  imprisonment  for  debt. 

Par.  XXn.  The  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not 
be  infringed,  but  the  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  prescribe 
the  manner  in  which  arms  may  be  borne. 

Par.  XXIII.  The  legislative,  judicial  and  executive  powers  shall  for- 
ever remain  separate  and  distinct,  and  no  person  discharging  the  duties 
of  one  shall  at  the  same  time  exercise  the  functions  of  either  of  the  oth- 
ers, except  as  herein  provided. 

Par.  XXIV.  The  people  have  the  right  to  assemble  peaceably  for 
their  common  good,  and  to  apply  to  those  vested  with  the  powers  of 
government  for  redress  of  grievances  by  petition  or  remonstrance. 

Par.  XXV.  All  citizens  of  the  United  States,  resident  in  this  State, 
are  hereby  declared  citizens  of  this  State;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
General  Assembly  to  enact  such  laws  as  will  protect  them  in  the  full  en- 
joyment of  the  rights,  privileges  and  immunities  due  to  such  citizen- 
ship. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  In  all  prosecutions  or  indictments  for  libel,  the  truth 
may  be  given  in  evidence;  and  the  jury  in  all  criminal  cases  shall  bo 
the  judges  of  the  law  and  the  facts.  The  power  of  the  judges  to  grant 
new  trials  in  case  of  conviction  is  preserved. 

Par.  II.  Treason  against  the  State  of  Georgia  shall  consist  in  levying 
war  against  her,  adhering  to  her  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort. 
"No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  except  on  the  testimony  of  two 
witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  confession  in  open  court. 

Par.  III.  Xo  conviction  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture 
of  estate. 

Par.  IV.  All  lotteries,  and  the  sale  of  lottery  tickets,  are  hereby  pro- 
hibited; anfl  tlii-  j)roliibitimi  shall  be  enforced  by  penal  laws. 

Par.  V.  Lobbying  is  declared  to  be  a  crime,  and  the  General  Assem- 
bly shall  enforce  this  provision  by  suitable  penalties. 

Par.  VT.  Tlie  General  Assembly  shall  have  the  power  to  provide  for 
the  piinishnir'iit  of  fraud;  and  shall  provido,  by  law,  for  reaching  prop- 
erty of  ihf  flf'btor  fOTu-falod  fi'fiin  thn  rTcliiur. 


456  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  In  cases  of  necessity,  private  ways  may  be  granted  upon 
just  compensation  being  first  paid  by  the  applicant.  Private  property 
shall  not  be  taken,  or  damaged,  for  public  purposes,  without  just  and 
adequate  compensation  being  first  paid. 

Par,  II.  iSTo  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  retroactive  law  or  law 
impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts  or  making  irrevocable  grants  of 
special  privileges  or  immunities,  shall  be  passed. 

Par.  III.  No  grant  of  special  privileges  or  immunities  shall  be  re- 
voked, except  in  such  manner  as  to  work  no  injustice  to  the  corporators 
or  creditors  of  the  incorporation. 

Section  TV. 

Paragraph  1.  Laws  of  a  general  nature  shall  have  uniform  operation 
throughout  the  State,  and  no  special  law  shall  be  enacted  in  any  case  for 
which  provision  has  been  made  by  an  existing  general  law.  'No  general 
law  affecting  private  rights  shall  be  varied  in  any  particular  case  by 
special  legislation,  except  with  the  free  consent,  in  writing,  of  all  per- 
sons affected  thereby;  and  no  person  under  legal  disability  to  contract 
is  capable  of  such  consent. 

Par.  II.  Legislative  acts  in  violation  of  this  constitution,  or  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  are  void,  and  the  judiciary  shall  so  de- 
clare them. 

Section  Y, 

Paragraph  I.  The  people  of  this  State  have  the  inherent,  sole  and  ex- 
clusive right  of  regulating  their  internal  government,  and  the  police 
thereof,  and  of  altering  and  abolishing  their  constitution  whenever  it 
may  be  necessary  to  their  safety  and  happiness. 

Par.  11.  The  enumeration  of  rights  herein  contained,  as  a  part  of  this 
constitution  shall  not  be  construed  to  deny  to  the  people  any  inherent 
rights  which  they  may  have  hitherto  enjoyed. 

AETICLE  II. 

ELECTIVE  FRAISTCHISE. 
Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  In  all  elections  by  the  people  the  electors  shall  vote  by 
ballot. 

Par.  11.  Every  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  (except  as  herein- 
after provided),  twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  shall  have  resided  in  this 
State  one  year  next  preceding  the  election,  and  shall  have  resided  six 
months  in  the  county  in  which  he  offers  to  vote,  and  shall  have  paid 
all  taxes  which  may  hereafter  be  required  of  him,  and  which  he  may 


HON.  JOHN  I).  LITTLE, 
Speaker  <\(  ilic  House  of  Iveju-esentatives. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  459 

have  had  an  opportunity  of  paying,  agreeable  to  law,  except  for  the  year 
of  the  election,  shall  be  deemed  an  elector;  provided,  that  no  soldier, 
sailor  or  marine  in  the  military  or  naval  service  of  the  United  States 
shall  acquire  the  rights  of  an  elector  by  reason  of  being  stationed  on 
duty  in  this  State;  and  no  person  shall  vote  who,  if  challenged,  shall 
refuse  to  take  the  following  oath  or  affirmation:  ''I  do  swear  (or  affirm) 
that  I  am  twenty-one  years  of  age,  have  resided  in  this  State  one  year 
and  in  this  county  six  months,  next  preceding  this  election.  I  have  paid 
all  taxes  which,  since  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution  of  this 
State,  have  been  required  of  me  previous  to  this  year,  and  which  I  have 
had  an  opportunity  to  pay,  and  I  have  not  voted  at  this  election." 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  may  provide,  from  time  to  time, 
for  the  registration  for  all  electors,  but  the  following  classes  of  persons 
shall  not  be  permitted  to  register,  vote  or  hold  any  office,  or  appoint- 
ment of  honor  or  trust  in  this  State,  to  wit:  1st.  Those  who  shall  have 
been  convicted,  in  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction,  of  treason  against 
the  State,  or  embezzlement  of  public  funds,  malef easance  in  office,  brib- 
ery or  larceny,  or  of  any  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  punishable 
by  laws  of  this  State  with  imprisonment  in  the  penitentiary,  unless  such 
person  shall  have  been  pardoned.     2d.  Idiots  and  insane  persons. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases  except  for  treason,  felony, 
larceny  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their 
attendance  on  elections,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same. 

Section  IV. 

Paragraph  I.  !N"o  person  who  is  the  holder  of  any  public  money,  con- 
trary to  law,  shall  be  eligible  to  any  office  in  this  State  until  the  same  is 
accounted  for  and  paid  into  the  treasury. 

Par.  n.  ISTo  person  who,  after  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  being 
a  resident  of  this  State,  shall  have  been  convicted  of  fighting  a  duel  in 
this  State,  or  convicted  of  sending  or  accepting  a  challenge,  or  convicted 
of  aiding  or  abetting  such  duel,  shall  hold  office  in  this  State,  unless^  he 
shall  have  been  pardoned;  and  every  such  person  shall  also  be  subject 
to  such  punishment  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Section  Y. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  by  law,  forbid  the  sale, 
distribution  or  furnishing  of  intoxicating  drinks  witliin  two  miles  of 
election  precincts  on  days  of  election — State,  county  or  municipal — and 
proscribe  punishment  for  any  violation  of  the  same. 


460  GEORGIA :  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Section  VI. 

Paragrapli  I.  Returns  of  elections  for  all  civil  officers  elected  by  the 
people,  who  are  to  be  commissioned  by  the  Governor,  and  also  for  the 
members  of  the  General  Assembly,  shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of 
State,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

ARTICLE  III. 
LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  The  legislative  power  of  the  State  shall  be  vested  in  a 
General  Assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Senate  shall  consist  of  forty-four  members.  There 
shall  be  forty-four  Senatorial  districts  as  now  arranged  by  counties. 
Each  district  shall  have  one  Senator. 

The  First  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Chatham,  Bryan  and  Effingham. 

The  Second  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Liberty,  Tattnall  and  Mcintosh. 

The  Third  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Wayne,  Pierce  and  Appling. 

The  Eourth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Glynn,  Camden  and  Charlton. 

The  Fifth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Coffee,  "Ware  and  Clinch. 

The  Sixth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Echols,  Lowndes  and  Berrien. 

The  Seventh  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Brooks,  Thomas  and  Colquitt. 

The  Eighth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Decatur,  Mitchell  and  Miller. 

The  Mnth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Early,  Calhoun  and  Baker. 

The  Tenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Dougherty,  Lee  and  Worth. 

The  Eleventh  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Clay,  Randolph  and  Terrell. 

The  Twelfth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Stewart,  Webster  and  Quitman. 

The  Thirteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Sumter,  Schley  and  Macon. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  461 

The  Fourteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Dooly,  Wilcox,  Pulaski  and  Dodge. 

The  Fifteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Montgomery,  Telfair  and  Irwin. 

The  Sixteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Laurens,  Emanuel  and  Johnson. 

The  Seventeenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Screven,  Bulloch  and  Burke. 

The  Eighteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Eichmond,  Glascock  and  Jefferson. 

The  ISI^ineteenth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Taliaferro,  Greene  and  "Warren. 

The  Twentieth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Baldwin,  Hancock  and  Washington. 

The  Twenty-first  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Twiggs,  Wilkinson  and  Jones. 

The  Twenty-second  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Bibb,  Monroe  and  Pike. 

The  Tw^enty-third  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Houston,  Crawford  and  Taylor. 

The  Twenty-fourth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Muscogee,  Marion  and  Chattahoochee. 

The  Twenty-fifth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Harris,  Upson  and  Talbot. 

The  Twenty-six  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Spalding,  Butts  and  Payette. 

The  Twenty-seventh  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the 
counties  of  Newton,  Walton,  Clarke,  Oconee  and  Eockdale. 

The  Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Jasper,  Putnam  and  Morgan. 

The  Twenty-ninth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Wilkes,  Columbia,  Lincoln  and  McDuffie. 

The  Thirtieth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Oglethorpe,  Madison  and  Elbert. 

The  Thirty-first  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Hart,  Habersham  and  Franklin. 

The  Thirty-second  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  White,  Dawson  and  Lumpkin. 

The  Thirty-tliird  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Hall,  Banks  and  Jackson. 

The  Thirty-fourth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Gwinnott,  DoTCalb  and  Henry. 

The  Thirfy-fiftli  Sonntorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Clayton,  Cobb  and  Fulton. 

The  Thirty-sixth  Senatorial  District  sliall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Campboll,  Coweta,  Meriwether  and  Donglas. 

The  Thirty-seventh  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Carroll,  Heard  and  Troup. 


462  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  Thirty-eighth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Haralson,  Polk  and  Paulding. 

The  Thirty-ninth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Milton,  Cherokee  and  Forsyth. 

The  Fortieth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties  of 
Union,  Towns  and  Rabun. 

The  Forty-first  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Pickens,  Fannin  and  G-ilmer. 

The  Forty-second  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Bartow,  Floyd  and  Chattooga. 

The  Forty-third  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Murray,  Gordon  and  Whitfield. 

The  Forty-fourth  Senatorial  District  shall  be  composed  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Walker,  Dade  and  Catoosa. 

Par.  III.  The  General  Assembly  may  change  these  districts  after 
each  census  of  the  United  States;  provided,  that  neither  the  number  of 
districts  nor  the  number  of  Senators  from  each  district  shall  be  in- 
creased. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  consist  of  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  Representatives,  apportioned  among  the  several 
counties  as  follows,  to  wit:  To  the  six  counties  having  the  largest  popu- 
lation, viz. :  Chatham,  Richmond,  Burke,  Floyd,  Bibb  and  Fulton,  three 
Representatives  each;  to  the  twenty-six  counties  having  the  next  largest 
population,  viz.:  Dooly,  Bartow,  Coweta,  Decatur,  Houston,  Greene, 
Gwinnett,  Harris,  Jefferson,  Meriwether,  Monroe,  Muscogee,  Pulaski, 
DeKalb,  Hall,  Walton,  Sumter,  Thomas,  Troup,  Washington,  Hancock, 
Carroll,  Cobb,  Jackson,  Oglethorpe  and  Wilkes,  two  Representatives 
each;  and  to  the  remaining  one  hundred  and  five  counties  one  Represen- 
tative each. 

Par.  II.  The  above  apportionment  shall  be  changed  by  the  General 
Assembly  at  its  first  session  after  each  census  taken  by  the  United  States 
Grovernment,  so  as  to  give  the  sLx  counties  having  the  largest  population 
three  Representatives  each;  and  to  the  tweny-six  counties  having  the 
next  largest  population  two  Representatives  each ;  but  in  no  event  shall 
the  aggregate  number  of  Representatives  be  increased.* 

*  According  to  the  provision  of  this  paragraph  the  apportionment  by  the  new 
census  will  be  as  follows: 

Fulton,  Chatham,  Richmond,  Bibb,  Floyd,  Thomas,  three  representatives  each. 

Burke,  Muscogee,  Decatur,  Washinsrton,  Carroll,  Dooly,  Sumter,  Laurens, 
Gwinnett,  Coweta,  Cobb,  Jackson,  Troun,  Meriwether.  Houston,  Bulloch,  Eman- 
uel, DeKalb.  Walton,  Wilkes,  Bartow,  Hall,  Monroe,  Tattnall,  Lowndes,  Elbert, 
two  representatives  each. 

The  remaining  one  hundred  and  five  counties,  one  representative. 

The  counties  are  here  arranged  in  the  order  of  population. 


CKOKCIA    WIIEATFIEI.n. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  465 

Section  IV. 

Paragrapk  I.  The  members  of  the  Geueral  Assembly  shall  be  elected 
for  two  years,  and  shall  serve  until  their  successors  are  elected. 

Par.  11.  The  first  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly, 
under  this  constitution,  shall  take  place  on  the  hi-st  AVednesday  in  De- 
cember, 1877;  the  second  election  for  the  same  shall  be  held  on  the 
first  Wednesday  in  October,  1880,  and  subsequent  elections  biennially 
on  that  day,  until  the  day  of  election  is  changed  by  law. 

Par.  III.  The  first  meeting  of  the  General  Assembly,  after  the  ratifi- 
cation of  this  constitution,  shall  be  on  the  fourth  Wednesday  in  October, 
1878,  and  annually  thereafter,  on  the  same  day,  until  the  day  shall  be 
changed  by  law.  But  nothing  herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to 
prevent  the  Governor  from  calling  an  extra  session  of  the  General  As- 
sembly before  the  first  Wednesday  in  ISTovember,  1878,  if,  in  his  opin- 
ion, the  public  good  shall  require  it. 

Par.  IV.  A  majority  of  each  House  shall  constitute  a  quoi-um  to 
transact  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day 
and  compel  the  presence  of  its  absent  members,  as  each  House  may  pro- 
vide. 

Par.  V.  Each  Senator  and  Eepresentative,  before  taking  his  seat,  shall 
take  the  following  oath,  or  afiirmation,  to  wit:  ''I  will  support  the  con- 
stitution of  this  State,  and  of  the  United  States;  and  on  all  questions 
and  measures  which  may  come  before  me,  I  will  so  conduct  myself  as 
•will,  in  my  judgment,  be  most  conducive  to  the  interests  and  prosperity 
of  this  State." 

Par.  VI.  ISTo  session  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  continue  longer 
than  fifty  days;  provided,  that  if  an  impeachment  trial  be  pending  at  the 
end  of  fifty  days,  the  session  may  be  prolonged  till  the  completion  of  said 
trial. 

Par.  Vn.  'No  person  holding  a  military  commission  or  other  appoint- 
ment or  office,  having  any  emolument  or  compensation  annexed  thereto, 
under  this  State,  or  the  United  States,  or  either  of  them,  except  justices 
of  the  peace  and  officers  of  the  militia,  nor  any  defaulter  for  public 
money,  or  for  any  legal  taxes  required  of  him,  shall  have  a  seat  in  either 
House;  nor  shall  any  Senator  or  Representative,  after  his  qualification 
as  such,  be  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  or  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, either  with  or  without  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  to 
any  office  or  appo'intment  having  any  emolument  annexed  thereto,  dur- 
ing the  time  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

Par.  VIII.  The  seat  of  a  member  of  either  House  shall  be  vacated  on 
his  removal  from  the  district  or  county  from  which  he  was  elected. 

Section  V. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Senators  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who 
have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  who  shall  liave  been  citi- 
zens of  this  State  for  four  years,  and  for  one  year  residents  of  the  dis- 
trict from  which  elected. 


466  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Par.  11.  The  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate  shall  be  styled  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Senate,  and  shall  be  elected  viva  voce  from  the  Senators. 

Par.  III.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  impeachments. 

Par.  IV.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  the  members  shall  be  on  oath 
or  affirmation,  and  shall  be  presided  over  by  the  Chief  Justice  or  the 
presiding  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Should  the  Chief  Justice  be 
disqualified,  the  Senate  shall  elect  the  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  to 
preside.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Par.  Y.  Judgments,  in  case  of  impeachment,  shall  not  extend  further 
than  removal  from  office  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any 
office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit,  within  this  State;  but  the  party  shall, 
nevertheless,  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and 
punishment  according  to  law. 

Section  YI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Eepresentatives  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  who  have  attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  who  shall 
have  been  citizens  of  this  State  for  two  years,  and  for  one  year  residents 
of  the  counties  from  which  elected. 

Par.  II.  The  presiding  officer  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall 
be  styled  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  shall  be 
elected  viva  voce  from  the  body. 

Par.  HI.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  to 
impeach  all  persons  who  shall  have  been,  or  may  be,  in  office. 

Section  YII. 

Paragraph  I.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  election,  returns 
and  qualifications  of  its  members,  and  shall  have  power  to  punish  them 
for  disorderly  behavior,  or  misconduct,  by  censure,  fine,  imprisonment, 
or  expulsion;  but  no  member  shall  be  expelled,  except  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  House  to  which  he  belongs. 

Par.  II.  Each  House  may  punish  by  imprisonment,  not  extending 
beyond  the  session,  any  person,  not  a  member,  who  shall  be  guilty  of  a 
contempt,  by  any  disorderly  behavior  in  its  presence,  or  who  shall  rescue, 
or  attempt  to  rescue,  any  person  arrested  by  order  of  either  House. 

Par.  III.  The  members  of  both  Houses  shall  be  free  from  arrest  during 
their  attendance  on  the  General  Assembly  and  in  going  thereto  or  re- 
turning therefrom,  except  for  treason,  felony,  larceny,  or  breach  of  the 
peace;  and  no  member  shall  be  liable  to  answer  in  any  other  place  for 
anything  spoken  in  debate  in  either  House. 

Par.  lY.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and 
publish  it  immediately  after  its  adjournment. 

Par.  Y.  The  original  journal  shall  be  preserved,  after  publication,  in 
the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  but  there  shall  be  no  other  record  thereof. 

Par.  YI.  The  yeas  and  nays  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of 
one-fifth  of  the  members  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  467 

Par.  VII.  Every  bill,  before  it  shall  pass,  shall  be  read  three  times, 
and  on  three  separate  days,  in  each  House,  unless  in  case  of  actual  inva- 
sion or  insurrection.  But  the  first  and  second  reading  of  each  local  bill 
and  bank  and  railroad  charters  in  each  House  shall  consist  of  the  read- 
ing of  the  title  only,  unless  said  bill  is  ordered  to  be  engrossed. 

Par.  Vin.  No  law  or  ordinance  shall  pass  which  refers  to  more  than 
one  subject-matter,  or  contains  matter  different  from  what  is  expressed 
in  the  title  thereof. 

Par.  IX.  The  general  appropriation  bill  shall  embrace  nothing  except 
appropriations  fixed  by  previous  laws,  the  ordinary  expenses  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive, Legislative  and  Judicial  Departments  of  the  Government,  pay- 
ment of  the  public  debt  and  interest  thereon,  and  the  support  of  the 
public  institutions  and  educational  interests  of  the  State.  AH  other  ap- 
propriations shall  be  made  by  separate  bills,  each  embracing  but  one 
subject. 

Par.  X.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  or  appropriating  money  shall 
originate  in  the  House  of  Representatives,  but  the  Senate  may  propose 
or  concur  in  amendments  as  in  other  bills. 

Par.  XL  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  except  by  ap- 
propriation made  by  law,  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the 
receipt  and  expenditure  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  every 
three  months,  and  also  with  the  laws  passed  by  each  session  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly. 

Par.  XII.  Xo  bill  or  resolution  appropriating  money  shall  become  a 
law,  unless,  upon  its  passage,  the  yeas  and  nays,  in  each  House,  are 
recorded. 

Par.  XIII.  All  acts  shall  be  signed  by  the  President  of  the  Senate 
and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  no  bill,  ordinance 
or  resolution,  intended  to  have  the  effect  of  law,  which  shall  have  been 
rejected  by  either  House,  shall  be  again  proposed  during  the  same  ses- 
sion, under  the  same  or  any  other  title,  without  the  consent  of  two-thirds 
of  the  House  by  which  the  same  was  rejected. 

Par.  XIV.  Xo  bill  shall  become  a  law  unless  it  shall  receive  a  major- 
ity of  the  votes  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  House  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  and  it  shall,  in  every  instance,  so  appear  on  the  journal. 

Par.  XV.  (By  an  act  approved  September  24,  1885,  an  amendment 
to  the  constitution  was  submitted  to  vote  of  the  people  in  October,  188G, 
and  adopted,  whereby  the  original  of  this  paragraph  was  stricken  from 
this  constitution.) 

Par.  XVI.  Xo  local  or  special  bill  shall  bo  passed,  unless  notice  of 
the  intention  to  apply  therefor  shall  have  been  published  in  the  locality 
where  the  matter,  or  thing  to  be  affected,  may  be  situated,  which  notice 
shall  be  given  at  least  thirty  days  prior  to  the  introduction  of  such  bill 
into  the  General  Assembly  and  in  the  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 
The  evidence  of  such  notice  having  been  published  shall  be  exhibited  in 
the  General  Assembly  before  such  act  shall  be  passed. 


468  OEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Par.  XVII.  'No  law,  or  section  of  the  Code,  shall  be  amended  or  re- 
pealed by  mere  reference  to  its  title,  or  to  the  number  of  the  section  of 
the  Code,  but  the  amending  or  repealing  act  shall  distinctly  describe  the 
law  to  be  amended  or  repealed,  as  well  as  the  alteration  to  be  made. 

Par.  XVIII.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  grant 
corporate  powers  and  privileges  to  private  companies;  nor  to  make  or 
change  election  precincts;  nor  to  establish  bridges  or  ferries;  nor  to 
change  names  of  legitimate  children;  but  it  shall  prescribe  by  law  the 
manner  in  which  such  powers  shall  be  exercised  by  the  courts.  All 
corporate  powers  and  privileges  to  banking,  insurance,  railroad,  canal, 
navigation,  express  and  telegraph  companies  shall  be  issued  and  granted 
by  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Par.  XIX.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  relieve 
principals  or  securities  upon  forfeited  recognizances,  from  the  payment 
thereof,  either  before  or  after  judgment  thereon,  unless  the  principal  in 
the  recognizance  shall  have  been  apprehended  and  placed  in  the  custody 
of  the  proper  officer. 

Par.  XX.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  authorize  the  construction 
of  any  street  passenger  railway  within  the  limits  of  any  incorporated 
town  or  city  without  the  consent  of  the  corporate  authorities. 

Par.  XXI.  Whenever  the  constitution  requires  a  vote  of  two-thirds 
of  either  or  both  Houses  for  the  passage  of  an  act  or  resolution,  the  yeas 
and  nays  on  the  passage  thereof  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

Par.  XXII.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  make  all 
laws  and  ordinances  consistent  with  this  constitution,  and  not  repug- 
nant to  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  which  they  shall  deem 
necessary  and  proper  for  the  welfare  of  the  State. 

Par.  XXIII.  No  provision  in  this  constitution,  for  a  two-thirds'  vote 
of  both  Houses  of  the  General  Assembly,  shall  be  construed  to  waive  the 
necessity  for  the  signature  of  the  Governor,  as  in  any  other  case,  except 
in  the  case  of  the  two-thirds'  vote  required  to  override  the  veto,  and  in 
case  of  prolongation  of  a  session  of  the  GeneralAssembly. 

Par.  XXIV.  Neither  House  shall  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days, 
or  to  any  other  place,  without  the  consent  of  the  other ;  and  in  case  of  a 
disagreement  between  the  two  Houses  on  a  question  of  adjournment,  the 
Governor  may  adjourn  either  or  both  of  them. 

Section  VIII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  officers  of  the  two  Houses,  other  than  the  Presi- 
dent and  Speaker,  shall  be  a  Secretary  of  the  Senate  and  Clerk  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  and  such  assistants  as  they  may  appoint;  but 
the  clerical  expenses  of  the  Senate  shall  not  exceed  sixty  dollars  per  day 
for  each  session,  nor  those  of  the  House  of  Representatives  seventy  dol- 
lars per  day  for  each  session.  The  Secretary  of  the  Senate  and  Clerk 
of  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  required  to  give  bond  and  secu- 
rity for  the  faithful  discharge  of  their  respective  duties. 


1      A 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IXDU8TRIAL.  47^ 

Section  IX. 

Paragraph  I.  The  per  diem  of  members  of  the  General  Assembly  shall 
not  exceed  four  dollars,  and  mileage  shall  not  exceed  ten  cents  for  each 
mile  traveled,  by  the  nearest  practicable  route  in  going  to  and  returning 
from  the  Capital;  but  the  President  of  the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  shall  each  receive  not  exceeding  seven  dol- 
lars per  day. 

Section  X. 

Paragraph  I.  All  elections  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  be  viva 
voce,  and  the  vote  shall  appear  on  the  journal  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives. When  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  unite  for  the 
purpose  of  elections,  they  shall  meet  in  the  Representative  Hall,  and 
the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  such  cases,  preside  and  declare  the 
result. 

Section  XI. 

Paragraph  I.  All  property  of  the  wife  at  the  time  of  her  marriage, 
and  all  property  given  to,  inherited  or  acquired  by  her,  shall  remain  her 
separate  property,  and  not  be  liable  for  the  debts  of  her  husband. 

Section  XII. 

Paragraph  I.  All  life  insurance  companies  now  doing  business  in  this 
State,  or  which  may  desire  to  establish  agencies  and  do  business  in  the 
State  of  Georgia,  chartered  by  other  States  of  the  Union,  or  foreign 
States,  shall  show  that  they  have  deposited  with  the  Comptroller-Gen- 
eral of  the  State  in  which  they  are  chartered  or  of  this  State,  tlie  Insur- 
ance Commissioners,  or  such  other  officer  as  may  be  authorized  to  re- 
ceive it,  not  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in  such  securities 
as  may  be  deemed  by  such  officer  equivalent  to  cash,  subject  to  his  order, 
as  a  guarantee  fund  for  the  security  of  policy-holders. 

Par.  II.  When  such  showing  is  made  to  the  Comptroller-General  of 
the  State  of  Georgia  by  a  proper  certificate  from  the  State  official  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  funds  so  deposited,  the  Comptroller-General  of  the 
State  of  Georgia  is  authorized  to  issue  to  the  company  mahing  such 
showing  a  license  to  do  business  in  the  State,  upon  paying  the  fees  re- 
quired by  law. 

Par.  III.  All  life  insurance  companies  chartered  by  the  State  of 
Georgia,  or  which  may  hereafter  be  chartered  by  the  State,  shall,  before 
doing  business,  deposit  with  the  Comptroller-General  of  the  State  of 
Georgia,  or  with  some  strong  corporation,  which  may  be  approved  by 
said  Comptroller-General,  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in  such  securi- 
ties as  may  be  deemed  by  him  equivalent  to  casli,  to  be  subject  to  his 
order,  as  a  guarantee  fund  for  the  Rccnrity  of  the  policy-holders  of  the 
company  making  such  deposit,  all  interests  and  dividends  arising  from 
such  securities  to  be  paid,  when  due,  to  the  company  so  depositing.    Any 


472  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

such  securities  as  may  be  needed  or  desired  by  the  company  may  be 
taken  from  said  department  at  any  time  by  replacing  them  with  other 
securities  equally  acceptable  to  the  Comptroller-General,  whose  certifi- 
cate for  the  same  shall  be  furnished  to  the  company. 

Par.  IV.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time  enact  laws 
to  compel  all  fire  insurance  companies  doing  business  in  this  State, 
whether  chartered  by  this  State  or  otherwise,  to  deposit  reasonable  se- 
curities with  the  Treasurer  of  this  State,  to  secure  the  people  against  loss 
by  the  operations  of  said  companies. 

Par.  V.  The  General  Assembly  shall  compel  all  insurance  companies 
in  this  State,  or  doing  business  therein,  under  proper  penalties,  to  make 
semi-annual  reports  to  the  Governor,  and  print  the  same,  at  their  own 
expense,  for  the  information  and  protection  of  the  people. 

AKTICLE  IV. 
POWER  OF  THE  GEOT^RAL  ASSEMBLY  OVER  TAXATIOiS^. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  The  right  of  taxation  is  a  sovereign  right,  inalieniable, 
indestructible,  is  the  life  of  the  State,  and  rightfully  belongs  to  the  peo- 
ple in  all  Republican  governments,  and  neither  the  General  Assembly, 
nor  any,  nor  all  other  departments  of  the  Government  established  by 
this  constitution,  shall  ever  have  the  authority  to  irrevocably  give, 
grant,  limit  or  restrain  this  right;  and  all  laws,  grants,  contracts  and  all 
other  acts  whatsoever,  by  said  Government,  or  any  department  thereof, 
to  effect  any  of  these  purposes,  shall  be,  and  are  hereby,  declared  to  be 
null  and  void  for  every  purpose  whatsoever;  and  said  right  of  taxation 
shall  always  be  under  the  complete  control  of,  and  revocable  by  the 
State,  notwithstanding  any  gift,  grant  or  contract  whatsoever  by  the 
General  Assembly. 

Section  H. 

Paragraph  I.  The  power  and  authority  regulating  railroad  freights 
and  passenger  tariffs,  preventing  unjust  discriminations,  and  requiring 
reasonable  and  just  rates  of  freight  and  passenger  tariffs,  are  hereby  con- 
ferred upon  the  General  Assembly,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  pass  laws, 
from  time  to  time,  to  regulate  freight  and  passenger  tariffs,  to  prohibit 
unjust  discriminations  on  the  various  railroads  of  this  State,  and  to  pro- 
hibit said  roads  from  charging  other  than  just  and  reasonable  rates,  and 
enforce  the  sam.e  by  adequate  penalties. 

Par.  II.  The  exercise  of  the  right  of  eminent  domain  shall  never  be 
abridged,  nor  so  construed  as  to  prevent  the  General  Assembly  from 
taking  the  property  and  franchises  of  incorporated  companies,  and  sub- 
jecting them  to  public  use,  the  same  as. property  of  individuals:  and  the 
exercise  of  the  police  power  of  the  State  shall  never  be  abridged,  nor  so 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  473 

construed  as  to  permit  corporations  to  conduct  their  business  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  infringe  the  equal  rights  of  individuals,  or  the  general  well- 
being  of  the  State, 

Far.  III.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  remit  the  forfeiture  of  the 
charter  of  any  corporation  now  existing,  nor  alter  or  amend  the  same, 
nor  pass  any  other  general  or  special  law  for  the  benefit  of  said  corpora- 
tion, except  upon  the  condition  that  said  corporation  shall  thereafter 
hold  its  charter  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  constitution;  and  every 
amendment  of  any  charter  of  any  corporation  in  this  State,  or  any  spe- 
cial law  for  its  benefit,  acepted  thereby,  shall  operate  as  a  novation  of 
said  charter,  and  shall  bring  the  same  under  the  provisions  of  this  con- 
stitution; provided,  that  this  section  shall  not  extend  to  any  amend- 
ment for  the  pui'pose  of  allowing  any  existing  road  to  take  stock  in,  or 
aid  in  the  building  of  any  branch  road. 

Par.  IV.  The  General  Assembly  of  this  State  shall  have  no  power  to 
authorize  any  corporation  to  buy  shares,  or  stock,  in  any  other  corpor- 
ation in  this  State,  or  elsewhere,  or  to  make  any  contract  or  agreement 
whatever,  with  any  such  corporation,  which  may  have  the  effect,  or  be 
intended  to  have  the  effect,  to  defeat  or  lessen  competition  in  their  re- 
spective business,  or  to  encourage  monopoly;  and  all  such  contracts  and 
agreements  shall  be  illegal  and  void. 

Par.  V.  No  railroad  company  shall  give,  or  pay,  any  rebate,  or  honus 
in  the  nature  thereof,  directly  or  indirectly,  or  do  any  act  to  mislead 
or  deceive  the  public  as  to  the  real  rates  charged  or  received  for  freights 
or  passage;  and  any  such  payments  shall  be  illegal  and  void,  and  these 
prohibitions  shall  be  enforced  by  suitable  penalties. 

Par.  VI.  Ko  provision  of  this  article  shall  be  deemed,  held  or  taken 
to  impair  the  obligation  of  any  contract  heretofore  made  by  the  State 
of  Georgia. 

Par.  VII.  The  General  Assembly  shall  enforce  the  provisions  of  this 
article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

AETICLE  V. 

EXECUTIVE  DEPARTMENT, 
Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  The  officers  of  the  Executive  Department  shall  consist 
of  a  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Comptroller-General  and  Treasurer. 

Par.  II.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  Governor,  who  shall 
hold  his  office  during  tlio  tcnn  of  two  years,  and  until  his  successor  shall 
be  chosen  and  qualified.  He  shall  not  be  eligible  to  re-election,  after 
the  expiration  of  a  second  term,  for  the  period  of  four  years.  He  shall 
have  a  salary  of  three  thousand  dollars  per  annum  (until  otherwise  pro- 
vided by  a  law  passed  by  a  two-lliirds  vote  of  both  branelioa  of  tlie  Gen- 
eral Assembly),  which  shall  not  be  increased  or  diminished  during  the 
period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected;  nor  shall  he  receive  within 


474  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

that  time,  any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  either  of 
them,  or  from  any  foreign  power.  But  this  reduction  of  salary  shall  not 
apply  to  the  present  term  of  the  present  Governor. 

Par.  III.  The  first  election  for  Governor,  under  this  constitution, 
shall  be  held  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  October,  1880,  and  the  Gov- 
ernor-elect shall  be  installed  in  office  at  the  next  session  of  the  General 
Assembly.  An  election  shall  take  place  biennially  thereafter  on  said 
day,  until  another  date  be  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly.  Said  elec- 
tion shall  be  held  at  the  places  of  holding  general  elections  in  the  sev- 
eral counties  of  this  State,  in  the  manner  prescribed  for  the  election  of 
members  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  the  electors  shall  be  the  same. 

Par.  IV.  The  returns  for  every  election  of  Governor  shall  be  sealed 
up  by  the  managers,  separately  from  other  returns,  and  directed  to  the 
President  of  the  Senate  and  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
and  transmitted  to  the  Secretary  of  State,  who  shall,  without  opening 
said  returns,  cause  the  same  to  be  laid  before  the  Senate  on  the  day 
after  the  two  Houses  shall  have  been  organized,  and  they  shall  be  trans- 
mitted by  the  Senate  to  the  House  of  llepresentatives. 

Par.  V.  The  members  of  each  branch  of  the  General  Assembly  shall 
convene  in  the  Kepresentative  Hall,  and  the  President  of  the  Senate 
and  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  open  and  publish  the 
returns  in  the  presence  and  under  the  direction  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly; and  the  person  having  the  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  votes 
shall  be  declared  duly  elected  Governor  of  this  State;  but  if  no  person 
shall  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  two  persons  having  the  highest 
number  of  votes,  who  shall  be  in  life,  and  shall  not  decline  an  election 
at  the  time  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly  to  elect,  the  General 
Assembly  shall  immediately  elect  a  Governor  viva  voce;  and  in  all  cases 
of  election  of  a  Governor  by  the  General  Assembly  a  majority  of  the 
members  present  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

Par.  VI.  Contested  elections  shall  be  determined  by  both  Houses  of 
the  General  Assembly  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Par.  Vn.  'No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  Governor  who 
shall  not  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  fifteen  years,  and  a 
citizen  of  the  State  six  years,  and  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of 
thirty  years. 

Par.  Vm.  In  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disability  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, the  President  of  the  Senate  shall  exercise  the  executive  powers 
of  the  government  until  such  disability  be  removed,  or  a  successor  is 
elected  and  qualified.  And  in  case  of  the  death,  resignation  or  disabil- 
ity of  the  President  of  the  Senate,  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives shall  exercise  the  executive  powers  of  the  government  until 
the  removal  of  the  disability,  or  the  election  and  qualification  of  a  Gov- 
ernor. 

Par.  IX.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  provide  by  law 
for  filling  unexpired  terms  by  special  elections. 

Par.  X.  The  Governor  shall,  before  he  enters  on  the  duties  of  his 
office    t^ke  the  following  oath  or  affirmation:     "I  do  solemnly  swear 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  477 

(or  affii-m,  as  the  case  may  be),  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office 
of  Governor  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability, 
preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  constitution  thereof,  and  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  of  America." 

Par.  XI.  The  Governor  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army 
and  navy  of  this  State,  and  of  the  militia  thereof. 

Par.  XII.  He  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  to 
commute  penalties,  remove  disabilities  imposed  by  law,  and  to  remit 
any  part  of  a  sentence  for  offences  against  the  State,  after  conviction, 
except  in  cases  of  treason  and  impeachment,  subject  to  such  regulations 
as  may  be  provided  by  law  relative  to  the  manner  of  applying  for  par- 
dons. Upon  conviction  for  treason  he  may  suspend  the  execution  of 
the  sentence  and  report  the  case  to  the  General  Assembly  at  the  next 
meeting  thereof,  when  the  General  Assemby  shall  either  pardon,  com- 
mute the  sentence,  direct  its  execution  or  grant  a  further  reprieve.  He 
shall,  at  each  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  communicate  to  that 
body  each  case  of  reprieve,  pardon  or  commutation  granted,  stating  the 
name  of  the  convict,  the  offence  for  which  he  was  convicted,  the  sen- 
tence and  its  date,  the  date  of  the  reprieve,  pardon  or  commutation,  and 
the  reasons  for  granting  the  same.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  are 
faithfully  executed,  and  shall  be  a  conservator  of  the  peace  throughout 

the  State. 

Par.  XIII.  He  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  all  vacancies  that 
may  happen  in  the  Senate  or  House  of  Kepresentatives,  and  shall  give 
the"  General  Assembly,  from  time  to  time,  information  of  the  state  of  the 
commonw^ealth,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as 
he  may  deem  necessary  or  expedient.  He  shall  have  power  to  convoke 
the  General  Assmbly  on  extraordinary  occasions,  but  no  law  shall  be 
enacted  at  call  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  except  such  as  shall 
relate  to  the  object  stated  in  his  proclamation  convening  them. 

Par.  XIV.  When  any  office  shall  become  vacant,  by  death,  resigna- 
tion or  otherwise,  the  Governor  shall  have  power  to  fill  such  vacancy, 
unless  otherwise  provided  by  law;  and  pei-sons  so  appointed  shall  con- 
tinue in  office  until  a  successor  is  commissioned,  agreeably  to  the  mode 
pointed  out  in  the  constitution,  or  by  law  in  pursuance  thereof. 

Par.  XV.  A  person  once  rejected  by  the  Senate  shall  not  be  reap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  to  the  same  office  during  the  same  session  or 
the  recess  thereafter. 

Par.  XVI.  The  Governor  shall  have  the  revision  of  all  bills  passed 
by  the  General  Assembly,  before  the  same  shall  become  laws,  but  two- 
thirds  of  each  House  may  ])ass  a  law,  notwithstanding  his  dissent;  and 
if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  Governor  within  five  days  (Sun- 
days excepted)  after  it  has  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a 
law,  unless  the  General  Assembly,  by  their  adjournment,  shall  prevent 
its  return.  He  may  approve  any  appropriation,  and  disapprove  any 
other  appropriation,  in  the  same  bill,  and  the  latter  shall  not  be  cffectunl. 
unless  passed  by  two-thirds  of  each  House. 

Par.  XVn.  Every  vote,  resolution  or  order,  to  which   the  concur- 
21  ga 


478  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

rence  of  both  Houses  may  be  necessary,  except  on  a  question  of  election 
or  adjournment,  shall  be  presented  to  the  Governor,  and  before  it  shall 
take  effect  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed 
by  two-thirds  of  each  House. 

Par.  XVIII.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the  of- 
ficers in  the  Executive  Department  on  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties 
of  their  respective  offices.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor,  quar- 
terly, and  of  tener  if  he  deems  it  expedient,  to  examine,  under  oath,  the 
Treasurer  and  Comptroller-General  of  the  State  on  all  matters  pertain- 
ing to  their  respective  offices,  and  to  inspect  and  review  their  books  and 
accounts.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  authority  to  provide  by  law 
for  the  suspension  of  either  of  said  officers  from  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  his  office,  and  also  for  the  appointment  of  a  suitable  person  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  the  same. 

Par.  XIX.  The  Governor  shall  have  power  to  appoint  his  own  Sec- 
retaries, not  exceeding  two  in  number,  and  to  provide  such  other  clerical 
force  as  may  be  required  in  his  office,  but  the  total  cost  for  Secretaries 
and  clerical  force  in  his  office  shall  not  exceed  six  thousand  dollars  per 
annum. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Secretary  of  State,  Comptroller-General  and  Treas- 
urer shall  be  elected  by  the  persons  qualified  to  vote  for  members  of  the 
General  Assembly,  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
Governor.  The  provision  of  the  constitution  as  to  the  transmission  of 
the  returns  of  election,  counting  the  votes,  declaring  the  result,  deciding 
when  there  is  no  election  and  when  there  is  a  contested  election,  appli- 
cable to  the  election  of  Governor,  shall  apply  to  the  election  of  Secre- 
tary of  State,  Comptroller-General  and  Treasurer;  they  shall  be  com- 
missioned by  the  Governor  and  hold  their  office  for  the  same  time  as  the 
Governor. 

Par.  II.  The  salary  of  the  Treasurer  shall  not  exceed  two  thousand 
dollars  per  annum.  The  clerical  expenses  of  his  department  shall  not 
exceed  sixteen  hundred  dollars  per  annum. 

Par.  III.  The  salary  of  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  not  exceed  twa 
thousand  dollars  per  annum,  and  the  clerical  expenses  of  his  department 
shall  not  exceed  one  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

Par.  TV.  The  salary  of  the  Comptroller-General  shall  not  exceed  twa 
thousand  dollars  per  annum.  The  clerical  expenses  of  his  department 
including  the  Insurance  Department  and  Wild  Land  Clerk,  shall  not 
exceed  four  thousand  dollars  per  annum ;  and  without  said  clerk,  it  shall 
not  exceed  three  thousand  dollars  per  annum. 

Par.  Y.  The  Treasurer  shall  not  be  allowed,  directly  or  indirectly,  to 
receive  any  fee,  interest  or  reward  from  any  person,  bank  or  corporation 
for  the  deposit  or  use,  in  any  manner  of  the  public  funds  and  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  shall  enforce  this  provision  by  suitable  penalties. 

Par.  YI.  ISTo  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  479 

Comptroller-General,  or  Treasurer,  unless  lie  shall  have  been  a  citizen 
of  the  United  States  for  ten  years,  and  shall  have  resided  in  this  State 
for  sLx  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  shall  be  twenty-five  years 
of  age  when  elected.  All  of  said  officers  shall  give  bond  and  security, 
under  regulations  to  be  prescribed  by  law,  for  the  faithful  discharge  of 
their  duties. 

Par.  Vn.  The  Secretary  of  State,  the  Comptroller-General  and  the 
Treasurer  shall  not  be  allowed  any  fees,  perquisite  or  compensation 
other  than  their  salaries,  as  prescribed  by  law,  except  their  necessary 
expenses  when  absent  from  the  seat  of  government  on  business  for  the 
State. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  shall  be  deposited  in  the 
office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  shall  not  be  affixed  to  any  instru- 
ment of  writing  except  by  order  of  the  Governor,  or  General  Assembly, 
and  that  now  in  use  shall  be  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  until  otherwise 
provided  by  law.  ' 

AETICLE  YI. 
JUDICIAKY. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  The  judicial  powers  of  this  State  shall  be  vested  in  a 
Supreme  Court,  Superior  Courts,  Courts  of  Ordinary,  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  commissioned  Notaries  Public,  and  other  Courts,  as  have  been 
or  may  be  established  by  law. 

Section  H. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  consist  of  a  Chief  Justice  and 
two  Associate  Justices.  A  majority  of  the  Court  shall  constitute  a  quo- 
rum. 

Par.  n.  When  one  or  more  of  the  Judges  are  disqualified  from  de- 
rnfling  any  case,  by  interest  or  othenvise,  the  Governor  shall  designate  a 
Judge,  or  Judges,  of  the  Superior  Courts  to  preside  in  said  case. 

Par.  m.  'No  Judge  of  any  Court  shall  preside  in  any  case  where  the 
validity  of  any  bond — Federal,  State,  corporation  or  municipal — is  in- 
volved, who  holds  in  his  own  right,  or  as  the  representative  of  others, 
any  material  interests  in  the  class  of  bonds  upon  which  the  question  to 
be  decided  arises. 

Par.  IV.  The  Chief  Justice  and  Associate  Justices  shall  hold  their 
office  for  six  years,  and  until  their  successors  are  qualified.  A  successor 
to  the  incumbent  whoso  term  will  soonest  expire  shall  be  elected  by  the 


480  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

General  Assembly  in  1880;  a  successor  to  the  incumbent  whose  term  of 
office  is  next  in  duration  shall  be  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  in 
1882;  and  a  successor  to  the  third  incumbent  shall  be  elected  by  the 
General  Assembly  in  1884;  but  appointments  to  fill  vacancies  shall  only 
be  for  the  unexpired  term,  or  until  such  vacancies  are  filled  by  elections, 
agreeably  to  the  mode  pointed  out  by  this  constitution. 

Par.  V.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  no  original  jurisdiction,  but 
shall  be  a  Court  alone  for  the  trial  and  correction  of  errors  from  the 
Superior  Courts,  and  from  the  City  Courts  of  Atlanta  and  Savannah, 
and  such  other  like  Courts  as  may  be  hereafter  established  in  other 
cities;  and  shall  sit  at  the  seat  of  government,  at  such  time  in  each  year 
as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law,  for  the  trial  and  determination  of  writs 
of  error  from  said  Superior  and  City  Courts. 

Par.  VI.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  dispose  of  every  case  at  the  first 
or  second  term  after  such  writ  of  error  is  brought;  and  in  case  the 
plaintiff  in  error  shall  not  be  prepared  at  the  first  term  to  prosecute  tlie 
case — unless  prevented  by  providential  cause — it  shall  be  stricken  from 
the  docket,  and  the  judgment  below  shall  stand  aflSrmed. 

Par.  VII.  In  any  case  the  Court  may,  in  its  discretion,  withhold  its 
judgment  until  the  next  term  after  the  same  is  argued. 

Par.  VIII.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  Ivereafter  consist  of  a  Chief 
Justice  and  five  Associate  Justices.  The  Court  shall  have  power  to  hear 
and  determine  cases  when  sitting,  either  in  a  body  or  in  two  divisions  of 
three  Judges  each,  under  such  regulations  as  may  he  prescribed  hy  the 
General  Assembly.  A  majority  of  either  division  shall  constitute  a  quo- 
rum for  that  division.  The  Chief  Justice  and  the  Associate  Justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  hereafter  he  elected  hy  the  people  at  the  same 
time  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  Governor  and  the  State  house 
officers  are  elected,  except  that  the  first  election  under  this  amendment 
shall  he  held  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  December,  1896,  at  luhich 
time  one  Associate  Justice  shall  he  elected  for  a  full  term  of  six  years, 
to  fill  the  vacancy  occurring  on  January  1st,  1897,  hy  the  expiration 
of  the  term  of  one  of  the  present  incumbents,  and  three  additional  As- 
sociate Justices  shall  he  elected  for  terms  expiring  respectively,  January 
1st,  1899,  January  1st,  1901,  and  January  1st,  1903.  The  persons 
elected  as  additional  Associate  Justices  shall  among  themselves  deter- 
mine by  lot  which  of  the  three  last  mentioned  terms  each  shall  have, 
and  they  shall  be  commissioned  accordingly. 

After  said  first  election,  all  terms  (except  unexpired  terms)  shall  be 
for  six  years  each.  In  case  of  any  vacancy  which  causes  an  unexpired 
term,  the  same  shall  he  filled  hy  executive  appointment,  and  the  person 
appointed  hy  the  Governor  shall  hold  his  office  until  the  next  regular 
election,  and  until  his  successor  for  the  balance  of  the  unexpired  term 
shall  have  been  elected  and  qualified.  The  returns  of  said  special  elec- 
tion shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  State. 

(Approved  December  16,  1895.) 


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GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AXD    INDUSTRIAL.  433 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  for  each 
Judicial  Circuit,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years,  and  until  his 
successor  is  qualified.  He  may  act  in  other  circuits  when  authorized 
by  law. 

Par.  II.  The  successors  to  the  present  incumbents  shall  be  elected  by 
the  General  Assembly  as  follows:  To  the  half  (as  near  as  may  be)  whose 
commissions  are  the  oldest,  in  the  year  1878;  and  to  the  others  in  the 
year  1880.  All  subsequent  elections  shall  be  at  the  session  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  next  preceding  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of  incumbents, 
except  elections  to  fill  vacancies.  The  day  of  election  may  be  fixed  by 
the  General  Assembly. 

Par.  III.  The  terms  of  the  Judges  to  be  elected  under  the  constitu- 
tion (except  to  fill  vacancies)  shall  begin  on  the  first  day  of  January 
after  their  elections.  But  if  the  time  for  the  meeting  of  the  General 
Assembly  shall  be  changed,  the  General  Assembly  may  change  the  time 
when  the  terms  of  Judges  thereafter  elected  shall  begin. 

Section  IV. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Superior  Courts  shall  have  exclusive  jurisdiction 
in  cases  of  divorce;  in  criminal  cases  where  the  offender  is  subjected  to 
loss  of  life,  or  confinement  in  the  penitentiary;  in  cases  respecting  titles 
to  land  and  equity  cases. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  may  confer  upon  the  Courts  of  com- 
mon law  all  the  powers  heretofore  exercised  by  Courts  of  Equity  in  this 
State. 

Par.  III.  Said  Courts  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases,  except 
as  hereinafter  provided. 

Par.  IV.  They  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction  in  all  such  cases  as 
may  be  provided  by  law. 

Par.  V.  They  shall  have  power  to  correct  errors  in  inferior  judica- 
tories by  writ  of  certiorari,  which  shall  only  issue  on  the  sanction  of 
the  Judge;  and  said  Courts  and  the  Judges  thereof  shall  have  power  to 
issue  writs  of  mandamus,  prohibition,  scire  facias,  and  all  other  writs 
that  may  be  necessary  for  carrying  their  powers  fully  into  effect,  and 
shall  have  such  other  powers  as  are  or  may  be  conferred  on  them  by 
law. 

Par.  VI.  The  General  Assembly  may  provide  for  an  appeal  from 
one  jury,  in  the  Superior  Courts  and  City,  to  another,  and  the  said 
Court  may  grant  new  trials  on  legal  grounds. 

Par,  VII.  The  Court  shall  render  judgment  Avithout  the  verdict  of  a 
jury  in  all  civil  cases  founded  on  unconditional  contracts  in  writing, 
where  an  issuable  defense  is  not  filed  under  oath  or  affinnation. 

Par.  VIII.  The  Superior  Courts  shall  sit  in  each  county  not  less  than 
twice  in  each  year,  at  such  times  as  have  been  or  may  be  appointed  by 
law. 


484  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Par.  IX.  The  General  Assembly  may  provide  by  law  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  some  proper  person  to  preside  in  cases  where  the  presiding 
Judge  is,  from  any  cause,  disqualified. 

Section  Y. 

Paragraph  I.  In  any  county  within  which  there  is,  or  hereafter  may 
be,  a  City  Court,  the  Judge  of  said  Court,  and  of  the  Superior  Court, 
may  preside  in  the  Courts  of  each  other  in  cases  where  the  Judge  of 
either  Court  is  disqualified  to  preside. 

Section  VI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  powers  of  a  Court  of  Ordinary,  and  of  Probate, 
shall  be  vested  in  an  Ordinary  for  each  county,  from  whose  decision 
there  may  be  an  appeal  (or,  by  consent  of  parties,  without  a  decision) 
to  the  Superior  Court,  under  regulations  prescribed  by  law. 

Par.  11.  The  Courts  of  Ordinary  shall  have  such  powers  in  relation 
to  roads,  bridges,  ferries,  public  buildings,  paupers,  county  ofiicers, 
county  funds,  county  taxes,  and  other  county  matters  as  may  be  con- 
ferred on  them  by  law. 

Par.  III.  The  Ordinary  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of  four  years, 
and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified. 

Section  YII. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  in  each  militia  district  one  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  whose  official  term,  except  when  elected  to  fill  an  imexpired 
term,  shall  be  four  years. 

Par.  II.  Justices  of  the  Peace  shall  have  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases, 
arising  ex  contractu,  and  in  cases  of  injury  or  damage  to  personal  prop- 
erty, when  the  principal  sum  does  not  exceed  one  hundred  dollars,  and 
shall  sit  monthly  at  fixed  times  and  places;  but  in  all  cases  there  may 
be  an  appeal  to  a  jury  in  said  Court,  or  an  appeal  to  the  Superior  Court, 
under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Par.  III.  Justices  of  the  Peace  shall  be  elected  by  the  legal  voters  in 
their  respective  districts,  and  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  Governor. 
They  shall  be  removable  on  conviction  for  malpractice  in  office. 

Section  YTH.. 

Paragraph  I.  Commissioned  ISTotaries  Public,  not  to  exceed  one  for 
each  militia  district,  may  be  appointed  by  the  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Courts,  in  their  respective  circuits,  upon  recommendation  of  the  grand 
juries  of  the  several  counties.  They  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  Gov- 
ernor for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  shall  be  ex  officio  Justices  of  the 
Peace,  and  shall  be  removable  on  conviction  for  malpractice  in  office. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  435 

Section  IX. 

Paragraph  I.  The  jurisdiction,  powers,  proceedings  and  practice  of 
all  Courts  or  officers  invested  with  judicial  powers  (except  City  Courts), 
of  the  same  grade  or  class,  so  far  as  regulated  by  law,  and  the  force  and 
effect  of  the  process,  judgment  and  decree,  by  such  Courts,  severally, 
shall  be  uniform.  This  uniformity  must  be  established  by  the  General 
Assembly. 

Section  X. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  an  Attorney-General  of  this  State,  who 
shall  be  elected  by  the  people  at  the  same  time,  for  the  same  term  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  Governor. 

Par.  n.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Solicitor-General  to  represent  the 
legal  adviser  of  the  Executive  Department,  to  represent  the  State  in  the 
Supreme  Court  in  all  capital  felonies;  and  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases 
in  any  Court  when  required  by  the  Governor,  and  to  perform  such  other 
services  as  shall  be  required  of  him  by  law. 

Section  XI. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  a  Solicitor-General  for  each  judicial 
circuit,  whose  official  term,  except  when  commissioned  to  fill  an  unex- 
pired term,  shall  be  four  years. 

Par.  II.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Solicitor-General  to  represent  the 
State  in  all  cases  in  the  Superior  Courts  of  his  circuit,  and  in  all  cases 
taken  up  from  his  circuit  to  the  Supreme  Court,  and  to  perform  such 
other  services  as  shall  be  required  of  him  by  law. 

Section  XII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Superior  Courts  and 
Solicitors-General  shall  be  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  in  joint  ses- 
sion, on  such  day  or  days  as  shall  be  fixed  by  joint  resolution  of  both 
Houses.  At  the  session  of  the  General  Assembly  which  is  held  next 
before  the  expiration  of  the  terms  of  the  present  incumbents,  as  pro- 
vided in  this  constitution,  their  successors  shall  be  chosen;  and  the  same 
shall  apply  to  the  election  of  those  who  shall  succeed  them.  Vacancies 
occasioned  by  death,  resignation  or  other  cause  shall  be  filled  by  ap- 
pointment of  the  Governor,  until  the  General  Assembly  shall  convene, 
when  an  election  shall  be  held  to  fill  the  unexpired  portion  of  the  vacant 
terms. 

Section  XIII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have,  out  of  the 
Treasury  of  the  State,  salaries  not  to  exceed  throe  thousand  dollars  per 
annum;  the  Judges  of  the  Superior  Courts  shall  have  salaries  not  to  ex- 
ceed two  thousand  dollars  per  annum;  the  Attorney-General  shall  have 


486  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

SL  salary  not  to  exceed  two  thousand  dollars  per  annum;  and  tlie  So- 
licitors-General shall  each  have  salaries  not  to  exceed  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  per  annum;  but  the  Attorney-General  shall  not  have  any 
fee  or  perquisite  in  any  cases  arising  after  the  adoption  of  this  consti- 
tution; but  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  not  affect  the  salaries  of 
those  now  in  office. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  may,  at  any  time,  by  a  two-thirds 
vote  of  each  branch,  prescribe  other  and  different  salaries  for  any,  or  all, 
of  the  above  officers,  but  no  such  change  shall  affect  the  officers  then  in 
commission. 

Section  XIY. 

Paragraph  I.  'No  person  shall  be  Judge  of  the  Supreme  or  Superior 
Courts,  or  Attorney-General,  unless,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  he  sliall 
have  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  shall  have  been  a  citizen  of 
the  State  three  years,  and  have  practiced  law  for  seven  years;  and  no 
person  shall  be  hereafter  elected  Solicitor-General,  unless,  at  the  time 
of  his  election,  he  shall  have  attained  twenty-five  years  of  age,  shall  have 
been  a  citizen  of  the  State  for  three  years,  and  shall  have  practiced  law 
for  three  years  next  preceding  his  election. 

Section  XV. 

Paragraph  I.  ISTo  total  divorce  shall  be  granted,  except  on  the  con- 
current verdicts  of  two  juries  at  different  terms  of  the  Court. 

Par.  II,  When  a  divorce  is  granted,  the  jury  rendering  the  final  ver- 
dict shall  determine  the  rights  and  disabilities  of  the  parties. 

Section  XYI. 

Paragraph  I.  Divorce  cases  shall  be  brought  in  the  county  where  the 
defendant  resides,  if  a  resident  of  this  State;  if  the  defendant  be  not  a 
resident  of  this  State,  then  in  the  county  in  which  the  plaintiff  resides. 

Par.  II.  Cases  respecting  titles  to  land  shall  be  tried  in  the  county 
where  the  land  lies,  except  where  a  single  tract  is  divided  by  a  county 
line,  in  which  case  the  Superior  Court  of  either  county  shall  have  juris- 
diction. 

Par.  III.  Equity  cases  shall  be  tried  in  the  county  where  a  defendant 
resides  against  whom  substantial  relief  is  prayed. 

Par.  TV.  Suits  against  joint  obligors,  joint  promisors,  copartners  or 
joint  trespassers,  residing  in  different  counties,  may  be  tried  in  either 
county. 

Par.  Y.  Suits  against  the  maker  and  indorser  of  promissory  notes,  or 
drawer,  acceptor  and  indorser  of  foreign  or  inland  bills  of  exchange,  or 
like  instruments,  residing  in  different  counties,  shall  be  brought  in  the 
county  where  the  maker  or  acceptor  resides. 

Par.  YI.  All  other  civil  cases  shall  be  tried  in  the  county  where  the 
defendant  resides,  and  all  criminal  cases  shall  be  tried  in  the  county 


489 

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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  489 

where  tlie  crime  was  committed,  except  cases  in  the  Superior  Courts 
where  the  Judge  is  satisfied  that  an  impartial  jury  cannot  be  obtained  in 
such  county. 

Section  XVII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  power  to  change  the  venue  in  civil  and  criminal 
cases  shall  be  vested  in  the  Superior  Courts,  to  be  exercised  in  such  man- 
ner as  has  been,  or  shall  be,  provided  by  law. 

Section  x^^:II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury,  except  where  it  is  otherwise 
provided  in  this  constitution,  shall  remain  inviolate,  but  the  General 
Assembly  may  prescribe  any  number  not  less  than  five,  to  constitute 
a  trial  or  traverse  jury  in  Courts  other  than  the  Superior  and  City 
Courts. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  selection 
of  the  most  experienced,  intelligent  and  upright  men  to  serve  as  grand 
jurors,  and  intelligent  and  upright  men  to  serve  as  traverse  jurors.  Nev- 
ertheless, the  grand  jurors  shall  be  competent  to  serve  as  traverse  jurors. 

Par.  III.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly,  by  general 
laws,  to  prescribe  the  manner  of  fijxing  compensation  of  jurors  in  all 
counties  in  this  State. 

Section  XIX. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  provide  for 
the  creation  of  County  Commissioners  in  such  counties  as  may  require 
them,  and  to  define  their  duties. 

Section  XX. 

ParagTaph  I.  All  Courts  not  specially  mentioned  by  name  in  the  first 
section  of  this  article  may  be  abolished  in  any  county,  at  the  discretion 
of  the  General  Assembly. 

Section  XXL 

Paragraph  I.  The  costs  in  the  Supreme  Court  shall  not  exceed  ten 
dollars,  unless  otherwise  provided  by  law.  Plaintiffs  in  error  shall  not 
be  required  to  pay  costs  in  said  Court  when  the  usual  pauper  oath  is  filed 
in  the  Court  below. 

ARTICLE  VIL 

FINANCE,  TAXATION  AND  PUBLIC  DEBT. 
Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  'J'lio  powers  of  taxation  over  the  whole  State  slinll  bo 
exercised  by  the  General  Assembly  for  the  following  purposes  only: 


490  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

For  the  support  of  the  State  Government  and  the  public  institutions. 

For  educational  purposes,  in  instructing  children  in  the  elementary 
branches  of  an  English  education  only. 

To  pay  the  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

To  pay  the  principal  of  the  public  debt. 

To  suppress  insurrection,  to  repel  invasion,  and  defend  the  State  in 
time  of  vi^ar. 

To  supply  the  soldiers  who  lost  a  limb,  or  limbs,  in  the  mihtary  ser- 
vice of  the  Confederate  States  with  substantial  artificial  limbs  during 
life;  and  to  make  suitable  provisions  for  such  Confederate  soldiers  a& 
may  have  otherwise  been  disabled  or  permanently  injured  in  such  ser- 
vice, or  who  by  reason  of  age  and  poverty,  or  infirmity  and  poverty,  or 
blindness  and  poverty,  are  unable  to  provide  a  living  for  themselves; 
and  for  the  widows  of  such  Confederate  soldiers  as  may  have  died  in 
the  service  of  the  Confederate  States,  or  since  from  wounds  received 
therein,  or  disease  contracted  in  the  service ;  provided,  that  the  act  shall 
only  apply  to  such  widows  as  were  married  at  the  time  of  such  service 
and  have  remained  unmarried  since  the  death  of  such  soldier  husband. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  All  taxation  shall  be  uniform  upon  the  same  class  of 
subjects,  and  ad  valorem  on  all  property  subject  to  be  taxed  within  the 
territorial  limits  of  the  authority  levying  the  tax,  and  shall  be  levied  and 
collected  under  general  laws.  The  General  Assembly  may,  however, 
impose  a  tax  on  such  domestic  animals  as,  from  their  nature  and  habits, 
are  destructive  of  other  property. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  may,  by  law,  exempt  from  taxation 
all  public  property,  places  of  religious  worship  or  burial;  all  institutions 
of  purely  public  charity;  all  buildings  erected  for  and  used  as  a  college, 
incorporated  academy,  or  other  seminary  of  learning;  the  real  and  per- 
sonal estate  of  any  public  library,  and  that  of  any  other  literary  asso- 
ciation, used  by  or  connected  with  such  library;  all  books  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus;  and  all  paintings  and  statuary  of  any  company  or 
association,  kept  in  a  public  hall  and  not  held  as  merchandise,  or  for 
purpose  of  sale  or  gain;  provided,  the  property  so  exempted  be  not 
used  for  purposes  of  private  or  corporate  profit  or  income. 

Par.  III.  'No  poll  tax  shall  be  levied  except  for  educational  purposes, 
and  such  tax  shall  not  exceed  one  dollar  annually  upon  each  poll. 

Par.  IV.  All  laws  exempting  property  from  taxation,  other  than  the 
property  herein  enumerated,  shall  be  void. 

Par.  Y.  The  power  to  tax  corporations  and  corporate  property  shall 
not  be  surrendered  or  suspended  by  any  contract  or  grant  to  which  the 
State  shall  be  a  party. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  No  debt  shall  be  contracted  by  or  on  behalf  of  the  State, 
except  to  supply  casual  deficiences  of  revenue,  to  repel  invasion,  sup- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  491 

press  insurrection,  and  defend  the  State  in  time  of  war,  or  to  pay  the 
existing  public  debt;  but  the  debt  created  to  supply  deficicnces  in  reve- 
nue shall  not  exceed,  in  the  aggi'egate,  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Section  IV. 

Paragraph  I.  All  laws  authorizing  the  borrowing  of  money  by  or  on 
behalf  of  the  State  shall  specify  the  purposes  for  which  the  money  is  to 
be  used,  and  the  money  so  obtained  shall  be  used  for  the  purposes  spe- 
cified, and  for  no  other. 

Section  Y. 

Paragraph  I.  The  credit  of  the  State  shall  not  be  pledged  or  loaned 
to  any  individual,  company,  corporation  or  association,  and  the  State 
shall  not  become  a  joint  owner  or  stockholder  in  any  company,  associ- 
ation or  corporation. 

Section  VI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  authorize  any  county, 
municipal  corporation  or  political  division  of  this  State  to  become  a 
stockholder  in  any  company,  corporation  or  association  or  to  appropri- 
ate money  for,  or  to  loan  its  credit  to  any  corporation,  company,  asso- 
ciation, institution  or  individual,  except  for  purely  charitable  purposes. 
This  restriction  shall  not  operate  to  prevent  the  support  of  schools  by 
municipal  corporations  within  their  respective  limits;  provided,  that  if 
any  municipal  corporation  shall  offer  to  the  State  any  property  for  lo- 
cating or  building  a  capitol,  and  the  State  accepts  such  offer,  the  cor- 
poration may  comply  with  such  offer. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  have  power  to  delegate  to 
any  county  the  right  to  levy  a  tax  for  any  purpose,  except  for  educa- 
tional purposes  in  instructing  children  in  the  elementary  branches  of  an 
English  education  only;  to  build  and  repair  the  public  buildings  and 
bridges;  to  maintain  and  support  prisoners;  to  pay  jurors  and  coroners, 
and  for  litigation,  quarantine,  roads  and  expenses  of  Courts;  to  support 
paupers  and  pay  debts  heretofore  existing. 

Section  Yll. 

Paragraph  I.  The  debt  hereafter  incurred  by  any  county,  municipal 
corporation  or  political  division  of  this  State,  except  as  in  this  consti- 
tution provided  for,  shall  never  exceed  seven  per  centum  of  the  assessed 
value  of  all  the  taxal)le  property  therein;  and  no  such  county,  munici- 
pality or  division  shall  incur  any  new  debt,  except  for  a  temporary  loan 
or  loans  to  supply  casual  deficiencies  of  revenue,  not  to  exceed  one-fifth 
of  one  per  centum  of  the  assessed  value  of  taxable  property  therein, 
withont  the  as.sont  of  two-thirds  of  the  qualified  voters  thereof,  at  an 
election  for  that  purpose,  to  be  held  as  may  bo  prescribed  by  law;  but 


492  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

any  city,  tlie  debt  of  which  does  not  exceed  seven  per  centum  of  the 
assessed  value  of  the  taxable  property  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of 
this  constitution,  may  be  authorized  by  law  to  increase,  at  any  time,  the 
amount  of  said  debt,  three  per  centum  upon  such  assessed  valuation. 

Par.  II.  Any  county,  municipal  corporation  or  political  division  of 
this  State,  which  shall  incur  any  bonded  indebtedness  under  the  provi- 
sions of  this  constitution,  shall,  at  or  before  the  time  of  so  doing,  pro- 
vide for  the  assessment  and  collection  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  in 
amount  to  pay  the  principal  and  interest  of  said  debt  within  thirty  years 
from  the  date  of  the  incurring  of  said  indebtedness. 

Section  YIII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  State  shall  not  assume  the  debt,  nor  any  part  there- 
of, of  any  county,  municipal  corporation,  or  political  division  of  the 
State,  unless  such  debt  shall  be  contracted  to  enable  the  State  to  re])e] 
invasion,  suppress  insurrection,  or  defend  itself  in  time  of  war. 

Section  IX. 

Paragraph  I.  The  receiving,  directly  or  indirectly,  by  any  officer  of 
the  State  or  county,  or  member  or  officer  of  the  General  Assembly,  of 
any  interests,  profits  or  perquisites  arising  from  the  use  or  loan  of  public 
funds  in  his  hands,  or  moneys  to  be  raised  through  his  agency  for  State 
or  county  purposes,  shall  be  deemed  a  felony,  and  punishable  as  may  be 
prescribed  by  law,  a  part  of  which  punishment  shall  be  a  disqualifica- 


tion from  holding  office. 


Section  X. 


Paragraph  I.  Municipal  corporations  shall  not  incur  any  debt  until 
provision  therefor  shall  have  been  made  by  the  municipal  government. 

Section  XI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  authority  to  ap- 
propriate money,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  to  pay  the  whole  or  any 
part  of  the  principal  or  interest  of  the  bonds,  or  other  obligations, 
which  have  been  pronounced  illegal,  null  and  void  by  the  General  As- 
sembly, and  the  constitutional  amendments  ratified  by  a  vote  of  the  peo- 
ple on  the  first  day  of  May,  1877;  nor  shall  the  General  Assembly  have 
authority  to  pay  any  of  the  obligations  created  by  the  State  under  laws 
passed  during  the  late  war  between  the  States,  nor  any  of  the  bonds, 
notes  or  obligations  made  and  entered  into  during  the  existence  of  said 
war,  the  time  for  the  payment  of  which  was  fixed  after  the  ratification 
of  a  treaty  of  peace  between  the  United  States  and  the  Confederate 
States;  nor  shall  the  General  Assembly  pass  any  law,  or  the  Governor, 
or  other  State  official  enter  into  any  contract  or  agreement,  whereby 
the  State  shall  be  made  a  party  to  any  suit  in  any  Court  of  this  State, 
or  of  the  United  States,  instituted  to  test  the  validity  of  any  such  bonds 
or  obligations. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  493 

Section  XII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  bonded  debt  of  the  State  shall  never  be  increased, 
except  to  repel  invasion,  suppress  insurrection,  or  defend  the  State  in 
time  of  "war. 

Section  XIII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic, 
Macon  and  Brunswick,  or  other  railroads,  held  by  the  State,  and  any 
other  property  owned  by  the  State,  whenever  the  General  Assembly 
may  authorize  the  sale  of  the  whole  or  any  part  thereof,  shall  be  ap- 
plied to  the  payment  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  State,  and  shall  not  be 
used  for  any  other  purpose  whatever,  so  long  as  the  State  has  any  exist- 
ing bonded  debt;  provided,  that  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  Railroad  shall  be  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  bonds  for 
which  said  railroad  has  been  mortgaged,  in  preference  to  all  other  bonds. 

Section  XIV. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  raise,  by  taxation,  each 
year,  in  addition  to  the  sum  required  to  pay  the  public  expenses  and 
interest  on  the  public  debt,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
which  shall  be  held  as  a  sinking  fund,  to  pay  off  and  retire  the  bonda 
of  the  State  which  have  not  yet  matured,  and  shall  be  applied  to  no 
other  purpose  whatever.  If  the  bonds  cannot  at  any  time  be  purchased 
at  or  below  par,  then  the  sinking  fund,  herein  provided  for,  may  bo 
loaned  by  the  Governor  and  Treasurer  of  the  State;  provided,  the  secu- 
rity which  shall  be  demanded  for  said  loan  shall  consist  only  of  the  valid 
bonds  of  the  State;  but  this  section  shall  not  take  effect  until  the  eight 
per  cent,  currency  bonds,  issued  under  the  act  of  February  the  19  th, 
1873,  shall  have  been  paid. 

Section  XV. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Comptroller-General  and  Treasurer  shall  each  make 
to  the  Governor  a  quarterly  report  of  the  financial  condition  of  the  State, 
which  report  shall  include  a  statement  of  the  assets,  liabilities  and  in- 
come of  the  State,  and  expenditures  therefor,  for  three  months  pre- 
ceding; and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor  to  carefully  examino 
the  same  by  himself,  or  through  competent  persons  connected  with  hia 
department,  and  cause  an  abstract  thereof  to  be  published  for  tlie  in- 
formation of  the  people,  which  abstract  shall  be  indorsed  by  him  as  hav- 
ing been  examined. 

Section  XVI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not,  by  vote,  resolution  or 
order,  grant  any  donation,  or  gratuity,  in  favor  of  any  person,  corpora- 
tion or  association. 


494  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  grant  or  authorize  extra 
compensation  to  any  public  officer,  agent  or  contractor,  after  the  service 
has  been  rendered,  or  the  contract  entered  into. 

Section  XVII. 

Paragraph  I.  The  office  of  the  State  Printer  shall  cease  with  the  ex- 
piration of  the  term  of  the  present  incumbent,  and  the  General  Assem- 
bly shall  provide,  by  law,  for  letting  the  public  printing  to  the  lowest 
responsible  bidder,  or  bidders,  who  shall  give  adequate  and  satisfactory 
security  for  the  faithful  performance  thereof.  ]!^o  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  or  other  public  officer,  shall  be  interested,  either  directly 
or  indirectly,  in  any  such  contract. 

AETICLE  Vin. 

EDUCATION". 
Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  a  thorough  system  of  common  schools 
for  the  education  of  children  in  the  elementary  branches  of  an  English 
education  only,  as  nearly  uniform  as  practicable,  the  expenses  of  which 
shall  be  provided  for  by  taxation  or  otherwise.  The  schools  shall  be 
free  to  all  children  of  the  State,  but  separate  schools  shall  be  provided 
for  the  white  and  colored  races. 

Section  H. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  he  a  State  School  Commissioner  elected  hy 
the  people  at  the  same  time  and  manner  as  the  Governor  and  State 
house  officers  are  elected,  whose  term  of  office  shall  he  two  years,  and 
until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  His  office  shall  he  at  the 
seat  of  the  government,  and  he  shall  he  paid  a  salary  not  to  exceed  two 
thousand  dollars  ($2,000)  per  annum.  The  General  Assembly  may  sub- 
stitute for  the  State  School  Commissioner  such  officer  or  officers  as  may 
he  deemed  necessary  to  perfect  the  system  of  public  education. 

(Act  approved  December  18,  1894^.) 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  The  poll  tax,  any  educational  fund  now  belonging  to 
the  State  (except  the  endowment  of,  and  debt  due  to,  the  University  of 
Georgia),  a  special  tax  on  shows  and  exhibitions,  and  of  the  sale  of  spir- 
ituous and  malt  liquors,  which  the  General  Assembly  is  hereby  author- 
ized to  assess,  and  the  proceeds  of  any  commutation  tax  for  military 
service,  and  all  taxes  that  may  be  assessed  on  such  domestic  animals  as, 
from  their  nature  and  habits,  are  destructive  to  other  property,  are 
hereby  set  apart  and  devoted  for  the  support  of  common  schools. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  495 

Section  IV. 

Paragraph.  I.  Authority  may  be  granted  to  counties,  upon  the  recom- 
mendation of  two  grand  juries,  and  to  municipal  corporations  upon  the 
recommendation  of  the  corporate  authority,  to  establish  and  maintain 
public  schools  in  their  respective  limits,  by  local  taxation;  but  no  such 
local  laws  shall  take  effect  until  the  same  shall  have  been  submitted  to 
a  vote  of  the  qualified  voters  in  each  county  or  municipal  corporation, 
and  approved  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  persons  qualified  to  vote  at  such 
election;  and  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe  who  shall  vote  on 
such  question. 

Section  V. 

Paragraph  I.  Existing  local  school  systems  shall  not  be  affected  by 
this  constitution.  Nothing  contained  in  section  first  of  this  article  shall 
be  construed  to  deprive  schools  in  this  State,  not  common  schools,  from 
participation  in  the  educational  fund  of  the  State,  as  to  all  pupils  there- 
in taught  in  the  elementary  branches  of  an  English  education. 

Section  VI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  Trustees  of  the  University  of  Georgia  may  accept 
bequests,  donations  and  grants  of  land,  or  other  property,  for  the  use 
of  said  University.  In  addition  to  the  payment  of  the  annual  interest 
on  the  debt  due  by  the  State  to  the  University,  the  General  Assembly 
may,  from  time  to  time,  make  such  donations  thereto  as  the  condition 
of  the  treasury  will  authorize.  And  the  General  Assembly  may  also, 
from  time  to  time,  make  such  appropriations  of  money  as  the  condition 
of  the  treasury  will  authorize  to  any  college  or  university  (not  exceed- 
ing one  in  number)  now  established,  or  hereafter  to  be  established,  in 
this  State  for  the  education  of  persons  of  color. 

ARTICLE  IX. 
HOMESTEAD  AND  EXEMPTION. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  There  shall  be  exempt  from  levy  and  sale,  by  virtue 
of  any  process  whatever  under  the  laws  of  this  State,  except  as  here- 
inafter excepted,  of  the  property  of  every  head  of  a  family,  or  guardian, 
or  trustee  of  a  family  of  minor  children,  or  every  aged  or  infirm  person, 
or  persons  having  the  care  and  support  of  dependent  females  of  any  age, 
who  is  not  the  head  of  a  family,  realty  or  personalty,  or  both,  to  the 
value  in  the  aggregate  of  sixteen  hundred  dollars. 


Note — The  above  provision  of  tho.  oonstidilion  was  spocially  snbjiiitted  to  the 
people  and  ratified,  as  a  part  thereof,  by  them,  on  December  Oth,  1887. 


496  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph.  I.  ^o  Court  or  ministerial  officer  in  this  State  shall  ever 
have  jurisdiction  or  authority  to  enforce  any  judgment,  execution  or 
decree  against  the  property  set  apart  for  such  purpose,  including  such 
improvements  as  may  be  made  thereon  from  time  to  time,  except  for 
taxes,  for  the  purchase  money  of  the  same,  for  labor  done  thereon,  for 
material  furnished  therefor,  or  for  the  removal  of  incumbrances  thereon. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  The  debtor  shall  have  power  to  waive  or  renounce  in 
writing  his  right  to  the  benefit  of  the  exemption  provided  for  in  this 
article,  except  as  to  wearing  apparel,  and  not  exceeding  three  hundred 
dollars  worth  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  and  provisions  to 
be  selected  by  himself  and  wife  if  any,  and  he  shall  not  after  it  is  set 
apart,  alienate  or  encumber  the  property  so  exempted,  but  it  may  be 
sold  by  the  debtor  and  his  wife,  if  any,  jointly,  with  the  sanction  of  the 
Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  county  where  the  debtor  resides  or 
the  land  is  situated,  the  proceeds  to  be  reinvested  upon  the  same  uses. 

Section  IV. 

Paragraph  I.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide,  by  law,  as  early 
as  practicable,  for  the  setting  apart  and  valuation  of  said  property.  But 
nothing  in  this  article  shall  be  construed  to  affect  or  repeal  the  existing 
laws  for  exemption  of  property  from  sale  contained  in  the  present  Code 
of  this  State,  in  paragraphs  2040  to  2049  inclusive,  and  the  act  amenda- 
tory thereto.  It  may  be  optional  with  the  applicant  to  take  either,  but 
not  both,  of  such  exemptions. 

Section  V. 

Paragraph  I.  The  debtor  shall  have  authority  to  waive  or  renounce 
in  writing  his  right  to  the  benefit  of  the  exemption  provided  for  in  sec- 
tion four,  except  as  is  excepted  in  section  three  of  this  article. 

Section  YI. 

Paragraph  I.  The  applicant  shall,  at  any  time,  have  the  right  to  sup- 
plement his  exemption  by  adding  to  an  amount  already  set  apart,  which 
is  less  than  the  whole  amount  of  exemption  herein  allowed,  a  sufficiency 
to  make  his  exemption  equal  to  the  whole  amount. 

Section  YIT. 

Paragraph  T.  Homestead  and  exemptions  of  personal  property  which 
have  been  heretofore  set  apart  by  virtue  of  the  provisions  of  the  existing 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  499 

constitution  of  this  State,  and  in  accordance  with  the  laws  for  the  en- 
forcement thereof,  or  which  may  be  hereafter  so  set  apart,  at  any  time, 
shall  be  and  remain  valid  as  against  all  debts  and  liabilities  existing  at 
the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  to  the  same  extent  that 
they  would  have  been  had  said  existing  constitution  not  been  revised. 

Section  VIII. 

Paragraph  I.  Eights  which  have  become  vested  under  previously  ex- 
isting laws  shall  not  be  affected  by  an}i:hing  herein  contained.  In  all 
cases  in  which  homesteads  have  been  set  apart  under  the  constitution 
of  1SG8,  and  the  laws  made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  a  bona  fide  sale 
of  such  property  has  been  subsequently  made,  and  the  full  purchase 
price  thereof  paid,  all  right  of  exemption  in  such  property  by  reason  of 
its  having  been  so  set  apart,  shall  cease  in  so  far  as  it  affects  the  right 
of  the  purchaser.  In  all  such  case5,  where  a  part  only  of  the  purchase 
price  has  been  paid,  such  transactions  shall  be  governed  by  the  laws  now 
of  force  in  this  State,  in  so  far  as  they  affect  the  rights  of  the  purchaser, 
as  though  said  property  had  not  been  set  apart. 

Section  IX. 

Paragraph  I.  Parties  who  have  taken  a  homestead  of  realty  under  the 
constitution  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-eight  shall  have  the  right  to 
sell  said  homestead  and  reinvest  the  same  by  order  of  the  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Courts  of  this  State. 


AETICLE  X. 

JkHLITIA. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  T.  A  well  regulated  militia  being  essential  to  the  peace 
and  security  of  the  State,  the  General  Assembly  shall  have  authority  to 
provide  by  law  how  the  militia  of  this  State  shall  be  organized,  officered, 
trained,  armed  and  equipped,  and  of  whom  it  shall  consist. 

Par.  II.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  power  to  authorize  the 
formation  of  volunteer  companies,  and  to  provide  for  their  organization 
into  battalions,  regiments,  brigades,  divisions  and  corps,  with  such  re- 
strictions as  may  be  proscribed  by  law,  and  shall  have  authority  to  arm 
and  equip  the  same. 

Par.  in.  The  officers  and  men  of  the  militia  and  volunteer  forces 
shall  not  be  entitled  to  receive  any  pay,  rations  or  emoluments,  when  not 
in  active  service  by  authority  of  the  State. 

2-2  ga 


5Q0  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

AKTICLEXI. 

COUNTIES  AND  COUNTY  OFFICERS. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  Each  county  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  with  such  pow- 
ers and  limitations  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  All  suits  by  or  against 
a  county  shall  be  in  the  name  thereof;  and  the  metes  and  bounds  of  the 
several  counties  shall  remain  as  now  prescribed  by  law,  unless  changed 
as  hereinafter  provided. 

Par.  II.  No  new  county  shall  be  created. 

Par.  III.  County  lines  shall  not  be  changed,  unless  under  the  opera- 
tion of  a  general  law  for  that  purpose. 

Par.  IV.  No  county  site  shall  be  changed  or  removed,  except  by  a 
two-thirds  vote  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  county,  voting  at  an  elec- 
tion held  for  that  purpose,  and  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  General  As- 
sembly. 

Par.  V.  Any  county  may  be  dissolved  and  merged  with  contiguous 
counties  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  qualified  electors  of  such  county 
voting  at  an  election  held  for  that  purpose. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  county  officers  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
voters  of  their  respective  counties  or  districts,  and  shall  hold  their  of- 
fices for  two  years.  They  shall  be  removed  on  conviction  for  malpractice 
in  office,  and  no  person  shall  be  eligible  to  any  of  the  offices  referred 
to  in  this  paragraph  unless  he  shall  have  been  a  resident  of  the  county 
for  two  years  and  is  a  qualified  voter. 

Section  III. 

Paragraph  I.  Whatever  tribunal,  or  officers  may  hereafter  be  created 
by  the  General  Assembly  for  the  transaction  of  county  matters,  shall 
be  uniform  throughout  the  State,  and  of  the  same  name,  jurisdiction 
and  remedies,  except  that  the  General  Assembly  may  provide  for  the 
appointment  of  commissioners  of  roads  and  revenue  in  any  county. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

THE  LAWS  OF  GENERAL  OPERATION  IN  FORCE  IN  THIS 

STATE. 

Section  I. 

Paragraph  I.  The  laws  of  general  operation  in  this  State  are,  first, 
as  the  supreme  law:  The  constitution  of  the  United  States,  the  laws 
of  the  United  States  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made  under 
the  authority  of  the  United  States. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   lyOL'STRIAL.  501 

Par.  II.  Second.  As  next  in  authority  thereto :  this  constitution. 

Par.  in.  Third.  In  subordination  to  the  foregoing:  All  laws  now 
of  force  in  this  State,  not  inconsistent  with  this  constitution,  and  the 
ordinances  of  this  convention,  shall  remain  of  force  until  the  same  are 
modified  or  repealed  by  the  General  Assembly.  The  tax  acts  and  ap- 
propriation acts  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1877,  ajid  approved 
by  the  Governor  of  the  State,  and  not  inconsistent  with  the  constitu- 
tion, are  hereby  continued  in  force  until  altered  by  law. 

Par.  IV.  Local  and  private  acts  passed  for  the  benefit  of  counties, 
cities,  towns,  corporations  and  private  persons,  not  inconsistent  with  the 
supreme  law,  nor  with  this  constitution,  and  which  have  not  expired 
nor  been  repealed,  shall  have  the  force  of  statute  law,  subject  to  judicial 
decision  as  to  their  validity  when  passed,  and  to  any  limitations  imposed 
by  their  own  terms. 

Par.  V.  All  rights,  privileges  and  immunities  which  may  have  vested 
in,  or  accrued  to,  any  person  or  persons,  or  corporations,  in  his,  her  or 
their  own  right,  or  in  any  fiduciary  capacity,  under  and  in  \drtue  of 
any  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  or  any  judgment,  decree  or  order, 
or  other  proceeding  of  any  court  of  competent  jurisdiction  in  this  State 
heretofore  rendered,  shall  be  held  inviolate  by  all  courts  before  which 
they  may  be  brought  in  question,  unless  attacked  for  fraud. 

Par.  VI.  All  judgments,  decrees,  orders  and  other  proceedings  of 
the  several  courts  of  this  State,  heretofore  made,  within  the  limits  of 
their  several  jurisdictions,  are  hereby  ratified  and  affirmed,  subject  only 
to  revision  by  motion  for  a  new  trial,  appeal,  bill  of  review,  or  other 
proceeding,  in  conformity  with  the  law  of  force  when  they  were  made. 

Par.  VII.  The  officers  of  the  government  now  existing  shall  continue 
in  the  exercise  of  their  several  functions  until  their  successors  are  duly 
elected  or  appointed  and  qualified,  but  nothing  herein  is  to  apply  to 
any  officer  whose  office  may  be  abolished  by  this  constitution. 

Par.  Vlll.  The  ordinances  of  this  convention  shall  have  the  force 
of  laws  until  otherwise  provided  by  the  General  Assembly,  except  the 
ordinances  in  reference  to  submitting  the  homestead  and  capital  ques- 
tions to  a  vote  of  the  people,  which  ordinances,  after  being  voted  on, 
shall  have  the  effect  of  constitutional  provisions. 

j^oTK — Under  the  ordinance  of  the  convention  submittinK  the' question  of  the 
location  of  the  capital  to  the  people,  the  city  of  Atlanta  was  chosen,  December 
5th,  1877. 

ARTICLE  XIIL 

AMETsTD:NrENTS  TO  TTTE  CONSTITUTTOTT. 

Section  T. 

Paragraph  T.  Any  amendment,  or  amondnir'nta,  to  tliis  constitution 
may  he  proposed  in  the  Ronate  or  ITonso  of  Tvrjiro-ontativos,  nnd  if  tlio 
same  phnll  be  agreed  to  by  two-thinls  of  tlw  mciiibcrs  (dcclrd  to  c'ldi 
of  tho  two  Houses,  such  proposed  nntciidnicnt,  or  ainpiidmonts.  shall  bo 


502  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

entered  on  their  journals,  with  the  yeas  and  nays  taken  thereon.  And 
the  General  Assembly  shall  cause  such  amendment,  or  amendments,  to 
be  published  in  one  or  more  papers  in  each  Congressional  district  for 
two  months  previous  to  the  time  of  holding  the  next  general  election, 
and  shall  also  provide  for  a  submission  of  such  proposed  amendment, 
or  amendments,  to  the  people  at  said  next  general  election, 
and  if  the  people  shall  ratify  such  amendment,  or  amendments,  by  a 
majority  of  the  electors  qualified  to  vote  for  members  of  the  General 
Assembly,  voting  thereon,  such  amendment,  or  amendments,  shall  be- 
come a  part  of  this  constitution.  "When  more  than  one  amendment 
is  submitted  at  the  same  time,  they  shall  be  so  submitted  as  to  enable  the 
electors  to  vote  on  each  amendment  separately. 

Par.  II.  'No  convention  of  the  people  shall  be  called  by  the  General 
Assembly  to  revise,  amend  or  change  this  constitution,  unless  by  the 
concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  members  of  each  House  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly.  The  representation  in  said  convention  shall  be  based  on 
population  as  near  as  practicable. 

Section  II. 

Paragraph  I.  The  constitution  shall  be  submitted  for  ratification  or 
rejection  to  the  voters  of  the  State,  at  an  election  to  be  held  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-seven 
in  the  several  election  districts  of  this  State,  at  which  election  every  per- 
son shall  be  entitled  to  vote  who  is  entitled  to  vote  for  the  members  of 
the  General  Assembly  under  the  constitution  aaid  laws  of  force  at  the 
date  of  such  election;  said  election  to  be  held  and  conducted  as  is  now 
provided  by  law  for  holding  elections  for  members  of  the  General  As- 
sembly. All  persons  voting  at  said  election  in  favor  of  adopting  the 
constitution  shall  write  or  have  printed  on  their  ballots  the  words,  "For 
Ratification,''  and  all  persons  opposed  to  the  adoption  of  this  constitu- 
tion shall  write  or  have  printed  on  their  ballots  the  words,  "Against 
Ratification" 

Par.  II.  The  votes  cast  at  said  election  shall  be  consolidated  in  each 
of  the  counties  of  the  State  as  is  now  required  by  law  in  elections  for 
members  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  returns  thereof  made  to  the 
Governor;  and  should  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  at  said  election 
be  in  favor  of  ratification,  he  shall  declare  the  said  constitution  adopted, 
and  make  proclamation  of  the  result  of  said  election  by  publication  in 
one  or  more  newspapers  in  each  Congressional  district  of  the  State;  but 
should  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  be  against  ratification,  he  shall  in 
the  same  manner  proclaim  the  said  constitution  rejected. 

ORDINANCES. 

AN  ORDINANCE. 

Be  it  ordained  hy  the  people  of  Georgia  in  Convention  assembled : 

1st.  That  the  question  of  the  location  of  the  capital  of  this  State  be 
kept  out  of  the  constitution  to  be  adopted  by  this  convention. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL. 


503 


2d.  That  at  the  first  general  election  hereafter  held  for  members  of 
the  General  Assembly,  every  voter  may  indorse  on  his  ballot  "Atlanta'' 
or  "Milledgeville,"  and  the  one  of  these  places  receiving  the  largest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  capital  of  the  State  until  changed  by  the 
same  authority  and  in  the  same  way  that  may  be  provided  for  the  alter- 
ation of  the  constitution  that  may  be  adopted  by  the  convention, 
whether  said  constitution  be  ratified  or  rejected.  And  that  every  person 
entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  under  the  pres- 
ent constitution  and  laws  of  this  State,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  under 
this  ordinance;  and,  in  the  event  of  the  rejection  of  said  constitution, 
shall  (should)  a  majority  of  votes  cast  be  in  favor  of  Milledgeville,  then 
this  provision  to  operate  and  take  effect  as  an  amendment  to  the  present 
constitution. 

AN  OKDINANCE. 

Be  it^  ordained  by  the  people  of  Georgia  in  Convention  assembled,  and 
it  is  hereby  ordained  by  authority  of  the  same: 

1st.  That  the  article  adopted  by  this  convention  on  the  subject  of 
Homestead  and  Exemption  shall  not  form  a  part  of  this  Constitution, 
except  as  hereinafter  provided. 

2d.  At  the  election  held  for  the  ratification  or  rejection  of  this  con- 
stitution it  shall  be  lawful  for  each  voter  to  have  written  or  printed  on 
his  ballot  the  words,  '^Homestead  of  1877,"  or  the  words,  "Homestead  of 
1868." 

3d.  In  the  event  that  a  majority  of  the  ballots  so  cast  have  indorsed 
upon  them  the  words,  "Homestead  of  1877,"  then  said  article  so  adopt- 
ed by  this  convention  shall  form  a  part  of  the  constitution  submitted, 
if  the  same  is  ratified;  but  in  the  event  that  said  constitution,  so  sub- 
mitted, shall  not  be  ratified,  then  the  article  on  Homestead  and  Exemp- 
tions, so  adopted  as  aforesaid  by  this  convention,  shall  supersede  article 
seven  of  the  constitution  of  1868  on  the  subject  of  Homestead  and  Ex- 
emptions, and  form  a  part  of  this  constitution. 

4th.  If  a  majority  of  the  ballots  so  cast  as  aforesaid  shall  have  in- 
dorsed upon  them  the  words,  "Homestead  of  1868,"  then  article  seventh 
of  the  constitution  of  1868  shall  supersede  the  article  on  Homestead 
and  Exemptions  adopted  by  this  convention,  and  shall  he  incorporated 
in  and  form  (a  part)  of  the  constitution  so  submitted  and  ratified. 

Eead  and  adopted  in  convention  August  22,  1877. 

Attest:  C.  J.  JENKINS, 

President  Constitutional  Convention. 

JAMES  COOPER  NISI3ET,  Secretary. 

AN  ORDINANCE. 

Whereas,  A  committee  has  been  nppoiiitf'<l  by  this  convontinn  to  con- 
sider and  inquire  into  the  ways  and  means  by  wliich  the  expenses  of 
this  convention,  over  and  above  those  provided  for  by  the  General  As- 


504  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

semblj,  can  be  defrayed;  and,  whereas,  the  committee  are  satisfied  that 
a  sufiicient  sum  of  money  for  the  same  can  be  procured  by  an  ordinance 
of  this  convention;  therefore, 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  people  of  Georgia  in  Convention  assembled,  and 
it  is  hereby  ordained  by  authority  of  the  same: 

That  the  President  of  this  Convention  shall  be,  and  he  is  hereby,  em- 
powered, by  authority  of  this  convention,  to  negotiate  a  loan  of  a  sufii- 
cient sum  of  money,  at  seven  per  cent,  per  annum,  to  defray  the  residue 
of  the  expenses  of  this  convention  not  provided  for  by  the  act  of  the 
General  Assembly  calling  this  convention. 

Read  and  adopted  in  convention  August  18,  1877. 

Attest:  C.  J.  JENKINS, 

President  Constitutional  Convention. 

JAMES  COOPER  NISBET,  Secretary. 


AN  ORDINANCE. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  people  of  Georgia  in  Convention  assembled: 

1st.  That  the  constitution  as  adopted  and  revised  be  enrolled  and 
signed  by  the  officers  and  members  of  this  convention. 

2d.  That  the  Governor  shall  issue  his  proclamation,  ordering  an  elec- 
tion for  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  a  vote  upon  the  ratifi- 
cation or  rejection  of  this  constitution,  as  therein  provided,  and  a  vote 
upon  the  Capital  and  Homestead  questions,  as  provided  by  the  ordi- 
nances of  this  convention. 

Read  and  adopted  in  convention,  August  25th,  1877. 

Attest:  C.  J.  JENKINS, 

President  Constitutional  Convention. 

JAMES  COOPER  NESBIT,  Secretary. 

AN  ORDINANCE. 

There  shall  be  sixteen  Judicial  Circuits  in  this  State,  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  General  Assembly  to  organize  and  apportion  the  same 
in  such  manner  as  to  equalize  the  business  and  labor  of  the  Judges  in 
said  several  circuits  as  far  as  may  be  practicable.  But  the  General 
Assembly  shall  have  power  hereafter  to  reorganize,  increase  or  dimin- 
ish the  number  of  circuits;  provided,  however,  that  the  cuircuits  shall 
remain  as  now  organized  until  changed  by  law. 

Read  and  adopted  in  convention  August  23,  1877. 

Attest:  C.  J.  JENKINS. 

President  Constitutional  Convention. 

JAMES  COOPER  NESBIT,  Secretary 


OEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  505 

AMEXDMENTS  TO  CONSTITUTION. 

Paragraph  15,  of  Section  7,  Article  3,  stricken  out. 

Paragraph  1,  Section  1,  Article  7,  amended  by  adding  at  the  end  of 
said  paragraph  the  following  words:  "And  to  make  suitable  provisions 
for  such  Confederate  soldiers  as  may  have  been  permanently  injured  in 
such  service." 

See  Acts  of  1884-1885. 

Paragraph  1,  Section  1,  Article  7,  also  amended  by  adding  at  the  end 
of  said  paragraph  the  following  words:  ''And  to  make  suitable  provi- 
sion for  such  Confederate  soldiers  as  may  have  otherwise  been  disabled 
or  permanently  injured  in  such  service;  and  for  the  widows  of  such  Con- 
federate soldiers  as  may  have  died  in  the  service  of  the  Confederate 
States,  or  since  from  wounds  received  therein,  or  diseases  contracted 
therein." 

Paragraph  3,  Section  4,  Article  2,  amended  by  striking  out  "biennial- 
ly" after  the  word  "and"  and  before  the  word  "thereafter,"  and  sub- 
stituting therefor  the  word  "annually." 

Paragraph  6,  Section  4,  Article  2,  amended  by  striking  out  the  words 
"forty  days,  unless  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  whole  number  of  each 
House,"  and  substituting  therefor  "fifty  days."  (These  amendments 
were  construed  to  apply  to  Article  3,  instead  of  Article  2.) 

Paragraph  7,  Section  7,  Article  3,  amended  by  adding  thereto,  "but 
the  first  and  second  reading  of  each  local  bill  and  bank  and  railroad 
charters  in  each  House  shall  consist  of  the  reading  of  the  title  only, 
unless  said  bill  is  ordered  to  be  engrossed." 

Paragraph  18,  Section  7,  Article  3,  amended  by  striking  out,  after 
the  word  "companies,"  in  the  second  line,  the  following  words,  viz.: 
"Except  banking,  insurance,  railroad,  canal,  navigation,  express  and 
telegraph  companies,"  and  substituting  therefor,  at  the  end  of  said  para- 
graph, after  the  word  "courts,"  the  following,  viz. :  "All  corporate  pow- 
ers and  privileges  to  banking,  insurance,  railroad,  canal,  navigation,  ex- 
press and  telegraph  companies  shall  be  issued  and  granted  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law." 

See  Acts  of  1890-91,  Vol.  1,  pages  55  to  60,  inclusive. 

Paragraph  1,  Section  1,  of  Article  7,  by  adding  after  the  word  service 
in  the  thirteenth  line  of  said  paragraph,  the  following  words,  to  wit:  "Or 
who,  by  reason  of  age  and  poverty,  or  infinnity  and  poverty,  or  blind- 
ness and  poverty,  are  unable  to  provide  a  living  for  themselves." 

Act  approved,  December  19,  1893.  Adopted  by  vote  of  the  people 
October,  1894. 


506  OEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

AVe  call  attention  to  the  two  following  important  acts  relating  to  adul- 
terated food  or  drinks: 

TO   PREVENT   THE   SALE    OF   ADULTERATED   FOOD    OR 
DRIMvS,  EXCEPT  ON  CERTAIN  CONDITIONS,  ETC. 

No.  329. 

An  Act  to  prohibit  the  sale  or  offering  for  sale  in  this  State,  any  adul- 
terated article  of  food  or  drink,  except  on  certain  conditions,  and  to 
prescribe  a  penalty  for  so  doing,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Section  1.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia,  That 
from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  per- 
son, in  his  own  right,  or  as  an  agent  for  another,  to  willfully  and  know- 
ingly sell,  or  offer  for  sale,  in  this  State,  any  adulterated  article  of  food 
or  drink,  unless  the  package  or  vessel  containing  the  same  has  attached 
thereto  a  true  and  correct  analysis  of  the  article  or  thing  therein  con- 
tained, and  notice  thereof  given  to  each  and  every  purchaser,  when 
such  article  or  thing  may  be  offered  for  sale,  that  the  article  or  thing  is 
adulterated. 

Sec.  II.  And  be  it  further  enacted,  That  any  person  or  persons  vio- 
lating the  first  section  of  this  Act  shall  be  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and, 
on  conviction,  shall  be  punished  as  is  prescribed  in  section  4310  of  the 
Code  of  1882  of  this  State. 

Sec.  III.  Be  it  further  enacted,  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  and 
every  grand  jury  in  the  several  counties  of  this  State  to  diligently  in- 
quire into  any  violation  of  the  first  section  of  this  Act,  and  true  pre- 
sentments make  of  all  violations  of  the  same,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  judges  of  the  superior  courts  in  the  State  to  bring  this  Act  to  the 
attention  of  grand  jurors  at  each  term  of  the  court  in  the  several  coun- , 
ties  of  this  State  for  two  (2)  years  next  after  the  passage  of  this  Act. 

Sec.  IV.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  all 
laws  and  parts  of  laws  in  conflict  with  this  Act  be,  and  the  same  are, 
hereby  repealed. 

Approved  September  26,  1883. 

ARTICLE  16. 

SALE    OF    ADULTERATED    MILK,    REGULATIONS    AS    TO 

IMITATION  BUTTER  AND  CHEESE,  UNWHOLESOME 

PROVISIONS,  ETC. 

Par.  456.  Selling^  offering  for  sale,  or  delivering,  certain  kinds  of 
milk,  prohibited.  No  person,  corporation  or  agent  shall  sell,  or  ex- 
pose for  sale,  or  deliver  for  domestic  use,  any  unclean,  impure,  un- 
wholesome, adulterated,  or  skimmed  milk,  or  milk  from  which  has  been 


OEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  507 

held  back,  what  is  known  as  ''strippiugs,"  or  milk  taken  from  an  animal 
having  disease,  ulcers,  or  abscesses,  or  from  an  animal  within  less  than 
fifteen  days  before,  or  less  than  five  days  after,  parturition;  provided,  that 
this  section  shall  not  apply  to  the  sale  of  buttermilk,  or  to  skimmed  milk, 
when  sold  as  such.  Milk  which  is  proven  by  any  reliable  test  or  analy- 
sis to  contain  less  than  three  and  one  half  per  centum  of  butter  fat, 
shall  be  regarded  as  skimmed  or  partially  skimmed  milk. 

Par.  457.  Imitation  butter  and  cheese  defined.  Every  article,  sub- 
stance, or  compound,  other  than  that  produced  from  pure  whole  milk, 
or  cream  from  the  same,  made  in  the  semblance  of  butter  or  of  cheese, 
and  designed  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  butter  or  cheese  made  from 
pure  milk  or  cream  from  the  same,  is  imitation  butter  or  imitation 
cheese,  as  the  case  may  be;  provided,  the  use  of  salt,  rennet  and  hami- 
less  coloring-matter  for  coloring  the  product  of  pure  milk  or  cream 
shall  not  be  construed  to  render  such  product  an  imitation. 

Par.  45S.  Making,  selling,  etc.,  imitation  butter  or  cheese,  prohibited. 
Xo  person  shall,  by  himself  or  employee  or  agent,  produce  or  manu- 
facture or  sell,  or  keep  for  sale,  or  offer  for  sale,  any  imitation  butter 
or  imitation  cheese  made  or  compounded  in  violation  of  this  Article, 
whether  such  imitation  shall  have  been  made  or  produced  in  this  State 
or  elsewhere;  but  nothing  in  this  Article  shall  be  construed  to  prohibit 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  imitation  butter  or  imitation  cheese  under 
the  regulations  hereinafter  provided,  not  manufactured  or  colored  aa 
herein  prohibited. 

Par.  459.  Sale  under  pretense  of  genuineness.  No  person,  by  him- 
self or  agent  or  employee,  shall  sell,  or  offer  for  sale,  any  imitation  but- 
ter or  imitation  cheese,  under  the  pretense  that  it  is  genuine  butter  or 
genuine  cheese.  And  no  person,  his  agent  or  employee,  shall  sell  any 
such  imitation,  unless  he  shall  notify  the  purchaser  distinctly  at  the 
time  of  the  sale  that  it  is  such  imitation,  and  at  the  same  time  shall  de- 
liver to  the  purchaser  a  statement  printed  in  black  letters  not  smaller 
than  4-line  pica,  in  the  English  language,  that  the  article  is  imitation 
butter  or  imitation  cheese,  and  give  the  name  and  address  of  its  pro- 
ducer, and  contain  no  other  words. 

Par.  460.  Use  of  imitations  regulated.  'No  keeper  or  proprietor  of 
a  bakery,  hotel,  boarding-house,  saloon,  restaurant,  lunch-counter,  or 
other  place  of  public  entertainment,  or  any  employee  or  other  person 
having  charge  thereof,  or  any  person  furnishing  board  for  others  than 
his  own  family,  shall  keep,  use,  or  serve  therein  or  elsewhere,  either  as 
food  for  his  guests,  boarders,  patrons,  customers  or  employees,  or  for 
cooking  purposes,  any  imitation  butter  or  imitation  cheese,  unless  such 
keeper,  proprietor,  or  other  person  in  charge  of  such  place  of  entertain- 
ment shall  keep  constantly  posted  in  a  most  conspicuous  place  in  the 
room  or  rooms,  or  other  place  where  such  imitations  shall  be  served  or 
sold,  so  that  the  same  may  be  easily  seen  and  read  by  any  person  in  such 
room  or  place,  a  white  card  not  less  than  ten  by  fourteen  inches  in  sijce, 
on  which  shall  bo  printed,  in  the  English  language,   in  plain,  black 


508  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Eoman  letters,  not  smaller  than  one  inch  in  height  and  one-half  inch 
in  width,  the  words,  "Imitation  butter  used  here,"  or  "Imitation  cheese 
used  here,"  as  the  case  may  be,  and  said  cards  shall  not  contain  any 
other  words  or  expressions. 

Par.  461.  Use  of  coloring-matter  to  produce  resemhlance,  prohibited. 
JSTo  person  shall  coat,  powder,  or  color  with  anatto  or  any  coloring-malr 
ter  whatever,  any  substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  but- 
ter or  for  cheese,  whereby  such  substance  or  product  shall  be  caused 
to  resemble  butter  of  cheese,  the  product  of  pure  milk  or  cream. 

Par.  462.  Combining  substances  io  produce  resemblances,  prohibited. 
No  person  shall  combine  any  animal  fat  or  vegetable  oil,  or  other  sub- 
stance, with  butter  or  cheese,  or  combine  therewith  or  with  animal  fat, 
or  with  vegetable  oil,  or  with  a  combination  of  the  two,  or  with  either 
one,  or  with  any  substance  whatever,  any  anatto  or  any  coloring-mat- 
ter for  the  purpose  or  with  the  effect  of  imparting  thereto  a  yeUow 
color,  or  any  shade  of  yellow,  so  that  such  substance  shall  resemble 
genuine  yellow  butter  or  cheese,  nor  introduce  any  such  coloring-mat- 
ter or  any  such  substance  into  any  of  the  ingredients  of  which  such 
substitute  may  be  composed;  provided,  that  nothing  in  this  Article  shall 
be  construed  to  prohibit  the  use  of  salt,  rennet,  or  harmless  coloring- 
matter  for  coloring  the  products  of  pure  milk  or  cream  from  the  same. 

Par.  463.  Marking  substitutes.  Every  person  who  lawfully  manu- 
factures any  substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  butter  or 
for  cheese,  shall  mark  by  branding,  stamping,  or  stenciling  upon  the  top 
and  side  of  each  tub,  box,  or  other  vessel  in  which  such  substitute  shall 
be  kept,  or  in  which  it  shall  be  removed  from  the  place  where  produced, 
in  a  clear  and  durable  manner,  in  the  English  language,  the  words 
"Substitute  for  butter,"  or  "Substitute  for  cheese,"  as  the  case  may  be, 
in  printed  letters,  in  plain  Roman  type,  each  of  which  shall  be  not  less 
than  one  inch  in  height  and  one-half  inch  in  breadth. 

Par.  464.  Possession  of  substitute  regulated.  No  person  shall  have 
in  his  possession  or  control,  except  for  the  actual  consumption  of  him- 
self or  family,  any  substance  designed  to  be  used  as  a  substitute  for 
butter  or  cheese,  unless  the  vessel  containing  it  shall  be  marked  as  re- 
quired in  the  preceding  section. 

Par.  465.  Punishment.  A  violation  of  any  of  the  foregoing  provis- 
ions of  this  Article  shall  be  a  misdemeanor. 

Acts  of  1895,  page  60. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  509 

STATE  HOUSE  OFFICERS. 

ALLEN   D.    CANDLER,  "VV.   ^L    SCOTT, 

Governor.  Entomologist. 

JOS.   M.    TERRELL,  GLASCOCK  BARRETT, 

Attorney-General.  gt^^^g  qjI  Inspector. 

WM.  A.  WRIGHT, 

Comptroller-General.  W.  S.  YEATES, 

ROBT.    E.   PARK.  «"^^^^^^^- 

Treasurer,  JAS.   E.   BROWN, 

PHILIP  COOK.  State  Librarian. 
Secretary  of  State. 

JNO.  W.  LINDSAY, 

J.    W.    ROBERTSON,  Pension  Commissioner. 
Adjutant-General. 

G.  R.  GLENN,  Prison  Commission. 

State  School  Commissioner.  jqs.    S.    TURNER,    Chairman. 

O.  B.   STEVENS,  CLEMENT  A.   EVANS, 

Commissioner  of   Agriculture.  THOMAS   EASON. 

R.  F.  WRIGHT,  ^   .,        ,  ^ 

Assistant    Commissioner    of    Agricul-  Railroad  Commission. 

tare.  THOS.   C.    CRENSHAW,    JR.,   Cbmn. 

JNO.  M.  McCANDLESS,  SPENCER  R.  ATKINSON, 

State  Chemist.  J.  POPE  BROWN. 

SUPREME  COURT. 

T.  J.  SIMMONS,  WM.  H.  FISH, 

Chief  Justice.  Associate  Justice. 

SAMUEL  LUMPKIN,  H.  T.   LEWIS. 

Presiding  Justice.  Associate  Justice. 

WM.  A.  LITTLE,  A.  J.  COBB, 

Associate  Justice.  Associate  Justice. 

SUPERIOR  COURTS. 

CIRCUITS.  JUDGES.  SOl.lCfTORS. 

Albany    Circuit    W.    N,    SPENCE W.  E.  Wooten. 

Atlanta   Circuit    J.   H.    LUMPKIN (!.  D.  Hill. 

Atlantic    Circuit    PAUL  E.   SEABROOK.  ..  Livingston  Kenan. 

Augusta  Circuit    E.   L.  BRINSON T.  S.  Reynolds. 

Blue  Ridge  Circuit GEO.  F.   GOBER Thomas  Hutcheson. 

Brunswick    Circuit    FOS.  W.  BENNETT Iiio.   W.  Bennett. 

Chattahoochee  Circuit  . . .  W.   B.   BUTT S.  P.  Gilbert. 

Cheroliee  Circuit    A.    W.   FITE Sam.  P.  Maddox. 

Coweta  Circuit   S.    W.    HARRIS T.    A.    Atldnson. 

Eastern   Circuit    ROBERT   FALLIGANT.  .  W.   W.  Osborne. 

Flint   Circuit    i:.   J.    REAGAN (>.  II.  B.  Bloodworth. 

Macon    Circuit    \V.  H.  FELTON,  Jr William  Brunson. 

Middle  Circuit    B.    D.    EVANS B.  T.  Rawlings. 

Northeastern    Circuit    J.    B.    ESTES \V.  A.  Cluirters. 

Northern    Circuit    II.    M.    HOLDEN David  W.  Meadow. 

Ocmulgee    Circuit    JNO.  C.  HART H.G.Lewis. 

Oconee   Circuit    D.  M.  ROBERTS 1.  F.  DeLacy. 

Pataula  Circuit    II.   C.   SHEFFIELD 1.  A.  Lning. 

Rome  Circuit    W.   M.   HENRY Mosoh  Wriglit. 

Southern  Circuit    A.   H.   HANSBLL W.   K.  Tlioiuas. 

Southwestern   Circuit   ....Z.  A.  LITTLEJOHN F.  A.  Hooper. 

Stone  Mountain  Circuit.  ..JNO.   S.    CANDLER W.  T.  Kimsoy. 

Tallapoosa   Circuit    CHAS.    G.   JANES W.   T.    Uobcrts. 

Western   Circuit   M.   B.   RUSSELL C.  II.  Brand. 


510  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

THE  GEORGIA  EXPERIMENT  STATIOI^^. 

In  1887  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  passed  an  Act  appropriat- 
ing $15,000  per  annum,  from  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands, 
to  each  State  and  territory  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  an  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station.  Under  this  Act  the  Station  was  to  be  con- 
ducted in  connection  with  the  Agricultural  College  in  each  State  and 
Territory.  The  Governor  of  Georgia,  in  behalf  of  the  General  Assembly, 
accepted  tlie  tender  of  the  appropriation,  in  June  1888,  and  preparations 
were  at  once  made  to  organize  a  Station  at  Athens,  Ga. 

In  December,  1888,  however,  the  General  Assembly  of  Georgia  passed 
am  Act  taking  the  Station  from  the  immediate  control  of  the  college  au- 
thorities and  providing  for  a  Bofird  of  Directors  for  its  management, 
consisting  of  one  "practical  and  successful"  farmer  from  each  Congress- 
ional district,  the  State  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  the  Chancellor  of 
the  University  and  one  member  of  the  faculty  of  the  State  Agricultural 
College.  The  "farmer"  members  are  appointed  by  the  Governor  for 
terms  of  five  years,  and  the  member  of  the  college  faculty  is  anaiually 
designated  by  the  same  authority. 

Under  authority  of  the  State  Act  the  Board  of  Directors,  in  May, 
1889,  removed  the  Station  from  Athens  and  located  it  one  and  a  half 
miles  north  of  the  city  of  Griffin,  the  citizens  of  Spalding  coimty  having 
donated  a  fime  fann  of  130  acres  and  $4,000  in  cash.  In  a  short  time 
the  Station  Staff  was  organized  by  the  election  of  R.  J.  Redding,  direct- 
or; Gustave  Speth,  liorticulturalist  and  accountant,  and  James  M.  Kim- 
brough,  agriculturalist  and  dairyman.  Active  operations  commenced 
in  September,  1889. 

The  Station  is  maintained  exclusively  by  the  fund  received  from 
the  United  States  Treasury  ($15,000  per  annum),  together  with  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  sale  of  farm  products.  The  State  provides  nothing  for  its 
regular  support,  but  has  made  three  appropriations  of  $5,000  each,  for 
specific  purposes,  as  shown  in  the  followdng  statement: 

1.  Donations  from  Spalding  county: 

Farm  of  130  acres,  valued  at $10,000 

Cash  for  building  purposes 4,000 

2.  Appropriated  by  General  Assembly: 

In  1888  for  establishing  the  Station  (mainly  expended 

for  buildings) $5,000 

In  1891,  for  buildings 5,000 

In  1892,  for  buildings  and  equipments 5,000 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  513 

The  State  pays  the  actual  traveling  expenses  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
in  attending  quarterly  meetings,  but  provides  no  compensation  for  thedr 
services.  These  expenses,  amounting  to  about  $500  per  annum,  consti- 
tute the  only  regiilar  charge  on  the  State  Treasuiy. 

A  quarterly  report  of  all  expenditures  is  made  to  the  Governor,  and 
an  annual  and  detailed  report  at  the  close  of  each  year. 

PRESEI^T  OEGANIZATTOiS^. 

The  organization  of  the  Station  at  present  (1901)  is  as  follows: 

R.  J.  Eedding Director. 

H.  C.  White Vice  Director  and  Chemist. 

A.  L.  Quaintance  (resigned  Aug.  1.  '01)  .Biologist  and  Ilorticulturalist. 

J.  M.  Kimbrough Agriculturalist. 

H.  J.  Wing Dairyman. 

Miss  Ruby  R.  Ritchie Stenographer  and  Accountant. 

EQUIPMENT. 

The  Station  buildings  comprise  residences  for  the  Director,  Ilorticul- 
turalist, Agriculturalist  and  Daii-yman,  and  six  three-room  cottages  for 
laborers;  a  frame  horse-and  cattle-stable  and  bam,  -wnth  annexes  for  car- 
riage house;  calf  bam,  silo  and  manure  shed;  dairy  building;  chemical 
and  biological  laboratory  with  cellar  and  annex;  propagating  and  green- 
house; tobacco  bam;  ginnery  and  tool  house;  engine  house  and  station- 
ary engine;  carpenter  and  blacksmith  shop;  complete  system  of  water- 
works ;  steam  pump,  hydraulic  ram,  hydrants,  house  service,  etc. 

The  station  owns  four  mules,  30  head  of  cattle  (mostly  registered  Jer- 
seys), and  a  small  herd  of  fine  Berkshire  swine. 

The  farm  covers  130  acres,  80  of  which  are  under  cultivation,  35  in 
pasture  and  15  in  parks  and  lawns.  In  the  above  are  included  about  15 
acres  in  orchards  and  vineyards. 

The  Station  has  a  collection  of  about  2,500  named  species  of  in- 
sects, besides  many  not  yet  determined;  2,000  named  specimens  in  the 
herbarium,  including  economic  fungi. 

LINES  OF  WORK. 

It  has  been  the  fixed  policy  of  tlie  Station  to  consnlt  the  inimediato 
wants  of  the  farmers  of  the  State:  These  are,  primarily,  instmction  in 
soil  renovation,  improve<l  methods  of  preparation  of  soil  and  cultnre  of 
the  staple  crops,  and  diversified  fanning.  Tlio  work  of  tho  St^rtion  in 
the  field  has  been  fertilizer  tests  with  different  fonn.s  and  sources  and 


514  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

combinations  of  plant  food  ingredients;  different  methods  of  culture; 
tests  of  varieties;  improved  methods  of  harvesting  and  (incidentally) 
trials  of  new  inventions  and  improvements  in  farm  impleonents  and  ma- 
chinery. 

The  work  in  the  Dairy  and  Livestock  department  has  been  mainly  il- 
lustrative and  demonstrative;  the  improvement  of  breeds  and  dissemina- 
tion of  young  animals  of  the  best  strains  among  Georgia  farmers. 

SOME  RESULTS. 

The  illustrative  and  demonstrative  work  of  the  Station  has  sho^vn.  that 
the  natural  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  are  admu'ably  adapted  to  the 
production  of  milk,  butter  and  cheese  of  unexcelled  quality,  and  the 
dairying  and  live-stock  industry  of  the  State  has  been  thereby  greatly  en- 
couraged. 

The  Station  has  discovered  a  method  of  sowing  oats  in  the  fall  of  the 
year  so  that  the  danger  of  winter  killing  is  reduced  to  a  minmnun,  and 
has  thus  greatly  encouraged  and  developed  the  culture  of  oats.  This 
method  consists,  essentially,  in  first  thoroughly  preparing  the  soil  (com 
stubble)  by  plo^nng  and  harrowing,  and  then  drilling  the  selected  seed 
oats  in  open  furrows,  16  to  18  inches  apart,  at  the  rate  of  1^  to  2  bushels 
of  seed  per  acre,  applying  at  the  same  time  a  liberal  amount  of  properly 
balanced  fertilizer.  The  seed  oats,  falling  from  the  drill  spot  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  fresh  furrow,  are  barely  covered  by  the  loose,  falling  soil 
and  the  weight  of  the  operating  wheel  of  the  drill  machine. 

The  Station  has  shown  by  careful  and  repeated  experiments  tha.t 
com  may  be  successfully  harvested  in  Georgia  as  it  has  long  been  prac- 
ticed in  the  !N"orth,  by  cutting  down  the  entire  stalk  a  little  later  than 
the  "pulling  fodder'  period  and  shucking  the  same,  the  whole  (excepting 
the  ears)  to  be  aftenvards  shredded;  and  that  the  shreded  com  stalks 
make  an  excellent  roughage  for  horses,  mules  and  cattle.  If  the  entire 
crop  of  com  of  Georgia  be  thus  harvested  the  saving  of  valuable  food 
that  has  heretofore  been  utterly  neglected,  would  amount  to  600,000 
tons. 

The  Station  has  done  valuable  work  along  horticultural  lines,  and  the 
tests  of  varieties,  the  investigation  of  the  insect  enemies  and  fungous 
diseases  of  fruits  and  vegetables  and  the  means  of  combating  them  have 
been  of  great  value  to  the  fruitrgrowers  and  truck-farmers  of  the  State. 

The  Station  publishes  at  least  one  Bulletin  of  results  every  three 
months,  or  four  to  six  Bulletins  per  annum.  Some  of  these  are  profusely 
illustrated.  These  Bulletins  are  absolutely  free  to  any  citizen  who  is 
actively  engaged  in  any  branch  of  farming,  including  fruit  and  vege- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  515 

table  culture,  dairying  and  stock-breeding,  who  will  request  the  same  to 
be  sent  him.  The  law  does  not  contemplate  that  they  shall  be  sent  at  ran- 
dom or  as  "sample  copies,"  but  only  to  such  persons  as  shall  request  them 
sent.     Address  "Georgia  Experiment  Station,  Experiment,  Ga." 

Note — .The  above  sketch  of  the  Experiment  Station  was  contributed  by  R.  J. 
Redding,  Director. 

APPROPKIATIONS  TO  THE  INSTITUTIONS  OF  THE  STATE. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  legislature  the  following  sums  of  money 
were  appropriated  for  and  on  account  of  the  public  institutions  of  the 
State,  for  each  of  the  fiscal  years  1901  and  1902: 

For  support  and  maintenance  of  the  Academy  of  the  Blind  and  for 
salaries  of  its  oiRcere,  $18,000,  or  so  much  tliereof  as  may  be  necessary. 

For  repairs  of  the  Academy  for  the  Blind,  $4,000. 

For  support  and  maintenance  of  the  school  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
and  pay  of  its  officers  and  attachees,  $25,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may 
be  necessary. 

For  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  Georgia  Stat©  Sanitarium 
(Asyhun  for  the  Insane),  $290,000,  or  so  much  thereof  as  may  be  nec- 
essary. 

For  the  State  University  at  Athens,  the  sum  of  $8,000. 

For  the  State  University  for  the  support  of  the  School  of  Technology, 
$40,000. 

For  the  University  of  Georgia  for  the  use  of  the  State  Technological 
School,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  an  electrical  building,  $10,000,  and 
for  purchasing  and  providing  equipment  for  the  Textile  Department 
of  the  same  school,  these  last  two  appropriations  not  to  become  available 
until  the  trustees  of  the  school  shall  have  raised  the  sum  of  $25,000 
additional  in  money  or  equipment,  by  private  subscription  for  said  pur- 
pose. 

For  the  State  University  for  the  support  of  the  Georgia  Nomial  and 
Industrial  College  for  girls,  at  Milledgeville,  $22,900;. 

For  the  State  University  for  the  support  of  the  North  Georgia  Agri- 
cultural College,  a  branch  of  said  University,  $7,000. 

For  the  State  University  for  the  support  of  the  State  Nonnal  School 
for  teachers  of  both  sexes,  at  the  Rock  College,  at  Athens,  $22,500. 

For  the  University  for  the  colored  people,  $8,000. 

For  tlic  support  of  the  Common  Schools,  $800,000  in  addition  to  the 
school  fiiii'l  derived  from  taxalion  in  the  several  counties. 

For  the  State  University  at  Athens  the  sum  of  $22,500,  to  be  used 
for  its  support  and  maintenance  and  for  necessary  repairs  and  buildings 
and  the  furnishing  and  e<iuipping  thereof;  also  to  the  trustees  of  the 
University,  $5,000  to  be  used  in  iMiildln,!::  and   fiirnisliin.^-  a  dormitory 


516  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

for  girls  at  the  Nortli  Georgia  Agricultural  College  at  Dalilonega,  and 
for  other  purposes. 

Also  $150,000  for  the  Georgia  State  Sanitarium  at  Milledgeville,  to 
be  used  in  erecting  buildings  and  foi-  other  purposes. 

APPROPKIATIONS   FOR    CO^s^FEDERATE    SOLDIERS    AlsB 

THEIR  WIDOWS. 

The  State  appropriates  to  maimed  and  disabled  Confederate  soldiers 
$190,000,  and  to  indigent  soldiers,  $300,000. 

It  also  appropriates  the  sum  of  $200,000  to  the  widows  of  such  Con- 
federate soldiers  as  maj  have  died  in  the  service  of  the  Confederate 
States,  or  since  from  wounds  received  therein,  on-  disease  contracted  in 
the  sendee  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  to  indigent  widows  of  de- 
ceased Confederate  soldiers  who  were  the  wives  of  such  soldiers  while 
they  were  in  service.  i 

THE  HOME  FOR  CONFEDERATE  SOLDIERS. 

This  institution,  under  the  patronage  of  the  State,  was  opened  in 
July,  1901,  and  in  a  short  while  seventy-two  veterans  had  been  admit- 
ted to  its  privileges.  On  September  30,  1901,  the  Home  was  destroyed 
by  fire.  On  the  same  day  the  Atlauta  Journal  rented  a  temporary  home 
for  the  soldiers  on  Marietta  Street,  while  the  helpless  were  provided 
for  in  the  Presbyterian  and  Grady  Hospitals.  To  the  $21,500  insurance 
on  house  and  furniture,  the  people  of  Georgia  are  adding  liberal  sub- 
scriptions, and  a  new  Soldiers'  Home  will  soon  be  erected  and  equipped 
with  every  modern  convenience. 

NEWSPAPERS  AND  PERIODICALS. 

Although  this  is  a  chapter  on  the  State  government  of  Georgia,  such 
is  the  influence  of  the  Press  in  moulding  the  thoughts  of  the  people  and 
shaping  legislation,  that  it  may  be  fittingly  introduced  in  this  connec- 
tion. 

The  number  and  kind  of  newspapers  and  periodicals  published  in  a 
State  afford  some  indication  of  the  character  of  its  people.  Judged  by 
this  standard  the  people  of  Georgia  are  entitled  to  rank  among  the  most 
progressive  of  the  populations  which  compose  the  various  commonwealths 
of  the  American  Union.  The  enterprise  and  ability  of  some  of  the 
great  daily  and  weekly  journals  of  the  State,  both  secular  and  religious, 
have  largely  increased  the  influence  of  Georgia  on  political  and  relig- 
ious lines,  and  combined  with  the  ability  of  some  of  her  representatives 
in  the  national  legislature,  have  given  to  our  State  high  rank  in  the 
councils  of  the  republic. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL. 


519 


We  append  liere  a  list  of  newspapers  and  periodicals,  giving  the  name 
and  character  of  each,  the  place  of  publication  and  whether  daily  or 
weekly. 


Name  Character  How  Published  Town  and  County. 

Chronicle Democratic  .Weekly    Abbeville,  "Wilcox. 

Post "  ...         "  Acworth,  Cobb. 

Banner "  Adairsville,  Bartow, 


News Democratic 

Herald 

Dispatch Republican 

Free  Press Democratic 

Evening  Herald " 

Times-Recorder "    . 

Georgia  Investigator.  ..Republican 
Ci.lhoun  County  CourierDemocratic 
Advance 


"  Adel,  Berrien. 

Daily  and  WeeklyAlbany,  Dougherty. 
.Weekly 

'♦  Alpharetta,  Milton. 

.Daily . .    . .  Americas,  Sumter. 

.Daily  and  Weekly 
.Weekly 

"  Arlington,  Calhoun. 

"  Ashburn,  Worth. 


South'nField& Fireside. Agricultural.lMonthly Ashwood,  Berrien. 

Banner .Democratic  .Daily  and  Weekly  Athens,  Clarke. 

Clipper Negro,  Kep.  .AVeekly "  " 

Sentinel Temperance.        "  "  "^ 

Southern  Farmer Agricultural.Monthly "  " 

AVoman's  Work Household  .  .         "  " 

Constitution Democratic  .Daily,  Weekly  and 

Semi-Weekly  and  Sun.    Atlanta,  Fulton. 

Journal "          ...Daily,    and  Semi- 
Weekly 

American  Advertiser. .  .Independent.Weekly "  '' 

Benevolent  Ensign Negro •        "  " 

Business  Directory.  ...  .Business  ... .         "  

Christian  Index Baptist "  '|  '| 

Georgia  Record "  

Ga.  Staats  Nachrichten  .German "  "  || 

Jewish  Sentiment Jewish "  

Journal  of  Labor Labor " '|  || 

Mail  &  Expre-;s "  

Market  Reporter  and 

Shippers  Guide "  

National Republican..        "  " 

Presbyterian Presbyterian        "  "  '' 

Republican  Leader Republican.         "  ''  '| 

Saturday  Review Society "  " 

Southern  Architect  and 
Contractor Architecture        "  '| 

So.  Christian  Recorder. African  M  E.        "  

Southern   Evangelist   . .  Undenominat'l     "  " 

Southern  Star Prohibition..         "  "  " 

AVesleyan  Christian  Ad-Methodist 
vocate Episcopal,  S.        "  "  " 

Southern  Cultivator  and 
Dixie  Farmer Agricultural.Semi-Monthly  ...         "  " 

Southern  Home ''  

Alkahest Literary Monthly "  '' 

Church  in  Georgia Protestant 

Episcopal        '•  "  " 

Cotton Cotton 

Industry        "  "  " 

Dixie Mechanical..        "  "  " 

Georgia  Eclectic 

Medical  Journal IMedical "  "  " 

Georgia   Education Educational.         "  " 

Ideas   Literary  ....        "  '^' 

Insurance    Prospect        Insurance...         ''  

Journal-Record  of  Med- 
icine  ^Mediftal "  "  " 


12:!  ga 


^20  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

Name  Character  How  Published  To  nd  County. 

Pythian  Lodge  Secret.  .Knights  of 

Pythias Monthly    Atlanta,  Fulton. 

Railroad  Herald Eailroads.. . .         "  "  " 

So'eastern  TJnderwiters. Insurance.  . .         "  "  " 

So.  Congregationalist  .  .Oongreg'tionl'st  "  "  " 

So.  Educational  JournalEducational .Monthly "  " 

Southern  Fancier Poultry "  "  " 

So.  Industrial  News Textile  and 

Mechanical        "  " 

Southern  Ruralist Agricultural.        "  "  " 

State,  Town  &  County "  "  " 

Sunny  South Literary "  "  " 

Chronicle Democratic  .Daily  &  Semi- 

WeeklyAugusta,  Richmond. 

Herald Ind.-Dem.  .  .Daily  and  Weekly        "  " 

Tribune  Populist "  "     ..         "  " 

Georgia  Baptist Negro Weekly "  " 

Methodist  Evangelist.  .Methodist- 
Episcopal..        "  "  " 

Voice  of  Labor Trades-Union       "  "  " 

Mission  Field Negro  Meth. 

Episcopal  .Semi-Monthly  ..  .         "  " 

Dental  Hints Dentistry  ..  Monthly "  " 

Democrat Democratic. .  Weekly Bainbridge  Decatur. 

Messenger Republican..         "  "  " 

Searchlight Democratic.         '*  "  " 

Mountain  Caucassian "  Ball  Ground.  Cherokee. 

Gazette ''        "         Barnesville,  Pike., 

Georgia  Farmer Agricultural  Semi-Monthly  ...         "  " 

Banner Democratic  .Weekly Ba:xley,  Appling. 

Times  "        ••••        "  Blackshear,  Pierce. 

Herald   "        ••••         "  Elairsville,  Union. 

Early  County  News "        "  Blakely,  Early. 

Reporter "        •  •■■         "  

Southern  Pit  Games Poultry Monthly "  " 

Post-Record Democratic  .Weekly Blue  Ridge,  Fannin. 

Southern-World "  " 

Intelligence "  Bowdon,  Carroll. 

Times       , Democratic  .Daily Brunswick,  Glynn. 

Evening  Call "  

Herald Negro Weekly " 

Banner-Messenger "  Buchanan,  Haralson. 

Tribune 

Marion  County  Patriot. Democratic  .         "  Buena  Vista,  Marion. 

Alliance  Plow  Boy Populist "  Buford,  Gwinnett. 

Herald . .  .Democratic  ,         "  Butler,  Taylor. 

Times  *'        ••.•         "  Calhoun,  Gordon. 

Clarion "        •■••         "  Camilla,  Mitchell. 

American  Union Republican..        "         Canon,  Franklin. 

Herald Universalist.        "  "  " 

Advance] Democratic.         "  Canton,  Cherokee. 

Advance "        "  Oarnesville,  Franklin. 

Press Populist....         " "  " 

Free  Press Democratic  .        "  Carrollton,  Carroll. 

People's  Advocate Independent         "  "  " 

Times Democratic.         "  "  " 

Courant-American "        "  Cartersville,  Bartow. 

Eagle Republican..        "  " 

News Democratic.        "  *'  " 

Advance  Courier "        "  Cedartown,  Polk. 

Standard "        ....         "  

Enterprise Independent         "  Chipley,  Harris. 

Advertiser Democratic  .        "  Clarkesville,  Habersham. 

Press "        "  Claxton,  Tattnall. 

Tribune "        *'  Clayton,  Rabun. 

Courier Independent         "  Cleveland.  White. 

Liberal Democratic.        "  Colquitt,  Miller. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


521 


Name  Character  How  Published  Town  nnd'Couiity 

Enquirer-Sun    Democratic  . Daily (excpt.Mon)Coluinbus,  Muscogee. 

"  '■       "        ...Sunday 

"  "       "        ....Weekly 

Ledger "        ...  .Daily(excpt  Sat  eve.)  "  " 

"        ....Sunday " 

"        ....Weekly 

So.  Unionist Labor "  "  " 

Banner  Weekly Democratic  .Weekly Conyers,  Rockdale. 


Gall 

Sentinel  . . 
Enterprise 

tttar "        

Advocate-Democrat. ...        "        . . . . 

Herald 

Baptist Baptist 

Leader Democratic  . 

Liberal  Enterprise "        .... 

Nugget Independent 

Sigiral  Populist  . . . . 

New  Era Democratic  . 

Argus  "        

Citizen  "        

Plerald Populist  .... 

Music  Teacher Musical 

Argus Democratic  . 

Monitor "        . .  . . 

(lazette    Independent 

Spectator  (Colored) ....         " 

News Democratic  . 

Advertiser "        . . . . 

New  Era •' 

Our  Missionary  Helper. Populist  .  . . . 

Standard  Democratic  . 

Advertiser "        . . . . 

Breeze "        

New  South " 

Courier-Dispatch "        .... 

Times-Journal "        . . . . 

Plow  Boy Independent 

3Iessenger Democratic  . 

Star "        

Tribune ■*        . . . . 

News "        . . . . 

Courier-Sentinel "        

Times "        .  .  . . 

News "        . . . . 

News "        .  . .  . 

Citizen-Leader Republican  . 

Enterprise Independent 

•Journal " 

Advertiser Democratic  . 

Chronicle "        .  ..  . 

Critic  (Colored) Republican  . 

Sentinel  Deiuocriitic  . 

Leader "        . . . . 

News  and  Banner "        . .  .  . 

(tracker "        . .  . . 

Eagle "        .  .  .  . 

.foiirnal "        .  .  .  . 

Record "        .  .  .  . 

News "        .  .  .  . 

Ilt'rald.    ...    liuli'piMKlent 

lIf'r;ild-.Journal Dt-mocralic  . 

Vindicator "        .  .  . . 

Call " 


Daily Cordele,  Dooly. 

..Weekly 


.Covington,  Newton. 

.Crawfordville,  Taliaferro. 
.Culloden,  Monroe. 
. Cumming,  Forsyth. 
.Cuthbert,  Randolph. 

Dahlonega,  Lumpkin. 

.Dallas,  Paulding. 
.Dalton,  Whitfield. 


.  Danielsville,  Madison. 

.  Darien,  Mcintosh. 

Dawson,  Terrell. 
Dawsonville.  Dawson. 
.Decatur,  DeKalb. 


"        Doe  Run,  Colquitt, 

"        Douglas,  Coffee. 

"        Doiiglasville,  Douglas. 

Semi-weekly Dublin,  Laurens. 

Weekly Eastman.  Dodge. 

"        East  Point,  Fulton. 

"        Eatonton,  Putnam. 

"        Elberton,  Elbert. 


.Ellaville,  Schley. 
.  Ellijay,  Gilmer. 

. Fairburn,  Camjjbell. 
Fayetteville,  Fayette. 
.Fitzgerald,  Irwin. 

.Flowery  Brancli,  Hall. 
.Forsyth,  Monroe. 


.Fort  (iaincs,  Clay. 
.Fort  N'allcy,  Hoii.^ton. 

Franklin,  llcnrci. 

Gainesville,  Jl:!ll. 


"  Georgetown,  (,)iitinnn. 

"  Gibson,  (ilasc  ck. 

"  (iray,  .Tones. 

"  (irayiMond,  Kmanuel. 

"  (Jrecnslxiro,  (Irecne- 

"  Greenville,  .Meriwether. 

Daily Grillin,  Si)aldiiig. 


522 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


Name  Character  How  Published  Town  and  County 

Farmer Democratic  .Weekly Griffin,  Spalding. 

Echo  (Colored) Republican.       "        "  " 

-News  and  Sun Democratic  .Daily "  " 

'<        "      "    "        ...  .Weekly 

News Independent       "        

Journal Democratic  .       "        

People's  Cause Independent       "        

Sentinel  Democratic.       "        

Citizen  "        ....       "        

Sun •  ■  •  •  

Dispatch  and  News "        ...•       "        

Independent  (Colored). Republican  .Bi-Weekly.. 

Herald Democratic  .Weekly Hinesville,  Liberty. 

Headlight Independent       "        Hogansville,  Troup. 

farmer  and  Dairyman .  .Agricultural  Semi-Monthly Holton,  Bibb. 

Journal Democratic  .Weekly Homer,  Banks 


.Guyton,  Effingham. 
.Hamilton,  Harris. 
.Harlem,  Columbia. 

.Harmony  Grove,  Jackson. 
.  Hartwell,  Hart. 
Hawkinsville,  Pulaski. 


Homerville,  Clinch. 
Irwinton,  Wilkinson. 
Isabella,  Worth. 
Jackson,  Butts. 


News '        ■•  •  ■ 

Bulletin "        

News Independent 

Argus Democratic  . 

Record "        •  •  ■  • 

Progress " 

Herald 

Herald 

News 

Sentinel Populist  . 

Enterprise Democratic.       " 

News    Populist    ...       " 

Correspondent Democratic.       " 

Messenger Independent       " 

Enterprise '■         .  ■  •       *' 

Graphic Democratic  .       " 

Reporter "        Daily... 

"        ....Weekly. 

Republican Rep'n(Col.). 

Standard  Gauge Independent       " 

News  Herald Democratic  .       " 

Echo "        ....       " 

Journal Populist  ....       " 

Leader Democratic  .       " 

News  and  Farmer "        " 

Advertiser "        ....       " 

Independent "   ....   " 

Weekly "        ....       " 

Appeal  (Colored) Republican  .       "        • 

Georgia  Planter Agricultural  Monthly '^|  '^| 

News Democratic  .  Daily 

So.  Dental  Journal Dental Quarterly ||  'J 

Sunday  Press Democratic  .Weekly ''  ^^ 

Telegraph "        ...  Daily ]'  ^^ 

"         "        Sunday 

"         "        ....Semi-Weekly "  " 

Enterprise "        ...  .Weekly McRae,  Telfair. 

News Independent       "        

Adviser Democratic  .       "        Madison,  Morgan 

Gleaner  (Colored) Republican  .       "        ||  [[ 

Madisonian Democratic  .       "        "  ^  , , 

Critic Independent  Daily Marietta,  Cobb. 

Journal .Democratic  .Weekly 

Guidon "        " 

Union-Recorder "        ...       " 

Banner Independent       " 

News  and  Messenger. .  .Democratic  .       " 

Tribune Independent       " 

Record Democratic  .       " 

Advocate "        ....       " 

News "       ....      " 


.Jasper,  Pickens. 
.Jefferson,  Jackson. 
.Jeffersonville,  Twiggs. 

.Jesup,  Wayne. 

It  i  1 

.Jonesboro,  Clayton. 

(I  (1 

.Knoxville,  Crawford. 
.  LaFayette,  Walker. 
.LaGrange,  Troup, 


Lavonia,  Franklin. 
Lawrenceville,  Gwinnett. 
Lexington,  Oglethorpe. 
Lincolnton,  Lincoln. 
Lindale,  Floyd. 
Louisville,  Jefferson. 
Lumpkin,  Stewart. 

McDonough,  Henry. 
Macon,  Bibb. 


Meldrim,  Effingham. 
Milledgeville,  Baldwin. 
Mitchell,  Glascock. 
Monroe,  Walton. 

Montezuma,  Macon. 
Monticello,  Jasper. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL. 


523 


Name  Character 

Courier Independent 

Observer Democratic 

Protectionist Republican 

Monitor Democratic 

Georgian.    " 

Herald  and  Advertiser.        " 
News " 


How  Published 


News Independent 

Tribune Democratic 

Dispatch " 

Citizen  " 

Emory  College  Phcenix. College  .... 

Enterprise Democratic 

Southern  Informer Independent 

Home  Journal Democratic 

Advertiser " 

Free  Press " 

Journal " 

Banner .Independent 

New  South Democratic 

Inquirer " 

New  Era  .   " 

Slate  Independent 

Cherokee  Messenger  . .  .Missionary 


Daily  . . 
Weekly 


Town  and  County 
.Moultrie,  Colquitt. 

.Mount   Airy,  Habersham. 
.Mt.  Vernon  Montgomery. 
.Nashville,  Berrien. 
.  Newnan,  Coweta. 


Newton,  Baker. 

"        Norcross,  Gwinnett. 

"        Ocilia,  Irwin. 

Semi-Weekly....   Oglethorpe,  Macon. 

Monthly Oxford,  Newton. 

Weekly Pembroke,  Bryan. 


.Perry,  Houston. 
Quitman,  Brooks. 


Chronicle Independent  Daily 

Sunday 

Commercial  Argus Democratic 

Southern  Argus " 

Masonic  Herald  Masonic.    ., 

Tribune Democratic 


"  Reidsville,  Tattnall. 

"  Richland,  Stewart. 

"  Ringgold  Catoosa. 

"  Riverdale,  Clayton. 

"  Rochelle.  Wilcox. 

"  Rockmart,  Polk. 

Monthly  .    Rome,  Floyd. 


Herald 

Progress " 

Baptist  Truth  Baptist  . .  .  . 

Bulletin Democratic 

Gazette  (Colored) Republican 

Journal  of  Medicine  and 

Surgery Medical  . . . . 

Musical  Echo Musical . .  . . 

News Democratic 


Press " 

South'n  Drug  and  Paint 

Review Pharinacy . 

Spy Republican 

Tribune  (Colored) " 

Enterprise-Gazette  .  . .  .Democratic 

Watchman Republican 

Journal Democratic 

Sentry " 

Ishmaelite " 

Jimplecute " 

Herald 

Star Populist 

Times Democratic 

News " 

Blade Independent 

Pine  Forest    Democratic 

People's  Press Poi)ulist  . .  . 

Telephone Democratic 

Local " 

New  Era " 

Journal Independent 

Echo 

News " 


Daily 
Weekly  . 
Monthly 
Daily  .  . . 
Weekly  . 


.Sandersville,  Washington. 

II  i( 

.Savannah,  Chatham, 


Monthly 


Daily 

Semi-Weekly  . . . 
Daily 


Monthly 
Weekly  . 


.  Senoia,  Coweta. 
.Sharon,  Taliaferro. 
. Smithville,  Lee. 
Social  Circle,  Walton. 
.Bparta,  Hancock. 
.Spring  Place.  Murray. 
.Slatesboro,  BulU>cli. 


.Summerville,  Chattooga. 

.Swainsboro,  Emanuel. 
II  II 

Sylvania,  Screven. 


Semi-Weekly 


Sylvester,  Wortli, 
Talhollou,  Talbot. 

,  Tnllapoosa,  I  larnlson. 

.Tallulah  Falls.  Kahun. 

.Teimiile,  Washington. 


524 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


Name 

Times . . 

News 

Times-Enterprise 


Character               How  Published 
.Democratic  .Weekly 


Journal " 

Gazette  .  .■ " 

Southern  Record " 

News . .  .Independent 

Herald Democratic 

Passport " 

Afro- Am.  Mouthpiece.  .(Colored).. . 

Plaindealer    "     Rep'n 

Times Democratic 

Progress " 

Hustler . 

Banner " 

Clipper " 

Chronicle " 

Gazette " 

Georgia  Reporter " 

Enterprise Independent 

Herald Democratic 


Journal " 

True  Citizen " 

News Independent 

Democrat Democratic 

Jackson  Economist  .  .  .  .Populist  .  .  . 

Georgian Democratic 

Messenger Independent 

Headlight Democratic 

Record Populist  . . 

News Independent 

Journal Democratic 

Republican  Republican 


Daily  . . 
Weekly 


Town  and  County 
.Thomas ton,  Upson. 
.Thomasville,  Thomas. 


.Thomson,  McDuffie. 

.  Tifton,  Berrien. 

.Toccoa,  Habersham. 

.Trenton,  Dade. 

.Trion  Factory,  Chattooga. 

.  Unadilla,  Dooly. 

.Valdosta,  Lowndes. 


Vienna,  Dooly. 
.Villa  Rica,  Carroll. 
.Wadley,  Jefferson. 
.Warrenton,  Warren. 
.Washington,  Wilkes. 


Daily  . . 
Weekly 


.  Watkinsville,  Oconee. 
.Waycross,  Ware. 


.Waynesboro,  Burke. 
.West  Point,  Troup. 
.Winder,  Jackson. 

.Woodbine,  Camden. 
,  Woodbury,  Meriwether. 
.  Wrightsville,  Johnson. 

.Young  Harris,  Towns. 
.  Zebulon,  Pike. 


I— I 

d 

d 

H 
d 


PART  IL 


SKETCHIES  OF  THE  COUNTIES. 


These  sketches  contain  information  concerning  the  histoi-v,  soil, 
productions,  live  stock,  manufactures,  population,  etc.  of  each  county  in 
the  State. 

In  each  instance  the  total  population  of  the  county  is  given,  and  also 
the  population  by  sex  and  color.  The  United  States  census  for  1900 
gives  the  population  by  sex  and  color  for  every  place  having  2,500  in- 
habitants or  more  in  its  corporate  limits.  There  are  thirty-one  such 
places  in  Georgia,  and  this  information  is  given  concerning  each  of  these 
in  the  sketch  of  its  county. 

The  live  stock  statistics  are  from  the  census  of  1890,  and  in  the  Ap- 
pendix T\all  be  found  the  live  stock  statistics  for  1900,  if  tliey  can  be 
obtained  in  time.  If  this  information  cannot  be  had,  before  this  book 
is  issued  from  the  press,  a  pamphlet  containing  this  and  other  useful 
knowledge  will  be  sent  to  each  one  having  a  copy  of  this  work. 

The  statistics  of  domestic  animals  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  include  all 
domestic  animals  in  cities,  towns  and  villages;  in  stock-yards;  all  em- 
ployed in  manufacturing,  lumbering  and  mining  industries,  and  kindred 
enterprises;  and  all  used  for  pleasure  or  profit  by  individuals  other  than 
farm  proprietors.  The  number  of  live  stock  in  cities  containing  over 
25,000  inhabitants  in  their  corporate  limits  is  given  separately. 

There  are  three  such  cities  in  Georgia:  Atlanta,  Savannah  and  Au- 
gusta. 

Similar  statistics  have  never  before  been  collected  in  the  United 
States.  The  census  authorities  say:  "It  was  deemed  unwise  to  delay, 
for  several  months,  the  publication  of  tliese  tables  in  order  to  include 
the  further  statistics"  on  live  stock  on  fanns  or  ranges  in  each  county  in 
1900. 

The  statistics  for  domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures  for  the 
whole  State  June  1,  1900  show  29,713  inclosures.  Of  tliose  there  are 
17,355  inclosures  reporting  neat  cattle,  in  which  are  30,720  neat  cattle, 
including  8,393  calves  under  one  year  old,  1,014  steers  one  and  under 
two  years  old,  773  steers  two  and  under  tliree  years,  1,024  steers  three 

(525) 


526  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

years  and  over,  465  bulls  one  year  and  over,  2,052  heifers  one  and  under 
two  years,  20,806  daiiy  cows  two  years  and  over,  1,893  other  cows  two 
years  and  over.  There  ai'e  12,052  inclosures  reporting  horses,  in  which 
are  21,016  horses,  117  colts  under  one  year,  222  colts  one  and  under 
two  years,  20,677  horses  two  years  old  and  over.  The  2,395  inclosures 
containing  7,540  mules,  include  30  colts  under  one  year,  106  colts  under 
two  years,  and  7,404  mules  two  years  old  and  over.  Sixty-eight  inclos- 
ures contain  126  donkeys.  JSTinety-seven  inclosures  report  5,745  sheep,  of 
which  1,147  ai*e  lambs  under  one  year,  2,499  ewes  of  one  year  and  over, 
2,099  rams  and  wethers  of  one  year  and  over.  In  13,209  inclosures 
there  are  39,538  swine  and  in  608  inclosures  are  2,045  goats. 

The  Appendix  contains  many  valuable  tables. 

The  native  bom  population  of  Georgia  numbers  1,095,598  males  and 
1,108,330  females;  the  foreign  born,  7,603  males,  and  4,800  females. 
The  total  population  is  2,216,331. 

The  native  white  with  native  parents  number  573,447  males  and 
570,728  females.  Of  native  white  with  foreign  parents  there  are  12,309 
males  and  12,604  females.  Of  foreign  white  there  are  7,283  males  and 
4,738  females. 

The  total  white  population  is  1,181,109.  Of  these  there  are  593,039 
males  and  588,070  females.  The  total  negro  population  of  the  State  is 
1,034,998,  of  whom  there  ai^e  509,958  males  and  525,040  females. 

There  are  also  204  Chinese — 192  males  and  12  females,  1  male  Jap, 
11  male  and  8  female  Indians. 

APPLING  COUNTY. 

Appling  County,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  State,  named  after 
Colonel  Daniel  Appling,  of  Columbia  county,  was  laid  out  in  1818. 
Part  of  it  was  added  to  Telfair  in  1818,  part  to  Ware  in  1824  and  part 
again  to  Telfair  in  1825.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties: 
Montgomery  and  Tattnall  on  the  north,  Wayne  on  the  east.  Pierce  and 
Ware  on  the  south  and  Coffee  on  the  west.  On  the  north  are  the  Ocmul- 
gee  and  Altamaha  rivers,  which  streams  and  their  tributaries,  with  the 
headwaters  of  the  Satilla  river,  viz.:  Dougherty's  and  Carter's  creeks, 
Little  Satilla  river,  Big  Hurricane  and  Little  Hurricane  creeks,  water  the 
county. 

Appling  county  is  in  the  great  pine  belt,  and  therefore  the  princi- 
pal industries  are  turpentine  and  lumber.  Large  numbers  of  logs  are 
yearly  rafted  down  the  Altamaha  river  to  Darien. 

The  lands  are  level  and  are  especially  adapted  to  long-staple  or  sea- 
island  cotton,  and  according  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the 
cotton  ginned  in  the  county  for  the  season  of  1899  and  1900  was  4,046 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  527 

bales,  of  which  3,778  bales  were  sea-island  and  2GS  bales  upland.  Some 
of  the  lands  under  proper  cultivation  can  be  made  to  yield  to- the  acre :  sea- 
island  seed  cotton,  500  to  1,000  pounds;  corn,  15  to  25  bushels;  oats,  20 
to  30  bushels;  rice,  10  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 200  bushels;  field  peas,  10  to  15  bushels;  ground  peas,  15  to  30 
bushels;  crab-grass  and  peavane  haj,  2,000  to  3,000  pounds;  corn  fodder, 
200  to  400  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  to  500  gallons.  Peai-s  and 
grapes  grow  to  perfection  and  many  other  fruits  do  well. 

The  wild  native  grasses  afford  splendid  pasturage  for  cattle  and  sheep, 
which  can  be  raised  at  very  small  expense. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  11,583 
sheep,  with  a  wool  clip  of  23,081  pounds;  16,152  cattle,  4,254  milch 
cows,  311  working  oxen,  17,224  hogs,  40,027  poultry  of  all  kinds,  819 
horses,  and  307  mules.  The  county  produced  54,456  .dozens  of  eggs, 
8,544  pounds  of  honey,  ll,0b4  pounds  of  butter,  and  1U2,070  galloais 
of  milk. 

The  creeks  and  rivers  abound  in  fish  excellent  for  the  table.  The 
climate  is  warm,  but  not  oppressive,  and  the  people  are  healthy. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  churches  and  schools.  Methodists 
and  Baptists  predominate.  Schools  for  whites  number  60;  for  colored, 
17.    Average  attendance  in  white  schools  1,417,  in  colored  487. 

There  are  no  large  towns  in  the  county.  Baxley,  the  county  seat,  on 
the  Southern  Railway,  is  the  most  important. 

There  are  postofiices  at  Baxley,  Graham,  Hazlehurst,  Surrency,  Blar- 
ney, Peyton,  Hitch,  Meddei-s,  Spencer  and  Elma. 

At  Baxley  a  syrup  refinery  has  been  recently  completed  and  incor- 
porated. The  proprietor  of  the  refinery  guarantees  not  less  than  25 
cents  a  gallon  cash.  With  the  same  careful  and  scientific  culture  that 
is  bestowed  by  some  planters  upon  the  crop,  500  gallons  of  first-class 
syrup  can  be  produced  to  the  acre  on  ordinarily  fertile  land,  and  with 
one-half  the  labor  required  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton.  The  people 
of  Baxley  are  the  proprietors  of  this  refinery  and  expect  great  results 
from  it.  The  ponds  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  town,  hitherto  regarded 
as  of  no  practical  benefit,  will  soon  be  in  great  demand. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Deen,  who  owns  $1,600  worth  of  stock  in  the  refinery, 
proposes  to  plant  this  year  (1901)  50  acres  in  sugar  cane,  and  expects 
to  make  a  clear  profit  of  $100  an  acre. 

The  area  of  Appling  county  is  775  square  miles,  or  496,000  acres. 

Population  by  the  census  of  1900  is  12,336.  School  fund,  $7,993.41. 
By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are  382,828  acres 
of  improved  land;  of  wild  lands,  200,263;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $1.42;  of  wild  land,  $0.57;  city  and  town  property,  $120,- 
989;  shares  in  bank,  $10,000;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $138,588;  value 
of  merchandise,  $73,505;  capital  invested  in  shijjping  and  tonnage,  $4,- 
020;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,350;  cotton  nianu factories,  $11,475;  cniiitMl 
invested  in  mining,  $525;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$88,260;  farm  and  other  animals,  $244,092;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $30,880;  watches,  jewelry  and  silver  jilato,  $1,989;  value  of  all 


528  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Other  property,  $97,493;  real  estate,  $766,787;  personal  estate,  $707,- 
898;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,474,687. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  15,202;  value 
of  land,  $24,267;  city  or  town  property,  $6,064;  money  and  solvent 
debts,  $699;  merchandise,  $410;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $6,- 
376;  watches,  jewelry  and  silver  plate,  $162;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$11,896;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,689;  aggregate  value  of 
all  property,  $52,844. 

The  population  of  Appling  county  in  1900  shows  an  increase  of  3,660 
over  that  of  1890.    This  is  a  gain  of  42.1  per  cent. 

Population  of  Appling  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,539;  whit©  females,  4,284;  total  white,  8,823; 
colored  males,  1,961;  colored  females,  1,552;  total  colored,  3,513. 

Domestic  animals  kept  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  63  calves,  6  bulls,  8  steers,  118  dairy  cows,  81  horses,  58 
mules,  286  swine,  37  goats. 

'  BAKER  COUNTY. 

Baher  County  was  laid  out  from  Early  in  1825,  and  was  named  after 
Colonel  John  Baker  of  Revolutionary  fame.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Calhoun  and  Dougherty  counties,  east  and  southeast  by  Mitchell, 
south  by  Mitchell,  Decatur  and  Miller,  and  west  by  Early  and  ]\liller. 
Newton,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Flint  river,  is  the  county  seat.  Other 
postoffices  are  Cheevei-ton,  Hoggard's  Mill,  Mimsville  and  Milford.  The 
county  is  watered  by  the  Flint  river  and  its  tributaries,  the  Coolewahee, 
Ichawaynochaway  and  Chickasawhatchee  creeks,  all  of  which  abound  in 
fish.  The  county  has  lands  in  which  oak  and  hickory  predominate,  and 
others  in  which  the  long-leaf  pine  is  the  prevailing  growth.  The  former 
lands  are  dark  and  much  more  productive  than  the  latter,  which  are  gray. 
With  the  exception  of  the  pine  lands  the  county  used  to  be  considered 
unhealthy.  But  the  boring  of  artesian  wells  and  the  use  of  their  water, 
instead  of  the  rotten  limestone,  has  brought  about  a  great  change  for  the 
better.    The  face  of  the  county  is  level. 

Under  the  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation  the  yield  per  acre  is :  Seed 
cotton,  600  to  800  pounds;  com,  10  to  15  bushes;  wheat,  15;  oats,  20; 
rye,  8  to  10;  upland  rice,  25  bushels;  sugar-cane,  300  gallons;  sorghum 
cane,  50  to  75  gallons;  Irish  potatoes,  50  to  150  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 100  to  250;  sorghum  forage,  10,000  pounds.  All  grasses  and  for- 
age crops  except  clover   do  well. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  4,039  bales,  all  upland. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  1,510  sheep, 
vnth  a  wool-clip  of  2,849  pounds;  7,859  cattle,  2,586  milch-cows,  675 
working  oxen,  9,809  hogs,  30,527  poultry  of  all  kinds,  567  horses,  724 
mules  and  2  asses.  Among  the  productions  were  181,645  gallons  of 
milk,  25,285  pounds  of  butter,  83,172  dozens  of  eggs,  and  1,660  pounds 
of  honey. 


<;i:(>it(;iA   kxiiiiut  at  xasiixilli:.   ikw. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  529 

The  people  are  beginning  to  pay  considerable  attention  to  the  raising 
of  beef  cattle  and  improvement  of  the  breed.  Within  the  last  five  yeai-s 
there  have  been  imported  into  the  county  5  Hereford,  4  Polled  Angus 
and  6  Shorthorn  bulls.     For  dairy  pui-poses  the  Jersey  cow  is  preferred. 

About  1,500  acres  are  given  to  peach  trees,  700  to  plums,  110  to 
cherries,  500  to  quinces  and  300  to  apples.  About  100  acres  are  given 
to  the  raising  of  melons,  and  large  watermelons  of  excellent  flavor  are 
grown  for  the  market. 

The  chief  industries  of  the  piney  woods  section  of  the  county  are 
those  connected  with  turpentine  and  lumber.  Six  sawmills  are  kept 
busy  preparing  lumber,  5  turpentine  distilleries  turn  out  large  quanti- 
ties of  naval  stores  and  5  gi-ist  mills  are  kept  in  constant  operation. 

Though  no  railroads  traverse  the  county,  the  Central  of  Georgia  has  a 
branch  road  running  near  the  county  line  on  the  north;  a  branch  of 
the  Plant  System  runs  close  to  the  line  from  the  northeast  southward, 
and  the  Georgia  Pine  Railroad  passes  close  by  the  boundary  on  the  west- 
ern side.  Lines  of  steamboats  on  the  Flint  river  ply  regularly  between 
Kewton  and  Albany  to  the  north,  and  Bainbridge  to  the  south.  The 
county  schools  are  in  good  condition.  Churches  are  plentiful,  especially 
those  of  the  Methodists  and  Baptists. 

The  area  of  Baker  county  is  366  square  miles,  or  234,240  acres. 

Population  by  the  census  of  1900,  6,704;  school  fund,  $4,515.94. 
According  to  report  of  Comptroller-General  for  1900  there  are:  Acres 
of  improved  land,  189,150;  of  wild  land,  15,405;  average  value  per 
acre  of  improved  land,  $1.75;  of  wild  land,  $1.00;  city  and  town  prop- 
erty, $16,480;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $21,960;  value  of  merchan- 
dise, $24,180;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $18,296;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $73,977;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $11,599; 
watches,  jewelry  and  silver  plate,  $1,110;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$27,644;  real  estate,  $364,212;  personal  estate,  $183,541;  aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $547,753. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  6,898;  value 
of  same,  $12,629;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $699;  household  and  kitch- 
en furniture,  $4,579;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,168;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $17,252;  watches,  jewelry  and  silver  plate,  $67;  ag- 
gregate value  of  all  property,  $38,317. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  and  number  15  for 
white  pupils  and  17  for  colored,  with  average  attendance  of  280  whites 
and  430  negroes. 

Population  of  Baker  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  oen?us 
of  1900:  white  males,  957;  white  females,  977;  total  white,  1,934; 
colored  males,  2,377;  colored  females,  2,393;  total  colored,  4,770. 

Domestic  animals  in  })ams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  No  report. 


530  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

BALDWIN    COUNTY. 

Baldwin  County  was  first  laid  off  by  the  lottery  act  of  1803.  Parts 
were  added  from  Washington,  Wilkinson  and  Hancock  in  1807;  parts 
again  from  Washington  in  1812,  and  another  part  from  the  same  county 
in  1826.  The  county  was  organized  in  1805  and  named  for  Hon.  Abra- 
ham Baldwin,  United  States  Senator,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  Frank- 
lin College,  the  oldest  department  of  the  University  of  Georgia.  Bald- 
win is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Putnam  on  the  north,  Han- 
cock on  the  northeast  and  east,  Washington  on  the  east,  Wilkinson  on 
the  south  and  Jones  on  the  west. 

The  Oconee  river  runs  through  the  middle  of  the  county,  and  into 
this  empty  Town,  Fishing  and  other  creeks.  Near  ]VIilledgeville  are 
shoals  which  can  be  cheaply  utilized,  and  which  would  furnish  im- 
mense water-power,  the  gross  available  horse-power  of  the  county  being 
about  2,859.  The  water  is  freestone.  The  upper  portion  of  the  county 
belongs  to  the  metamorphic  region,  and  has  red  clay  top-soil  with  a  stiff 
clay  subsoil.  The  lower  portions  belong  to  the  tertiary  formation,  and 
have  gray  sandy  lands.  The  gray  lands  give  good  returns  for  careful 
culture.  The  red  lands  are  fertile,  when  fresh,  and,  even  when  they 
have  been  exhausted  by  careless  farming,  can  be  easily  renovated  and 
restored  to  their  former  high  state  of  cultivation. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  Corn,  10 
bushels;  oats,  13  bushels;  wheat  9  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground- 
peas,  15  bushels;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels  each;  seed  cot- 
ton, 600  pounds;  crab-grass  and  benniida  hay,  2,500  pounds;  sugar-cane 
syrup,  150  gallons.  On  some  of  the  best  cultivated  lands  there  are  much 
better  yields,  as  for  instance,  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat, 
15  bushels;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds.  According  to  the  United  States 
census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in  this  county  of  the  crop  of  1899 
amounted  to  10,119  bales,  all  upland. 

There  are  in  Baldwin  county  33,528  peach  trees  and  3,039  apple  trees. 

Vegetables  are  raised  in  sufficient  quantity  for  home  use.  The  vege- 
tables and  fruits  sold  annually  amount  to  between  $7,000  and  $8,000. 

The  timber  products  are  small  and  are  mainly  hard  woods  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county,  such  as  oak,  hickory,  ash,  maple,  etc.  In 
some  sections  there  still  remains  a  little  yellow  pine.  The  annual  out- 
put of  all  the  timbers  is  about  $8,000  worth. 

The  especial  mineral  product  of  this  county  is  pottery  clay.  Nine 
miles  south  of  Milledgeville  on  the  Gordon  and  Covington  branch  of 
the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  is  Stevens*  Pottery,  located  on  one  of 
the  finest  clay  deposits  in  America,  which  extends  from  Augusta  south- 
westerly through  Baldwin  county,  past  Macon,  in  Bibb  county,  to  Co- 
lumbus, in  Muscogee  county.  The  clays  of  this  belt  are  very  pure,  of  a 
beautiful  white  color  and  capable  of  standing  a  greater  degree  of  heat 
than  any  other  clays  of  the  United  States.  At  Stevens'  Pottery  brick, 
sewer-pipe,  jars,  vases  and  many  kinds  of  ornamental  work  are  turned 
out  in  large  quantities. 


c 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  533 

The  United  States  census  of  1890  showed  that  there  were  in  Baldwin 
cOimty  2S3  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  ol-i  pounds;  3,502  cattle,  of  which 
200  were  working  oxen  and  1,364  milch  cows;  6,304  hogs,  34,985  do- 
mestic fowls  of  all  kinds,  507  horses,  1,205  mules  and  1  donkey.  Among 
farm  products  were  262,179  gallons  of  milk,  59,677  pounds  of  butter, 
46,169  dozens  of  eggs  and  0,296  pounds  of  honey. 

j\lilledgeville,  the  county  site,  was  the  capital  of  Georgia  from  1807, 
when  the  legislature  held  it3  first  session  there,  until  1668,  when  the 
capital  was  moved  to  Atlanta  by  the  reconstruction  government.  This 
action  was  sustained  by  a  vote  of  the  State  in  1877.  Since  then  Mil- 
legeville  has  become  a  great  educational  center.  The  old  capitol,  a 
building  in  the  gothic  style  of  architecture,  is  now  a  well-equipped  school 
known  as  the  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College.  The  Georgia 
Normal  and  Industrial  College  for  young  ladies  is  also  located  in  Mil- 
ledgeville,  the  building  being  a  handsome  structure  well  fitted  up  for 
the  best  kind  of  work. 

The  Georgia  and  Central  Railroads  cross  each  other  at  Milledgeville, 
the  former  running  east  and  west,  and  the  latter  north  and  south  through 
the  county,  thus  giving  the  very  best  of  transportation  facilities.  Mil- 
ledgeville, which,  according  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  has  a 
population  of  4,219,  does  a  thriving  commercial  business  and  has  sev- 
eral manufactories,  such  as  a  fertilizer  factory,  oil-mill,  grain  mill, 
repair  shops  and  many  small  industries.  All  the  manufactories  of  Bald- 
win county  number  41  and  have  an  annual  output  of  $242,942.  Some 
of  the  most  important  are  at  and  near  Milledgeville.  This  city  is  lighted 
by  electricity  and  has  successful  building  and  loan  associations  and  bank- 
ing institutions,  with  capital  adequate  for  the  business  of  the  city.  Be- 
sides the  educational  institutions  already  named,  Milledgeville  has  ex- 
cellent schools  belonging  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia,  and 
some  good  private  schools. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians  have  flour- 
ishing churches. 

About  two  miles  from  Milledgeville,  at  Midway,  is  the  State  Asylum 
for  the  Insane,  which  has  handsome  and  convenient  buildings  fitted  up 
with  all  modern  appliances.  The  white  and  colored  patients  are  kept 
entirely  separate  in  buildings  apart  from  each  other,  but  furnished  with 
equal  conveniences. 

At  Midway,  in  ante-bellum  days,  stood  Oglethorpe  University,  a  col- 
lege under  the  auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  churcli.  Aften-  the  civil 
war  the  university  was  removed  to  Atlanta,  but  after  a  few  years  its 
doors  were  closed,  and  its  exercises  linve  never  been  resumed. 

Scottsborough,  four  miles  south  of  Milledgeville,  is  a  pleasant  summer 
residence.  The  village  has  never  been  incorporated,  but  the  Scottsbor- 
ough militia  district  contains  5,455  inliabitants. 

The  public  schools  of  Baldwin  county  number  46.  In  the  21  schools 
for  whites  the  average  attendance  is  035  out  of  a  total  enrollment  of 


534  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

949  pupils,  and  in  the  25  schools  for  colored  there  is  an  average  at- 
tendance of  827  out  of  a  total  enrollment  of  1,479  pupils.  In  the  col- 
leges and  private  schools  of  Milledgeville  there  is  an  attendance  of  about 
700  pupils.  By  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner  for  1900 
the  school  fund  of  Baldwin  county  is  $10,451.82. 

The  area  of  Baldwin  county  is  250  square  miles,  or  160,000  acres. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  of  Bald- 
win county  is  17,768,  or  3,160  more  than  in  1890. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  is  as  follows:  Acres 
of  improved  land,  145,662;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.47;  value  of  city 
or  town  property,  $549,992;  shares  in  bank,  $90,000;  gas  and  electric 
lights,  $7,500;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $118,698;  value  of  merchan- 
dise, $108,912;  stocks  and  bonds,  $3,500;  cotton  manufactories,  $6,680; 
iron  works,  $4,300;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $84,202;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $82,762;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $21,254; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $10,325;  value  of  all  other  property,  $72,872; 
real  estate,  $1,056,893;  personal  estate,  $660,198;  aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $1,717,091. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres  of  land, 
5,980;  value  of  the  same,  $24,664;  value  of  city  or  town  property,  $45,- 
770;  merchandise,  $700;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $8,079; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $154;  farm  and  other  animals,  $16,046;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $3,052;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,075; 
aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $100,041. 

Population  of  Baldwin  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,087;  whit©  females,  3,424;  total  white, 
6,511;  colored  males,  5,400;  colored  females,  5,857;  total  colored, 
11,257. 

Population  of  Milledgeville  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  697;  white  females,  858;  total  white,  1,555; 
colored  males,  1,138;  colored  females,  1,526;  total  colored,  2,664. 

Total  population  of  city,  4,219. 

Domestice  animals  in  Baldwin  county,  kept  in  bams  and  inclosures, 
not  on  farmis  or  ranges,  according  to  the  census  of  1900:  17  calves,  29 
steers,  4  bulls,  99  dairy  cows,  156  horses,  35  mules,  182  swine,  3  goats. 

There  are  5  flour  and  grist-mills  on  the  Oconee  and  its  tributaries. 
There  are  several  sawmills  (the  exact  number  not  ascertained),  and 
a  very  extensive  pottery  establishment. 

BANKS  COUNTY. 

Banks  County  was  formed  from  Habersham  and  Franklin  counties  in 
1858,  and  belongs  to  the  northeast  section  of  the  State.  It  is  bounded 
by  the  following  counties:  Habersham  on  the  north,  Franklin  on  the 
east,  Madison  on  the  south  and  Hall  and  Jackson  on  the  west.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Richard  Banks,  of  Gainesville,  who  was  a  noted 
surgeon. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   A'D    INDUSTRIAL.  535 

The  lands  ai-e  rolling,  rich  on  the  water  courses  and  moderately  fertile 
elsewhere. 

The  timber  products  are  poplar,  hickory,  pine,  maple,  ash,  walnut, 
locust,  white,  post  and  mountain  oak. 

There  is  considei-able  granite  in  sections. 

The  Hudson  hows  from  north  to  south  through  the  county,  and  the 
Middle  Fork  through  its  northeast  corner.  These  two  uniting  with  the 
Is^orth  Fork  form  inroad  river,  which  flows  into  the  Savannah.  The 
Hudstn  and  Middle  Fork  aiford  ample  water-power  for  propelling  ordi- 
nary machinery  for  mills  and  factories. 

The  climate  is  healthy  and  invigorating.  The  water  is  pure  freestone. 
Two  railroads  belonging  to  the  Southern  System — one  on  the  north- 
western, the  other  on  the  southwestern  border  of  the  county — give  fa- 
cilities for  travel  and  transportation.  Bellton,  at  the  junction  of  these 
two  lines,  is  partly  in  Banks  and  partly  in  Hall  county.  Alto  and  Bald- 
win are  partly  in  Banks  and  partly  in  Habersham,  and  Maysville  is 
partly  in  Banks  and  partly  in  Jackson.  Homer,  five  miles  from  the  rail- 
road, is  the  county  seat. 

The  productions  of  Banks  county  are  corn,  cotton,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
peas,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  cabbages,  onions  and  other  vegetables. 

Under  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation  the  average  yield  of  the  va- 
rious crops  to  the  acre  is  as  follows:  Seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  corn,  8 
to  10  bushels;  wheat,  8  to  10  bushels;  oats,  12  bushels;  rye,  10  bushels; 
sorghum,  25  to  40  gallons  of  syrup;  sorghum  forage,  12,000  pounds  to 
the  acre;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  tield-peas,  10  bushels;  hay,  from 
clover,  bemmda  grass  or  the  vetches,  3,000  pounds.  Under  the  best 
methods  of  cultivation  there  are  much  larger  yields  of  corn  and  wheat. 

The  United  States  census  of  1900  reported  that  8,791  bales  of  upland 
cotton  were  ginned  in  this  county  in  1899-1900.  About  600  bales  from 
this  county  were  used  by  cotton  mills. 

The  principal  forage  crops  are  peavines  and  sorghum.  As  far  as 
known  one  farmer  has  a  silo  pit.  Bermuda  grass  is  the  favorite  for  sum- 
mer pasturage.  A  common  feed  for  stock  is  cotton-seed  meal  and  hulls, 
or  sorghum,  green  corn,  peas  and  vines. 

There  are  in  Banks  county  three  dairy  farms,  maldng  540  pounds  of 
butter  in  a  week,  for  which  tliey  find  a  ready  sale. 

The  number  of  dairy  and  othea'  milch-cows  is  100,  the  Jersey  being 
preferred  to  all  others.  Renewed  interest  is  being  taken  in  the  improve- 
ment of  tlio  breeds  of  cattle,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  Polled  Angus 
and  Shorthorn  bulls  are  being  introduced  into  the  county. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  United  States  census  there  were  in 
1890  in  Banks  county  1,926  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  2,608  pounds; 
3,680  cattle,  413  being  working  oxen  and  1,254  being  miloli-cows;  5,053 
hogs,  68,194  domestic  fowls  of  all  varieties,  442  horses,  836  mules  and 
1  donkey.  Among  the  farm  products  were  369,991  gallons  of  milk, 
128,457  pounds  of  butter,  16,568  pounds  of  honey  and  62,840  dozens 
of  ego;?,.  The  average  value  of  poultry  and  eggs  over  and  above  homo 
consumption  is  $15,000. 


536  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

The  acreage  of  fruits  is  as  follows:  500  acres  for  peaches  and  about 
the  same  for  apples;  200  acres  each  for  graj)es  and  cherries,  and  50  for 
pears. 

The  game  of  the  county  is  quail  and  hares  (commonly  called  rabbits), 
of  which  great  numbers  are  shipped  to  Atlanta. 

For  the  past  few  years  a  gi-eat  deal  of  lumber  has  been  cut  and 
shipped  from  Banks  county,  probably  about  1,000  cars  per  annum.  The 
getting  out  of  this  lumber  gives  employment  to  25  sawmills,  run  mostly 
by  steam. 

The  15  or  more  grain  mills  of  the  county  are  run  by  water. 
At  Maysville,  which  is  partly  in  Banks  and  partly  in  Jackson,  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  cotton  is  shipped.     Here  there  is  a  bank  with  a 
capital  of  $20,000.     The  total  population  of  this  town  is  453,  of  whom 
309  live  in  Banks  county. 

A  cotton  mill  is  projected,  to  be  built  near  Baldwin,  on  the  border 
of  Banks  and  Habersham  counties. 

The  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  leading  Christian 
denominations,  each  of  them  having  flourishing  churches. 

Banks  county  has  some  good  private  schools,  and  a  good  system  of 

public  schools,  in  which  there  is  an  average  daily  attendance  of  1,750 

pupils  in  the  35  schools  for  whites  and  400  in  the  ten  schools  for  negroes. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner  for  1900 

the  public  school  fund  of  Banks  county  was  $7,288.81. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  of  Banks  county 
was  10,545,  an  increase  of  1,983  since  1890. 

The  land  area  of  Banks  county  is  216  square  miles,  or  138,240  acres. 
The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  report 
for  1900;  Acres  of  improved  land,  131,868,  with  an  average  value  of 
$4.73  per  acre;  acres  of  wild  land,  202,  with  no  value  reported;  value  of 
city  or  town  property,  $54,113;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $80,896; 
value  of  merchandise,  $22,300;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $45,266;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $113,725;  of  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $28,539;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,686;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $19,712;  real  estate,  $639,793;  personal  estate, 
$322,821;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $939,094. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
3,544;  value  of  lands,  $11,294;  city  or  town  property,  $575;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $185;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $2,177;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $19;  farm  and  other  animals,  $6,089;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $1,010;  value  of  all  other  property,  $119;  average  value 
of  whole  property,  $21,468. 

Population  of  Banks  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,216;  whit©  females,  4,232;  total  white,  8,448; 
colored  males,  1,075;  colored  females,  1,022;  total  colored,  2,097. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1900:  25  calves,  5  steers,  51  dairy  cows,  30 
horses,  4  mules,  106  swine. 

There  are  25  sawmills,  most  of  them  small  and  run  by  steam- 
There  are  about  15  flour  and  grist-mills,  most  of  them  run  by  water. 


BEN    DAVIS. 
(New   York   Putin,  Kentucky    Red  Streak,  Eic.) 

This  is  a  very  vigorous,  hardy,  and  productive  variety  ;   keeps  late.     Highly  esteemed   in  the' 

West  and  Southwest. 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   A^D    INDUSTRIAL.  539 

BARTOW  COUNTY. 

Bartow  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  in  1832,  and  vras  at  that 
time  named  Cass,  in  honor  of  IIou.  Lewis  Cass  of  Michigan.  A  part 
was  taken  from  Murray  in  1834.  During  the  war  between  the  States 
the  name  of  the  county  was  changed  to  Bartow,  in  honor  of  General 
Francis  S.  Bartow  of  Savannah,  who  fell  in  the  iirst  battle  of  Manassas 
at  the  head  of  a  Georgia  brigade  (7th  and  8th  regiments).  It  is  bounded 
by  the  following  counties:  Gordon  on  the  north,  Cherokee  on  the  east, 
Cobb,  Paulding  and  Polk  on  the  south,  and  Floyd  on  the  west.  It  is  tra- 
versed by  the  Etowah  river,  Stamp,  Allatoona,  Pimipkin  Vine,  Euhar- 
lee.  Raccoon,  Oothcalooga,  Salacoa  and  Pettile  creeks.  There  are  im- 
mense water-powers  available,  and  many  are  now  in  use.  There  is  prob- 
ably no  county  in  the  State  that  presents  a  greater  divei-sity  of  geology, 
soil  and  vegetation  than  Bartow.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  one  that  is 
more  productive  of  all  the  staple  crops,  grasses  and  fruits.  The  forest 
growth  presents  a  great  variety  of  hardwoods  and  some  pine.  The  mineral 
wealth  is  great,  consisting  of  iron,  manganese,  ochre,  bauxite  and  lime- 
stone with  active  and  successful  operations  in  all. 

The  analysis  of  the  soil  of  the  county  shows  its  great  fertility.  Thirty- 
five  per  cent,  is  available  for  plant-food.  Of  this  about  one-fiith  is  solu- 
ble silica  insuring  strength  of  stalk  to  all  cereals.  There  is  nearly  one 
per  cent,  of  potash;  nearly  i  of  one  per  cent,  of  phosphoric  acid;  over 
one  per  cent,  of  lime  and  magnesia;  an  aggregate  of  oxide  of  iron  and 
alumina  of  more  than  11  per  cent.,  which  insures  moisture  by  deep  plow- 
ing and  a  retentive  soil.  There  is  also  10  per  cent,  of  organic  matter 
which  renders  the  soil  capable  of  years  of  cultivation  without  fertiliza- 
tion. With  fair  cultivation  the  lands  will  average  to  the  acre  as  follows: 
com,  20  to  35  bushels;  wheat,  15  to  20  bushels;  oats,  25  to  30  bushels; 
Irish  potatoes,  160  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  125  bushels;  field-peas,  20 
bushels;  peavine  hay,  2,000  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds; 
clover  hay,  6,000  pounds;  fodder,  500  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  150 
gallons;  seed  cotton,  750  to  1,200  pounds. 

Oothcalooga  valley  cannot  be  surpassed  in  the  State  on  wheat,  both  as 
to  yield  and  quality.  There  are  several  planters  who  harvest  from 
3,000  to  4,000  bushels.  The  average,  according  to  location  and  cul- 
tivation, is  from  25  to  40  bushels  to  the  acre.  Com  yields  from  25  to 
50  bushels  to  the  acre. 

Peach-trees  are  taking  every  hill-top.  During  the  season  of  1900 
more  than  100,000  trees  bore,  and  fruit  growers  realized  from  three  to 
five  thousand  dollars  net.  It  is  estimated  that  for  the  year  1001  with  a 
favorable  season,  a  million  trees  will  bo  bearing  and  by  three  years  more, 
two  million.  Grapes  are  raised  for  domestic  use,  but  not  yet  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  for  the  market. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1000  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  of  the  crop  of  1899  was  12,802  bales,  all  upland. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  dairying,  the  Jersey  cow  iK'ing  t.!io 

21  ga 


540  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

favorite.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were 
1,875  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  3,342  pounds,  7,912  cattle,  3,090  milch- 
cows,  515  working  oxen,  12,474  hogs,  132,062  poultry  of  all  kinds,  1,395 
horses,  1,995  mules  and  8  donkeys.  Among  the  productions  were  952,- 
366  gallons  of  milk,  319,606  pounds  of  butter,  40  pounds  of  cheese,  26,- 
936  pounds  of  honey,  and  191,533  dozens  of  eggd. 

Bartow  county  enjoys  the  best  of  transportation  facilities  through  the 
"Western  and  Atlantic,  the  Eome  and  Kingston  and  the  East  and  West 
Railroads.  On  the  Western  and  Atlantic  is  the  thriving  city  of  Cartons- 
ville,  which  is  the  terminus  of  the  East  and  West  Railroad,  which  runs 
in  a  southwesterly  direction  into  the  State  of  Alabama.  The  Cartersville 
militia  district,  which  includes  the  city,  contains  6,070  inhabitants,  of 
whom  3,135  live  in  the  city,  wliich  possesses  the  conveniences  of  larger 
places,  such  as  gas  and  electric  lights,  water-works,  an  ice  factory,  two 
banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $75,000,  and  a  fine  system  of  public 
schools.  Cartersville  has  a  wagon,  carriage  and  buggy  factory,  a  flour- 
mill,  a  tannery,  and  in  its  \dcinity  a  stave  and  barrel  factory.  The  Pitt&- 
burg  and  Georgia  Mining  Company  for  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron  and 
steel  has  been  lately  organized.  The  Clifford  Stone  Company  is  another 
new  enterprise  with  a  capital  of  $30,000. 

Around  Cai^'tersville  are  fine  cotton,  corn  and  wheat  lands.  In  close 
proximity  there  are  beds  of  iron  ore  and  manganese.  Methodists,  Baptists, 
PreBbyterians  and  Episcopalians  have  flourishing  churches  in  Carters- 
ville. Kingston,  whence  a  branch  railroad  runs  to  Rome  in  Eloyd  coun- 
ty, is  a  town  of  512  inhabitants,  while  the  whole  Kingston  district  has 
1,664  people. 

Adairsville,  also  on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  has  a  bank,  a 
crate  factory  and  the  Veach  Elouring-mill,  one  of  the  largest  in  Georgia, 
and  in  close  proximity  rich  veins  of  iron  ore.  The  Adairsville  district 
contains  2,245  inhabitants,  616  of  whom  live  in  the  town. 

At  Emerson,  on  the  same  railroad  is  a  factory  for  the  manufacture  of 
liydraulic  cement,  a  mill  for  the  production  of  guano  filler  known  as 
the  Southern  Company's  plaster  works,  and  a  large  ochre  dying  estab- 
lishment. The  cement  works  have  an  output  of  200  barrels  a  day  and 
the  Southern  Company's  Plaster  Works  turn  out  10,000  tons  per  an- 
num. IsTear  by  Emerson  are  quantities  of  iron  ore.  At  Cassville,  which 
was  once  the  county  town,  there  is  a  flourishing  tannery,  and  at  Alla- 
toona  is  a  gold  stamping  mill.  There  are  twenty-six  flour  and  grist-mills 
in  Bartow  county,  three  of  which  are  run  by  steam.  There  are  five  saw 
or  lumber  mills. 

Gold,  iron,  bauxite,  limestone,  manganese,  ochre,  graphite  and  sand- 
stone are  more  or  less  extensively  mined  in  Bartow  county.  From  one 
of  the  mines  about  1,200  tons  of  iron  were  shipped  last  year. 

In  every  community  throughout  the  county  are  churches  of  one  or 
more  of  the  leading  Christian  denominations. 

In  the  57  schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  daily  attendance  of 


c 


/ 


'      r. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  543 

1,700  pupils,  and  in  the  18  for  negroes  an  average  daily  attendance  of 
421.    In  1900  the  school  fund  of  Bartow  county  was  $13,977.09. 

The  land  area  of  Bartow  county  is  ISo  square  miles,  or  310,400  acres. 

The  population,  according  to  the  United  State  census  of  1900  was 
20,823. 

The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  report 
for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  207,923;  of  wild  lands,  25,903;  aver- 
age value  of  improved  land  per  acre,  $6.55;  of  wild  land,  83  cents; 
value  of  city  or  town  property,  $017,430;  shares  in  bank,  $82,000;  sink- 
ing-fund or  surplus,  $15,400;  building  and  loan  associations,  $2,000; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $386,354;  value  of  merchandise,  $129,920; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $8,490;  cotton  manufactories,  $38,697;  capital  in- 
vested in  mining,  $000;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$163,892;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $271,202;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $81,871;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $15,297;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $80,044;  real  estate,  $2,394,805;  personal  estate,  $1,- 
296,494;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property  $3,481,605. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of 
land,  5,475;  value  of  land,  $19,437;  city  or  to^vn  property,  $29,320: 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $1,588;  merchandise,  $750;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $8,492;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $291;  farm  and  other- 
animals,  $13,852;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,330;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $538;  average  value  of  whole  property,  $70,843. 

Population  of  Bartow  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  7,305;  white  females,  7,330;  total  white, 
14,635;  ooloTed  males,  3,092;  colored  females,  3,096;  total  colored, 
6,188. 

Population  of  Cartersville  by  sex  and  color:  white  males,  820;  white 
females,  860;  total  white,  1,680;  colored  males,  651;  colored  females, 
804;  total  colored,  1,455. 

Total  population  of  Cartersville,  3,135. 

Domestic  animals  in  Bartow  county,  kept  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not 
on  farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  50  calves,  21  steers,  215  dairy  cows, 
234  horses,  44  mules,  7  asses,  397  swine,  1  goat. 

There  are  in  the  county  2  woolen-mills,  26  flour  and  grist-mills,  5 
sawmills,  a  cement  factory,  a  mill  for  the  production  of  guano  filler,  1 
gold  stamping  mill,  one  large  tannery,  one  ochre  drying  establishment, 
one  ice  factory,  one  water-works  plant  and  one  electric  light  plant. 

A  more  complete  statement  of  the  industries  of  the  county  will  bo 
given  when  complete  returns  of  the  United  States  census  for  1900  have 
come  in. 

BE-R-RTET^  COU^"TT. 

Berrien  County,  in  South  Georgia,  and  one  of  tlie  most  progressive  in 
the  wire-grass  section,  was  named  in  honor  of  John  McPherson  Berrien, 
who  for  many  years  represented  Georgia  in  tlie  United  States  Senate. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  follov/ing  ooiintie--:  Tnvin  on  tlie  north,  CofTee  and 


544  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Clinch  on  the  east,  Lowndes  on  the  south,  Worth  and  Colquitt  on  the 
west.  It  is  watered  by  the  Allapaha,  Withlacoochee  and  Little  rivers, 
and  Cat,  Allapacoochee  and  other  creeks.  It  is  traversed  by  the  fol- 
lowing railroads:  Brunswick  and  Western  of  the  Plant  System;  Geor- 
gia.  Southern  and  Florida;  Tifton  and  Northeastern;  Tifton,  Thomasville 
■and  Gulf;  and  the  Sparks,  Moultrie  and  Gulf.  The  first  four  of  these 
cross  each  other  at  Tifton  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  county.  This 
is  the  most  important  town  of  the  county,  thriving  and  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  population,  which  by  the  census  of  1900  was  1,384  in  the  corpor- 
ate limits  and  including  the  whole  district,  3,145.  Here  are  large  saw- 
mills, a  canning  establishment,  foundry  and  machine  works.  iS'ear  the 
town  are  several  large  vineyards,  whose  grapes  are  unsurpassed  in  flavor. 
The  Delaware  grape  grows  to  perfection,  and  matures  earlier  than  in  any 
other  locality  where  it  is  at  this  time  (1901)  cultivated. 

Peach  orchards  are  very  successful,  the  fruit  enjoying  great  exemption 
from  injury  by  frosts. 

The  forest  growth  of  the  county  is  the  long-leaf  pine,  the  immense 
forests  of  which  are  furnishing  great  quantities  of  naval  stores  and  tim- 
ber. As  the  forest  disappears,  a  fine  agricultural  and  horticultural  in^ 
terest  is  being  built  up.  All  through  the  county  the  wire-grass  grows 
in  profusion,  affording  splendid  pasturage,  on  which  sheep  and  cattle 
can  be  fed  at  very  little  expense. 

The  face  of  the  county  is  generally  level.  The  soil  is  gray  and  sandy 
in  many  parts,  but  in  others  is  rich  loamy  and  dark  with  a  good  clay  sub- 
soil. The  lands  will  yield  to  the  acre  according  to  location  and  cul- 
tivation, corn  from  10  to  20  bushels;  oats,  10  to  20  bushels;  Irish  pota- 
toes, from  50  to  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  to  200  bushels;  field 
peas,  10  to  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  20  to  35  bushels;  seed  cotton  (up- 
land), 750  pounds  and  sea-island  cotton,  500  pounds;  hay  from  native 
grasses,  2,000  pounds. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  of  the  crop  of  1899  was  6,086  bales,  of  which  1,142  were  up- 
land and  4,944  sea-island  cotton. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  w,ere  13,699 
sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  28,161  pounds,  15,323  cattle,  3,928  milch- 
cows,  347  working  oxen,  21,323  hogs,  50,191  poultry  of  all  kinds,  824 
horses,  696  mules  and  3  asses.  Among  ^the  productions  were  213,943 
gallons  of  milk,  20,192  pounds  of  butter,  16,564  pounds  of  honey  and 
63,215  dozens  of  eggs.  Fifty-three  schools  for  whites  have  an  average 
attendance  of  1,717  pupils,  and  17  schools  for  colored  have  an  average 
attendance  of  543.  ' 

According  to  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner  rendered 
in  1900,  the  public  school  fund  of  Berrien  county  was  $10,688.24. 

ilsrashville,  connected  with  the  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida  Railroad 
by  the  ISTashville  and  Sparks,  a  short  road  11^  miles  long,  is  the  county 
seat.  The  district  of  the  same  name  has  1,821  inhabitants,  of  whom  293 
live  in  the  town. 

Sparks,  Adel  and  Cecil  are  towns  on  the  Georgia  Southern  and  Flor- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  545 

ida  Railway.  The  population  of  each  is  as  follows:  Sparks,  683  in  the 
corporate  limits  and  in  the  entire  district  2,170;  Adel,  721  in  the  coi-por- 
ate  limits,  and  in  the  entire  district  1,799;  Cecil,  39-1  in  the  corporate 
limits,  and  in  the  entire  district,  1,178. 

The  town  of  Allapaha,  on  the  Brunswick  and  Western  Eailroad  of 
the  Plant  System,  has  in  the  corporate  limits  a  population  of  429,  and  in 
its  entire  district  1,986. 

Thus  we  have  in  Berrien  county  five  good  towTis,  the  largest  of  which, 
Tifton,  described  in  the  beginning  of  this  sketch,  did  not  appear  on  the 
census  report  of  1890,  but  in  the  last  ten  years  has  shown  a  rapid  growth. 

Xear  Lenox  on  the  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida  Eailroad  is  a  large 
brickyard. 

At  Sparks  a  company  has  been  organized  for  manufacturing  brick 
and  building  materials,  and  for  operating  gins  and  planing-mills. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  of  Ber- 
rien county  was  19,440,  a  gain  of  8,746  since  1890.  The  area  of  the 
county  LS  810  square  miles,  or  518,400  acres. 

The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  report 
for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  481,174;  of  mid  land,  18,998;  aver- 
age value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $2.11;  of  wild  land,  $1.00;  city  or 
town  property,  $420,250;  shares  in  bank,  $23,150;  money  and  solvent 
debts,  $379,544;  value  of  merchandise,  $183,388;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$3,430;  cotton  manufactories,  $15,938;  iron  works,  $50.00;  capital  in- 
vested in  mining,  $650.00;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$185,653;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $339,397;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $63,013;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $11,549;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $284,635;  real  estate,  $1,458,659;  personal  estate,  $1,- 
496,759;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,955,418. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
4,531;  value  of  land,  $10,233;  city  or  town  property,  $10,522; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $161.00;  merchandise,  $225.00;  household 
and  kitchen  furniture,  $11,646;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $377.00; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $9,578;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$2,007;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,839;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $46,618. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  all  property  in  the  county 
amounting  to  $307,781. 

Population  of  Berrien  coxmty  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,908;  white  females,  6,586;  total  whit^, 
13,494;  colored  males,  3,248;  colored  females,  2,698;  tot.al  colored, 
5,946. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  in 
Berrien  county,  June  1,  1900:  223  calves,  90  steei^s,  22  bulls,  298  dairy 
cows,  187  horses,  121  mules,  400  sheep,  829  s^vine,  8  goats. 

A  partial  list  of  the  Industries  of  Berrien  county:  sawmills  and  tur- 
pentine distilleries  (the  exact  number  of  neither  being  accurately  ascer- 
tained), one  woolen-mill,  two  large  brickyards,  several  gins,  ten  flour 
and  grist  mills  operated  by  water  (the  number  by  steam  not  ascertained), 
a  canning  establishment  and  foundry  and  machine  works. 


546  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

BIBB  COUNTY. 

Bibh  County  was  organized  in  1822,  being  set  off  from  Houston 
county,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Wm.  W.  Bibb.  A  part  oi 
Twiggs  county  was  added  to  it  in  1833  and  a  part  of  Jones  in  lb34.  It 
is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Jones  and  Monroe  on  the  north 
and  northwest,  Jones  and  Twiggs  on  the  east,  Houston  on  the  south  and 
Crawford  on  the  west  and  southwest.  It  is  watered  by  the  Ocmulgee 
river  and  by  Tobesofkee,  Echeconnee,  Eock,  Savage,  Beaver  Dam  and 
Walnut  creeks.  The  Ocmulgee  river  has  fine  water-powers,  those  at 
Park  Shoals  being  estimated  as  4,000  horse-powers,  while  the  total  un- 
utilized powers  near  Macon  are  11,070  horse-powers.  This  river  is  navi- 
gable to  Macon  for  light  draught  steamboats. 

The  red  clay  soil  of  the  northern  part  of  the  county  belongs  to  the 
metamorphic  and  the  gray,  sandy  land  of  the  southern  section  to  the 
tertiary  formation.  A  ridge  of  sand  hiUs  runs  diagonally  through  the 
county  from  northeast  to  southwest.  The  laads  along  the  Ocmulgee 
river  are  especially  productive.  Including  all  kinds,  the  best  and 
poorest,  the  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  seed  cotton, 
600  to  800  pounds;  com,  12  bushels;  wheat,  15  bushels;  oats,  25  bush- 
els; barley,  40  bushels;  rye,  13  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  to  3,000 
pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  100  to  300  gallons;  field  peas,  10  bushels; 
ground-peas,  25  bushels;  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  100  to  200  bushels. 
Bermuda  grass  and  clover  do  well  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
On  some  of  the  lands  1,500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  are  raised  to  the  acre, 
and  in  other  sections  from  900  to  1,200  pounds  are  easily  produced. 
The  river  bottom  lands  readily  yield  60  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre.  On 
some  of  these  "bottom"  lands  7,000  pounds  of  Bermuda  hay  and  8,000 
of  German  millet  have  been  cut  to  the  acre. 

The  finest  peaches,  plums  and  pears  can  be  raised  in  this  county. 

All  the  varieties  of  vegetables  do  well,  and  the  truck  sold  in  the 
county  averages  yearly  between  $35,000  and  $40,000.  The  county 
raises  5,000  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  66,000  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes, 
and  1,000  pounds  of  upland  rice. 

There  are  32,000  peach-trees,  4,600  apple-trees  and  of  plum  and  pear- 
trees  about  2,000  each. 

There  are  25  dairy  farms  well  stocked  with  Jerseys  and  doing  a  thriv- 
ing business. 

About  20  per  cent,  of  fertilizers  used  is  produced  on  the  farms. 
Many  farmers,  especially  those  who  have  dairies,  have  silo  pits  and  use 
ensilage  profitably.  Bermuda  grass  furnishes  good  summer  pasturage, 
while  clover,  Texas  blue-grass,  barley,  rye,  oats  and  wheat  are  used  for 
winter  pasturage. 

More  interest  than  formerly  is  being  taken  in  the  improvement  of 
beef  cattle.  The  timber  products  are  small,  consisting  mostly  of  oak, 
hickory,  cherry,  walnut,  etc.,  in  the  northern  part,  A  little  yellow  pine 
is  still  left.    The  principal  game  of  Bibb  county  is  quail  and  doves. 


77H1IL    i'LYMUUlH    HOCK    COCK, 


From  r.nl    X„.  j,. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  549 

The  Ocmiilgee  river  and  tlie  numerous  creeks  furnish  a  considerable 
quantity  of  fish. 

Among  the  minerals  are  pottery  clay  (iu  abundance),  some  ochre, 
granite  and  limestone.     There  are  two  granite  quarries. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  county  in  1899 
produced  6,568  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890  there  were  343  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  834  pounds,  2,683  cattle,  1,137  milch-cows,  57  working  oxen, 
6,024  hogs,  27,124  poultry  of  all  kinds,  482  hoi-ses  and  1,324  mules. 
These  statistics  do  not  include  live  stock  in  the  city  of  Macon. 

Among  the  farm  products  were  253,507  gallons  of  milk,  48,042 
pounds  of  butter,  5,105  pounds  of  honey,  and  41,192  dozens  of  eggs. 

Macon,  the  county  seat,  named  for  Honorable  Nathaniel  Macon,  is 
appropriately  called  the  "Central  City,"  for  it  is  very  near,  if  not  in  the 
exact  geographical  center  of  Georgia.  In  1806  in  what  is  now  East 
Macon,  was  established  an  Indian  trading  post  and  Fort  Hawkins  was 
erected  at  this  western  outpost  of  civilization.  Seventeen  years  later 
(1823)  a  to^\Ti  had  gro^vn  up,  most  of  it  on  the  west  of  the  Ocmulgee, 
which  was  incorporated  as  the  town  of  Macon.  The  next  year  the  first 
Macon  academy  was  built.  Until  the  coming  of  the  railroad  Macon's 
steamboat  business  was  considerable.  After  the  city  became  a  railroad 
center,  steamboat  navigation  ceased,  but  in  the  last  few  years  has  been 
resumed. 

Macon  is  now  a  beautiful  city  with  well-paved  streets,  lighted  by 
electricity,  handsome  public  buildings,  elegant  private  residences,  pretty 
parks,  a  first-class  system  of  water-works,  an  up-to-date  electric  plant 
system,  two  distinct  lines  of  electric  railway  with  tracks  permeating 
every  section  of  the  city  and  its  suburbs.  The  population  in  the  cor- 
porate limits,  according  to  the  United  State  census  of  1900,  is  23,272, 
in  the  suburban  district  of  Vineville,  7,787,  and  of  East  Macon,  outside 
of  the  corporate  limits,  5,078,  making  a  total  population  of  36,137. 

In  the  city  and  suburbs  are  48  manufacturing  establishments  in 
active  operation,  having  an  aggregate  capital  of  $5,000,000,  employing 
4,500  operatives,  paying  out  annually  in  wages  between  $700,000  and 
$800,000  with  an  annual  output  of  ten  or  eleven  million  dollars.  Among 
these  leading  manufacturing  establishments  are:  five  cotton-mills  for 
spinning  yams;  three  knitting-mills,  one  for  making  stockings  and  socks 
and  two  for  mailing  undenvear;  three  iron  foundries,  for  iron  castings 
of  every  description ;  brass  and  bronze  machinery,  repairing  of  engines 
and  machinery;  three  cotton  compresses;  three  establishments  for  mak- 
ing cornices;  three  cotton-gin  manufactories;  six  cotton  press  mnnufao- 
tories;  two  large  cotton-oil  companies,  one  of  them  having  a  capital  of 
$500,000,  employing  400  people  with  a  weekly  pay-roll  of  $1,000  and 
an  annual  output  of  between  $2,000,000  and  $3,000,000;  the  other  em- 
ploying 100  hands  with  a  weekly  pay-roll  of  $700;  a  largo  fertilizer 
factory  with  a  capital  of  $145,000,  a  weekly  pay-roll  of  about  $500,  and 
an  output  worth  $300,000.  There  aro  also  largo  sash,  door  and  blind 
factories,  a  large  candy  and  cracker  factory  and  a  large  and  succesisfid 


550  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

ice  plant.    There  is  also  a  barrel  factory,  one  for  making  pants  and  one 
for  harness. 

Counting  every  establishment  engaged  in  any  kind  of  manufacturing 
there  are  182  manufactories,  with  an  annual  output  worth  $6,485,767. 
The  Rutland  Manufacturing  Company  operates  a  grist-mill,  gin  and 
stave  factory. 

Macon's  eight  banks  have  an  aggregate  capital,  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  of  $2,063,500. 

Among  her  commercial  houses  are  some  of  the  most  extensive  in 
Georgia,  reaching  out  for  the  trade  of  a  very  large  section  of  the  State. 

The  fire  department  is  unsurpassed  in  efiiciency. 

The  very  best  educational  facilities  are  afforded  by  a  splendid  system 
of  public  schools  for  city  and  county,  and  by  private  schools  and  col- 
leges. The  public  schools  number  31  for  whites  and  18  for  negroes, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  3,296  white  pupils  and  2,200  colored. 
Mercer  University  for  boys,  Wesleyan  Female  College,  the  oldest  col- 
lege for  ladies  in  the  United  States,  and  probably  in  the  world,  are  first- 
class  institutions.  St.  Stanislaus  (formerly  called  Pio  Nono),  is  a  Roman 
Catholic  college  for  priests,  and  the  Mount  de  Sales  Academy  is  a  school 
for  girls  under  the  auspices  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  There  is 
also  a  Normal  school  for  ladies  at  the  Alexander  school  building.  The 
Ballaird  Normal  School  is  for  colored  pupils. 

The  Academy  for  the  Blind  is  a  State  institution  with  two  depart- 
ments, one  for  whites  and  one  for  colored,  under  the  same  management 
and  superintendence,  but  located  on  separate  lots  in  sections  of  the  city 
remote  from  each  other. 

In  Macon  is  the  Appleton  Home,  an  orphan  house  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  in  Vineville  and  vicinity  are  two  similar 
institutions,  the  Orphan  Home  of  the  South  Georgia  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  Mumford's  Industrial  Home. 

Other  charitable  institutions  are  the  City  Hospital,  on  Pine  Street,  the 
Julia  Parkman  Jones  Home  for  indigent  ladies,  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  the  Roff  Home,  with  hospitals  attached  for 
the  poor  of  Bibb  county.  The  Home  for  the  Friendless,  and  the  Door  of 
Hope,  a  place  of  refuge  for  fallen  women  who  seek  to  be  restored  to  a 
life  of  purity. 

Through  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  Macon  has  connection  with 
Atlanta  on  the  north  and  with  Savannah  and  ocean  transportation  on 
the  south;  through  the  Southern  system  with  Brunswick  and  the  ocean 
on  the  south  and  with  Atlanta  and  the  cities  of  the  north  and  west.  The 
southwestern  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  system  gives  direct  com- 
munication with  Columbus,  Americus,  Albany,  and  all  southwestern 
Georgia.  The  Macon  and  Birmingham  connecting  with  lines  to  the 
west  gives  a  direct  route  to  Montgomery  and  New  Orleans.  The  Geor- 
gia Southern  and  Florida,  passing  through  some  of  the  richest  sections 
of  the  State,  connects  Macon  with  Tifton,  Valdosta  and  the  chief  cities 
of  Florida.  The  Macon  and  Northern,  another  branch  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia  system,  coimects  it  with  Athens;  a  branch  of  the  Georgia 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   lyDVSTRIAL.  55I 

Kailroad  connects  with.  Augusta,  while  the  Macon  and  Dublin  and  its 
connecting  roads  gives  still  another  route  to  Savannah  and  the  ocean. 

The  area  of  Bibb  county  is  254:  sqnare  miles  or  162,560  acres.  By 
the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  is  50,473,  an  increase 
of  8,103  over  that  of  1890.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Comniissiouer 
of  Education  the  school  fund  is  $30,369.34.  By  the  report  of  the 
Comptroller-General  for  1900  there  were  returned  for  taxation  as  fol- 
lows: acres  of  improved  land,  151,093;  acres  of  wild  land,  428;  aver- 
age value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $20.73;  of  wild  land,  $1.40 
money  invested  in  cotton  factories,  $1,321,725;  city  and  town  property 
$6,889,190;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $834,433;  merchandise,  $1,162, 
890;  gas  and  electric  lights,  $566,652;  building  and  loan,  $105,000 
household  furniture,  $652,335;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $189, 
915;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $69,480;  watches,  jewelry,  etc. 
$76,810;  stocks  and  bonds,  $149,871;  shipping  and  tonnage,  $2,505 
real  estate,  $10,025,025;  personal  estate,  $6,402,661;  aggregate  value 
of  property,  $16,427,686. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
4,084  valued  at  $387,345;  city  property,  $214,070;  money,  etc., 
$2,640;  merchandise,  $97,253;  household  furniture,  $41,080;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $25,290;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,045; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $215.00;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $683,990. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  total  increase  over  1900  of  $339,764. 

r 

LIST  OF  COTTON-MILLS  OF  BIBB  COUNTY. 

Capital.  Spindles. 

Bibb  Mill  No.  1     $1,705,000  10,000 

Bibb  Mill  No.  2. 

Manchester  Manufacturing  Co.  .  .  .$    100,000  10,000 

Pavne  Cotton-Mills   50,000  6,328 

Willingham  Cotton-Mills 100,000  ^  8,200 

All  these  mills  manufacture  yarns,  warj^s  and  twines. 

KNITTING  MILLS  OF  BIBB  COUNTY. 

Macon  Knitting  Company $200,000         350 

Schofield  Manufacturing  Company  .  . .     35,000  26 

The  Macon  Knitting  Company  manufactures  seamless  cotton  hosiery, 
while  the  Schofield  Manufacturing  Company  makes  men's  ribbed  under- 
wear.    The  Manchester  Manufacturing  Company  also  makes  hosiery. 

The  McCaw  Manufacturing  Company,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000, 
makes  cotton  seed  oil  soap,  and  several  by-products  from  the  manufacture 
of  the  oil,  among  which  is  nitroglycerine. 

The  Central  Ice  Company  hfia  tlio  largest  ico  plant  and  cold  storage 
ware-houses  south  of  Cincinnati. 

Population  of  Bibb  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of   1900:   white  males,    11,373;    white  females,    11,705;    total   white, 


552  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

23,078;  colored  males,  12,003;  colored  females,  14,952;  total  colored, 
27,395. 

Population  of  Macon  by  sex  and  color:  white  males,  5,771;  white  fe- 
males, 5,940;  total  white,  11,711;  colored  males,  4,886;  colored  females, 
6,675;  total  colored,  11,561. 

Total  population  in  the  corporate  limits  of  Macon,  23,272. 

Domestic  animals  of  Bibb  county,  kept  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  111  calves,  15  steers,  4  bulls,  679  dairy- 
cows,  1,105  horses,  301  mules,  5  donkeys,  2  sheep,  1,282  swine,  38  goats. 

There  are  five  cotton-mills,  3  iron  foundries,  3  cotton  compresses,  3 
cornice  making  establishments,  3  cotton-gin  manufactories,  6  cotton  press 
manufactories,  2  large  cotton-oil  companies,  1  large  fertilizer  factory,  1 
large  candy  and  cracker  factory,  1  large  ice  plant,  1  barrel  factory,  1 
harness  factory,  1  pants  factory,  3  large  lumber  mills,  including  sash, 
door  and  blind  factories,  besides  4  flom'  and  grist-mills  on  the  Ocmulgee 
and  tributaries. 

BKOOKS  COUNTY. 

Brooks  County,  named  in  honor  of  Preston  S.  Brooks  of  South  Caro- 
lina, was  laid  off  from  Thomas  and  Lowndes  in  1858.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  following  counties:  Colquitt  on  the  north,  Lowndes  on  the  east,  and 
Thomas  on  the  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Florida. 
Little  river  runs  along  the  east  and  falls  into  the  Withlacoochee  river, 
which  separates  it  from  Lowndes  to  the  Florida  line.  This  river  is  a 
branch  of  tlie  Suwannee  of  Florida.  Ocopilco  creek,  passing  north 
to  south  through  the  center  of  the  county  falls  into  Withlacoochee 
river  about  twelve  miles  from  the  Florida  line.  Piscola  creek, 
flowing  through  the  western  part  of  the  county,  empties  into  the  Ocilla 
river  of  Florida. 

Quitman,  the  county  seat,  named  for  General  John  A.  Quitman  of 
Mississippi,  a  gallant  soldier  of  the  Mexican  war,  is  located  on  the  Sav- 
annah, Florida  and  Western  Kailroad,  the  main  line  of  the  great  Plant 
System.  It  is  a  thriving,  progressive  town,  the  market  for  a  prosperous 
farming  country,  with  two  banks  having  an  aggregate  capital  of  $175,- 
000,  an  ice  factory,  a  water-works  system,  an  electric  light  plant,  good 
schools  and  churches  and  an  intelligent,  moral  and  industrious  popu- 
lation of  2,281  people  in  the  town  and  5,286  in  the  entire  district.  There 
is  at  Quitman  a  cotton-miU  with  a  capital  of  $75,000.  The  court-house 
is  valued  at  $30,000  and  a  jail  at  $10,000.  The  county  enjoys  ex- 
cellent facilities  for  travel  and  transportation  through  three  railroads; 
the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western,  the  Georgia  E'orthern  completed 
from  near  Boston  to  Carlisle,  and  the  South  Georgia  from  Quitman  to 
Heartpine.  The  rivers  and  creeks  afford  an  abundant  supply  of  fish. 
The  pine  forests  afford  the  best  lumber  for  building  purposes  and  abund- 
ance of  rosin  and  turpentine.  On  account  of  the  mild  climate  and  fine 
grazing,  cattle,  hogs  and  sheep  especially  can  be  raised  at  very  little 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  553 

cost.  The  face  of  the  country  is  level.  The  soil  is  in  some  parts  sandy, 
with  red  clay  subsoil,  and  in  some  sections  consists  of  hummock  lands. 
Each  of  these  is  productive  and  gives  abundant  crops  of  cotton,  long-and 
short-staple,  rice,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  potatoes  and  sugar-cane.  Superior 
oranges,  figs  and  melons  are  raised. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  seed  cotton,  500 
to  800  pounds  of  upland,  and  about  350  pounds  of  sea-island  cotton; 
com,  10  to  20  bushels;  upland  rice,  15  to  20  bushels;  oats,  10  to  15  bush- 
els; rye,  8  to  10  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sugar-cane,  300 
to  600  gallons  of  syrup;  field-peas,  10  to  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  15  to 
30  bushels.  Careful  and  scientific  cultivation  will  produce  still  better 
yields.     Crab-grass  and  peavine  hay  do  well. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  8,731  bales  of  cotton,  of  which  G,39G  were  upland  and  2,335 
sea-island  cotton.  The  receipts  of  the  entire  county  for  1900  were  11,- 
000  bales,  of  which  Quitman  received  9,500. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  1,946  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  3,488  pounds,  11,319  cattle,  3,072  milch-cows,  257 
working  oxen,  22,766  hogs,  55,952  poultry  of  all  kinds,  956  horses  and 
],325  mules. 

Among  the  productions  of  the  county  there  were  284,937  gallons  of 
milk,  52,413  pounds  of  butter,  6,084  pounds  of  honey  and  108,597 
dozens  of  eggs. 

The  lumber  trade  is  large  with  an  annual  output  of  10,000,000  super- 
ficial feet,  valued  at  $10.00  a  thousand  feet.  There  are  10  turpentine 
distilleries,  with  outputs  valued  at  $10,000  each.  There  are  also  12  saw- 
mills and  40  grist  mills. 

Brooks  is  a  healthful  county,  and  during  the  winter  months  many- 
invalids  from  the  E'orth,  as  well  as  others,  resort  thither  to  breathe  the 
health-bestowing  aroma  of  its  piny  woods.  Artesian  wells  add  to  its 
healthfulness. 

Churches  of  the  various  Christian  denominations  abound,  exerting 
their  saving  influences  in  every  community. 

In  addition  to  good  private  schools,  the  people  are  well  provided  with 
educational  advantages  by  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  The 
public  school  fund  of  Brooks  county  was  stated  in  the  report  of  the  State 
School  Commissioner  published  in  1900  to  be  $12,171.15.  In  the  40 
schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  1,139  pupils,  and  in 
the  30  for  negroes,  1,038.  The  area  of  Brooks  county  is  463  square  miles 
or  296,320  acres. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  was  18,606,  an 
increase  of  4,627  over  that  of  1890. 

The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  report 
for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  298,159  (too  high,  if  tlio  report  of  the 
census  bureau  at  Wasliington  is  correct);  acres  of  wild  lan<l,  5,655;  aver- 
age value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $3.54;  of  wild  land,  $1.97;  value 
of  city  or  town  property,  $359,973;  merchandise,  $145,783;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $261,158;  value  of  shares  in  bank,  $117,500;  stocks  and 


554  GEORGIA:  HISTORIC AL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

bonds,  $64,812;  cotton  manufactories,  $77,900;  iron  works,  $1,500; 
household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $145,718;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$249,420;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $57,864;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $9,047;  value  of  all  other  property,  $103,555;  real  estate,  $1,416,- 
780;  personal  ©state,  $1,295,070;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$2,711,850.  _ 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of 
land,  13,698;  value  of  land,  $54,651;  city  or  town  property,  $15,479; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $2,071;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $19,- 
766;  farm  and  other  animals,  $37,634;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$6,612;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,450;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $137,872. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  that  of  1900  amounting  to  $206,545. 

Population  of  Brooks  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,794;  white  females,  3,908;  total  white,  7,702; 
colored  males,  5,615;  colored  females,  5,389;  total  colored,  10,904. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosureu,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  99  calves,  28  steers,  3  bulls,  152  dairy  cows,  130  horses,  35 
mules,  12  donkeys,  435  swine,  44  goats. 

Partial  list  of  manufactories:  40  flour  and  grist-mills  (about  ten 
operated  by  water),  12  sawmills,  10  turpentine  distilleries,  one  cotton- 
mill  and  one  woolen-mill. 

BKYAE"  COUITTY. 

Bryan  County  was  laid  out  in  1793,  and  named  for  Jonathan  Bryan,^ 
who  came  to  Georgia  in  1752,  and  was  three  years  later  commissioned 
by  the  king  judge  of  the  general  court,  and  in  addition  appointed  ono 
of  the  royal  counselors  of  the  colony.  During  the  Kevolution  he  heartily 
espoused  the  cause  of  American  independence. 

Bryan  is  bounded  as  follows:  northwest  by  Bulloch  county,  northeast 
by  Efiingham  and  Chatham,  east  and  southeast  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
south  and  southwest  by  Liberty  and  Tattnall,  and  west  by  Tattnall.  ^ 

The  Ogeechee  river  runs  along  its  northeastern  border  and  turning 
eastward  empties  into  Ossabaw  Sound.  The  Cannouchee  river  runs 
along  its  western  and  southwestern  border,  and  then  flows  easterly 
across  the  county  into  the  Ogeechee  river.  Ossabaw  Island  is  separated 
from  it  on  the  east  by  a  navigable  inlet.  The  lands  along  the  rivers  aa-e 
especially  adapted  to  rice  and  are  very  productive.  Cotton,  both  long- 
and  short  staple,  does  well.  The  quantity  of  upland  adapted  to  corn  and 
cotton  is  very  limited.  Truck  farmers  have  a  great  advantage  in  their 
proximity  to  the  Savannah  market,  where  they  find  a  ready  sale  for  their 
produce. 

The  streams  supply  the  markets  with  large  quantities  of  fish. 
The  people  of  Savannah  who  like  hunting  and  fishing  make  the 
southern  part  of  the  county  a  resort  for  their  favorite  sport. 

The  Georgia  and  Alabama  Kailroad,  which  is  one  of  the  main  linea 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  555 

of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  with  a  road  from  Cuvler,  one  of  its 
stations,  to  Dover  on  the  Central,  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western 
of  the  Plant  System,  and  the  Florida,  Central  and  Peninsular,  give  to 
the  county  the  best  of  facilities  for  travel  and  transportation. 

There  are  no  large  towns  in  Bryan  county.  Clyde,  near  the  Cannou- 
chee  river,  is  the  county  seat.  The  usual  Christian  denominations  have 
churches  in  every  community,  Methodists  and  Baptists  predominating. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is :  seed  cotton,  700 
pounds  of  upland  and  350  pounds  of  sea-island;  corn,  10  to  15  bushels; 
sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  12  to  15  bushels; 
ground-peas,  25  to  75  bushels;  sugar-cane  syrup,  200  gallons;  rice  12  to 
15  bushels. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  479  bales,  of  which  227  were 
upland  and  252  sea-island. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  3,685  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  6,865  pounds,  6,612  cattle,  1,939  milch-cows,  82 
working  oxen,  7,909  hogs,  22,199  poultry  of  all  kinds,  396  horses,  316 
mules  and  4  donkeys. 

Among  the  productions  w'ere  82,710  gallons  of  milk,  8,301  pounds 
of  butter,  15,797  pounds  of  honey  and  25,406  dozens  of  eggs. 

The  area  of  Bryan  county  is  472  square  miles  or  273,280  acres. 

The  population  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  is  6,122,  a  gain  of 
602  since  1890. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner  the  school 
fund  is  $4,669.87.  The  average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  is  546  in  the 
27  schools  for  whites,  and  450  in  the  16  for  negroes. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are  in  the  county 
187,518  acres  of  improved  land;  12,196  acres  of  wild  land.  By  the 
same  returns  the  following  values  arc  reported:  city  and  town  property, 
$19,993;  tonnage,  $65.00;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $64,373;  merchan- 
dise, $32,600;  money  invested  in  cotton  factories,  $150.00;  household 
furniture,  $32,417;  farm  and  other  animals,  $121,072;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $15,657;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,474;  real  estate, 
$330,025;  personal  estate,  $325,404;  aggregate  of  property,  $655,429. 

By  the  same  report  the  property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers  was  as 
follows:  11,691  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $15,779;  city  or  town  property, 
$702.00;  money,  etc.,  $152.00;  household  and  kitclien  furniture,  $3,- 
712;  farm  and  other  animals,  $10,381;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$1,231;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,377;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $33,855. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  1900  amounting  to  $40,705. 

Population  of  Biyan  coimty  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,517;  white  females,  1,452;  total  white,  2,969; 
colored  males,  1,613;  colorod  fonuilos,  1,510;  total  colored,  3,153. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inolosures,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900;  no  report. 


556  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

BULLOCH  COUNTY. 

Bulloch  County  was  laid  out  in  1796  and  named  for  ArcMbald  Bul- 
loch, Governor  of  Georgia  from  January  20,  1776  to  February  22,  1777, 
and  a  devoted  champion  of  the  liberties  of  America.  This  county  runs 
up  into  a  point  at  the  north.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties: 
Screven  on  the  northeast,  Screven  and  Effingham  on  the  east,  Bryan  on 
the  southeast,  Tattnall  on  the  southwest  and  west,  and  Emanuel  on  the 
west  and  northwest.  The  river  Ogeechee  flows  along  its  northeastern 
and  eastern  borders,  and  the  Cannouchee  along  its  western  and  south- 
western boundary.  Several  creeks  flowing  into  these  rivers  traverse  the 
county.  The  most  important  are  Belcher's  Mill  creek.  Black  creek, 
Bird's  Mill  creek.  Big  Lott's  and  Little  Lett's  creeks.  Sculls,  Meril's, 
Dry  and  Hound  creeks.  There  is  also  near  the  Ogeechee  river  a  lake 
about  ten  miles  long.  From  this  and  the  rivers  and  creeks  abundance  of 
fish  are  caught.  The  county  is  level  and  is  composed  of  pine-gray  up- 
lands and  hummock  lands.  About  one-fifth  of  the  soil  is  sandy  and  light 
loam,  one-fifth  a  stiff  dark  soil,  and  one  half  a  red  clay  soil.  The  hum- 
mock lands  are  veiry  productive,  yielding  cotton,  long-and  short-staple, 
com,  wheat,  oats,  rye,  sugar-cane,  rice  and  potatoes.  The  climate  is 
healthy  and  pleasant.  Many  instances  of  longevity  have  been  recorded. 
In  the  records  of  the  county  are  the  names  of  several  who  lived  more 
than  a  hundred  years. 

Eeligion  and  education  are  represented  by  prosperous  churches  and 
Bchoiols. 

The  pine  and  cypress  timbers  furnish  lumber  and  shingles  for  the 
markets.  These  are  cut  up  by  20  lumber  mills  in  different  parts  of  the 
county.  There  is  a  good  business  also  in  rosin  and  turpentine.  There 
are  15  turpentine  distilleries.  There  are  25  flour  and  grist-mills.  Rice 
culture  on  the  hummock  lands  is  profitable. 

For  travel  and  transportation  the  people  have  the  advantage  of  the 
following  railroads:  the  Savannah  and  Statesboro,  the  former  Dover  and 
Statesboro  and  Pineora  roads,  now  a  part  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  sys- 
tem, and  Foy.  The  county  site  is  Statesboro  at  the  junction  of  the  Sa- 
vannah and  Statesboro  Railroad  with  the  Central.  The  court-house  cost 
$20,000  and  the  academy,  $15,000.  There  are  in  this  to^vn  a  bank  with 
a  capital  of  $50,000  and  a  blind  and  sash  factory.  A  company  has  been 
organized  here  to  build  a  cotton  factory. 

The  Statesboro  district  contains  3,706  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,197  live 
in  the  tovoi.  Both  the  district  and  to\\Ti  have  doubled  in  population 
since  1890. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  predominate,  though  other 
Christian  sects  are  represented.  The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school 
system  of  Georgia,  and  number  77  for  whites  and  42  for  colored,  with 
an  average  attendance  of  1,877  white  and  1,133  colored  pupils. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  seed  cotton,  350  to 
500  pounds  of  sea-island  and  500  to  850  pounds  of  upland;  corn  10  to 
14  bushels;  oats,  10  to  20  bushels;  Irish  aud  sweet  potatoes,  75  to  200 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  557 

bushels;  field-peas,  10  to  12  bushels;  ground-peas,  25  bushels;  sugar-cane 
syrup,  400  gallons. 

The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  very  great,  and  the  average  price  per 
thousand  feet  is  from  $S.OO  to  $15.00.  , 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
this  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  9,792  bales,  of  which  1,924 
were  upland  and  7,868  sea-island. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1S90  there  were  15,728 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  31,135  pounds,  16,325  cattle,  4,543  milch- 
cows,  141  working  oxen,  27,913  hogs,  85,308  poultry  of  all  kinds,  1,460 
horses,  1,046  mules  and  1  donkey.  Among  the  productions  were  261,- 
175  gallonds  lof  milk,  39,221  pounds  of  butter,  19,751  pounds  of  honey 
and  97,788  dozens  of  eggs.  The  Jersey  is  constantly  growing  in  favor 
as  a  cow  for  producing  milk  and  butter. 

Peaches,  pears,  plums,  grapes,  berries  and  melons  yield  good  profits 
to  their  owners.  Abimdance  of  good  native  gi-asses  for  hay  and  pastur- 
age, the  wide  range  and  the  mild  winters  enable  the  farmers  to  raise 
sheep  and  cattle  in  great  numbers  at  small  expense  and  good  profits. 

The  area  of  Bulloch  county  is  980  square  miles  or  627,200  acres.  The 
population  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  was  21,377,  an  increase 
of  7,665  since  1890. 

By  the  last  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  the  school  fund 
was  $12,357.60. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  gives:  458,823  acres 
of  improved  lands;  53,971  acres  of  wild  lands;  average  value  of  im- 
proved lands  to  the  acre  $2.35;  of  T\'ild  lands,  $0.93;  value  of  city  and 
town  property,  $185,860;  shares  in  bank,  $50,000;  money  and  solvent 
debts,  $379,478;  merchandise,  $145,975;  household  furniture,  $138,- 
322;  farm  and  other  animals,  $353,706;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$72,240;  watches,  jeyelry,  etc.,  $8,302;  real  estate,  $1,308,375;  personal 
estate,  $1,330,089;  aggregate  property,  $2,638,460. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax-payers:  13,364  acres  of  land  valued 
at  $28,209;  citv  property,  $2,245;  money,  $1,908;  household  furniture, 
$11,878;  watches,  etc.,  $263.00;  farm  and  other  animals,  $22,219; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,039;  aggregate  property,  $72,512. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  1900,  amounting  to  $265,013. 

Population  of  Bulloch  counuty  by  eex  and  color,  according  to  tho 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  6,395;  white  females,  5,818;  total  white, 
12,213;  colored  males,  4,944;  colored  females,  4,224;  total  colored, 
9,164. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosurcs  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1.  1900:  79  calves,  24  steers,  4  bull?.  Ill  dairy  cows,  127  horses, 
119  mules,  1  donkey,  408  swino  and  7  goats. 

Partial  list  of  manufactories:  1  sea-island  gin  factors-,  1  sash  and  blind 
factory,  25  flour  and  grist-mills,  20  luui])or  and  sawmills  ,and  15  turpen- 
tine distilleries. 


558  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

BUEKE  COUNTY. 

Burke  County  was  laid  out  in  1758  as  St,  George's  Parish.  In  1777 
it  received  its  present  name  in  honor  of  Edmund  Burke,  the  great 
champion  of  American  liberty,  a  native  of  Dublin,  Ireland,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  British  parliament.  In  1793  part  of  it  was  set  off  to  Screven 
county,  and  in  1798  a  pai-t  to  Jefferson.  The  Savannah  river  separates 
it  from  South  Carolina  on  the  east  and  the  Ogeechee  from  Emanuel 
county.  Richmond  county  bounds  it  on  the  north,  Screven  on  the  south- 
east, Emanuel  on  the  south,  and  Jefferson  on  the  west.  Brier  creek  tra- 
verses the  county  from  northwest  to  southeast  and  is  noted  for  the  rich 
lands  along  its  borders.  The  county  is  also  watered  by  Beaver  Dam, 
Brushy,  Horse,  Rock  and  Buckhead  creeks.  On  Bnishy  and  Brier  creeks 
and  at  Shell  Bluff  are  beds  of  marl.  Much  of  the  subsoil  iconsists  of  cal- 
careous marl  from  many  of  the  springs  and  in  the  banks  of  the  streams. 
At  Shell  Bluff  is  found  an  almost  inexhaustible  quantity  of  limestone 
of  the  best  quality  for  making  lime.  Buhrstone  is  also  very  abundant 
in  the  county.  Chalcedony  and  jasper  have  been  found.  The  water  vd. 
the  county  is  impregnated  with  rotten  limestone.  This  adds  to  the 
productiveness  of  the  soil,  but  detracts  from  the  taste  of  the  water.  The 
introduction  of  artesian  wells  is  proving  a  remedy  for  this.  The  artesian 
well  at  Waynesboro  furnishes  to  that  town  a  large  quantity  of  whole- 
some, hard  water,  good  not  only  for  drinking,  but  also  for  general  dom- 
estic purposes. 

Waynesboro,  the  county  site,  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway, 
named  in  honor  of  General  Anthony  Wayne  of  Revolutionary  fame,  is 
a  thriving  town  containing  2,030  inhabitants  in  its  corporate  limits.  Ic 
has  good  schools  and  churches  of  the  denominations  usually  found  in  our 
Georgia  towns,  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians.  The  town  has  a 
bank  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  It  has  two  fertilizer  factories  and  (two 
cottonseed-oil  mills. 

Burke  county  has  good  private  schools  and  enjoys  the  advantages  ^also 
of  the  public  schoiol  system  of  Georgia.  There  are  in  the  whole  county 
105  schools,  40  for  whites  and  65  for  colored.  The  average  daily  at- 
tendance, as  reported  by  the  State  School  Commissioner  is  789  in  the 
schools: for  whites,  and  2,419  in  the  schools  for  negroes.  The  school  fund 
for  1900  was  $22,063.73. 

The  Centrail  Railroad  on  the  southern  border  and  running  through 
the  county  to  Augusta  and  a  branch  of  the  Southern  running  through 
the  northwest  corner,  give  ample  convenience  for  travel  and  transporta- 
tion. The  proximity  of  Augusta  to  the  northern  part  of  the  county  en- 
courages the  trucking  business,  the  value  of  which  amounts  to  nearly 
$20,000  per  annum.  The  tributaries  of  the  Ogeechee  furnish  water- 
power  which  has  been  utilized  by  nine  grist-mills ;  those  of  the '  Savannah 
operate  8  mills.  Long-leaf  pine  and  wire-grass  cover  a  large  area;  the 
timber  growth  of  the  north  and  northwest  portions  of  the  county  is  of  the 
different  hardwood  varieties.     The  timber  products  are  valued  at  $75,- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD    IXDLSTRIAL. 


559 


000;  nearly  all  yellow  pine,  also  some  naval  stores.     There  are  10  or  12 
steam  sawnnills  and  3  turpentine  distilleries. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  40,102  bales,  of  which  45,- 
977  were  upland  and  175  sea-island. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  1,100  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  3,609  pounds,  8,007  cattle,  2,661  milch-cows,  392 
working  oxen,  30,248  hogs,  95,732  poultry  of  all  kinds,  1,633  horees, 
3,665  mules  and  5  donkeys.  Among  the  productions  were  438,533  gal- 
lons of  milk,  70,027  pounds  of  butter,  600  pounds  of  cheese,  15,444 
pounds  of  honey  and  177,034  dozens  of  eggs.  The  yields  of  the  various 
crops  to  the  acre  under  ordinary  cultivation  average  about  as  follows: 
seed  cotton,  800  poimds;  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  30;  wheat,  15;  rye,  15; 
sugar-cane,  150  gallons  of  syrup.  The  grasses  are  Bermuda,  crab  and 
wire-grass. 

The  pea-vines  abo  furnish  hay.  The  production  of  hay  is  2,500 
pounds  to  the  acre.  In  1898  the  production  of  Irish  potatoes  was  998 
bushels;  of  sweet  potatoes,  92,366  bushels.  Fruit  trees  in  the  county: 
4,853  apple-trees,  23,890  peach-trees. 

The  area  of  Burke  county  is  1,043  square  miles,  or  667,520  acres. 

The  following  items  are  furnished  by  the  report  of  the  Comptroller- 
General  for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  589,198;  average  value  per 
acre  of  improved  land,  $2.53;  city  or  town  property,  $361,876;  value  of 
shai-es  in  bank,  $75,000;  sinking-fund,  $6,000;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$147,396;  cotton  manufactories,  $11,250;  value  of  merchandise,  $108,- 
410;  stocks  and  bonds,  $3,000;  household  furniture,  $113,119;  fami  and 
other  animals,  284,107;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $61,303; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $11,666;  value  of  all  other  property,  $59,371; 
real  estate,  $1,853,419;  personal  estate,  $948,866;  aggregate  of  all  prop- 
erty, $2,802,285. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land 
30,543;  value,  $77,660;  city  property,  $21,811;  money,  etc.,  $770; 
merchandise,  $625;  household  furniture,  $29,730;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$963;  farm  and  other  animals,  $90,146;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$20,439;  all  other  property,  $6,925;  aggregate,  $276,274. 

Burke  has  always  been  considered  one  of  the  finest  agricultural  coim- 
tif's  in  the  State.  The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  in  tlie  value  of 
all  property  over  1900  amounting  to  $286,036. 

Burke  jail  is  noted  for  a  skirmish  which  took  place  in  1779,  between 
the  British,  led  by  Colonels  Brown  and  McCirth,  and  the  Americans 
commanded, by  Colonels  Twiggs  and  Few,  in  wliich  the  Americans  were 
the  victors.  In  this  aflPnir  Captain  Joshua  Tnman,  an  American  officer, 
killed  three  of  the  Briti^^h  with  his  own  liancl. 

According  to  the  Untied  States  census  of  1900,  Burke  county  liiul  a 
population  of  30,165,  a  gain  of  1,664  over  that  of  1890. 

Popnlation  of  Bnrko  county  by  sex  and  color,  accordiiiii:  to  tlio  <'onsu.'^ 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,869;  white  females,  2,653;  total  white.  5,522; 
colored  males,  12,147;  colored  females,  12,496:  total  colored,  21,643. 
2-.  ga 


560  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  54  calves,  20  steers,  10  bulls,  102  dairy  cows,  119  horses, 
14  mideis,  254  swine  and  34  goats. 

Partial  list  of  manufactories:  2  cotton  oil  mills,  2  fertilizer  factories, 
1  cotton  mUl,  17  flour  and  grist-mills,  about  12  sawmills,  4  turpentine 
distilleries. 

BUTTS  COUNTY. 

Butts  Vounty  was  laid  off  from  Monroe  and  Henry  in  1825,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  Captain  Samuel  Butts,  who  was  killed  in  the  battle 
of  Chalibbee  (January  27,  1814),  where  the  Georgia  brigade  of  General 
John ,  Floyd  inflicted  a  severe  defeat  upon  the  Indians  who,  taking  ad- 
vantage of  the  war  with  Great  Britain,  had  risen  against  the  whites  and 
had  committed  many  horrible  atrocities  in  Alabama.  This  county  is 
bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Newton  on  the  northeast,  Jasper  on 
the  east,  Monroe  on  the  south,  Spalding  on  the  west  and  Henry  on  the 
northwest.  The  Ocmulgee  river  runs  along  its  northeastern  and  eastern 
borders.  A  considerable  stream  called  the  Towaliga  flows  through  the 
southwestern, part  of  the  county.  Tussahaw,  Yellow  Water  and  Sandy 
creeks  also  water  the  county. 

Jackson,  the  county  site,  on  lone  of  the  main  trunks  of  the  Southern 
Bailway,  has  within  the  la^t  few  years  grown  rapidly  in  population,  in 
every  line  of  business  and  in  the  character  of  its  buildings.  There  is  in 
Jackson  a  flouring  mill  with  patent  roller  process,  and  turning  out  the 
best  of  flour.  It  has  am'ong  its  other  industries  a  flourishing  cotton-mill, 
built  by  Georgia  capital.  The  bank  hais  a  capital  of  $50,000.  The  court- 
house is  new  and  cost  $30,000.  The  jail  cost  $6,000.  The  residences 
bespeak  the  progressiveness  of  the  town.  In  fact,  throughout  the  county 
the  residences  and  all  the  outbuildings  are  above  the  average  in  appear- 
ance and  comfort. 

Flo  villa,  a  town  of  523  inhabitants,  on  the  Southern,  is  connected 
by  a  short  railroad  with  Indian  Spring,  a  noted  fashionable  summer  re- 
sort, celebrated  for  the  healing  properties  of  its  sulphur  water.  The 
springs  are  situated  in  the  forks  of  Sandy  creek.  Here  in  1825  was  made 
the  treaty  between  the  whites  and  Indians  which  led  to  the  murder  of  the 
Indian  chief,  Mcintosh,  by  his  own  people.  The  climate  is  healthy,  as 
is  proven  by  the  advanced  age  attained  by  many  of  its  inhabitants.  Four 
miles  from  Flo  villa  is  the  Lamar  flour-mill  with  patent  roller  process. 
This  mill  turns  out  flour  of  the  best  grade. 

Besides  the  important  points  already  named,  other  post-offices  are  Jen- 
kinsburg,  Cork,  and  Lofton's  Store.  Other  places  are  Towaliga,  Elgin, 
Stark,  Maystown  and  "Worthville.  Though  there  are  hills  in  some  sec- 
tions, the  general  face  of  the  county  is  level.  The  predominant  soil  is 
gray,  well  adapted  to  cotton,  the  grasses,  and  the  different  grains.  The 
average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops  is  as  follows:  seed  cotton,  600 
to  700  pounds;  com,  10  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats,  15  bushels; 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD   IXDCSTRIAL.  561 

field-peas,  10  bushels;  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  100  to  200  bushels.  The 
best  lauds  yield  to  the  acre  1,500  pouuds  of  seed  cotton;  40  bushels  of 
corn  and  wheat  and  other  crops  in  like  proportion.  On  an  island  in  tho 
Ocmulgee  river  there  are  40  acres  which  yield  40  bushels  of  oats  and  60 
of  corn  to  the  acre  without  fertilizing. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
Butts  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  14,415  bales,  all  upland. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  for  1890  there  were  251  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  oSl  pounds,  3,025  cattle,  1,308  milch-cows,  78  work- 
ing oxen,  4,783  hogs,  54,338  poultry  of  all  kinds,  651  horses,  1,225 
mules  and  3  donkeys.  Some  of  the  productions  were:  382,962  gallons  of 
milk;  131,483  pounds  of  butter;  11,979  pounds  of  honey  and  84,935 
dozens  of  eggs. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  chiefly  at  Jackson,  the  cot- 
ton receipts  and  shipments  from  which  place  amount  to  13,000  bales 
annually.    The  mills  at  Jackson  use  3,500  bales. 

Jackson  and  Pepperton  are  neighboring  towns,  the  former  contain- 
ing by  the  census  of  1900  a  population  of  1,487,  and  the  latter  500  peo- 
ple. The  district  of  Jackson,  embracing  both  these  towns  and  the  inter- 
vening country,  contains  3,663  inhabitants.  The  Indian  Spring  district 
includes  the  toAvns  of  Flovilla  and  Mcintosh,  the  former  with  523  in- 
habitants and  the  latter  with  262.     The  whole  district  has  1,517. 

The  area  of  Butts  county  is  179  square  miles,  or  114,560  acres. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  of 
Butts  county  was  12,805,  a  gain  of  2,240  over  that  of  1890. 

Every  community  is  supplied  with  churches  and  schools. 

The  State  School  Commissioner  reported  in  1900  a  total  of  46  schools. 
The  daily  average  attendance  was  960  in  23  schools  for  whites  and  677 
in  23  for  negroes.     The  school  fund  was  $8,314.28. 

The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Comptroller- 
General  for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  113,794;  average  value  per 
acre,  $5.50;  city  or  town  property,  $235,372;  shares  in  bank,  $35,000; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $147,089;  value  of  merchandise,  $81,795; 
cotton  manufactories,  $60,940;  household  and  kitclien  furniture,  $78,- 
630;  farm  and  other  animals,  $99,772;  plantation  and  mechanical  t(Hils, 
$34,468;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,151;  real  estate,  $832,691;  personal 
estate,  $616,371;  value  of  all  other  property,  $33,854;  aggregate  of 
whole  property,  $1,446,062. 

Property  retnniod  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  ],- 
204;  value  of  land,  $8,688;  city  or  town  property,  $7,495;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $145.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $8,508;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $13,044;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,251; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $481.00;  aggregate  value  of  whole  jir<i|MTly, 
$45,441. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  pliow  an  inci-casc  in  the  vabu'  f>f  all  ju-npcM'ty 
over  1900  amounting  to  $143,537. 

Population  of  Buttri  county  by  sex  and  color,  accoixling  to  the  census 


562  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

of  1900:  white  males,  2,937;  white  females,  3,061;  total  white,  5,998; 
colored  males,  3,251;  colored  females,  3,556;  total  colored,  6,807. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
Jime  1,  1900:  2  calves,  53  dairy  cows,  92  horses,  18  mules,  19  swine,  7 
goats. 

Partial  list  of  manufactures:  4  flour  and  grist-mills,  and  1  sawmill, 
operated  by  water,  2  large  flour  mills  with  patent  roller  process,  1  cotton 
mill. 

CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

Calhoun  County  was  formed  out  of  the  northern  part  of  Early  in 
1854,  and  was  named  for  John  C.  Calhoun,  the  celebrated  South  Caro- 
lina statesman.  The  counties  which  bound  it  are :  Randolph  and  Terrell 
on  the  north,  Dougherty  on  the  east.  Baker  and  Early  on  the  south.  Clay 
and  Early  on  the  west.  Morgan,  a  small  town,  remote  from  any  rail- 
road, is  the  county  site.  A  branch  of  the  Central  Railroad  runs  entirely 
across  the  eouthern  part  of  the  county.  Ichaway-nochaway  creek  is  the 
largest  stream  in  the  county.  It  runs  centrally  through  it,  being  formed 
by  two  streams,  one  coming  from  the  northwest,  the  other  from  the  north- 
east. Along  its  eastern  border  is  Chickasawhatchee  creek.  These  streams, 
furnish  abundance  of  fish.    Wild  turkeys  are  the  principal  game. 

The  lands  are  generally  level,  having  a  gray  soil,  best  adapted  to 
cotton  and  corn.  Out  of  187,568  acres  in  the  county,  about  95,000  are 
under  cultivation.  Of  those  cultivated  60,000  are  upland,  30,000  low- 
land; 5,000  bottom  land.  The  best  lands  average  from  $5  to  $6  an  acre, 
the  wild  lands  from  $1.28  to  $3.00  to  the  acre.  The  average  yield  to  the 
acre  for  the  several  crops  is:  for  cotton,  600  pounds;  corn,  10  bushels; 
wheat  and  oats,  8  bushels  each;  rye,  6  bushels;  sugar-cane,  150  to  350 
gallons  of  syrup;  field-peas,  8  bushels;  ground-peas,  12  bushels.  Of  vege- 
tables only  enough  are  raised  for  home  consumption.  A  fine  hay  is  cut 
from  crowfoot-grass.  Bermuda  grass  also  gives  excellent  pasturage.  The 
range  for  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  is  fairly  good,  and  enables  the  farmers 
to  raise  their  own  supply  of  meat  at  small  cost. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
this  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  9,472  bales  (upland). 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  248  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  587  pounds,  4,154  cattle,  1,486  milch-cows,  178  work- 
ing oxen,  10,233  hogs,  26,251  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  546  horses,  1,412 
mules,  and  1  donkey. 

Among  the  productions  of  the  county  there  were  184,604  gallons  of 
milk,  24,644  pounds  of  butter,  109  pounds  of  cheese,  6,914  pounds  of 
honey  and  52,489  dozens  of  eggs. 

Two  canneries  at  Morgan  put  up  during  the  last  season  about  2,000 
crates  of  fruit.     Arlington  and  Leary  on  the  railroad  are  growing  well. 

Of  the  original  forests  there  are  still  standing  in  the  county:  of  pine 
50,000  acres,  of  oak  and  gum  20,000  acres,  and  of  swamp  timber  20,000 
acres.    There  are  eight  sawmills  in  the  county.     The  annual  output  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  553 

lumber  is  about  1,000,000  superficial  feet  per  annum.  There  are  two 
turpentine  distilleries,  one  at  Leary  and  one  at  Arlington.  There  is  a 
good  water-power  at  Cordray's  Mill.  This  is  a  flour  and  grist-mill  and 
is  valued  at  $2,500.  There  is  a  cottonseed-oil  mill  at  Arlington,  valued 
at  $20,000.  From  the  entire  county  there  are  shipped  annually  about 
8,000  bales  of  cotton. 

Arlington,  the  largest  town,  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Georgia  Pine 
Railway,  with  a  branch  of  the  Central,  and  lies  partly  in  Calhoun  and 
partly  in  Early  county.  Of  its  755  inhabitants  055  are  citizens  of  Cal- 
houn county.  The  militia  district  in  which  it  is  situated  has  a  popula- 
tion of  1,990. 

Leary,  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway,  has  inside  the  corporation 
396  inhabitants  and  in  the  whole  district  1,962. 

Morgan,  the  county  site,  is  about  T  miles  north  of  the  Central  Railway. 

The  area  of  Calhoun  county  is  276  square  miles,  or  176,640  acres.  Its 
population,  by  the  United  State  census  of  1900,  was  9,274,  a  gain  of  836 
in  the  last  decade. 

Churches  of  one  or  more  of  the  leading  Christian  denominations  are 
found  in  every  community. 

There  are  37  school  buildings  belonging  to  the  public  school  system 
of  Georgia.  The  daily  average  attendance  is  421  pupils  in  the  15  schools 
for  whites  and  823  in  the  22  schools  for  negroes.  The  school  fund  is 
$6,684.94. 

The  county  is  supplied  in  many  sections  "with  artesian  wells  which, 
with  good,  pure  water  have  added  greatly  to  its  healthfulness. 

The  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  contains  the  following 
items:  acres  of  improved  lands  174,275;  of  wild  lands,  1,560;  average 
value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $2.66;  of  wild  land,  $1.12;  value  of 
city  or  towTi  property,  $123,248;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $61,301; 
merchandise,  $65,585;  cotton  manufactories,  $12,125;  iron  works, 
$2,200;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $50,737;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $108,696;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $23,575; 
vpatches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,866;  value  of  all  other  property,  $24,675;  real 
estate,  $589,994;  personal  estate,  $353,183;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $943,177. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acrps  of  land, 
7,242;  value  of  land,  $17,083;  city  or  "toA\Ti  property,  $10,250;  money 
and  solvent  debt5,  $423.00;  household  and  kitchen  fnrnituro,  $10,780'; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $20,691 ;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,- 
237;  valne  of  all  other  property,  $975.00;  aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $70,593. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  In  the  value  of  all  property  over 
1900  amounting  to  $83,286. 

Populntion  of  Calhoun  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,215;  white  females,  1,184;  total  wliite, 
2,399;  colored  males,  3,425;  colored  females,  3,450;  total  oolored,  6,875. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  59  calves,  10  steers,  4  bulls,  82  dairy  ff.\v>,  72  liorsesj  14 
mules,  3  donkeys,  310  swine. 


564  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

CAMDEN  COUNTY. 

Camden  County  was  formerly  embraced  in  the  parishes  of  St.  Thomas 
and  St.  Mary's.  In  1777  these  were  formed  into  a  county  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Camden  who,  in  the  British  par- 
liament, so  boldly  plead  for  the  liberties  of  America.  Part  of  it 
was  taken  from  Wayne  in  1805,  and  a  part  added  tO'  Wayne  in 
1808.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Glynn  and  Wayne  counties,  on  the 
east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  south  by  Florida,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  the  St  Mary's  river,  and  on  the  west  by  Charlton  county. 
The  Satilla  (formerly  called  St.  Ilia)  river  flows  along  its  western  bord- 
er, then  turning  to  the  northeast  flows  almost  centrally  across  the  county 
and  empties  through  St.  Andrew's  sound  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The 
Little  Satilla,  along  its  northeastern  boundary,  also  empties  into  St.  An- 
drew's sound.    The  county  is  also  watered  by  several  creeks. 

St.  Mary's,  the  county  seat,  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  river  of  the 
same  name,  in  full  sight  of  the  ocean,  from  which  it  is  distant  nine  miles. 
Its  harbor  is  accessible  to  the  largest  vessels,  and  St.  Mary's  enjoys  con- 
siderable trade.  The  sawmills,  constantly  busy,  impart  to  the  place  an 
air  of  thrift.  The  streets  are  broad  and  adorned  with  shade-trees,  among 
which  are  orange-trees,  laden  in  their  season  with  golden  fruit,  and  syca- 
more and  wild  olive-trees,  clad  in  a  foliage  of  pei-petual  green.  In  the 
winter  season  the  town  is  thronged  with  Northern  visitors  seeking  health 
or  pleasui'e.  It  is  well  supplied  with  churches  of  the  different  denom- 
inations. Baptist,  Methodist,  Episcopalian,  Presbyterian  and  Poman 
Catholics.  St.  Mary's  besides  its  excellent  harbor  has  easy  access  by  the 
river  to  the  Florida  Central  and  Peninsular  Pailroad,  which  traverses  the 
county  from  north  to  south.  The  St.  Mary's  district  has  1,291  inhabit- 
ants, of  whom  529  live  in  the  town. 

In  Camden  county  are  26  white  and  22  colored  schools  with  an  average 
attendance  of  219  white  and  372  colored  pupils. 

The  soils  of  Camden  county  are  of  different  kinds;  gray,  yellow  and 
dark,  and  some  blue  clay  bottom  land.  Only  50  acres  were  during  the 
last  season  planted  in  cotton,  5,000  acres  were  planted  in  corn,  none  in 
wheat,  1,000  in  barley,  3,000  in  rice,,  100  in  sugar-cane,  20  in  sorghum, 
100  in  Irish  potatoes,  1,000  in  sweet  potatoes,  1,000  in  field-peas,  500  in 
ground-peas,  200  in  chufas  and  1,000  in  vegetables  of  every  kind.  The 
average  yield  by  the  acre  was:  600  pounds  of  seed  cotton;  15  bushels  of 
corn;  20  bushels  of  oats;  30  to  35  bushels  of  rice;  160  bushels  of  Irish 
potatoes;  230  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes;  10  bushels  of  field-peas;  60 
bushels  of  ground-peas;  170  bushels  of  chufas.  The  ribbon-cane  aver- 
ages from  130  to  200  gallons  of  syrup  to  the  acre,  and  the  sorghum  40 
gallons.     The  rice  acreage  for  1901  was  unusually  large. 

Though  no  attention  is  paid  to  the  making  of  hay,  the  soil  is  well 
adapted  to  all  the  grasses.  The  wooded  lands,  carpeted  with  grass,  af- 
ford pasturage  all  the  year.  Cattle  require  but  little  attention,  and  the 
cost  of  raising  a  yearling  calf  is  nothing.  About  75  per  cent,  of  the 
fertilizers  used  is  produced  on  the  farm.     Some  improvement  has  been 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  565 

made  in  the  breeds  of  cattle,  and  more  attention  than  formerly  is  beiug 
paid  to  the  raising  of  beef  cattle.  By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in 
the  county  407  horses,  49  mules,  2,354  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  3,972 
pounds,  9,6G8  cattle,  9G9  being  working  oxen  and  2,397  mUch-cows; 
17,411  of  all  kinds  of  poultry  and  6,542  hogs. 

Among  the  farm  products  were:  84,395  gallons  of  milk,  8,526  pounds 
of  butter,  21,577  dozens  of  eggs  and  3,656  pounds  of  honey. 

The  fish  are  of  all  kinds,  both  salt-watei-  and  fresh.  There  is  also  an 
abundance  of  shrimp,  crabs,  clams  and  oysters,  though  the  demand  for 
the  last-named  by  the  canning  factories  has  diminished  greatly  the  sup- 
ply in  the  oyster-beds.  The  county  abounds  in  game,  such  as  deer,  wild 
turkeys,  quail  (or  partridge),  doves  and  snipe. 

In  the  gardens  all  the  usual  vegetables,  and  common  varieties  of  ber- 
ries are  raised.  Markets  are  found  for  them  in  Fernandina,  Jackson- 
ville, Brunswick  and  New  York.  Every  farm  has  an  orchard  in  which 
are  raised  fruits  for  home  consumption.  In  addition  to  peaches,  plums, 
cherries,  etc.,  they  produce  oranges,  lemons,  figs,  olives,  pomegranates 
and  melons.     Great  quantities  of  grapes  are  also  raised. 

Camden  county  is  well  supplied  with  artesian  wells,  and  has  several 
mineral  springs.  There  are  3  grist-mills  and  the  same  number  of  saw- 
mills, also  9  turpentine  distilleries,  and  one  buggy  factory.  The  navig- 
able rivers,  Satilla  and  St.  Mary's,  and  the  railroad  give  good  facilities 
for  travel  and  transportation,  by  steamboat  and  train.  The  lands  along 
the  rivers  are  noted  for  their  fertility  in  the  production  of  rice  and  the 
long  and  short  staple  cotton. 

The  area  of  Camden  county  is  718  square  miles  or  459,520  acres.  Its 
population  by  the  census  of  1900  was  7,669,  a  gain  over  1890  of  1,491. 
By  the  State  School  Commissioner's  report  of  1900  the  school  fund  was 
stated  to  be  $4,864.99. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  gives  the  following 
items:  acres  of  improved  land,  18,555;  of  wild  land,  298,272;  average 
value  of  improved  land,  $14.02;  of  wild  land,  $0.60;  city  and  to^^^l  prop- 
erty, $67,592;  money,  etc.,  $103,319;  capital  invested  in  shipping, 
$8,351;  stocks  and  bonds,  $12,250;  merchandise,  $50,004;  cotton 
factories,  $6,500;  household  furniture,  543,554;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$136,681;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $14,779,  watches,  jewelry, 
etc,  $3,568;  value  of  all  other  propoi-ty,  $52,103;  real  oetate,  $506,564; 
personal  estate,  $435,691.    Aggregate,'  $942,255. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s:  acres  of  land,  4,643;  value, 
$37,589;  city  property,  $11,457;  money,  $128.00;  merchandise, 
$300.00;  household  furniture,  $13,172;  farm  and  other  animals,  $33,- 
937;  plantation  and  mcelianical  tools,  $3,568;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$3,138;  aggregate  property,  $103,495. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  .show  an  increa.sc  of  $334.00  in  valiu^  of  all 
property  over  1900. 

There  are  several  ishnids  in  the  county,  the  most  important  of  which 
are  Jekvl  and  Cumberland.  The  latter  is  eighteen  miles  long  and  one 
half  to  three  miles  wide.     The  Indian  name  for  it  was  Missoe.     This 


ggg  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

name  was  changed  when  Oglethiorpe  visited  it,  at  the  request  of  an  In- 
dian chief,  who  had  received  some  kindness  from  the  Dnke  of  Cumber- 
land. Dungeness,  formerly  the  property  of  General  Nathaniel  Greene,  is 
on  this  island.  It  was  on  a  visit  to  Mrs.  Shaw,  daughter  of  General  Greene, 
that  General  Henry  Lee,  the  father  of  Kobert  E.  Lee,  and  familiarly 
known  as  "Light  Horse  Harry,"  died,  and  from  this  hospitable  home  his 
body  was  borne  to  its  last  resting  place. 

On  the  11th  of  January,  1815,  before  news  of  the  treaty  of  peace  ha^ 
reached  America,  a  force  of  about  1,500  British  troops  landed  on  Cum- 
berland Island,  where  they  had  quite  a  sharp  skirmish  with  something 
less  than  one  hundred  Americans. 

During  this  same  month  twenty-three  barges,  filled  with  British  sold- 
iers ascended  St.  Mary's  river  for  the  purpose  of  burning  Major  Clarke's 
mills,  whom  they  accused  of  breaking  his  parole.  A  detachment  of  28 
Americans  under  command  of  Captain  William  Cone,  screening  them- 
selves behind  the  palmetto  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  made  it  so  hot  for 
the  enemy  that  they  retreated.  The  British  reported  a  loss  of  over  300 
men  killed  and  wounded. 

In  Camden  county  lived  and  died  General  John  Floyd  who,  at  the 
head  of  a  Georgia  brigade,  won  great  distinction  as  an  Indian  fighter 
during  the  second  war  with  England.  He  was  bom  of  Virginia  parentage 
in  Beaufort  district,  South  Carolina,  October  3,  1769.  About  1791  or 
1792  both  father  and  son  moved  to  Georgia  and  settled  in  Camden 
county  on  the  Satilla  river.  After  the  close  of  the  second  war  with  Eng- 
land General  Floyd  represented  his  county  in  the  State  Legislature,  and 
the  State  in  the  Federal  Congress.    He  died  June  24,  1824. 

Among  the  ratifiers  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  in  the 
convention  which  met  in  Augusta,  January  2,  1788,  were  Heni-y 
Osborne,  James  Seagrove  and  Jacob  Weed  of  Camden. 

On  Little  Cumberland  Island  is  a  light-house  sixty  feet  high,  with  a 
revolving  light  which  can  be  seen  at  sea  a  distance  of  20  miles. 

Population  of  Camden  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,299;  white  females,  1,124;  total  white, 
2,423;  oolored  males,  2,725;  colored  females,  2,521;  total  colored, 
5,246. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges  June 
1,  1900:  61  calves,  83  steers,  3  bulls,  134  dairy  cows,  67  horses,  37  mules, 
21  sheep,  430  hogs,  9  goats. 

CAMPBELL  COUNTY. 

Campbell  County  was  laid  out  from  Coweta,  CaiToU,  DeKalb  (that 
part  now  called  Fulton)  and  Fayette  in  1828,  and  a  part  was  added  from 
Cherokee  in  1832.  It  is  watered  by  the  Chattahoochee  river  and  the 
creeks  that  flow  into  it  and  into  the  Flint.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  on  the  morth  by  Douglas  and  Fulton,  east  by  Clayton,  south  by 
Fayette  and  Coweta,  west  by  Carroll,  and  northwest  by  Douglas.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  a  distinguished  lawyer  and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  567 

member  of  the  Georgia  Legislature,  a  great  advocate  of  the  higher  educa- 
tion of  females,  a  commissiouer  to  treat  with  tlie  Indians  in  1S23,  and  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  treaty  with  the  Creek  nation  at  Indian  Spring  in 
1825.  The  original  county  site  was  Campbellton,  situated  upon  a  com- 
manding eminence  on  the  Chattahoochee  river.  The  present  county  seat 
is  Fairburn,  a  prosperous  little  town  on  the  West  Point  Railroad  about  22 
miles  from  Atlanta.  The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  pre- 
dominate throughout  the  county.  The  schools  belong  to  the  public 
school  system  of  Georgia  and  are  in  a  prosperous  condition.  The  26 
for  whites  have  an  average  attendance  of  978  pupils;  the  16  for  colored 
have  an  average  attendance  of  625. 

The  soil  is  varied.  On  the  rivers  and  creeks  it  is  a  black  loamy  soil, 
suited  for  the  raising  of  corn,  cotton,  wheat  aud  oats.  The  red  and  gray 
lands  are  productive  of  peas,  potatoes,  onions,  cabbage,  turnips,  and 
many  other  vegetables. 

Within  easy  reach  of  the  two  principal  towns,  Fairburn  and  Palmetto, 
are  inexhaustible  supplies  of  granite,  some  of  which  is  so  fine-grained 
and  hard  that  it  takes  the  highest  polish. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  seed  cotton,  from 
500  to  800  pounds;  com,  12^  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats,  18  bush- 
els; Irish  potatoes,  50  to  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  75  to  150  bushels; 
hay  from  native  and  other  grasses,  2,500  to  3,000  pounds.  Clover,  wher- 
ever tried,  does  well.  Of  fraits,  apples  and  peaches  make  especially 
fine  yields.  For  fall  and  winter  pasturage  Bermuda  is  the  great  reliance 
of  the  farmers.  There  are  some  20  small  dairy  farms,  and  the  Jersey  is 
the  favorite  milch-cow.  Some  of  these  dairies  make  fair  profits  on  but- 
ter shipped  to  Atlanta. 

There  are  many  market  gardens  from  which  cabbages,  turnips  and 
watermelons  are  gathered  and  sold  in  Atlanta.  There  are  some  cultivated 
strawberries,  but  for  the  most  part  they  grow  \vild,  and  like  the  black- 
berries, dewberries  and  cherries,  cost  the  sellers  nothing  but  the  picking. 

There  are  about  500  acres  devoted  to  the  raising  of  melons  for  the  mar- 
ket, which  bring  an  average  net  profit  of  $15.00  to  the  acre.  About  1,000 
acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  and  xerj  near  the  same  number  to  apples. 

There  are  about  20  vineyards  containing  250  acres,  and  the  value  of 
grapes  sold  in  the  county  is  about  $500.00. 

Campbell  county  has  about  2,500  acres  of  forest  land,  mostly  ]une  and 
oak.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  about  800,000  superficial  feet,  at 
an  average  price  of  $10.00  per  thousand  feet. 

At  Palmetto  is  a  cotton  factory  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  contain- 
ing 5,500  spindles  and  100  looms,  using  about  3,000  bales  of  cotton  an- 
nually, and  producing  material  worth  about  $75,000.00.  Here  also  are 
extensive  wood-working  and  blacksmith  shops  and  a  public  ginnery. 
This  to^\Ti  has  a  population  of  620  in  its  corporate  limits,  and  its  en- 
tire militia  district  has  1,478  inhabitant-s. 

Fairburn,  the  county  site,  has  a  population  of  761,  but  including  the 
Fairliurn  district  the  population  is  2,461.  Hero  is  a  large  harness  and 
saddle  factory  which  employs   60  hands,   with   a  weekly   pay-roll   of 


568  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

$450.00,  and  through,  its  traveling  salesmen  disposes  of  its  annual  product 
of  more  than  $150,000  in  the  States  of  Virginia,  Kentucky,  ISTorth  and 
South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  and  Alabama. 

ISTeal'  Fairbum.  is  the  Trentham  Spring,  a  lithia  water  helpful  to  kid- 
nej  and  nervous  troubles. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  oounty  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  9,614  bales,  all  upland. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  464  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  883  pounds,  2,777  cattle,  1,133  milch-cows,  110 
working  oxen,  3,264  hogs,  58,614  poultry  of  all  kinds,  390  horses,  1,057 
mules  and  2  donkeys. 

Among  the  productions  were  382,048  gallons  of  milk,  141,835  pounds 
of  butter,  13,039  pounds  of  honey,  and  78,445  dozens  of  eggs. 

The  area  of  Campbell  county  is  205  square  miles  or  131,200  acres. 
The  population  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  is  9,518. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Department  of  Education  the  school 
fund  is  $7,501.28. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  the  taxable  property  re- 
turned is  as  follows:  acres  of  improved  land,  130,141;  average  value  per 
acre,  $5.94;  city  and  town  property,  $148,989;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$213,569;  merchandise,  $41,125;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,050;  cotton 
manufactories,  $25,500;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $62,076; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $106,898;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $27,- 
337;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,585;  real  estate,  $922,469;  personal 
estate,  $526,289;  aggregate  property,  $1,433,496. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  2,500  acres  of  land,  valued 
at  $15,103;  city  or  town  property,  $8,759;  money,  etc.,  $15.00;  house- 
hold and  kitchen  furniture,  $5,388;  watches,  etc.,  $124;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $8,816;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,775;  aggregate 
property,  $40,322. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $47,80-7  in  the  value  of 
all  property  over  the  reported  values  of  1900. 

Opposite  the  village  of  Campbellton  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Chat- 
tahoochee, in  a  tuft  of  trees,  on  a  mound  like  those  so  common  in  Geor- 
gia, rest  the  remains  of  Anawaqua,  an  Indian  princess,  once  the  pro- 
prietor of  the  land  in  that  neighborhood.  This  mound  is  in  a  meadow,  in 
a  bend  of  the  river,  near  the  foot  of  a  hill.  Traces  of  ancient  fortifica- 
tions can  be  discerned  all  around  the  plain,  from  the  river  to  the  hill. 

The  towns  of  Fairburn  and  Palmetto  are  both  situated  on  the  divid- 
ing ridge  between  the  Chattahoochee  and  Flint  rivers.  Hence  the  rains 
falling  on  the  east  side  of  these  towns  run  into  the  Flint  river  and  those 
on  the  west  side,  into  the  Chattahoochee. 

Population  of  Campbell  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,186;  white  females,  3,164;  total  white, 
6,350;  colored  males,  1,619;  colored  females,  1,549;  total  colored,  3,168. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  June 
1,  1900:  57  calves,  9  steers,  1  bull,  97  dairy  cows,  36  horses,  7  mules,  21 
sheep,  187  swine. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IXDUSTRIAL.  569 

CARROLL  C0U:N^TY. 

Carroll  County  was  laid  off  iu  1S2G,  a  part  set  off  to  Campbell  in  1828; 
and  portions  successively  set  off  to  Heard  in  1830,  1831  and  1834.  It 
was  organized  iu  1826  and  named  after  Charles  Carroll,  a  signer  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  from  Maryland.  It  is  bounded  by  the  fol- 
lowing counties:  Paulding  and  Haralson  on  the  north,  Douglas,  Camp- 
bell and  Coweta  on  the  east,  Coweta  and  Heard  on  the  south,  and  the 
State  of  Alabama  on  the  west.  A  little  strip  of  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  is  bounded  west  by  Haralson. 

Carroll  county  is  watered  by  the  Chattahoochee  and  Little  Tallapoosa 
rivers  and  their  tributaries,  the  largest  of  which  are  Big  Indian  and 
Sweet  Water  oreeks.  The  soil  is  varied;  rolling  red  and  gray  lands  Anth 
retentive  clay  subsoil.  The  lands  are  very  fertile,  especially  along  the 
Chattahoochee,  Little  Tallapoosa  and  the  bottoms  along  the  creeks.  The 
average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops,  taking  all  the  lands,  the  best 
and  the  poorest,  is  about  as  follows:  corn,  15  and  one-third  bushels;  oats, 
10  bushels;  wheat,  7  bushels;  cotton,  TOO  or  800  pounds  seed  cotton; 
sugar-cane,  20  pounds  of  sugar,  and  122  gallons  of  syrup;  hay,  2,2G0 
pounds.  The  county  also  raises  about  8,000  bushels  of  cowpeas,  1,219 
bushels  of  peanuts,  2,800  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  66,313  bushels  of 
sweet  potatoes,  and  3,000  pounds  of  tobacco.  The  truck  sold  is  somo 
where  near  $10,000  worth  per  annum. 

Of  fruit  trees,  about  33,000  are  apple  and  59,300  peach-trees.  Fruita 
and  vegetables  do  well. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  the  cotton  production 
of  the  county  for  1899  was  28,504  bales,  all  upland. 

In  1890  there  were  in  the  county  1,276  horses,  2,407  mules,  11,903 
swine,  159,548  of  the  various  kinds  of  poultry,  9,055  cattle,  3,542  milch- 
cows,  57  working  oxen,  1,897  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  2,761  pounds. 
There  were  produced  1,097,167  gallons  of  milk.  The  butter  production 
of  the  county  was  401,138  pounds,  the  honey,  28,111  jwunds,  and  the 
eggs,  63,500  dozens. 

The  timber  growth  is  chiefly  oak  and  hickory;  on  streajns,  ash,  maple, 
walnut,  poplar  and  gum.  The  timber  products  amount  to  about  $10,000 
per  annum, 

Xincty-three  manufactories  have  an  annual  output  of  $342,445. 
Along  tiie  Little  Tallapoosa  and  tributaries  are  17  mills  (flour  and  grist), 
and  along  the  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee  16  mills.  The  water  is 
pure  freestone.  The  climate  is  delightful.  Gold,  copper,  iron,  pyrites, 
mica  and  asbestos  are  found,  all  in  workable  quantities.  The  gold  of  this 
county  is  said  to  be  very  fine.  Near  Villa  Rica,  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  county  on  the  Southern  Railway,  there  is  an  extent  of  country  six 
miles  long  and  one  mile  wide  in  which  are  numerous  mines  yielding  largo 
amounts  of  gold.    Quartz  and  granite  arc  also  found. 

There  is  no  more  healthful  region  anywhere.  Among  other  attractions 
to  home  seekers  arc  good  schools  and  churches.  Baptists,  iNfethodists  and 
Presbyterians  arc  in  the  lead,  the  two  fonner  being  tlio  nu>n'  nuitu'rons. 


570  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

There  are  76  white  schools  and  16  colored,  with  an  average  attendance  of 
3,425  white  and  929  colored  pupils. 

Carrollton,  the  county  site,  a  thriving  town  of  near  2,000  inhabitants, 
has  a  good  trade  and  is  growing  in  business  and  population.  Here  the 
Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Southern  and  a  branch  of  the  Central  Railroad 
meet.  Here  is  also  a  flourishing  cotton  factory  with  a  capital  of  $100,- 
000,  and  a  cotton  oil-mill.  Carroll  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  counties 
of  Georgia.  Area  is  486  square  miles  or  311,040  acres.  Population  in 
1900,  26,576;  school  fund,  $17,903.34.  By  the  Comptroller-General's 
report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  improved  land,  282,181;  of  wild  land, 
6,775;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved,  $5.12,  and  wild,  $1.26;  city 
property,  $378,574;  value  of  shares  in  bank,  $113,300;  gas  and  electric 
lights,  $4,000;  money,  etc.,  $333,851;  merchandise,  $134,499;  cotton 
manufactories,  $89,000;  household  furniture,  $140,333;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $270,555;  plantation  and  mechanical  took,  $71,578:  jeweliy, 
$6,883;  value  of  all  other  property,  $35,805;  real  estate,  $1,831,994; 
personal  estate,  $1,214,296.    Aggregate  property,  $3,046,290. 

Property  given  in  by  colored  taxpayers:  5,127  acres;  value,  $19,432; 
city  property,  $5,449;  household  furniture,  $1,066;  fai-m  and  other  ani- 
mals, $8,789;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,773;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $191.00.    Aggregate,  $36,956. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  the  value  of  all  property 
over  1900  amounting  to  $595,839. 

In  Carroll  county  lived  General  William  Mcintosh,  a  half  breed  of  the 
Muscogee  or  Creek  nation.  He  commanded  a  force  of  friendly  Creeks 
in  the  war  of  1812-1815,  and  was  greatly  distinguished  in  the  battles 
of  Autossee,  the  Horse-Shoe  Bend,  and  later  in  the  Florida  campaign. 
Chiefly  through  his  agency  was  effected  the  treaty  with  the  Georgians 
at  Indian  Spring  on  the  12th  of  February,  1825,  by  which  the  Creeks 
ceded  to  the  whites  the  balance  of  the  lands  o^vned  by  them  in  Georgia. 
The  faction  of  the  Creeks  opposed  to  this  treaty  came  in  large  force  to 
the  house  of  General  Mcintosh,  set  it  on  fire  and  shot  the  general.  They 
also  killed  the  son-in-law  of  Mcintosh,  Colonel  Samuel  Hawkins,  and 
another  one  of  the  chiefs,  Etommee  Tustunnugge,  who  had  signed  the 
treaty.  Out  of  these  troubles  came  the  controversy  between  Georgia  and 
the  general  government,  with  regard  to  the  Indian  lands,  in  which  Geor- 
gia, through  the  firmness  of  Governor  Troup,  maintained  successfully 
her  position. 

There  are  several  thriving  towns  in  Carroll  county.  Carrollton,  on  the 
Central  of  Georgia  Railway,  has  a  population  of  1,998  in  its  corporate 
limits,  while  the  whole  district  has  5,934  inhabitants.  A  company  has 
recently  been  organized  to  put  in  an  electric  light  plant. 

The  population  of  the  other  towns  and  their  including  districts  is  as 
follows: 

Villa  Rica  district,  2,535;  Villa  Rica  town,  576;  Temple  district, 
2,795;  Temple  town,  397;  Whitesburg  district,  1,156;  Whitesburg  town, 
296;  Bowdon  district,  1,547;  Bowdon  town,  397;  Roopville  district, 
1,309;  Roopville  town,  109. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IXDUSTRIAL. 


571 


The  population  of  tlie  whole  coimtv,  25,576,  shows  a  gain  of  4,275 
over  that  of  1890. 

Population  of  Carroll  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  10,825;  white  females,  10,714;  total  white, 
21,539;  colored  males,  2,573;  colored  females,  2,464;  total  colored, 
5,037. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  169  calves,  45  steers,  5  bulls,  291  daiiT  cows,  207  horses, 
57  mules,  24  sheep,  460  swine,  7  goats. 

CATOOSA  COUNTY. 

Catoosa  County  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State  was  set  off  from 
"Walkea-  and  is  bounded  as  follows:  Tennessee  on  the  north,  Whiteiield 
county  on  the  east  and  south,  and  AValker  county  on  the  south  and  wcct. 
The  soils  are  varied;  the  valley  lauds  being  gray  and  dark;  the  bottom 
lands,  black;  the  uplands,  gray  and  gravelly,  and  red. 

Of  96,000  acres  in  the  county,  about  24,000  are  under  cultivation,  of 
which  15,500  are  upland,  6,000  valley  (or  lowland),  and  2,500  bottom 
land.  About  66  per  cent,  is  timber  land.  The  uplands  average  about 
$4.00  to  the  acre;  the  valley  lands,  $10.00;  the  bottom  lands  $20.00. 
About  1,000  acres  are  planted  in  cotton,  6,000  in  corn,  3,000  in  wheat, 
1,000  in  oats,  500  in  sorghum-cane,  500  in  Irish  potatoes,  300  in  sweet 
potatoes,  2,000  in  field-peas  and  5,000  in  garden  vegetables. 

Under  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation  cotton  yields  from  500  to  800 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  corn,  20  bushels;  wheat,  15  bushels; 
oats,  25  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  Irish  potatoes  150  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  150  bushels.  All  vegetables  give  abundant  yields.  Timothy 
Herd-grass  and  Orchard-grass,  clover  and  German  millet,  do  well  and  are 
extensively  raised.  From  3,000  to  5,000  pounds  of  hay  to  the  acre  is 
about  the  average;  fodder  about  300  pounds.  Sorghum-cane  yields  about 
250  gallons  of  syrup  to  the  acre.  From  100  acres,  devoted  to  raising 
melons  for  the  market,  the  profit  for  last  season  amounted  to  $25.00  to 
the  acre.  Large  quantities  of  strawberries  are  raised.  Most  of  the  e^irly 
ones  are  shipped  to  Cincinnati,  and  the  later  ones  to  Atlanta.  The  prox- 
imity of  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  has  given  rise  to  a  large  dairying  and 
trucking  business,  tlie  value  of  the  latter  being  about  $15,000.  Tlirough 
the  instrumentality  of  the  Trucker's  Association,  cold  storage  cars  con- 
vey vegetables,  melons  and  berries  to  Cincinnati  and  other  points  in  the 
northwest.  About  1,200  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  the  net  value  ot 
which  is  about  $3.00  a  crate. 

Facilities  for  travel  and  transportation  arc  alTordod  liv  tlio  AVo,<toi-n 
and  Atlantic  Railroad,  which  connects  at  Chattanooga  witli  lines  l)nuicli- 
ing  out  in  every  direction. 

Manv  fine  deposits  of  buiblini^  ami  other  stones  arc  found  in  this 
county.  The  sand  and  liniostoiios  are  of  .>;np('rior  (piality.  Large  wori^s 
have  been  in  operation  for  years  at  Oreysville,  converting  limestones  into 
carbonate  of  lime.     Tliero  is  abundance  of  iron  ore  in  Taylor's  Ridge. 


572  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

In  tills  county  is  located  the  noted  health  resort,  famed  for  its  varied 
waters,  the  Catoosa  Springs,  from  which  the  county  derives  its  name. 

Ringgold,  the  county  site,  on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  car- 
ries on  a  fine  commercial  business  with  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity. 

Much  attention  is  being  given  of  late  to  the  raising  of  beef  cattle  and 
improvment  of  the  breed.  The  cattle  of  the  county  numbered  in  1890, 
3,410.  There  were  1,312  milch-cows  and  57  working  oxen.  The  sum- 
mer pasturage  lasts  about  six  months,  from  May  to  October.  For  four 
months  cattle  must  be  fed.  The  chief  food  is  cotton  seed  meal,  hulls  and 
bran,  with  some  rye  and  hay.  It  costs  about  $1.50  to  raise  a  yearling 
calf.  Other  farm  animals  in  the  county  were  in  1890,  644  horses,  722 
mules,  1,914  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  3,335  pounds,  3,871  swine  and 
500  goats.  Good  crops  and  good  ranges  have  improved  all  stock.  The 
cost  of  raising  a  three-year-old  mule  or  horse  is  $20.  The  poultry  in  1890 
numbered  49,724  of  all  kinds. 

There  are  in  the  county  21  donkeys.  There  is  a  production  of  121,- 
000  pounds  of  butter,  6,651  pounds  of  honey,  and  64,000  dozens  of 

eggs. 

Three-fourths  of  the  acreage  of  the  county  is  in  forests,  oaks,  hickory, 
poplar  and  pine.  A  great  deal  of  the  salable  timber  has  been  cut  for 
the  mill  at  Chattanooga. 

There  are  in  Catoosa  county  five  flour  and  gi-ist-mills  and  six  lumber 
or  sawmills,  the  former  operated  by  water-power  and  the  latter  by  steam. 

Among  the  products  of  the  county  are  466,395  gallons  of  milk. 

The  county  has  good  schools,  and  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  and  Presby- 
terians have  churches.  There  are  24  schools  for  whites  and  4  for 
negroes,   having  an  average  attendance  of   695  whites  and  91   colored 

pupils. 

The  condition  of  roads  is  good.  There  are  about  20  miles  of  macadam- 
ized road  built  by  the  government. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  production 
of  the  county  for  1899,  was  810  bales,  all  upland. 

Einggold,  named  for  the  gallant  Marylander,  Major  Einggold,  who 
fell  mortally  wounded  at  Palo  Alto,  the  first  battle  of  the  Mexican  war, 
was  the  scene  of  a  fierce  conflict  in  :N'ovember,  1863.  As  General  Bragg 
was  retreating  from  Missionary  Ridge  after  his  disastrous  defeat,  General 
Cleburne  halted  his  division  at  a  gap  in  Taylor's  Ridge,  and  inflicted  a 
decisive  repulse  upon  the  pursuing  Federal  army  under  Hooker,  thus 
saving  the  artillery  and  trains  of  the  Confederates.  For  this  gallant  battle 
of  Ringgold,  General  Cleburne  received  the  thanks  of  the  Confederate 
Congress. 

Area  of  the  county  is  171  square  miles  or  109,440  acres. 

Population  of  Catoosa  county  in  1900,  5,823;  school  fund,  $3,858.84. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
.  proved  land,  95,167;  of  wild  land,  3,977;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $5.55;  of  wild  land,  $1.60;  city  property,  $45,130;  money, 
etc.,  $70,835;  merchandise,  $14,165;  mining,  $375;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $36,766;  farm  and  other  animals,  $109,918;  planta- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    IXDUSTRIAL.  573 

tion  and  mechanical  tools,  $27,613;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,167;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $10,053;  real  estate,  $578,882;  personal  estate, 
$273,458.    Aggregate  of  all  property,  $853,3-10. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  670; 
value,  $1,780;  city  or  town  property,  $1,682;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $760.00;  farm  and  other  animals,  $2,976;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $50-1.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $33.00.  Aggre- 
gate of  whole  property,  $7,734. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $354  in  the  value  of  all 
property  within  the  last  year. 

The  county  site  is  Ringgold,  which  has  a  population  of  437  in  the 
town  and  1,221  in  the  whole  Ringgold  district. 

Population  of  Catoosa  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  tc  the  census 
of  1900;  white  males,  2,767;  white  females,  2,574;  total  white,  5,341; 
colored  males,  280;  colored  females,  202;  total  colored,  482. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  20  calves,  3  steers,  51  daiiy  cows,  35  horses,  10  mules, 
1  donkey,  143  swine,  31  goats. 

CHAELTON  COUNTY. 

Charlton  County  was  laid  off  from  Camden  in  1856  and  named  for 
Judge  T.  U.  P.  Charlton  of  Savannah.  It  is  bounded  by  the 
following  counties:  "Wayne,  Pierce  and  AVare  on  the  north,  Cam- 
den on  the  east,  and  Ware  on  the  west.  The  northeastern 
part  of  the  county  runs  up  between  Camden  on  the  east  and 
Pierce  on  the  west.  The  southeastern  part  runs  do\vn  in  such  a  way 
as  to  have  Florida  on  three  sides  of  it.  Por  some  distance  along  its  east- 
ern border  runs  the  Satilla.  The  St.  Mary's  river  rising  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  county  runs  along  the  western,  southern  and  eastern  sides  of 
that  part  of  it  which  projects  into  Florida.  Okefinokee  Swamp  occupies 
a  large  part  of  ihe  county. 

On  the  neck  of  land  between  Okefinokee  Swamp  and  the  Florida  line 
melons,  potatoes,  long-staple  cotton,  sugar-cane  and  tobacco  give  good 
yields.  Oranges  and  figs  are  plentiful.  By  far  the  greater  portion  of 
lands  in  this  county  are  %\'ild  lands  and  are  devoted  to  stock-raising. 
There  is  no  section  of  the  State  better  adapted  to  raising  sheep,  cattle  and 
hogs  at  small  cost. 

Travel  and  transportation  of  products  are  over  the  Plant  System,  the 
Atlantic,  Valdosta  and  Western. 

Trader's  Hill,  about  four  miles  from  the  Savannali,  Florida  and  West- 
ern Railway  of  tlie  Phint  System,  and  also  on  the  St.  ^Mary's  rivor,  is  tlio 
county  site.  The  lum])er  business  of  this  town  is  considerable.  Tho 
streams  supply  abundance  of  fish,  and  the  wihl  hnuls  nfTonl  game  of  cv(>rv 
sort,  such  as  deer,  bear,  turkey,  wood-cock,  partridge,  sni])e,  etc. 

The  people  of  Charlton  do  not  raise  much  cotton,  as  is  shown  by  the 
statistics  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  tlic  cotton  guined  in 


574  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Cliarlton  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900,  was  302  bales,  all  sea- 
island. 

Ey  the  census  of  1890  there  were  2,983  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of 
4,903  pounds,  9,255  cattle,  2,406  milch-cows,  831  working  oxen,  7,094 
hogs,  12,247  poultry  of  all  kinds,  300  horses,  34  mules  and  1  donkey. 

Among  the  farm  products  were  63,017  gallons  of  milk,  9,045  pounds 
of  butter,  5,556  pounds  of  honey,  and  14,763  dozens  of  eggs. 

The  lumber  business  occupies  the  attention  of  many  people  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  great  Okefinokee  Swamp,  where  millions  of  feet  of 
yellow  pine  and  cypress  are  to  be  obtained.  Large  sawmills  are  in  opera- 
tion near  the  edge  of  the  Swamp. 

This  county  has  24  schools  for  white  and  4  for  colored  pupils,  with 
an  average  attendance  of  467  white  and  118  colored. 

The  school  fund  as  stated  in  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commis- 
sioner, rendered  in  1900,  was  $2,902.95. 

The  area  of  Charlton  county  is  1,063  square  miles,  or  680,320  acres. 

The  population  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  was  3,592,  an 
increase  of  257  in  the  last  decade. 

The  following  items  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  report 
for  1900:  acres  of  improved  land,  146,262;  of  wild  land,  532,528;  aver- 
age value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $0.68;  of  wild  land,  $0.14;  city  or 
to^vn  property,  $4,415;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $32,087;  merchandise, 
$15,950;  cotton  manufactories,  $6,000;  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$20,816;  farm  and  other  animals,  $98,057;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $8,795;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,888;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$22,818;  real  estate,  $179,368;  personal  estate,  $207,446.  Aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $386,814. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,017;  value  of  land,  $4,502;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $1,012; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $3,262;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$322.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $190.00.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $9,783. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $1,917  in  the  value  of 
all  property  over  that  of  1900. 

Population  of  Charlton  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,468;  white  females,  1,381;  t^tal  white, 
2,849;  colored  males,  419;  colored  females,  324;  total  colored,  743. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  13  calves,  14  steers,  1  bull,  15  dairy  cows,  6  horses,  10 
mules,  86  swine. 

CHATHAM  COUNTY. 

Chatham  County  is  on  the  Georgia  coast  with  the  Savannah  river 
forming  the  boundary  between  it  and  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  It  is 
a  portion  of  what  was  once  called  Savannah  county;  for  in  1741  by  order 
of  the  trustees  the  colony  of  Georgia,  was  divided  into  two  counties, 
one  of  which  was  called  Savannah  and  embraced  all  the  territory  north 


WHITE    PLYMOUTH    ROCK    Hf  N. 


I  idiii  /III/  .\'i>.  ji), 

I  .    v.  /!„.   .  \>i.  III,!. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  575 

of  Dnrien.    It  was  laid  out  iu  1758  into  St.  Philip's  and  Christ  Church 
parishes. 

AVhen  Georgia  cast  in  her  lot  with  the  other  colonies  in  tlie  strugglo 
for  independence,  the  new  State  government  formed  Christ  Chiu'ch  and 
a  part  of  St.  Philip's  parishes  into  a  county  and  named  it  Chatham  in 
honor  of  the  noble  earl  who  so  bravely  stood  up  for  the  rights  of  the 
people  of  America. 

Northwest  of  this  county  is  Ethngham,  on  the  east  and  northeast  the 
State  of  South  Carolina,  on  the  east  and  southeast  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  on 
the  south  and  west  the  county  of  Bryan.  The  chief  streams  are  the 
Savannah,  Big  and  Little  Ogeechee  rivei"s.  The  smaller  are  the  St.  Au- 
gustine, Vernon,  Pipemaker,  etc.  The  face  of  the  county  is  flat,  inter- 
spersed wath  many  swamps.  Along  the  Savannah  river  the  bodies  of 
tide  swamp  lands  are  extensive  and  are  considered  among  the  best  in 
the  State. 

Savannah,  the  county  site,  is  the  great  maritime  mart  of  the  South 
Atlantic  coast.    It  is  the  third  cotton  port  in  the  Union,  and  is  the  chief 
shipping  point  for  naval  stores  in  the  world.     Its  population  by  the  cen- 
sus of  1900  is  54,244.    It  is  situated  on  the  southwest  bank  of  the  Sav- 
annah river,  on  a  bluff  forty  feet  above  low  water  mark,  twelve  miles  by 
a  direct  line  from  the  ocean,  and  eighteen  miles  by  the  course  of  the 
river.     Five  lines  of  ocean  steamships  connect  it  with  the  great  seaport 
cities  of  the  l^orth.     Four  lines  of  river  steamers  ply  upon  the  Savannah, 
and  on  the  sounds  and  inlets  that  flow  between  the  mainland  and  the 
beautiful  islands  skirting  the  Georgia  coast.     Here  also  converge  five 
great  railroad  lines,  the  Plant  System,  the  Georgia  &  Alabama  of  the 
Seaboard  Air  Line  System,  the  Florida  Central  and  Peninsular  of  the 
«ame  system,  the  Southern  System,  and  the  Central  of  Georgia  sys- 
tem.    The  numerous  amis  of  these  great  trunk  lines  stretch  out  into  all 
sections  of  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  many  parts  of  Alabama,  also  giving 
through  routes  to  the  ISTorth  and  East  and  a  continuous  line  to  the  West. 
The  Central  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  oldest  railroad  in  Georgia. 
All  these  grand  highways  of  travel  and  commerce  pour  into  the  lap  of 
Savannah  the  rich  products  of  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Florida,  which,  by 
great  ocean  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  large  and  small,  find  their  way  to 
American  and  foreign  ports.     The  commerce  lof  Savannah  for  the  year 
ending  September  1,  1900,  is  valued  at  $165,7Y5,000.     In  1874  the 
usual  high  w^ater  draft  of  vessels  to  the  city  was  about  fourteen  and  a  half 
feet.      At  that   time  the   United  States    Enginooring  Doimi-tmont  took 
charge  of  the  work  of  improving  Savannah  Harbor.     In  1890  a  naviga- 
ble channel  22  feet  deep  at  mean  high  tide  from  the  city  to  the  sea  had 
been  secured.     To-day  (1901)  Savannah  lias  a  clear  depth  of  20  foot. 
The  tonnage  of  the  port,  which  in  1873  was  1,074,307  tons,  had  grown 
by  1890   to  1,828,614  tons,   and  for  the  year   1899   was  2,797,020 
tons.    For  1900  the  tonnage  of  the  port  was  2,958,718,  an  increase  of 
101,092  tons.    Vessels  of  from  2,000  to  5,000  tons  now  entor  tlie  liarbor 
and  load  at  the  whan'ves  of  Savannah.     It  is  oxpoo(o<l  that  f)irlli(^r  im- 
provement in  the  river  and  harbor  will  bo  accoiii[»lisliod   tlin.nnh    |]io 
20  ga 


576  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

South  channel,  by  which  26  to  28  feet  at  mean  low  water  can  be  ob- 
tained and  maintained  without  jetties.  This  course  would  shorten  the 
distance  by  about  three  miles  between  the  city  and  the  sea. 

For  many  years  past  the  annual  receipts  of  cotton  at  the  port  of  Sav- 
annah have  been  more  than  a  million  bales.  For  the  season  of  1899-1900 
they  were  again  more  than  a  million,  notwithstanding  the  great  falling 
off  in  cotton  production  and  the  deficit  of  22  per  cent,  in  general  receipts, 
"a  high  compliment,"  says  the  Savannah  Board  of  Trade,  ''to  the  rail- 
ways entering  here,  the  persistent  efforts  of  which  with  the  cooperation 
of  the  shipping  agents  of  the  port,  have  achieved  this  enviable  preemin- 
ence for  Savannah."  About  80  per  cent,  of  the  entire  crop  of  sea-island 
cotton  is  received  at  Savannah. 

It  is  notable  that  during  the  past  year  there  has  been  an  increase 
weekly  of  the  cotton  factory  products  of  the  different  Southern  mills 
through  Savannah  to  China  and  Japan.  These  products  are  sent  by  rail 
to  Savannah  and  from  there  by  steamer  to  the  Eastern  ports,  and  are 
there  forwarded  direct  to  the  above-named  countries. 

The  average  annual  receipts  of  naval  stores  at  Savannah  for  the  font- 
years  ending  March  31,  1900,  amount  to  320,513  casks  of  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine and  1,159,732  barrels  of  rosin.  These  products  are  carried  from 
Georgia's  great  port  in  vessels  under  every  flag  to  leading  markets  on  the 
coast  of  Europe,  Africa,  Asia,  Australia,  and  South  America,  while 
coastwise  steamships  and  great  railroad  lines  supply  Baltimore,  Phila- 
delphia, ISTew  York,  Boston,  Montreal  and  commercial  cities  of  the  in- 
terior. "Wherever  naval  stores  are  needed  for  any  purpose  whatever, 
Savannah  supplies  by  far  the  largest  per  cent,  of  that  need. 

The  shipments  of  lumber  from  Savannah  have  grown  to  immense  pro- 
portions. For  the  year  ending  March  31,  1890,  the  shipments  were  107,- 
371,082  feet,  which  in  two  years  increased  to  140,243,603.  Something 
over  ^  of  this  was  shipped  to  foreign  ports.  The  largest  foreign  ship- 
ments were  to  Spain  and  the  Argentine  Confederation.  The  shipments 
of  lumber  for  the  year  ending  September  1,  1900  were  167,000,000  feet. 

The  bank  clearings  of  Savannah  for  the  year  ending  September  1, 
1900,  show  an  increase  of  $65,730,295.51  over  the  previous  year.  The 
clearings  for  the  year  made  up  a  grand  total  of  $200,270,626.63.  The 
revival  of  the  sugar-cane  industry  in  Georgia  and  Florida  will  soon  give 
to  these  States  a  companion  money  crop  with  cotton,  that  can  be  made 
profitable  even  against  free  trade  with  Cuba  and  Porto  Kico.  This  will 
add  to  the  commercial  importance  of  Savannah. 

The  favorable  year  for  the  rice  planters  of  Georgia  increased  the  re- 
ceipts of  rice  at  Savannah,  which  were  for  1900,  270,000  bushels.  Thec'e 
are  at  Savannah  three  large  mills  for  cleaning  rice,  and  the  total  output 
of  these  mills  is  valued  at  $300,000. 

The  market  gardens  and  truck  farms  of  Chatham  county  add,  of 
course,  to  the  prosperity  of  Savannah.  A  great  deal  of  the  best  land  of 
the  county  is  being  used  to  grow  vegetables,  melons,  and  berries  for  the 
^tTorthern  markets.     In  1900  the  shipments  amounted  to  100,000  crates 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  577 

and  50,000  barrels  of  the  ti'uck  famis,  bringing  to  the  farmers  a  revenue 
of  $225,000. 

The  shipments  of  the  market  gardens  and  truck  farms  commence  to 
be  forwarded  bj  steamer  from  Savannah  to  the  markets  of  the  East  be- 
tween the  first  and 'middle  of  April  each  year.  AVhile  many  of  these 
products  are  shipped  by  rail,  a  large  number  go  by  water,  as  the  steam- 
ship lines  have  averaged  a  daily  sailing  from  Savannah  to  the  ports  of 
the  East  The  vessels  of  the  Ocean  Steamship  Company  often  take 
60.000  melons  at  one  time  to  Xew  York. 

Under  the  liberal  sanitary  appropriation  all  garbage  is  disposed  of  by 
cremation.  The  most  improved  plans  for  disinfecting  purposes  in  mari- 
time sanitation  have  been  adopted,  and  the  quarantine  system  is  very 
thorough.  The  care  of  the  city  government  for  the  health  of  the  people 
has  placed  Savannah  in  the  front  rank  of  seaport  towns  in  point  of 
healthfulness.  Pure  water  is  furnished  by  artesian  wells,  with  which 
Savannah  is  well  supplied. 

Of  course  Savannah  and  the  coimty  of  Chatham  have  a  fine  system 
of  public  schools.  The  average  attendance  is:  of  white  pupils  3,595,  of 
colored  pupils  2,914.  Churches  of  every  Christian  denomination  are 
numerous  and  well  attended  and  maintained.  The  city  has  all  the  mod- 
em conveniences;  electric  lights,  gas,  ice  factories,  electric  street  rail- 
roads, city  and  suburban,  a  splendid  system  of  water-works,  and  a  first- 
class  paid  fire  department.  In  manufacturing.  Savannah  has  every  ad- 
vantage. The  raw  materials  for  the  manufacture  of  cotton  and  woolen 
goods  are  at  her  very  doors.  Among  her  manufacturing  establishments 
in  successful  operation  are:  a  cotton  yarn  mill,  a  knitting  mill,  cotton 
seed  oil  mills,  works  for  making  agricultural  implements,  ice  factories, 
boiler  works,  machine  shops,  brass  foundry,  brick  manufactories,  sash, 
door,  and  blind  factories,  carriage  works,  flour  and  grist-mills,  rice-mills, 
fertilizer  works,  cigar  manufactories,  soap  works,  and  planing-mills.  The 
Southern  Rubber  Manufacturing  Company  has  been  lately  organized. 

There  are  four  oyster  canning  factories  in  Chatham  county  which,  in 
the  season  of  1899-1900,  packed  2,550,000  cans. 

ISTot  only  is  Savannah  a  great  commercial  mart.  It  is  also  one  of  the 
most  attractive  cities  of  the  Union.  "With  its  many  beautiful  parks  and 
neat  residences  it  has  an  air  of  elegant  refinement  that  charms  the 
stranger.  The  favorite  promenade  of  the  citizens  is  out  Bull  street  to 
Forsyth  Park.  From  Bay  Street  out,  one  passes  through  five  little  parks, 
or  squares.  In  Johnson  Square  is  a  neat  marble  obelisk,  oroctod  in  1829 
to  the  memory  of  General  IN'athaniel  Greene  who,  as  second  in  rank 
under  "Washington,  commanded  the  doparfmont  of  the  Sonfli  nnd  rescued 
the  Carolinas  and  Cioorgia  from  the  grasp  of  the  British  invader.  He 
was  bom  in  "Rhode  Island,  bnt  after  the  close  of  the  war  for  independ- 
ence settled  in  Georgia  upon  land  granted  him  by  the  State.  The  plain, 
unomamented  style  of  this  monument  was  meant  to  carry  out  the  design 
of  a  Boman  sword,  which  it  was  built  to  represent.  The  next  monument 
on  Bull  strr-pt  is  one  erected  to  the  memorv  of  "W.  W.  Gordon,  a  pioneen" 
in    railroad    development   in    Georgia.     In    Madison  Square  stands  the 


578  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

monument  of  another  Revolutionary  hero,  Sergeant  William  Jasper. 
This  was  unveiled  in  1888  in  the  presence  of  President  Cleveland  and 
party,  and  the  local  officials  and  dignitaries.  In  Monterey  Square  stands 
another  and  very  elegant  moniunent  to  Ctount  Pulaski,  the  noble  Pole, 
who  gave  his  life  for  American  freedom  on  the  9th  of  October,  1779, 
when  the  combined  French  and  American  armies  met  a  disastrous  re- 
pulse in  their  assault  upon  the  British  lines.  In  the  extension  of  Forsyth 
Park  is  yet  another  handsome  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  the 
Confederate  soldiers  who  fell  in  the  Civil  War.  This  park  is  the  largest 
of  about  thirty,  which  give  comfort  and  beauty  to  Georgia's  lovely  Forest 
City.  In  its  center  stands  a  fountain  modeled  after  that  in  the  Place  de 
la  Concorde  at  Paris.  Some  of  the  parks  are  ornamented  with  banana 
trees,  and  several  of  the  gardens  with  orange  trees.  Among  the  many 
lovely  flowers  the  most  beautiful  is  the  Camellia  Japonica,  which  here 
blooms  in  midwinter  in  the  open  air. 

Savannah  is  well  supplied  with  suburban  retreats.  Tybee  is  reached 
by  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway,  eighteen  miles 
in  length.  The  beach  at  Tybee  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country,  and  the 
hotel  accommodations  are  excellent.  An  electric  railway  leads  to  Thun- 
derbolt, a  small,  pictiu'esque  to^^Ti  on  Warsaw  river,  famous  for  fish  and 
oysters.  On  the  same  line  of  railway  is  Bonaventure,  once  a  noble  estate 
of  the  Tattnall  family,  now  a  beautiful  cemetery.  Its  avenues  of  great 
live  oaks,  festooned  with  gi'ay  moss,  give  to  the  place  an  air  of  solemn 
grandeur  well  befitting  the  silent  resting  place  of  the  dead.  The  place 
was  first  settled  by  Colonel  John  Mullryne,  an  Englishman.  By  the  mar- 
riage of  his  daughter  Mary  in  1761  to  Josiah  Tattnall  of  Charleston,  it 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  latter  family.  Tradition  says  that  the 
marriage  was  the  occasion  of  planting  these  magnificent  oaks  so  arranged 
that  the  avenues  by  which  they  are  lined  would  f  orai  the  letters  "M"  and 
"T,"  to  typify  the  union  of  the  two  families.  In  1847  the  estate  passed 
into  the  hands  of  Captain  P.  Wiltberger,  by  whom  it  was  adapted  to  its 
present  use.  The  electric  cars  also  run  to  the  Isle  of  Hope,  another  sum- 
mer resort  of  the  people  of  Savannah.  About  two  miles  from  Savannah 
is  the  Jasper  Spring,  the  scene  of  a  daring  exploit  of  Sergeant  Jasper, 
when  he  and  Sergeant  Xewton  rescued  from  the  British  guard  an 
American  prisoner  who  was  being  carried  to  Savannah  for  execution. 
On  the  banks  of  the  Ogeechee  river  are  some  of  the  largest  rice  planta- 
tions in  Georgia.     A  canal  connects  this  river  with  Savannah. 

The  area  of  Chatham  county  is  400  square  miles  or  256,000  acres. 
The  population  in  1900  was  71,239;  school  fund  $37,306. 

By  the  Co'mptrollei'^General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  189,026;  value  of  improved  land  per  acre,  $15.10;  city 
property,  $19,037,370;  money,  etc.,  $2,057,990;  gas  and  electric  light 
companies,  $201,420;  merchandise,  $1,652,800;  value  of  shares  in  bank, 
$2,537,625;  stocks  and  bonds,  $859,275;  building  and  loan  associa- 
tions, $489,110;  household  furniture,  $574,110;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $178,200;  capital  invested  in  shipping  and  tonnage,  $568,- 
950;   plantation    and   mechanical   tools,    $100,855;    watches,   jewelry, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  581 

etc.,  $50,125;  cotton  manufactories,  $00,750;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $235,990;  real  estate,  $21,881,803;  personal  estate,  $9,449,- 
690.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $31,331,493. 

Property,  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land 
5,899;  value,  $206,625;  city  or  to^^^l  property,  $632,475;  household  fur- 
niture, $2,785;  merchandise,  $2,025;  farm  and  other  animals,  $9,810; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  no  report.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $914,320. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  over  1900  of  $328,319  in  the 
value  of  all  property. 

Yields  of  crops  in  Chatham  to  the  acre  with  fair  cultivation:  com,  20 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  crab- 
grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  ribbon-cane  syrup,  350  gallons.  The  county 
had  in  1890  1,000  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,220  pounds;  3,866  cat- 
tle, 1,499  milch-cows,  520  horses,  590  mules,  4  donkeys,  4,320  swine, 
10,399  poultry.  There  was  a  production  of  25,000  dozen  eggs, 
1,855  pounds  of  honey,  9,000  pounds  of  butter,  and  167,762  gallons  of 
milk  and  500  pounds  of  cheese  These  statistics  do  not  include  horses  and 
mules  in  Savannah. 

In  the  brief  historical  sketch  with  which  this  work  opens  are  men- 
tioned several  of  the  important  events  that  have  transpired  in  the  history 
of  Savannah  and  Chatham  county.  Another  event  worth  mentioning  is 
the  fact  that  the  first  steamship  that  ever  crossed  the  Atlantic  sailed  from 
Savannah  in  1819.  It  was  owned  in  Savannah,  though  built  in  New 
York.  It  made  a  successful  voyage  to  Liverpool,  England,  and  then  to 
St.  Petersburg  in  Russia. 

Savannah  has  always  been  among  the  most  patriotic  of  American  cities. 
She  bore  her  full  share  of  the  disasters  and  glories  of  the  war  for  inde- 
pendence, and  during  the  great  Civil  AVar  her  sons  were  among  the  fore- 
most in  responding  to  call  of  their  State.  Fort  Pulaski,  on  Cockspur 
Island,  was  in  1862  the  scene  of  a  brave  but  fruitless  defence  by  a  Sa- 
vannah gamson,  commanded  by  Colonel  Olmstead.  Fort  McAllister,  six- 
teen miles  from  the  city  on  the  Ogeechee  river,  scored  several  victories 
over  Union  fleets,  and,  when  Sherman  appeared  before  the  city  in  1864, 
this  fort  was  held  by  Major  Geo.  W.  Anderson  wuth  150  men.  An  assault 
was  made  upon  the  fort  by  nine  regiments  numbering  between  3,000 
and  4,000  men,  led  by  Brigadier-General  Hazen.  The  greatest  com- 
pliment that  could  be  paid  the  brave  garrison  is  contained  in  the  words 
of  the  Federal  general  who  made  the  assault.  "We  fought  the  garrison 
through  the  port  to  their  bomb-proofs,  from  which  they  still  fought,  and 
only  succumbed  as  each  man  was  individually  overpowered."  The  Fed- 
erals in  this  affair  lost  134  officers  and  men  killed  and  wounded,  and  the 
total  loss  of  the  garrison  was  48. 

During  the  Spanish-American  war  the  best  families  of  Savannah  were 
roprcsontod  in  the  Savannali  Voliinteor  P>iittalion  which  enlisted  m  a 
body  and  under  its  own  officers.  Savannah  was  made  by  the  War  De- 
partment a  port  for  embarkation  and  debarkation  of  troops.  The  result 
greatly  promoted  the  business  interests  of  Savannah  and  advertised  her 
splendid  advantages  in  an  extraordinary  manner. 


582 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


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584 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 


IMPORTS. 

Port  of  Savannali,   Ga.,  from  September   1,   1899,  to  August  31, 
1900: 


Merchandise. 


Quantity. 


Value. 


Cement,  pounds 

Fertiliz.^rs,  tons     

Muriate  of  potash,  pounds  . . 

Pyrites,  tons 

Nitrate  of  soda,  tons 

Jute  bagging 

Iron  and  steel  manufactures 

Brimstone,  tons 

Salt,  pounds 

China  clay,  tons   

Sulphate  of  potash,  pounds.. 
Wines  and  liquors,  gallons  . . 

Carbolineum 

Mineral  water,  gallons 

Cotton  manufactures 

Leather  manufactures 

Oranges 

Aniline  dye 

Malt  liquors 

All  other  articles 


Total 


36,147,449 

15,438 

4,132,721 

28,307 

1,476 


751 
6,291,125 

888 

169,151 

1,660 


14,989 


106,431 

94,703 

63,001 

58,227 

40,411 

29,111 

20,017 

13,675 

7,317 

3,681 

2,826 

2,652 

2,494 

1,953 

1,285 

1,148 

802 

688 

677 

3,127 


$     461,676 


Population  of  Chatham  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  15,223;  white  females,  14,707;  total  white, 
29,930;  colored  males,  19,559;  colored  females,  21,750;  total  colored, 
41,309. 

Population  of  Savannah  hj  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census  of 
1900:  white  males,  13,134;  white  females,  12,975;  total  white,  26,109; 
colored  males,  12,791;  colored  females,  15,344;  total  colored,  28,135. 

Total  population  of  Savannah,  54,244. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
Jime  1,  1900:  172  calves,  156  steers,  16  bulls,  655  dairy  cows,  1,897 
horses,  636  mules,  3  donkeys,  177  sheep,  669  swine,  112  goats. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures  in  the  limits  of  the  city  of 
Savannah,  June  1,  1900:  51  calves;  17  steers,  3  bulls,  343  dai'ry  cows 
1,561  horses,  504  mules,  2  donkeys,  77  sheep,  1  hog,  80  goats. 

CHATTAHOOCHEE  COUNTY. 

CJiattahoocJiee  County  was  formed  from  Muscogee  and  Randolph  in 
1854,  and  was  named  for  the  river,  whose  waters  wash  its  western  border. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  and  northwest  by  Muscogee  coimty,  east  by 
Marion,  south  by  Webster  and  Stewart,  and  west  by  the  State  of  Ala- 
bama.   It  contains  231  square  miles  and  its  mean  elevation  is  875  feet. 

Cusseta,  the  county  site,  is  a  small  town  on  a  branch  of  the  Georgia 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  585 

and  Alabama  Eaiboad,  now  a  part  of  the  great  Seaboai'd  Air  Line  system. 
A  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  system  also  traverses  the  eoimty, 
bringing  its  people  into  close  business  relations  with  Columbus,  Americus 
and  Albany,  the  three  leading  cities  of  Southwest  Georgia.  Besides  the 
two  railroads  the  steamboats  on  the  Chattahoochee  river  afford  excellent 
facilities  for  freight  and  travel.  The  face  of  the  country  is  level.  The 
soil  is  entirely  cretaceous,  a  gray,  sandy  loam  with  clay  subsoil.  The 
average  yield  to  the  acre  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats, 
15  bushels;  cotton,  500  to  600  pounds;  sugar-cane,  14  to  IG  pounds  of 
sugar  and  150  to  200  gallons  of  syrup.  There  are  also  raised  annually 
about  1,000  pounds  of  upland  rice,  9,100  bushels  of  cow-peas,  1,485  bush- 
els of  peanut*,  250  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  13,235  bushels  of  sweet  po- 
tatoes. There  are  4,000  apple-trees,  17,126  peach-trees,  6,651  plum« 
trees.  Truck  raised  above  home  consumption  and  sold  amounts  to 
$3,000. 

The  people  are  waking  to  the  fact  that  it  costs  no  more  to  raise  a  good 
cow  than  a  poor  one,  and  are  beginning  to  pay  more  attention  to  breed. 
This  is  true  of  all  other  kinds  of  stock  in  the  county. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
this  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  5,039  bales,  all  upland. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  22  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  250 
pounds,  2,629  cattle,  870  milch-cows,  lol  working  oxen,  3,373  hogs, 
16,005  poultry  of  all  kinds,  248  horses  and  639  mules. 

Among  the  farm  products  were  132,855  gallons  of  milk,  38,878 
pounds  of  butter,  6,082  pounds  of  honey  and  31,028  dozens  of  eggs. 

The  manufactories  consist  of  flour  and  grist-mills,  nm  by  water  and 
sawmills  run  by  steam.  On  the  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee  river 
there  are  seven  mills  (flour  and  gi'ist),  and  there  are  good  water-powers 
on  Woolfolk's  branch  and  Oswichee  creek.  The  growth  is  chiefly  piney 
woods.  The  timber  products  are  not  extensive.  Some  yellow  pine  and 
hardwoods  are  lumbered,  the  annual  output  being  worth  about  $8,000. 
There  are  six  sawmills  run  by  steam. 

The  churches  are  mostly  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Presbyterian.  The 
schools  belong  to  tlie  public  school  system  of  the  State,  and  number  12 
for  whites  and  15  for  negroes,  with  an  average  attendance  of  268  white 
and  441  colored  pupils. 

Area  of  Chattahoochee  county,  231  square  miles,  or  147,840  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  5,790;  school  fund,  $4,155.95. 
By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  were:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  188,340;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $2.28; 
cotton  manufactories,  $1,600;  value  of  city  property,  $14,553;  money, 
etc.,  $17,959;  value  of  merchandise,  $0,845;  iron  works,  $400;  value  of 
honsohold  and  kitchen  furnitnro,  $24,280;  mining,  $111.00;  fann 
animals,  $65,832;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $14,663;  Avatchos, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $6,405;  value  of  all  other  property,  $8,380;  real 
estate,  $366,566;  personal  estate,  $167,430.     Aggregate,  $533,996. 

Peturns  of  property  by  colored  taxpayers:  nninbor  of  acres  of  land, 
T,955;  value  of  land,  $14,399;  city  or  town  property,  $75.00;  nicrchan- 


586  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

disc,  $300.00;  hoiisebold  and  kitchen  furniture,  $5,207;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $10,962;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,504;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $655.00.    Aggregate  value  of  all  property,  $34,163. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain,  over  1900  of  $27,254  in  the 
value  of  all  property. 

The  county  seat  is  Cusseta,  on  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Railroad..  The 
population  of  the  Cusseta  milita  district  in  1900  was  1,078,  of  which  301 
lived  in  the  town. 

The  population  of  the  whole  county  (5,790)  shows  a  gain  of  888  over 
that  of  1890. 

On  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  to  the  northwest  of  Cusseta  is  the  village  of 
Sulphur  Springs,  noted  for  its  mineral  waters. 

Population  of  Chattahoochee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to 
the  census  of  1900:  white  males,  943;  white  females,  909;  total  white, 
1,852;  coloTcd  males,  1,922;  colored  females,  2,016;  total  colored, 
3,938. 

ISTo  report  of  domestic  animals  in  bams  or  inclosures  June  1,  1900. 

CHATTOOGA  COUNTY. 

ChaUooga  County  was  laid  off  from  "Walker  and  Floyd  in  1838  and 
derived  its  name  from  its  principal  river.  The  county  is  traversed  by 
mountains  and  ridges  running  northeast  and  southwest,  and  is  inter- 
spersed with  rich  and  beautiful  valleys,  the  most  noted  being  Broomtown, 
Chattooga  and  Armuchee.  The  mountains  are  Taylor's  Ridge,  John's 
Mountain  and  a  high,  solitary  peak  called  Dirtseller  Mountain,  whose  In- 
dian name  was  Kunteesky. 

Chattooga  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Walker  on  the  north, 
Gordon  on  the  east,  Floyd  on  the  south  and  southeast.  The  State  of  Ala- 
bama bounds  it  on  the  west. 

The  bottom  and  valley  lands  are  very  fertile,  having  a  dark  mulatto 
soil,  which  produces  cotton,  corn,  Avheat,  oats,  rye,  peas,  potatoes,  clover, 
barley,  tobacco  and  almost  every  kind  of  vegetable.  Taking  all  the  lands, 
good  and  poor,  the  average  yield  of  the  various  crops  per  acre  is  as  fol- 
lows: seed  cotton,  750  pounds;  com,  20  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats, 
15  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  50  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 200  bushels;  crab-grass  and  clover,  each  5,000  pounds  of  hay. 

On  some  of  the  best  lands  30  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  are  the  or- 
dinary yield.  Those  same  lands  produce  40  bushels  of  com  to  the  acre 
and  in  a  few  instances  as  high  as  90  bushels  have  been  raised  on  one  acre 
in  especially  good  seasons.  The  people  are  beginning  to  realize  the 
profit  in  hay  and  are  raising  it  for  the  market.  The  cotton  ginned  in  this 
county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900  was  7,079  bales,  all  upland. 

The  market  gardens  near  the  towns  are  doing  well.  The  shipments  of 
strawberries  during  the  seasons  of  1900  and  1901  have  demonstrated  the 
fact  that  Chattooga  county  is  especially  adapted  to  the  production  of  this 
luscious  fruit.     This  year  (1901)  this  county  shipped  38  car-loads  of  ber- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  587 

ries  to  northern  markets,  bringing  in  every  instance  a  handsome  profit  to 
the  shippers. 

The  ridges,  which,  running  in  a  northeasterly  and  southwesterly  direc- 
tion and  parellel  to  Lookout  Mountain,  travci"se  the  county,  form  the 
fruit  lands  of  Chattooga.  jSTo  finer  peaches  and  strawberries  are  grown 
than  on  these  hills  and  ridges.  Even  now  they  are  dotted  by  600,000 
peach-trees,  and  the  number  is  being  increased  every  year,  and  when  all 
these  come  into  bearing  it  is  estimated  that  Chattooga  county  alone  will 
send  2,000  car-loads  of  peaches  to  the  northern  markets  annually. 

There  are  also  vineyards  producing  fine  grapes.  Upon  the  northwest- 
em  border  of  the  county  is  the  famous  Lookout  Mountain,  whose  table- 
land twelve  miles  wide  and  extending  along  its  entire  length,  is  unex- 
celled in  the  growth  of  apples,  and  large  apple  orchards  are  being  set  out 
now. 

The  table-lands  of  Lookout  and  of  the  parallel  ridges  furnish  an  almost 
inexhaustible  range  for  cattle  which  thrive  without  additional  food  foi 
two-thirds  of  the  year. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Chattooga  county  3,116  sheep 
with  a  wool-clip  of  5,558  pounds,  6,032  cattle,  of  which  478  were  work- 
ing oxen,  and  2,159  milch-cows  (175  of  these  being  of  improved  breeds); 
10,614  hogs,  92,996  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds,  1,030  horses,  1,217 
mules  and  5  donkeys. 

Among  farm  products  were  739,177  gallons  of  milk,  242,897  pounds 
of  butter,  19,168  pounds  of  honey  and  134,019  dozens  of  eggi. 

More  attention  is  being  paid  to  beef  cattle  and  several  Devon  bulls 
have  been  imported  from  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

About  one  half  of  the  county  is  in  original  forest,  pine  and  hardwoods, 
all  available  for  market,  and  giving  employment  to  about  24  sa^^^nill3 
which  prepare  timber  for  the  local  markets.  Taylor's  Ridge,  which  runs 
from  High  Point  in  Chattooga  to  Einggold  in  Catoosa  county,  a  distance 
of  40  miles,  is  well-wooded  with  white  oak,  chestnut,  oak  and  poplar. 
From  the  chestnut  oak  is  obtained  a  tan  bark  that  is  always  in  demand, 
and  the  poplar  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fniit  crates.  The  price  of 
the  timber  is  from  $8.00  to  $10.00  a  thousand  feet. 

Iron,  bauxite,  clay,  limestone,  manganese,  coal,  slate,  talc  and  sand- 
stone are  found  in  large  quantities.  Iron  is  mined  at  Dirtseller  ^fount- 
ain, near  Lyerly;  Shinbone  ridge,  near  Mcnlo  and  Taylor's  ridge  near 
Summerville.  AH  this  iron  is  shipped  to  other  points.  Bauxite  is 
mined  in  the  to^\Ti  of  Summerville,  and  there  are  outcroppings  of  this 
metal  in  ridges  entirely  through  the  county.  Bed  iron  ore  is  found  in 
great  abundance  in  six  different  veins  and  is  being  mined  in  some  locali- 
ties. Mining  property,  thougli  cheap,  is  steadily  advancing.  During  the 
last  two  years  an  immense  amount  of  iron  ore  has  been  shipped  from  the 
mines  on  Taylor's  ridge. 

Some  of  the  manufactories  of  Cliattooga  county  are  :  The  Trion  IManu- 
facturing  Company's  mills,  the  Baccoon  Mills,  a  chair  factory  at  Lyerly, 
6  flour-mills  operated  by  water-power,  12  grist-mills,  some  by  water  and 


533  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

some  by  steam;  24  sawmills,  about  one  half  being  operated  by  water  and 
half  by  steam;  and  6  tanneries. 

Summerville,  the  county  site,  on  that  part  of  the  Central  of  Georgia 
system,  formerly  known  as  the  Chattanooga,  Eome  and  Southern,  is  situ- 
ated about  half  way  between  Eome  and  Chattanooga.  The  business 
houses  and  residences  are  handsome  in  appearance,  and  the  streets  have 
been  put  in  fine  condition  by  the  free  use  of  chert.  The  town  is  sur- 
rounded by  farms  which  ai'e  cultivated  in  a  thoroughly  scientific  man- 
ner. The  region  in  its  immediate  vicinity  is  rich  in  hardwoods  and  iron 
ore.  During  the  spring  of  1901  there  were  shipped  from  tliis  point  157 
cars  of  iron  ore,  65  cars  of  logs  and  over  100  cars  of  chert.  It  is  claimed 
that  within  the  last  five  years  about  10,000  cars  of  chert  have  been  ship- 
ped from  this  neighborhood  to  various  cities  to  be  used  in  improving 
their  streets,  and  for  roads  and  railways. 

Although  by  the  census  of  1900  there  were  only  486  persons  living  in 
the  town  of  Summerville,  the  entire  Summerville  district  has  a  popula- 
tion of  2,261,  and  includes  also  Raccoon  Mills,  with  441  people,  many 
.  of  whom  are  employed  at  the  Raccoon  Cotton  Mills,  which  has  104 
looms,  3,400  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $164,700. 

Lyerly,  in  the  midst  of  the  productive  valley  of  the  Chattooga  river, 
is  also  on  the  Central  Railway,  southwest  of  Summerville.  Here  there 
is  a  chair  factory  whose  products  find  a  ready  sale  throughout  this  sec- 
tion. The  Lyerly  district  has  729  inhabitants,  of  whom  234  live  in  the 
town.    Lyerly  has  also  a  first-class  gi-ist-mill  on  the  Chattooga  river. 

Trion  is  the  largest  town  in  Chattooga  county,  having  in  1900,  a  popu- 
lation of  1,926  in  the  town  and  in  the  entire  Trion  district,  3,020.  Here 
is  the  Trion  Manufacturing  Company's  plant,  consisting  of  three  mills 
with  an  aggregate  of  1,422  looms,  50,016  spindles  and  a  capital  of  more 
than  $600,000.  The  capital  stock  and  surplus  of  the  company  approxi- 
mate $1,000,000,  and  the  yearly  business  amounts  to  $1,200,000. 
These  mills  consume  daily  20  tons  of  coal  and  use  60  bales  of  cotton. 
They  manufacture  sea-island  sheeting,  shirting,  drills  and  riope. 

The  first  mill  was  built  here  in  1847  by  Judge  A.  P.  Allgood  of 
Walker  county,  and  Judge  Spencer  Marsh  of  LaFayette,  in  partnership 
with  Colonel  W.  K.  Briers,  who  began  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000, 
This  factory  escaped  destruction  during  the  war  but  was  destroyed  by 
fire  in  1875. 

In  1876  the  Trion  Manufacturing  Company  built  number  1  of  its 
present  plant  and  have  been  steadily  adding  to  their  property.  The  name 
Trion  was  given  to  the  factory  and  town  from  the  trio  of  men,  Allgood, 
Marsh  and  Briers,  who  were  the  originators  of  this  gi-eat  enterprise, 
built  and  operated  by  Georgia  capital. 

Menlo,  on  the  Chattanooga  Southern  Railroad,  about  forty  miles 
from  Chattanooga,  Tennessee,  and  the  same  distance  from  Gadsden,  Ala- 
bama, is  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  farming  and  fruit  section.  It  has  fine 
mineral  springs,  possessing  excellent  medicinal  properties.  Near  by  are 
also  valuable  iron  ore  deposits. 

All  these  towns  are  provided  with  good  schools  and  churches  of  the 


GEORGIA:   UHSTORlL'AL   AXD    ISDL'ISTIUAL.  589 

Methodists,  Baptists,  and  Presbyterians.  In  fact,  every  section  of  the 
county  is  well  provided  with  educational  and  religious  advantages. 

In  the  33  public  schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  daily  attend- 
ance of  IjlOi)  pupils  and  in  the  1'2  schools  for  negroes  a  daily  attend- 
ance of  256  pupils. 

The  State  School  Commissioner,  in  his  report  published  in  1900,  gives 
the  public  school  fund  of  Chattooga  county  as  $8,758.72. 

The  area  of  Chattooga  county  is  32G  square  miles  or  208,640  acres. 

Population  of  the  county  in  lUOO,  12/J52;  a  gain  of  1,750  since  18U0. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  170,644;  of  wnld  land,  40,957;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $4.85;  of  vnld  laud,  $0.53;  city  or  town  property,  $76,- 
717;  value  of  shares  in  bank,  $18,650;  money,  etc.,  $234,512;  merchan- 
dise, $73,860;  stocks  and  bonds,  $30,640;  cotton  factories,  $558,070; 
capital  invested  in  mining,  $50.00;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $83,035;  farm  and  other  animals,  $181,961;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $40,485;  jewelry,  $6,405;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$19,293;  real  estate,  $916,069;  personal  estate,  $1,252,675.  Aggregate, 
$2,168,744. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
3,919;  value,  $11,539;  city  or  town  property,  $3,810;  money,  $573.00; 
household  furniture,  $4,444;  farm  and  other  animals,  $10,713;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $1,415;  value  of  all  other  property,  $331.00. 
Aggregate,  $32,971. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  over  1900  of  $13,136  in  the  value 
of  all  property. 

Broomtown  Valley  is  named  from  a  little  Indian  settlement  so  called 
from  its  chief,  "The  Broom,"  one  of  the  signers  of  a  treaty  concluded  be- 
tween the  Cherokees  and  Whites  at  Tellico,  October  24,  1804. 

Sequoia  or  George  Guess,  the  inventor  of  the  Cherokee  alphabet,  for- 
merly resided  in  Chattooga  county.  Though  in  appearance  a  full  Chero- 
kee, his  paternal  grandfather  was  a  white  man.  One  day  he  heard  some 
Cherokee  young  men  talking  about  the  superior  talents  of  the  white  peo- 
ple, and  expressing  particular  wonder  at  the  fact  that  white  men  could 
put  a  talk  on  paper  and  send  it  to  any  distance,  and  it  would  be  under- 
stood by  those  who  received  it.  Mr.  Guess  determined  that  his  people 
should  have  an  alphabet  too.  ITo  had  no  knowledge  of  any  language  but 
the  Cherokee,  and  had  to  depend  upon  his  own  native  resources.  He  first 
tried  to  invent  a  sign  for  every  word,  but  soon  found  that  such  an  alplia- 
bet  would  be  too  cumbersome.  He  at  length  conceived  the  idea  of  divid- 
ing the  words  into  parts.  He  had  not  proceeded  far  on  tliis  plan  bcforo 
he  discovered  to  his  great  delight  that  the  same  characters  would  apply 
in  different  words.  He  finally  discovered  all  the  syllables  of  the  lang- 
uage. After  this  he  completed  his  system  in  about  a  month.  In  forming 
his  ohnraeters  he  n=pd  some  of  tlie  English  letters  wliicli  ho  found  in  a 
spelling-book.  But  ho  made  his  characters  represent  syllables,  not  letters 
Hence  they  expressed  in  Cherokee  very  different  sounds  from  what  they 
did  in  English.     At  last  ho  suoceodod  nftor  nnich  onpofiitiion  in  getting  n 


590  GEORGIA:  HISTORIC AL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

few  of  liis  people  to  learn  the  use  of  his  syllabic  alphabet.  Finding  that 
it  worked  all  right  thej  were  so  delighted  that  in  the  course  of  a  few 
months  the  great  majority  of  the  Cherokees  were  able  to  read  and  write 
in  their  own  language. 

Population  of  Chattooga  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  5,277,  white  females,  5,437;  total  white, 
10,714;  colored  males,  1,146;  colored  females,  1,092;  total  colored, 
2,238. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  128  calves,  113  steers,  2  bulls,  226  daiiy  cows,  111  horses, 
29  mules,  3  donkeys,  20  sheep,  451  swine,  2  goats. 
CHEROKEE  COUNTY. 

Cherokee  County  was  laid  out  in  1832  and  was  named  for  the  nation 
of  Indians  who  inhabited  that  section  of  Georgia  and  large  portions  of 
ISTorth  Carolina  before  the  purchase  of  their  lands  by  the  whites  and 
their  removal  beyond  the  Mississippi  river. 

The  word  Cherokee  is  derived  from  Cliera,  fire,  and  the  prophets  of 
the  nation  were  called  Clieralaghye,  which  signifies  vien  of  divine  fire. 
The  following  counties  bound  Cherokee:  Pickens  on  the  north,  Dawson 
and  Forsyth  on  the  east,  Milton  on  the  southeast,  Cobb  on  the  south  and 
Bartow  on  the  west.  The  Etowah  river  flows  almost  through  the  center 
of  the  county.  Little  river  empties  into  the  Etowah.  The  creeks  are 
Cooper's,  Sandy  and  Chicken, 

That  part  of  the  county  v/est  of  the  Etowah  and  south  of  Long  Swamp 
is  very  hilly,  the  part  traversed  by  Little  river  and  its  tributaries  is 
undulating,  while  most  of  the  county  east  of  the  Etowah  is  hilly,  ex- 
cept portions  bordering  on  Forsyth  county.  Lands  of  excellent  quality 
are  on  the  Etowah  river  and  Long  Swamp.  In  the  northwestern  part 
of  the  county  a  peak,  called  Sharp  Mountain,  runs  up  like  a  sugar  loaf. 

The  county  abounds  in  fertile  valleys.  The  soil  of  the  bottom  or  low- 
lands is  generally  a  rich,  black  loam  with  a  little  sandy  land  close  to  the 
water  courses.  That  of  the  upland  is  partly  red  and  mulatto,  and  partly 
gray.  The  staple  crops  are  cotton  and  the  cereals.  In  the  western  part 
of  the  county  a  high  grade  of  chewing  tobacco  is  grown,  and  upon  this 
product  the  people  of  that  section  largely  depend  for  their  money  crop. 
The  number  of  acres  planted  in  cotton  last  season  was  20,000:  in  corn, 
35,000;  in  wheat,  10,000;  in  oats,  10,000;  in  rye,  2,000;  in  sorghum- 
cane,  1,000;  in  Irish  potatoes,  500;  in  sweet  potatoes,  1,000.  After  the 
wheat  and  oats  had  been  cut  off,  5,000  acres  were  planted  in  field-peas. 
The  average  yield  of  theee  crops  to  the  acre  were:  com,  20  bushels;  cot- 
ton, 700  or  800  pounds  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  wheat,  12  to  20  bushels; 
oats,  20  bushels;  rye,  10  bushels;  sorghum,  200  gallons;  Irish  potatoes, 
150  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  125  bushels;  field-peas  12  bushels; 
crab-gi-ass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  clover  hay,  5,000  pounds.  Much  . 
of  the  land  is  well  adapted  to  clover,  orchard  and  other  grasses,  but 
very  little  attention  has  yet  been  given  to  them.  Where  cultivated  they 
do  well.  For  summer  pasturage  the  native  grasses  chiefly  are  used. 
This  lasts  about  six  months.     Some  of  the  farmers  use  rye  for  winter 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IX  DUST  RIAL.  591 

pasturage.  Very  few  use  ensilage.  Cotton  seed  meal,  wheat  bran  and 
peas  are  chiefly  used  as  food  for  stock.  Under  the  best  systems  of  agri- 
culture some  of  the  best  lands  yield  crops  far  ahead  of  the  averages  given 
above.  Some  attention  is  paid  to  dairying,  for  which  the  Jersey  cow  is 
preferred.  There  Avere  in  Cherokee  county  in  1890  7,600  cattle, 
2,705  milch-cows,  806  horses,  1,609  mules,  3,362  sheep  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  5,616  pounds,  13,242  hogs,  130,000  poultry.  There  is  a  produc- 
tion of  174,000  dozens  of  eggs,  30,162  pounds  of  honey,  235,908 
pounds  of  butter,  794,764  gallons  of  milk  and  89  pounds  of  cheese. 

Although  the  farmers  sell  some  vegetables,  berries  and  fruit,  there 
are  no  regular  market  gardens  in  the  county.  There  is  about  60  per  cent, 
of  original  forest  timber  still  standing.  The  growth  is  hickory,  oak, 
pine,  poplar,  some  beech  and  ash,  and  a  variety  of  other  kinds.  There 
are  about  six  little  sawmills,  four  or  five  small  flour-mills,  and  about  30 
small  grist-mills  and  two  tanning  establishments. 

Canton,  the  county  seat,  on  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Xorthern  Eail- 
road,  is  beautifully  situated  on  an  eminence,  around  whose  base  flows 
the  Etowah  river.  It  is  a  thriving  little  town  of  847  inhabitants,  with  a 
flourishing  bank  and  several  manufacturing  enteq^rises.  One  of  the 
most  important  of  these  is  a  marble  mill  for  sawing  and  finishing  marble 
and  for  monumental  work.  Another  of  great  importance  is  the  new 
cotton  factory  vnth.  a  capital  of  $100,000.  There  is  also  a  rope  factory. 
There  is  another  cotton-mill  at  Toonigh,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
county. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  season  of  1899-1900  was  6,760  bales,  all  upland. 

Woodstock,  Holly  Springs  and  Ball  Ground,  are  thriving  villages  on 
the  railroad.  From  Ball  Ground  a  little  railroad,  about  eight  or  ten 
miles  long  and  owned  by  one  of  the  marble  companies,  runs  out  to  the 
quarries. 

At  Waleska,  eight  miles  west  of  Canton,  is  a  fine  school,  known  as 
Pteinhardt  i^oi-mal  College.  The  public  schools  of  the  county  are  in 
good  condition.  They  number  65  for  white  and  6  for  colored,  with  an 
average  daily  attendance  of  2,057  whites  and  211  colored.  There  are 
Methodist,  Baptist  and  Presbyterian  Churches  and  one  Univei-salist. 

In  minerals  this  county  is  very  rich.  There  are  deposits  of  gold,  cop- 
per, iron,  mica,  talc,  marble  and  other  minerals.  Cherokee  is  one  of  the 
chief  gold-mining  counties  of  Georgia. 

ISTear  Canton  is  a  spring,  strongly  impregnated  with  alum,  and  noted 
for  its  great  curative  powers. 

The  area  of  Cherokee  county  is  434  square  miles  or  277,760  acree. 
Population  in  1900,  15,243;  school  fund,  $10,627.53. 

By  the  Comptrollor-Generars  report  for  1900  there  arc:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  255,457;  of  wild  land,  20,019;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  lands,  $4.01;  of  wild  lands,  $0.78;  city  or  town  property, 
$148,913;  shares  in  bank,  $21,700;  money,  etc.,  $321,776;  merchan- 
dise, $81,485;  stocks  and  bonds,  $5,080;  cotton  manufnctories,  $6,050; 
household  furniture,  $90,554;  fai-m  and  other  animals,  $188,473;  plant- 


592  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

ation  and  mechauical  tools,  $47,848;  iron  works,  $7,500;  mining,  $1,- 
400;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,617;  value  of  all  otlier  property,  $41,562; 
real  estate,  $1,190,038;  personal  estate,  $845,506.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $2,035,544, 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
3,405;  value,  $6,540;  city  j)roperty,  $2,520;  household  furniture,  $1,- 
694;  farm  and  other  animals,  $3,173;  money,  $1,150;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $557.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $153.00.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $15,888. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  over  1900  of  $105,355  in  the 
value  of  all  property. 

Cherokee  county  in  common  with  the  greater  part  of  j^orthwest  Geor- 
gia, is  beginning  to  pay  great  attention  to  fruit-gromng.  Judge  Gober 
of  Cobb  county,  owns,  75,000  peach-trees  of  the  best  variety  in  Cherokee 
county,  and  besides  these  are  many  smaller  orchards.  There  are  also 
many  apple-trees. 

The  population  of  the  leading  to^vns  and  their  including  militia  dis- 
tricts by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  was  as  follows: 

Canton  district,  1,827,  of  whom  847  live  in  the  town  of  Canton; 
"Woodstoek  district,  1,240,  of  whom  276  live  in  the  town  of  Woodstock; 
Harbin's  district,  1,033,  of  whom  170  live  in  tlie  toTVTi  of  Waleska;  Ball 
Ground  district,  1,101,  of  whom  302  live  in  the  town  of  Ball  Ground. 

Population  of  Cherokee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  7,032;  white  females,  6,926;  total  white, 
13,958;  colored  males,  645;  colored  females,  640;  total  colored,  1,285. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  87  calves,  21  steers,  8  bulls,  137  dairy  cows,  106  horses, 
49  mules,  3  donkeys,  293  sheep. 

CLAKKE  COimTY. 

Clarice  County  was  laid  out  from  Jackson  in  1801.  A  part  was  taken 
from  Greene  in  1802  and  again  in  1807.  Part  was  set  off  to  Madison 
county  in  1811,  part  to  Oglethorpe  county  in  1813.  Another  part  was 
added  to  Madison  county  in  1829.  Still  later  another  part  was  taken 
to  help  form  the  new  coimty  of  Oconee.  Clarke  county  is  bounded  by 
the  follo^\^ing  counties:  Madison  on  the  north,  Oglethorpe  and  Madison 
on  the  east,  Oconee  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Jackson  on  the 
northwest. 

It  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Elijah  Clarke,  the  Marion  of  Geor- 
gia. The  principal  streams  flowing  through  the  county  are  Oconee  river, 
Middle  Oconee  river,  Sandy,  Bear  and  Barber's  creeks. 

Athens,  the  county  seat,  is  a  flourishing  city  of  10,245  inhabitants 
in  the  corporate  limits,  or,  counting  the  whole  Athens  district,  11,018. 
It  is  one  of  the  chief  seats  of  learning  in  Georgia.  The  founding  of  this 
city  was  simultaneous  with  that  of  the  University  of  Georgia.  Here  are 
the  main  departments  of  the  State  University,  the  State  ISTormal  School, 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  593 

and  Liicj  Cobb  Institute,  all  of  which  are  discussed  fully  in  the  chapter 
on  education.  Besides  these  are  the  Home  School,  several  other  private 
schools  and  the  city  public  schools. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Catholics  and 
Christians  or  Disciples,  have  flourishing  churches.  The  two  first  named 
are  the  most  numerous,  having  more  than  half  of  the  entire  church  mem- 
bership of  the  county,  occupying  almost  the  entire  field  outside  of  the 
city. 

Athens  is  the  commercial  center  for  several  counties,  and  enjoys  a 
large  and  growing  trade.  It  has  three  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital 
of  $600,000.  It  is  provided  with  gas  and  electric  lights,  electric  street 
cars,  a  paid  fire  department  with  electric  fire  alarm,  a  splendid  system  of 
water-works,  sewers  and  paved  streets  and  sidewalks.  Athens  o\\ais  both 
her  electric  light  plant  and  water-works.  Here  center  branches  of  the 
Georgia  Eailroad  and  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  and  Southern  Railway 
systems,  also  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system.  The  commerce  of  the  city 
and  county  aggregate  $13,000,000  annually.  The  cotton  receipts  at 
Athens  are  from  65,000  to  90,000  bales  per  annum.  From  the  entire 
county  the  shipments  are  about  100,000  bales  a  year.  The  cotton-mills 
of  the  county  use  about  12,000  bales  per  annum.  The  manufactories  of 
every  kind  number  about  100.  There  are  five  cotton-mills,  in  one  of 
which  (the  Athens  Manufacturing  Company),  woolen  cloth  is  also  made, 
one  knitting  mill,  one  bobbin  mill,  one  cotton  seed  oil-mill, 
two  foundries,  two  sash,  door  and  blind  factories,  two  ice 
plants,  one  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  fertilizers,  and  a 
wagon  and  carriage  factory.  There  are  also  in  Clarke  county  15  grist 
and  three  flour-mills.  The  cotton  mills  have  an  annual  output  valued 
at  $1,500,000,  and  the  product  of  the  cotton  seed  oil-mill  is  worth  about 
$50,000.  These  are  all  run  by  water.  There  are  in  the  county  nine  or 
ten  valuable  water-powers,  ranging  from  100  to  3,000  horse-power.  Two 
of  these,  one  of  about  800,  the  other  3,000  horse-power,  have  been  util- 
ized since  1892. 

There  are  some  minerals,  chiefly,  graphite.  Deposits  of  galena  are 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.  A  fine  quality  of  granite  is  found. 
About  25  per  cent,  of  the  original  forests  of  the  county  are  still  stand- 
ing. The  timber  products  are  small,  the  lumljer  output  not  amouivting  to 
more  than  $2,000  annually.  The  growth  is  pine,  oak,  poplar,  hickory, 
birch,  maple  and  ash. 

The  soil  is  principally  a  strong  red  clay,  naturally  fertile  and  retentive 
of  fertilizers,  and  with  intelligent  cultivation  yields  abundantly  of  all 
staple  crops  and  garden  products.  A  belt  of  gray,  sandy  land,  about  three 
miles  wide  passes  through  the  center  of  the  county.  Tlie  soil  of  tha^o 
gray  lands  is  about  10  inches  deep  with  a  yellowish  or  reddish  clay  sub- 
soil, not  so  retentive  of  moisture  as  that  of  the  red  lands.  This  soil  is  bet- 
ter adapted  to  cotton  and  oats,  while  coni,  clover  and  wheat  do  best  in 
the  red  land. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1000  tlie  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  for  the  season  of  1890-1000  was  3,532  bales,  all  upland. 
27  ga 


594  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is  about  as  follows: 
cotton,  600  to  800  pounds;  corn,  15  bushels;  wheat,  15  bushels;  oats,  11 
to  18  bushels;  rje,  20  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 125  bushels;  hay  from,  2,000  to  3,000  pounds,  cow-peas,  20  bush- 
els; ground-peas,  50  bushels. 

The  Irish  potatoes  raised,  amount  to  3,774  bushels,  and  the  sweet  po- 
tatoes to  18,422  bushels.  On  some  of  the  lands  under  the  best  culture 
the  above  yields  are  more  than  doubled. 

The  county  had  in  1890  149  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  277  pounds, 
1,600  cattle,  786  milch-cows,  473  horses,  627  mules,  1,743  swine,  and 
24,210  poultry  of  all  kinds.  These  statistics  did  not  include  horses  and 
mules  in  the  city  of  Athens.  There  are  three  dairy  farms  in  prosperous 
condition.  The  Jei*sey  cow  is  preferred.  Ensilage  is  used  to  some  ex- 
tent for  winter  food.  Bermuda  grass  is  depended  on  a  great  deal  for 
summer  pasturage.  Lucern  and  clover  do  well  and  a  great  deal  of  home- 
made hay  is  being  marketed.  A  few  farmers  put  it  in  bales  which  they 
find  to  be  a  profitable  way  to  handle  it.  Other  productions  in  1890 
were  198,263  gallons  of  milk,  66,296  pounds  of  butter,  440  pounds  of 
cheese,  27,160  dozens  of  eggs,  and  4,282  pounds  of  honey. 

Truck  sold  amounts  to  $10,000  dollars,  the  products  being  vegetables, 
berries  and  melons.     There  are  in  the  orchards  2,679  apple-trees. 

The  public  schools  of  Clarke  county  number  28.  In  the  11  schools 
for  whites  the  average  daily  attendance  is  288  pupils,  and  in  the  17  for 
negroes,  448.  In  the  local  schools  for  whites  in  the  city  of  Athens  there 
are  871  pupils,  and  in  those  for  negroes,  717.  In  the  private  schools  for 
whites  including  pupils  in  the  State  University,  Lucy  Cobb  Institute, 
Home  School  and  others,  there  are  600  or  more  white  pupils,  and  in  two 
schools  for  negroes  484  pupils. 

The  school  fund  for  the  county  is  $5,005.91  and  for  the  Athens  city 
schools,  $6,744.64. 

The  area  of  Clarke  county  is  159  square  miles,  or  101,760  acres. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  was  17,708,  an 
increase  of  2,522  since  1890. 

The  following  are  the  towns  in  Clarke  county  besides  the  city  of 
Athens  (already  given),  with  their  population  and  that  of  their  including 
militia  districts:  Whitehall,  660,  and  in  its  entire  district,  known  as 
Georgia  Factory,  1,098;  Princeton,  244,  and  in  its  entire  district  of  the 
same  name,  873. 

The  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  gives  the  following  items: 
acres  of  improved  land,  70,016;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved 
land,  $10.37;  value  of  city  or  town  property,  $2,752,670;  shares  in 
bank,  $460,000;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $746,035;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$399,695;  merchandise,  $528,985;  cotton  manufactories,  $305,000; 
iron  works,  $15,000;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $265,105;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $100,750;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $27,980; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $60,715;  value  of  all  other  property,  $43,425; 
real  estate,  $3,472,495;  personal  estate,  $2,945,252;  aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $6,418,020. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   lyDUSTRIAL.  595 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,258;  value  of  land,  $57,430;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $24,- 
360;  fami  and  other  animals,  $12,490;  city  or  town  property,  $1G5,005; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $720.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,790; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $390.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $263,795. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  falling  off  in  the  value  of  all  property 
amounting  to  $1,985  since  the  return  of  1900. 

In  the  city  of  Athens  is  a  tree  which  has  a  peculiar  history.  A  beauti- 
ful oak  was  so  admired  by  its  owner  that  he  made  a  deed  to  the  tree  itself 
of  the  gi'ound  in  which  it  grew,  so  that  it  might  be  secured  from  molesta- 
tion so  long  as  it  lived.  The  tree  is  surrounded  by  a  little  fence  to  pro- 
tect it  from  trespassers. 

There  are  exclusive  of  the  city  of  Athens  more  than  twenty  miles  of" 
macadamized  roads  in  Clarke  county,  to  the  extent  of  which  constant  ad- 
ditions are  being  made. 

Population  of  Clarke  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,878;  white  females,  4,352;  total  white, 
8,230;  colored  males,  4,387;  colored  females,  5,091;  total  colored,  9,478. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Athens  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,387;  white  females,  2,666;  total  white, 
5,053;  colored  males,  2,253;  colored  females,  2,939;  total  colored, 
5,192.     Total  population  of  Athens,  10,245. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  famis  or  ranges, 
in  Clarke  county,  June  1,  1900:  120  calves,  17  steers,  5  bulls,  522  dairy 
cows,  475  horses,  86  mules,  1  donkey,  715  sheep,  21  goats. 


CLAY  COUNTY. 

Clay  County  was  formed  in  1854  from  Early  and  Randolph,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky,  one  of  the  greatest  states- 
men and  most  eloquent  orators  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  follow- 
ing counties  bound  it:  Quitman  on  the  north;  Ivandolph  on  the  cast  and 
also  on  the  north  of  the  lower  section ;  Calhoun  on  the  east  of  the  lower 
section,  and  Early  on  the  south.  On  the  western  side  is  Alabama,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  river.  Colomokoc  creek 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Clay  and  Early  counties.  Through 
the  northwest  runs  Pataula  creek.  Each  of  these  crooks  How  into  tlie 
Chattahoochee  river. 

This  was  one  of  the  three  counties  in  Southwestern  Ceorgia  laid  off 
in  1854  and  named  in  honor  of  America's  immortal  tri^,  Clay,  (\ilhoun 
and  Webster.  Clay  county  has  two  towns,  Fort  Gaines  and  Bluff  ton, 
the  former  having  1,305  inhabitants  in  its  limit'',  and  2,775  in  its  cntiro 
district,  and  the  latter  312  in  the  corporation  and  2,232  in  its  entire  dis- 
trict. 

Fort  Gaines  is  the  county  site  and  is  l)cautifiilly  s'ituatcd  on  a  bluff 
of  the  Chattahoochee,  100  feet  above  common  water  mark.     The  name 


596  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

of  the  town  is  derived  from  a  fort  built  here  against  the  Indians  in 
1816,  by  order  of  General  Gaines.  It  is  the  terminus  of  a  branch  of  the 
Central  of  Georgia  Kailroad  system.  The  Baptists  and  Methodists  have 
churches  in  the  town  and  county.  The  Presbyterians  also  have  a  church 
in  Fort  Gaines. 

The  public  schools  are  well  attended.  There  are  15  for  white  and  14- 
for  colored  pupils  with  an  average  attendance  of  410  white  and  650 
colored  pupils. 

The  bank  has  a  capital  of  $50,000.  The  court-house  is  valued  at  $20,- 
'•000.    The  value  of  the  gas  plant  is  $5,000. 

The  country  is  comparatively  level,  and  the  most  of  it  has  an  abundant 
gTOwth  of  long-leaf  pine.  Along  the  Chattahoochee  and  some  creeks 
the  timber  is  oak  and  hickory. 

The  soil  is  gray  in  the  uplands,  and  somewhat  sandy  on  the  lowlands. 
Some  of  the  pine  lands  have  a  red  clay  formation  and  produce  cotton 
finely.  Under  ordinary  cultivation  the  average  production  to  the  acre 
of  these  lands  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  600  or  800  pounds  of  seed  cotton; 
wheat,  12  bushels;  oats,  15  bushels;  rice  15  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100 
bushels;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in 
the  county  for  1899-1900  was  9,345  pounds,  all  upland. 

Bermuda,  Johnson  and  crab-grass,  sorghum  forage  and  pea-vine  hay, 
furnish  excellent  food  for  stock.  The  people  are  paying  more  attention 
to  grasses,  and  the  hay  industry  is  growing  every  year.  Ten  per  cent,  of 
the  fertilizers  used  is  produced  on  the  farm,  and  50  per  cent,  of  the 
cotton  seed  raised  is  returned  to  the  land  as  a  fertilizer,  either  in  the 
form  of  meal,  or  as  green  seed.  There  is  one  dairy  farm  having  about 
30  cows,  which  sells  about  15  pounds  of  butter  daily.  The  Jersey  cow 
is  the  favorite.  The  feed  used  in  addition  to  the  grasses  is  cotton  seed 
hulls  and  meal  mixed  with  bran. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  in  the  county  299 
horses,  764  mules,  5,576  swine,  and  21,403  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds. 
The  county  produced  in  1890  24,393  dozens  of  eggs,  1,101  pounds  of 
honey,  and  52,161  pounds  of  butter,  and  174,322  gallons  of  milk. 

All  the  cattle  numbered  2,337,  of  which  134  were  working  oxen  and 
786  were  milch-cows.    There  were  no  sheep  reported  for  this  county. 

Melons,  peaches  and  grapes  grow  well  and  are  profitable.  All  kinds 
of  vegetables  and  berries  are  raised  successfully. 

There  are  some  good  water-powers  in  the  county.  At  Fort  Gaines 
there  is  an  artesian  well,  and  in  the  county  are  several  mineral  springs. 

At  Fort  Gaines  there  is  one  cotton  seed  oil-mill  and  guano  factory, 
with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  There  are  also  in  the  county  ten  flour  and 
grist-mills,  and  five  sawmills. 

With  the  railroad  running  across  the  county  and  steamboats  daily 
passing  up  and  down  the  river,  the  freight  rates  are  very  satisfactory. 

Area  of  Clay  county,  216  square  miles,  or  138,240  acres.  Popula- 
tion in  1900,  8,568,  an  increase  of  751  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$5,929.48. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  597 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  were:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  132,608;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  laud,  $2.93; 
city  or  town  property,  $127,172;  bank  stock,,  $50,000;  money,  etc., 
$61,998;  merchandise,  $54,080;  stocks  and  bonds,  $30,000;  value  of 
household  furniture,  $57,030;  farm  and  other  animals,  $83,875;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $16,166;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,351; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $17,426;  real  estate,  $515,860;  personal 
estate,  $375,983.     Aggregate,  $891,843. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
6,442;  value,  $16,170;  city  or  town  property,  $6,567;  merchandise, 
$350.00;  household  furniture,  $8,194;  farm  and  other  animals,  $13,496; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,220;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$802.    Aggregate  value,  $47,869. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  of  $115,998  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Clay  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,405;  white  females,  1,460;  total  wdiite,  2,865; 
colored  males,  2,675;  colored  females,  3,028;  total  colored,  5,703. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  56  calves,  4  steers,  4  bulls,  85  dairy  cows,  120  horses,  15 
mules,  2  donkeys,  316  swine,  7  goats. 

CLAYTON  COUNTY. 

Clayton  County  was  formed  out  of  Fayette  and  Henry  in  1858,  and 
was  named  for  Hon.  Augustine  S.  Clayton  of  Clarke  county,  judge  of 
the  superior  court,  and  in  1833  member  of  Congress.  This  gentleman 
was  a  student  at  the  Academy  of  Kichmond  county  in  AugusUi  at  the 
time  of  a  visit  to  that  city  by  George  Washington,  president  of  the 
United  States  in  May,  1791.  While  in  Augusta  the  president  attended 
an  examination  of  the  students  of  the  academy.  Young  Clayton  wad 
one  of  the  several  students  appomted  to  speak  upon  that  occasion.  So 
well  pleased  was  the  president  that  upon  his  return  to  the  capital  he  scut 
a  book  to  each  of  the  young  orators,  and  the  volume  presented  to  Mr. 
Clayton  was  a  copy  of  Caesar's  Commentaries. 

Clayton  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Fulton  and  De- 
Kalb  on  the  north;  Henry  on  the  east  and  on  the  south  of  the  eastern 
section  of  the  county  and  on  the  east  of  its  western  projection;  Spalding 
on  the  south  of  this  western  projection,  and  Fayette  and  Campbell  on  the 
west.  The  soil  belongs  to  the  mctamorphic  formation,  rolling  red  clay 
lands  with  retentive  clay  subsoil,  and  some  gray,  gravelly  lands. 

The  water  is  pure  freestone.  The  timber  growth  is  chiefly  oak  and 
hickory,  with  ash,  maple,  walnut,  poplar,  gum  and  some  second  growth 
pine.  The  water-powers  utilized  are  furnished  by  the  Flint  river  and  ita 
tributaries.  There  are  along  these  about  16  mills  (flour  and  grist),  using 
228  horse-powers. 

There  are  in  the  county  about  13  manufacturing  establishments  of 


598  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

various  kinds,  with  au  annual  output  of  about  $50,000.  The  timber 
products  have  an  output  of  about  $6,000  annually. 

Asbestos  is  found  in  Clayton  county. 

Jonesboro,  the  county  seat,  23  miles  south  of  Atlanta  on  the  Central 
of  Georgia  Kailroad,  is  a  thriving  town,  doing  a  good  business  and  well 
supplied  with  churches  and  schools,  and  having  a  handsome  court-house 
valued  at  $25,000. 

Lovejoy  and  Morrow  are  each  prosperous  little  villages  on  the  same 
railroad  as  Jonesboro.  The  Southern  Railway  also  crosses  the  north- 
western part  of  the  county,  while  another  branch  of  the  same  railroad 
runs  through  its  northeastern  section.  Thus  by  three  distinct  lines  the 
people  of  Clayton  county  are  brought  into  close  touch  with  the  city  of 
Atlanta.     Truck-farming  should,  for  this  reason,  pay  well. 

Eex,  on  the  Southern  E-ailway,  has  an  establishment  which  manu- 
factures grain  cradles,  sash,  blinds,  wagons  and  other  articles. 

Some  of  the  lands  are  very  productive,  especially  on  creeks  and  in 
valleys.  The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  staple  crops  is:  corn,  13 
bushels;  seed  cotton,  600  pounds;  oats,  8  bushels;  wheat,  from  6  to  10 
bushels. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  all  these  county  averages  include  poor 
as  well  as  good  fanning.  The  first-class  farmers  produce  results  far 
ahead  of  these  figures. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned 
in  1899,  9,345  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

Those  who  have  paid  attention  to  hay  average  more  than  3,000  pounds 
to  the  acre,  while  some  go  far  beyond  that.  All  the  grasses,  such  as 
Bermuda,  crab,  clover,  orchard,  red-top,  timothy,  blue  and  pea-vines,  do 
well.  A  recent  report  showed  among  other  products  of  the  county 
nearly  7,000  bushels  of  cow-peas,  386  bushels  of  peanuts  (ground-peas). 
1,500  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  26,600  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes.  There 
were  in  1890,  8,253  pounds  of  honey,  451,214  gallons  of  milk,  157,905 
pounds  of  butter,  285  pounds  of  cheese,  poultry  to  the  number  of  47,027, 
and  76,281  dozens  of  eggs. 

Of  farm  and  other  animals  tliere  were  in  1890,  88  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  154  pounds,  2,860  cattle,  77  being  oxen,  and  1,238  milch-cows, 
of  which  317  are  oi  improved  breeds.  There  were  also  352  horses,  1,064 
mules,  4  donkeys  and  2,688  swine. 

The  area  of  Clayton  county  is  142  square  miles,  or  90,880  acres. 
Population  in  1900  was  9,598,  an  increase  of  1,303  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $6,436.79. 

From  the  Comptroller-Generals  report  for  1900  we  gather  the  follow- 
ing items:  acres  of  improved  land,  91,862;  value  per  acre,  $8.25;  city  or 
town  property,  $132,915;  money,  etc.,  $92,963;  merchandise,  $42,365; 
household  furniture,  $66,311;  farm  and  other  animals  ,$96,356;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $30,561;  watches,  jewelry,  etc,  $3,692;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $27,577;  real  estate,  $887,963;  personal  estat©, 
$396,950.    Aggregate  of  whole  property,  $1,284,913. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  1,624;  value, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  599 

$11,773;  city  or  town  property,  $3,200;  mercliaudi»e,  $600,00;  house- 
hold and  kitchen  furniture,  $5,023;  farm  and  other  animals,  $7,375; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,613;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$189.00.     Aggregate  of  property,  $30,021. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $103,052  in  value  of  property 
over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Peaches,  apples,  other  fruits,  berries,  melons,  and  all  kinds  of  garden 
vegetables  do  well.  There  are  in  the  comity  about  22,000  apple  and 
58,000  peach-trees. 

The  vicinity  of  Jonesboro  was  the  scene  of  fierce  battles  August  31st 
and  September  1,  1864.  Sherman,  aiter  trying  in  vain  for  more  than 
six  weeks  to  force  his  way  into  Atlanta,  marched  with  his  main  anny  to 
the  rear  of  the  Confederates  and  threw  a  strong  force  across  the  Central 
Raili-oad,  the  last  line  of  supply  for  Hood's  army.  General  Wm.  J. 
Hardee,  being  sent  to  dislodge  him,  was  unable  to  do  so,  but  by  a  des- 
perate fight  against  tremendous  odds,  secured  Hood's  safe  retreat  from 
Atlanta. 

In  Clayton  county  the  Baptists,  Methodists,  Presbyterians  and  Dis- 
ciples or  Christians,  have  good  churches  in  town  and  county,  the  two 
first  largely  predominating. 

There  are  50  public  schools  in  this  county.  In  the  34  for  whites  there 
is  an  average  daily  attendance  of  879,  and  in  the  16  for  negroes,  an  at- 
tendance of  263. 

Although  Jonesboro,  the  chief  town,  has  only  877  inhabitants,  the 
district  of  Jonesboro,  which  includes  it,  contains  a  population  of  3,574. 

Population  of  Clayton  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,758;  white  females,  2,814;  total  AVhite,  5,572; 
colored  males,  2,041;  colored  females,  1,985;  total  colored,  4,026. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  22  calves,  48  dairy  cows,  30  horses,  3  mules,  59  swine. 

CLIISrCH  COUNTY. 

Clinch  County  was  laid  off  from  Ware  in  1852  and  was  named  for 
General  Duncan  L.  Clinch,  who  in  the  war  with  the  Seminole  Indians 
in  Florida  was  distinguished  for  gallantry  at  tlie  battle  of  Withlacoochee, 
and  was  also  a  member  of  Congress  from  Georgia  in  1843-45.  Clinch 
is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Coffee  on  the  north.  Ware  on 
the  east,  Echols  on  the  south,  and  Lo\vTides  and  Berrien  on  the  west. 
It  is  also  bounded  by  Florida  on  the  south. 

The  Allapaha  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Suwannee  river,  runs  along  its 
western  Ijoundary.  The  county  is  watered  by  several  large  creeks:  Su- 
wanoochee  and  its  east  fork,  and  Jones,  tributaries  of  the  Suwannee 
river;  Peed  Bluff  and  its  north  fork,  tributaries  of  the  Satilla. 

Two  branches  of  the  Plant  System  of  Pailroads,  the  Atlanta,  Val- 
dosta  and  Western  and  a  short  branch  railroad  give  travel  and  trans- 
portation facilities.     Ilomorville,  the  county  seat,  located  on  the  main 


goo  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

stem  of  the  Plant  System,  is  a  pleasant  town  of  about  434  inhabitants. 
Homerville  district,  which  includes  the  town,  contains  a  population  of 
1,039.  Dupont  district,  including  the  town  of  that  name,  has  a  popu- 
lation of  1,032.  This  place  has  a  large  sugar  refinery  just  completed. 
About  five-sixths  of  this  county  is  wooded,  and  the  land  is  covered  with 
virgin  forests  of  yellow  pine,  cypress  and  live  oak.  On  one  tract  of  51,- 
000  acres  there  are  150,000,000  feet  of  pine.  Some  of  the  trees  will 
afford  1,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  average  cut  of  yellow  pine  varies  from 
2,000  to  30,000  feet  to  the  acre. 

Turpentine  lands  are  generally  leased  for  three  years.  Each  tree  will 
produce  on  an  average  one  gallon  of  spirits  of  turpentine  a  year,  valued 
at  40  cents  a  gallon,  while  the  resin  is  valued  at  about  the  same. 

After  the  timber  has  been  cut  off,  there  is  no  better  crop  for  these 
lands  than  sugar  cane.  Some  of  them  will  produce  2,400  gallons  to 
the  acre,  and  they  will  average  between  400  and  800  gallons  to  the  acre. 
The  face  of  the  country  is  level  and  the  soil  gray,  well  adapted  to 
the  growth  of  cotton,  corn,  sugar-cane,  tobacco  and  potatoes.  The  cotton 
is  of  the  long  staple  or  sea-island  variety  and  brings  about  double  the 
price  of  the  upland  cotton.  One  acre,  under  ordinary  cultivation,  will 
produce  300  pounds  of  seed  cotton  (long-staple),  which  is  worth  double 
the  price  of  upland.  Other  crops  will  average:  corn,  from  10  to  25  bush- 
els; sugar-cane,  800  gallons  to  the  acre;  tobacco,  400  pounds  and  pota- 
toes, 150  bushels. 

The  large  number  of  acres  'of  wild  grass  lands  give  splendid  oppor- 
tunities for  raising,  almost  without  cost,  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  for  the 
market.  There  were  in  1890,  2,927  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  5,537 
pounds;  11,337  cattle,  3,011  milch  cows,  163  working  oxen,  344  horses, 
261  mules,  10,796  swine,  24,835  of  all  kinds  of  poultry.  There  was  a 
product  of  38,595  dozens  of  eggs,  20,584  pounds  of  honey,  140,858  gal- 
lons of  milk,  8,538  pounds  of  butter,  and  100  pounds  of  cheese.  Ac- 
cording to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  the 
season  of  1899-1900  only  592  bales  of  sea-island  cotton. 

The  area  of  Clinch  county  is  1,077  square  miles,  or  689,280  acres. 
The  population  in  1900,  8,732.    The  school  fund  is  $4,992.90. 

According  to  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900,  there  are: 
acres  of  improved  land,  297,656;  of  wild  land,  584,650  (an  error  by  sev- 
eral thousand);  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $0.91;  of  wild  land, 
19  cents;  city  property,  $50,375;  household  furniture,  $63,520;  of  farm 
and  other  animals,  $186,395;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $26,272; 
w-atches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,717;  money,  etc.,  $56,776;  merchandise,  $55,- 
405;  value  of  all  other  property,  $64,533;  real  estate,  $438,252;  per- 
sonal estate,  $458,927;  aggregate  of  all  property,  $897,179. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,288;  value  of  same,  $6,692;  city  property,  $2,250;  money,  etc.,  $122; 
household  furniture,  $10,548;  farm  and  other  animals,  $4,686;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $925;  value  of  all  other  property,  $565; 
aggregate,  $20,000. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  601 

The  tax  returns  for  IDOl  show  an  increase  of  $38,113  in  the  value 
of  all  property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

The  public  schools  of  Clinch  county  number  37  for  white  and  9  for 
colored  pupils.  The  average  attendance  is  1,100  white  and  375  colored 
pupils. 

The  growing  of  pecans  would  prove  a  profitable  industry  in  this  coun- 
ty. There  is  one  tree  near  Homerville  which  yields  every  year  $30.00 
to  its  owner. 

Population  of  Clinch  county  by  sex  and  color,  acording  to  the  census 
of  1900:  White  males,  2,681;  white  females,  2,401;  total  whites, 
5,142;  colored  males,  2,292;  colored  females,  1,298;  tot.al  colored,  3,590, 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  incloeures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900,  only  5  horses  and  14  mules  reported. 

COBB  COUNTY. 

Cobh  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  in  1832  and  named  after 
Judge  Thomas  W.  Cobb.  The  counties  bounding  it  are:  Bartow  and 
Cherokee  on  the  north,  Milton  on  the  east,  Fulton  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, a  little  edge  of  Campbell  on  the  southeast,  Douglas  on  the  south, 
and  Paulding  on  the  west.  The  Chattahoochee  runs  along  its  eastern 
and  southeastern  border.  The  county  is  well  watered  by  several  creeks, 
the  most  important  of  which  are  Sweetwater,  Nickajack  and  Soap.  The 
very  best  of  facilities  are  afforded  by  the  following  railroads:  The  West- 
ern and  Atlantic  (State  road),  running  almost  through  the  center  of  the 
county;  two  branches  of  the  Southern  System,  traversing  the  southern 
and  southwestern  parts  of  the  county,  and  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and 
Xorthern,  running  northeasterly  from  Marietta. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  favorably  located  counties  in  the  State.  Just 
north  of  Fulton  county,  it  has  both  its  own  thriving  little  city  of  Mari- 
etta and  the  great  city  of  Atlanta  as  home  markets  for  the  products  of 
its  fields  and  gardens.  Besides  it  has  close  at  hand  for  its  factories  the 
minerals  and  raw  cotton  of  Bartow  and  Cherokee,  and  for  its  marble 
yards  and  finishing  plant  the  marble  of  the  splendid  quarries  of  Pickens 
and  Cherokee. 

The  soil  is  varied,  being  one  of  the  types  peculiar  to  the  crystalline 
belt.  Some  of  it  is  gray  with  mulatto  subsoil,  and  well  adapted  for  small 
grain.  A  large  part  is  red  land  productive  of  cotton  and  corn.  Clover 
and  the  grasses  grow  to  perfection.  Vegetables,  fruits  and  berries  are 
produced  with  such  ease  that,  after  they  have  afforded  an  abundant  liome 
supply,  there  is  enough  left  for  a  goo<l  money  crop.  A  dozen  market 
gardens  are  in  successful  operation.  The  average  yield  to  the  aero  is: 
Seed  cotton,  750  to  1,200  pounds;  corn,  15  to  30  bushels;  oats,  25  to 
30  bushels;  wheat,  13  to  18  bushels;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  from  100 
to  150  bushels;  field  peas,  18  to  25  bushels;  sorghum  syrup,  250  gallons; 
crab  graas  hay,  5,000  pounds;  clover  hay,  from  5,000  to  G,000  pounds; 
peavinc  hay,  from  2,000  to  3,000  pounds.     Bermuda  grass  is  used  for 


(302  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

pasturage  during  six  months  of  the  year,  crab  grass  four  or  five  months 
and  clover  the  year  round.  Of  the  fertilizers  used  20  per  cent,  is  pro- 
duced on  the  farm,  and  one-half  of  the  cotton  seed  raised  is  returned 
to  the  land  as  a  fertilizer,  either  in  the  form  of  green  seed  or  cotton  seed 
meal.  On  some  of  the  lands  50  bushels  of  corn  and  40  of  wheat  to  the 
acre  are  a  common  yield.  On  the  dairy  farms,  of  which  there  are  5, 
the  favorite  breeds  are  the  Jersey  and  Shorthorn  Durham,  the  latter  be- 
ing also  one  of  the  best  beef  breeds,  to  which  some  attention  is  being 
given.  In  1890  there  were  in  Cobb  county  997  horses,  1,862  mules,  5 
donkeys,  8,302  swine,  467  sheep,  with  a  wool  clip  of  962  pounds;  about 
7,000  cattle,  2,800  milch-cows,  and  of  poultry  of  all  kinds,  130,847, 
producing  about  181,592  dozen  eggs.  There  were  also  produced  983,- 
783  gallons  of  milk,  302,018  pounds  of  butter  and  100  pounds  of 
cheese,  and  about  21,289  pounds  of  honey.  Three  hundred  acres  are 
devoted  to  grapes  and  excellent  wines  are  made. 

Peach  growing  is  becoming  a  great  industry  in  Cobb  county.  Judge 
Grober,  of  Marietta,  who  owns  large  orchards  in  Cherokee  and  Pickens 
counties,  has  more  than  100,000  peach  trees  in  this  county,  besides  ap- 
ple-trees and  many  varieties  of  grapes. 

The  poultry  industi-y  of  Georgia  is  being  rapidly  developed  in  this 
State,  and  numerous  large  plants,  as  well  as  small  breeders,  are  furnish- 
ing a  large  amount  of  the  very  best  food  (poultry  and  eggs)  to  the 
steadily  increasing  population  of  Georgia,  besides  shipping  great  quan- 
tities to  the  Florida  and  Cuban  markets.  We  see  at  all  our  county  and 
State  fairs,  as  well  as  our  large  expositions,  that  the  poultry  department 
is  becoming  one  of  the  leading  features.  Liberal  cash  premiums  are  of- 
fered at  these  shows,  and  during  the  Atlanta  Exposition  of  1900,  over 
four  thousand  birds  were  entered,  and  cash  premiums  aggregating  $2,000 
were  paid  out  in  this  department.  The  premiums  this  year  have  been 
increased,  and  we  may  expect  a  much  larger  show  than  last  year.  Every 
city  of  note  in  Georgia  has  its  annual  poultry  show,  which  has  done 
much  to  educate  and  stimulate  our  people  to  one  of  America's  greatest 
farm  productions,  it  being  exceeded  by  only  one  industry  in  actual  value. 
The  cattle  products  stand  first,  and  poultry  and  eggs  come  next.  One 
can  be  fully  impressed  with  the  possibilities  in  Georgia,  and  find  out 
something  of  its  worldngs,  by  a  visit  to  Belmont  Earm,  Smyrna,  Cobb 
county,  Georgia,  near  Atlanta,  where  can  be  seen  one  of  the  most  com- 
plete plants  in  the  world.  This  plant  is  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
Georgia  with  a  capital  stock  of  $40,000  all  paid  in,  $50,000  having  al- 
ready been  expended  on  this  farm  of  two  hundred  acres,  where  you  will 
find  all  the  leading  varieties  of  chickens,  ducks,  turkeys,  geese,  pheasants, 
pet  stock  Jersey  cattle,  and  Berkshire  hogs  of  the  most  noted  American 
and  imported  families.  We  see  stock  being  developed  here,  that  we 
believe  to  be  the  equal  of  any  in  the  United  States.  It  is  not  only  a 
treat,  but  an  object  lesson,  and  every  one  interested  in  this  should  make 
it  a  point  to  visit  and  study  the  workings  of  this  plant  and  farm.  Col. 
Ed.  L,  Wight,  member  of  the  present  House  of  Representatives,  and  one 
of  the  most  successful  business  men  in  Georgia,  is  president  of  this 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICLL   AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  603 

plant,  with  his  son,  Ed.  L.  Wight,  Jr.,  ^^ice-president  and  general  man^ 
ager,  and  Mr.  Loring  Bro^ni,  one  of  Georgia's  old  poultry  fanciers,  gen- 
eral superintendent.  On  this  plant  can  be  seen  thousands  of  the  finest 
thoroughbred  fowls,  and  a  large  two-story,  six  hundred-foot  incubator 
and  nui-seiy,  where  for  twelve  months  of  the  year  twenty  of  the  largest 
size  Prairie  State  Incubators  are  constantly  in  operation,  turning  out 
seven  thousand  little  chicks  every  three  weeks.  After  being  hatched 
they  are  systematically  worked  through  seventy  rooms — one  room  each 
day,  that  are  properly  heated  to  the  required  degree  of  temperature. 
They  are  fed  on  the  best  and  most  wholesome  balanced  ration,  and  with 
plenty  of  warmth  and  proper  food  these  thousands  of  little  ones  are 
turned  out  a  finished  article,  ready  for  market,  at  sixty  to  seventy 
days  from  the  time  they  leave  the  incubator.  Another  paying  industry 
of  this  plant  is  the  large  amount  of  fresh  Leghorn  eggs  that  are  shipped 
to  market  each  day,  every  egg  stamped  and  guaranteed  fresh,  for  which 
are  received  from  five  to  ten  cents  over  the  highest  market  price  for 
every  one  they  have  been  able  to  produce.  Plymouth  Rocks  are  prin- 
cipally used  for  the  broilei*s,  as  they  have  proven  to  be  the  quickest 
growers  and  most  profitable  to  turn  food  into  money  in  the  shortest 
possible  time.  It  is  useless  to  say  that  this  plant  is  a  paying  investment, 
for  we  believe  from  what  we  have  seen  and  can  leani,  that  it  will  prove 
to  be  one  of  the  most  profitable  industries  conducted  in  the  State.  This 
is  the  largest  plant  of  its  kind  in  Georgia,  but  there  are  numerous  other 
smaller  ones  equally  as  profitable. 

We  especially  in^dte  the  farmers  and  all  interested  to  give  this  busi- 
ness a  more  careful  study  and  more  attention,  as  we  believe  it  to  bo  one 
of  Georgia's  most  profitable  resources. 

On  another  page  of  this  book  will  be  found  a  cut  representing  a  Berk- 
shire boar,  owned  by  Belmont  Farm,  near  Smyrna,  Georgia.  This  boar 
represents  a  type  of  hogs  that  after  yeai:s  of  experimenting  by  the  best 
breeders  of  the  South,  have  proven  to  be  by  far  the  best  sort  for  this 
section  of  the  country.  They  are  healthy,  easily  kept  and  good  foragers; 
and,  when  put  in  a  pasture,  they  will  make  their  own  living  and  grow  fat, 
where  other  breeds  will  not  thrive.  To  illustrate  what  can  be  done  "with 
hogs  in  Georgia:  the  president  of  the  company  o\\'ning  Belmont  Fami 
states  that  from  twelve  Berkshire  sows  he  has  this  year  sold  over  $2,000 
worth  of  pigs,  at  an  expense  of  not  exceeding  $500.00  for  labor  and 
feed,  leaving  a  net  balance  of  about  $1,500  in  favor  of  the  farm.  Several 
of  the  sows  were  imported  from  England  and  the  balance  are  American 
bred.  Two  of  the  fonner  cost  a  little  over  $300.00  besides  freight. 
The  raising  of  hogs  is  an  industry  that  should  receive  more  attention 
from  the  farmers  of  the  State  than  has  been  the  case  heretofore.  The 
price  of  meat  is  very  high  and  likely  to  remain  so  for  some  years  to  come; 
yet  a  fanner  with  a  few  Berkshire  hogs  could  ])n)ducc'  enough  meat 
at  a  very  small  cost  to  supply  his  own  family  and  farm,  thereby  saving 
the  money  obtained  from  other  crops,  that  he  would  otherwise  have  to 
use  in  buying  his  meat. 

Georgia  is  a  country'  in  which  Bermuda  grass,  burr  clover,  rye,  sweet 


gQ4  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

potatoes,  peas  and  other  crops  can  be  produced  at  a  comparatively  small 
cost,  and  each  of  these  can  be  utilized  in  raising  hogs. 

This  Department  feels  that  there  is  no  industry  that  the  farmers  of 
the  State  can  follow,  that  will  bring  the  same  returns  for  the  money  in- 
vested as  the  raising  of  hogs  will.  A  visit  to  Belmont  Farm  will  con- 
vince the  most  sceptical  that  we  are  right  in  urging  this  upon  our  peo- 
ple.  They  can  see  how  easily  it  can  be  done  and  how  profitably. 

To  illustrate  the  difference  between  the  better  breeds  of  hogs  and  those 
that  people  generally  raise:  the  manager  of  Belmont  Farm  stated  that 
about  a  year  ago  he  had  two  pigs  of  practically  the  same  age,  one  being 
a  pure  bred  Berlsshire  and  the  other  fairly  good  specimen  of  the  com- 
mon hog  of  the  country;  he  put  them  in  the  same  pen,  fed  them  precisely 
alike,  and  at  the  end  of  several  months,  after  they  had  become  fat  enough 
to  kill,  they  were  slaughtered  and  carefully  weighed.  The  common  hog 
weighed  167  pounds,  the  other,  283  pounds,  thus  giving  an  advantage 
to  the  thoroughbred  hog  of  over  100  pounds,  which  w^as  worth  at  least 
from  $7.00  to  $8.00.  This  would  mean  that  a  man  having  twenty-five 
hogs  to  kill  would  save  $200.00. 

The  people  of  this  State  are  fast  realizing  the  necessity  of  diversifying 
their  crops  and  products,  and,  while  doing  so,  they  should  secure  the 
very  best  stock,  from  which  to  produce  the  good  results  that  they  hope 
for. 

The  beautiful  city  of  Marietta,  1,100  feet  above  sea  level,  noted  as  a 
health  resort  and  for  the  excellent  character  of  its  population,  is  the 
county  site.  It  is  blessed  with  pure  water  and  a  delightful  climate.  It 
has  a  thrifty  population,  which  in  1900  numbered  4,446  in  the  corporate 
limits,  and  7,814  in  the  entire  Marietta  district;  does  a  fine  business,  pos- 
sesses an  excellent  school  system,  good  hotels,  successful  mercantile  es- 
tablishments, prosperous  manufactories  of  various  kinds,  and  adequate 
banking  facilities.  It  is  lighted  by  electricity,  has  the  largest  chair  fac- 
tory and  largest  paper  mill  in  the  State,  four  marble  yards  and  a  large 
plant  for  finishing  marble.  There  is  also  a  canning  factory,  a  creamery 
and  a  knitting  mill,  a  foundry  and  machine  shop.  The  court'house  is 
valued  at  $40,000.  In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county  on  a  branch 
of  the  Southern  Railway,  is  the  manufacturing  town  of  Roswell  with 
a  population  of  1,329.  The  water  powers  of  the  Chattahoochee  are  here 
utilized  in  two  large  cotton  factories,  one  of  which  uses  steam  also.  The 
Laurel  Mills  Manufacturing  Company  operate  a  woolen  factory,  run  by 
water,  which  makes  jeans,  cassimeres  and  tweeds.  Here  is  also  a  wagon 
and  harness  factory.  >    > 

At  Nickajack,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county,  on  the  South- 
em  Railway,  are  the  Concord  Woolen  Mills,  using  both  water  and  steam. 

In  the  southwestern  part  of  Cobb,  on  the  Southern  Railway,  is  the 
town  of  Austell,  with  a  population  of  648.  The  entire  Austell  district 
contains  1,017  inhabitants.  On  the  same  railway  about  five  miles  north- 
west of  Austell,  is  the  town  of  Powder  Springs,  which  derives  its  name 
from  its  mineral  springs,  which  are  highly  impregnated  with  sulphur 
and  magnesia.  The  Powder  Springs  district  has  2,017  inhabitants,  of 
which  280  live  in  the  town. 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  607 

Acworth,  a  thriving  town  of  937  inhabitants,  is  ou  the  Western  and 
Atlantic  Railroad  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  mineral  and  agricultural  coun- 
try. It  has  a  large  flouring  mill,  a  chair  factor;^  and  variety  works  for 
turning  out  mantels,  wheelbarrows,  etc.  The  whole  Acworth  district 
has  2,294  people. 

The  other  towns  in  the  county  are  Kennesaw  and  Smyrna.  The  fonner 
is  located  in  the  Big  Shanty  district  and  has  in  its  corporation  320  of 
the  1,399  people  who  live  in  the  district.  The  latter  is  in  the  Smyrna 
district  and  has  in  its  corporate  limits  only  23S  of  the  1,1  S5  people  of 
the  district.  Both  these  towns  are  on  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Railway. 
All  the  towns  of  Cobb  county  have  good  schools,  and  the  leading  Chris- 
tian denominations  supply  them  with  churches. 

In  Marietta  there  is  a  large  national  cemetery,  beautifully  laid  out 
and  well  kept.  In  it  lie  buried  10,000  Federal  soldiers,  who  lost  their 
lives  south  of  the  Etowah  in  the  campaign  between  Sherman  and  John- 
ston in  1864.  In  full  view  of  Marietta  stands  double-peaked  Kennesaw 
^Mountain,  from  whose  summit  there  is  spread  out  before  the  eye  of  the 
beholder  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  country  over  which  for  six  weeks 
the  Union  and  Confederate  armies  met  in  daily  combat.  On  Pine  Moun- 
tain fell  General  Leonidas  Polk,  while  he,  with  Generals  Johnston  and 
Hood,  were  reconnoitering  the  enemy's  position.  Kennesaw  Mountain 
was  itself  the  scene  of  constant  skirmishing  and  minor  combats  until  the 
27th  of  June,  when  Sherman's  grand  assault  met  disastrous  repulse  at 
eveiy  point.  Of  this  battle  General  Sherman,  the  Federal  commander, 
said:     "We  failed,  losing  3,000  men  to  the  Confederate  loss  of  630." 

About  one-third  of  Cobb  county  is  timber  land.  In  its  forests  are 
found  yellow  and  white  hickory,  post  and  red  oak,  maple,  ash  and  some 
short-leaf  pine.     The  average  price  of  lumber  is  $8.00  a  thousand  feet. 

Some  gold  and  copper  are  found  in  Cobb  county,  the  eastern  portion 
of  the  Carroll  county  gold  belt,  extending  through  its  northwestern  cor- 
ner. Some  of  the  veins  are  one  and  a  half  miles  east  of  Acworth  and 
others  seven  miles  south  of  the  same  town  near  Lost  Mountain. 
The  streams  are  tolerably  well  supplied  with  fish. 
The  principal  game  of  the  county  is  quail  and  wild  turkeys,  of  which 
the  former  are  very  plentiful,  the  latter  not  as  abundant  as  in  former 
years. 

Nearly  one-half  the  land  under  cultivation  in  Cobb  county  is  devoted 
to  cotton.  By  the  United  States  census  of  1000  there  were  ginned  14,- 
970  bales,  which  approximates  closely  the  production  of  the  cotton. 

The  schools  belonging  to  the  excellent  system  establislied  by  the  State 
number  05  for  white  pupils,  with  an  average  attendance  of  2,144,  and 
32  for  colored  pupils  with  an  average  attendance  of  036.  According  to 
the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner,  the  school  fund  f(^r  Cobb 
county  is  $13,385.23. 

The  population,  according  to  the  United  State<;  census  for  1000,  wnfl 
24.664,  an  iur-reaso  of  2,378  over  that  of  1800.  'J'he  area  is  341  square 
miles,  or  218,240  acres. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1000  the  following  are  the 


gQ3  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

returns  made  for  taxation:  Acres  of  improved  land,  186,817;  of  wild 
land,  921  acres;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $9.32;  of  wild 
land,  $2.48;  city  or  town  property,  $1,359,720;  shares  in  bank,  $70,250; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $54,510;  merchandise,  $239,915;  stocks  and 
bonds,  $59,500;  cotton  factories,  $207,345;  iron  works,  $8,700;  value 
of  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $212,915;  value  of  farm  and  other 
animals,  $227,980;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $70,850;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $18,070;  value  of  all  other  property,  $75,600;  real  estate, 
$3,104,795;  personal  estate,  $1,734,955;  aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $4,823,765. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
6,602;  value  of  the  same,  $49,270;  city  or  town  property,  $71,410; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $500;  merchandise,  $800;  household  and  kitch- 
en furniture,  $9,815;  watches,  jeyerly,  etc.,  $230;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $12,985;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,660;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $280;  aggregate  value  of  all  property,  $147,950. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $164,505  in  the  value 
of  all  property  over  the  returns  of  .1900. 

In  addition  to  the  regular  passenger  trains  on  the  "Western  and  At- 
lantic Railroad,  an  accommodation  train  between  Marietta  and  Atlanta 
brings  the  two  places  so  close  together  that  many  citizens  of  Marietta  go 
daily  to  their  business  offices  in  Atlanta. 

Population  of  Cobb  county  by  sex  and  color,  acording  to  the  census 
of  1900:  White  males,  8,574;  white  females,  8,760;  total  wliite,  17,- 
334;  colored  males,  3,599;  colored  females,  3,731;  total  colored,  7,330. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Marietta  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900 :  White  males,  1,222 ;  white  females,  1,294 ;  total  whites, 
2,516;  colored  males,  864;  colored  females,  1,066;  total  colored,  1,930. 

Total  population  of  city,  4,446. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosure®,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  in 
Cobb  county,  Jime  1,  1900:  134  calves,  35  steers,  4  bulls,  432  dairy 
cows,  347  horses,  40  mules,  6  sheep,  603  swine,  3  goats. 

COFFEE  COUNTY. 

Coffee  County  was  laid  off  in  1854  out  of  Irwin,  Telfair  and  Appling. 
It  was  named  for  General  John  E.  Coffee,  who  had  served  with  great 
credit  in  the  war  of  1812-15,  and  was  afterwards  a  representative  from 
Georgia  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  (1833-1835).  It  is  bound- 
ed by  the  following  counties:  Telfair  on  the  north,  Appling  and  Ware 
on  the  east.  Clinch  on  the  south  and  Berrien  and  Irwin  on  the  west.  It 
is  watered  by  the  Satilla  river  and  its  tributaries.  Seventeen  Mile  Creek, 
Hog  Creek,  Big  Hurricane  and  Little  Hurricane  Creeks.  The  Ocmul- 
gee  also  runs  along  its  northern  border,  and  together  with  some  of  its 
tributaries  waters  that  part  of  the  county.  Fish  are  plentiful  in  the 
streams. 

One  of  the  branches  of  the  Plant  System  of  Railways  crosses  the 
southern  part  of  the  county.  The  Waycross  Air  Line  connects  Doug- 
lass, the  county  site,  with  the  growing  city  of  Waycross  in  Ware  county. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  609 

A  little  to  the  north  of  this  road  the  Brunswick  and  Birmingham  Rail- 
way crosses  the  county.  Altogether  there  are  about  90  miles  of  rail- 
road in  Cotfee  county  and  30  miles  of  steamboat  transportation  on  the 
Ocniulgee  river.  The  public  roads  are  being  worked  under  the  system 
provided  by  the  State  law. 

The  lands  of  this  county  are  gray,  except  on  the  borders  of  the  rivers. 
The  productions  are  cotton,  corn,  sugar-cane,  potatoes  and  melons.  With 
proper  attention  peaches  do  well,  and  several  small  vineyards  yield 
grapes  of  the  most  luscious  varieties. 

With  good  cultivation  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  staple  crops 
is:  Sea-island  cotton,  1,000  pounds;  com,  30  to  40  bushels;  sugar-cane, 
400  gallons  of  syrup;  Irish  potatoes,  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200 
bushels;  crab  grass  and  peavine  hay,  4,000  pounds.  The  lands  possess 
great  advantages  for  peach  gi-owing.  Pears  yield  abundantly  when  not 
affected  by  blight. 

[Market  gardens  can  be  run  very  profitably  in  this  county,  supplying 
early  vegetables,  strawbeiTies  and  melons  of  fine  quality. 

About  one-third  of  the  original  yellow  pine  timber  is  still  staiiding, 
and  unlimited  quantities  of  hard  wood  timbers  of  various  varieties  in  the 
swamps  have  not  yet  been  touched.  Among  these  are  hickory,  gum,  the 
varieties  of  oak,  cypress,  etc.  The  annual  output  is  100,000,000  super- 
ficial feet,  selling "^on  the  average  at  $10  a  thousand  feet.  The  lumber 
is  being  cut  by  six  large  sawmills,  averaging  60,000  feet  a  day.  A 
dozen  or  more  smaller  mills  saw  about  10,000  feet  a  day.  All  these 
mills  are  operated  by  steam.  In  close  connection  with  the  lumber  busi- 
ness are  36  turpentine  distilleries.  The  county  enjoys  an  extensive  trade 
in  lumber,  rosin  and  turpentine. 

The  great  area  still  covered  by  the  piney  woods  gives  to  the  county 
a  good  range  for  sheep,  hogs  and  cattle,  in  the  raising  of  which  there  is 
little  expense  and  much  profit.  Among  the  pure  bred  cattle  that  have 
been  introduced  Jerseys  and  Holsteins  are  the  favorite  cows  for  butter 
and  milk.  Of  the  19,489  cattle  reported  in  the  census  of  1890  there 
were  509  working  oxen  and  4,622  milch-cows.  By  the  same  census 
there  were  31,212  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  66,860  pounds;  52,327  do- 
mestic fowls  of  all  kinds,  24,357  swine,  645  horses,  878  mules  and  2  don- 
keys. Some  of  the  farm  products  were  155,508  gallons  of  milk,  10,674 
pounds  of  butter,  13,568  pounds  of  honey  and  54,029  dozens  of  eggs. 

There  are  numerous  grist  mills  in  Coffee  county. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  3,350  bales  of  sea- 
island  and  19  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899. 

There  are  three  towns  in  Coffee  county,  Douglas,  Willacoocheo  and 
Pearson,  each  located  in  a  militia  district  bearing  the  name  of  the  U)\\'n. 
The  population  of  each  of  these  districts  and  toAvns  is  as  follows:  of 
Douglas  district,  2,367,  and  of  the  town,  617;  of  the  Willacoocheo  dis- 
trict, 2,754,  and  of  the  town,  471;  of  the  Pearson  district,  2,307,  and  of 

the  town,  336. 

Douglas,  the  county  site,  on  the  Waycross  Air  Lino  Kailroarl,  has  a 
new  brick  court-house  valued  at  $20,000,  and  a  new  jail,  also  of  bri.-k, 


QIQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

which  cost  $8,000.  It  has  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $30,000,  and  the 
new  brick  building  of  the  Southern  Normal  Institute,  erected  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $6,000,  one  of  the  best  schools  of  its  kind  in  Georgia. 

Willacoochee  and  Pearson  are  both  located  on  the  Brunswick  and 
Western  Kailroad,  one  of  the  lines  belonging  to  the  Plant  System. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  leading  Christian  denominations 
and  have  live  churches  and  flourishing  Sunday  schools  in  every  town  and 
in  nearly  every  neighborhood. 

The  schools  of  Coffee  county  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of 
Georgia.  There  is  an  average  attendance  of  1,274  in  the  61  schools  for 
whites  and  of  911  in  the  26  schools  for  negroes.  The  report  of  the  State 
School  Commissioner  for  1900  gives  the  assessment  of  Coffee  county  for 
school  purposes  as  $8,843.27. 

The  population  of  the  county  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900 
was  16,169,  a  gain  of  5,686  over  that  of  1890.  The  total  land  area  is 
1,123  square  miles,  or  718,720  acres. 

In  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  are  given  the  fol- 
lowing returns  for  taxation:  Acres  of  improved  land,  530,906;  of  wild 
land,  173,324;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $1.35;  of  wild 
land,  $0.40;  value  of  city  or  town  property,  $84,596;  shares  in  bank, 
$19,675;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $342,175;  merchandise,  $105,557; 
tonnage,  $200;  cotton  factories,  $33,500;  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $100,169;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $333,644;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $44,349;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,378;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $419,617;  real  estate,  $907,701;  personal  estate,  $1,- 
408,848;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,316,549. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land^ 
27,656;  value  of  land,  $36,977;  city  or  town  property,  $2,276;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $4,905;  merchandise,  $100;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $12,914;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $489;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $19,010;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,070;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $2,847;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $82,588. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $154,026  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Coffee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  White  males,  4,988;  white  females,  4,570;  total  whites, 
9,558;  colored  males,  3,657;  colored  females,  2,954;  total  colored,  6,611. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  in 
Coffee  county,  June  1,  1900:  14  calves,  10  steers,  1  bull,  11  dairy  cows, 
22  horses,  5  mules,  56  swine. 

COLQUITT  COUNTY. 

'Colquitt  County,  created  from  Irwin  and  Thomas  in  1856,  was  named 
in  honor  of  Walter  T.  Colquitt,  a  native  of  Virginia,  who  came  with  his 
parents  to  Georgia  and  settled  in  Hancock  county.  He  went  to  school 
to  Dr.  Beman  at  Mount  Zion  Academy;  then  was  at  Princeton  College 
and  later  studied  law  at  Milledgeville.  He  was  elected  judge  of  the 
Chattalioochee  circuit  at  the  age  of  27.    He  served  Georgia  in  the  Fed- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  611 

eral  House  of  Representatives  in  1S3S  and  became  United  States  Sena- 
tor m  lb-i2.     lie  died  in  1855. 

Colquitt  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  "Worth  on  the 
uortli,  iierrieu  on  tiie  east,  Brooks  and  Thomas  on  the  south,  Thomas 
and  Mitchell  on  the  west.  Little  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Withlacoo- 
chee,  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  This  and  the  numerous  creeks  which 
water  the  county  supply  the  people  with  fish.  Moultrie,  the  county 
site,  is  at  the  junction  of  three  railroads,  the  Sparks,  Moultrie  and  Gulf, 
the  Georgia  iS'orthern,  the  Tifton,  Thomasville  and  Gulf.  It  is  situated 
between  two  creeks,  the  Ochlochnee  and  Ocopilco.  Other  streams  in 
the  county  are  Tytj,  Indian  and  Bridge  Creeks.  The  face  of  the  coun- 
try is  generally  level.  The  soil  is  gray  and  in  most  places  sandy,  but 
much  of  it  is  rich,  loamy  and  dark,  with  clay  foundation.  According 
to  location  and  culture  the  lands  will  yield  per  acre :  Corn  8  to  20  bush- 
els; oats,  10  to  20  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  50  bushels;  sweet  potatoes, 
150  to  200  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  35  bushels; 
■upland  seed  cotton,  750  pounds;  sea-island  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  corn 
fodder,  300  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  to  300  gallons;  about  1,500 
tons,  or  3,000,000  pounds  of  hay  per  annum  are  obtained  from  native 
grasses.  Melons  and  grapes  do  splendidly,  and  grape  culture  is  being 
largely  introduced.  There  is  one  vineyard  of  25  acres.  Much  of  the 
land  will  produce  one  bale  of  cotton  to  the  acre.  The  timber  is  mostly 
long-leaf  pine.  Hence  there  is  considerable  business  in  lumber,  rosin 
and  turpentine,  shipments  of  which  are  made  to  Savannah  and  Bruns- 
wick. There  are  20  steam  sawmills,  with  an  annual  output  of  40,000,- 
000  superficial  feet  of  lumber,  averaging  $7  a  thousand.  The  large  area 
of  wild  lands,  with  their  thick  carpet  of  native  grass,  makes  stock  rais- 
ing a  profitable  business.  By  the  census  of  1900  there  were  15,407 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  29,189  pounds;  10,009  cattle,  1,791  milch- 
-cows,  177  working  oxen,  28,000  swine,  200  goats,  26,000  poulti-y,  442 
horses  and  357  mules.  There  are  in  the  comity  5  donkeys. 
There  was  a  production  of  42,000  dozens  of  eggs,  6,000  pounds  of  honey, 
73,665  gallons  of  milk  and  6,343  pounds  of  butter.  There  are  three 
dairy  farms,  whose  products  are  disposed  of  in  the  town  of  Moultrie. 
The  Jersey  is  the  favorite  on  these  farms.  All  the  butter  and  milk  are 
consumed  in  the  county.     This  is  also  true  of  the  ponlti-v  and  eggs. 

Considerable  tobacco  is  gro^vn  in  Colquitt  county  and  the  authorities 
of  the  Tifton  and  Moultrie  Railroad  are  making  efforts,  wliich  they 
think  wnll  be  successful,  to  get  the  freight  rates  to  various  points  in 
Georgia,  the  Carolinas  and  Virginia  reduced  from  $1.25  to  65  cents  per 
h  11  n  d  red -Av  eight. 

Mr.  Robert  Davis,  a  native  of  South  Carolina,  now  a  citizen  of  Col- 
quitt county,  during  the  season  of  1901  raised  on  six  acres  of  wliat  is 
considere'd  poor  land,  between  three  and  four  thousand  pounds  of  to- 
1:>acco  at  an  avenigo  of  fourteen  cents  a  pound. 

Population  in  1900,  13,636;  school  fund,  $5,734.36. 

Area  of  Colquitt  county,  565  square  miles,  or  461,600  acre^M. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:     Acres  of 

28  Ka 


Q12  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

improved  land,  305,286;  of  wild  land,  65,505;  average  value  per  acre 
of  improved  land,  $1.76;  of  wild  land,  $1,12;  city  or  town  property,, 
$223,671;  shares  in  bank,  $25,300;  money,  etc.,  $181,102;  value  of 
merchandise,  $119,864;  stocks  and  bonds,  $6,712;  cotton  manufactories, 
$9,267;  iron  works,  $500;  household  furniture,  $87,521;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $214',267;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $36,421;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $6,467;  value  of  all  other  property,  $264,761;  real  estate, 
$832,496;  personal  estate,  $955,444;  aggregate  of  entire  property,  $1,- 
787,940. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax-payers:  ISTumber  of  acres  of  land, 
167;  value,  $490;  city  or  town  property,  $1,152;  money,  etc.,  $150; 
household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $2,657;  watches,  etc.,  $154;  farm 
animals,  $1,140;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $164;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $316;  aggregate,  $6,223. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $645,631  in  the  value 
of  all  property  over  the  returns  for  1900. 

The  people  are  provided  with  good  schools,  and  with  churches  of  the 
leading  Christian  denominations.  Colquitt  county  is  blessed  with  a  hos- 
pitable, moral,  temperate  and  industrious  people.  At  Moultrie  there  is 
a  flourishing  new  cotton  mill  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000.  Other 
manufactories  are:  An  ice  factory,  water  works  and  electric  lights, 
the  two  latter  plants  being  owTied  by  the  city  of  Moultrie;  one  iron 
foundry,  worth  $2,500;  one  railroad  workshop,  belonging  to  the  Tifton, 
Thomasville  and  Gulf  Eailway,  employing  about  50  men;  one  wagon 
and  buggy  factory,  valued  at  $4,000;  one  barrel  factory,  valued  at  $6,- 
000.  There  are  20  turpentine  distilleries  in  the  county,  employing  2,000 
hands,  shipping  20,000  casks  of  spirits  of  turpentine,  each  containing 
50  gallons,  and  75,000  barrels  of  rosin;  10  grist  mills  in  the  county  for 
home  use,  and  the  20  steam  sawmills  previously  mentioned. 

The  Blanchard  Land  and  Lumber  Manufacturing  Company  will  build 
during  1901  a  syrup  and  sugar  mill  and  new  sawmills. 

The-  court-house  at  Moultrie  is  valued  at  $20,000,  and  the  jail  at 
$5,000. 

In  addition  to  the  railroads  there  are  some  30  or  40  miles  of  tram- 
ways for  saw-mills.     The  county  roads  are  in  good  condition. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  for 
season  of  1899-1900  was  1,785  bales  of  upland  and  2,562  bales  of  sea- 
island  cotton.  The  receipts  and  shipments  from  the  entire  county  are 
about  4,500  bales,  about  two-thirds  being  sea-island.  About  4,000  of 
these  were  handled  at  Moultrie.  Some  of  the  products  of  the  county 
are  marketed  at  xilbany,  Pelham  and  Thomasville,  but  most  of  them 
at  Moultrie.  There  are  in  Moultrie  3  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital 
lof  $70,000;  several  fine  mercantile  establishments  and  life  and  fire  in- 
surance agencies.  The  38  schools  for  whites  have  an  average  attend- 
ance of  1,198,  and  the  11  for  colored  have  an  average  attendance  of 
289. 

The  population  of  Colquitt  county,  which  in  1890  was  4,794,  has, 
according  to  the  census  of  1900,  incrcji^ed  to  13,636,  a  gain  in  the  last 


GEORGIA:  HISTORIC A'u  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  (ji3 

ten  years  of  8,842.  The  population  of  district  1151,  including  the  town 
of  Moultrie,  and  kncuTi  as  Moultrie  district,  is  3,493.  The  population 
of  the  town  of  Moultrie  is  2,221. 

Population  of  Colquitt  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,234;  white  females,  4,800;  total  white, 
10,034;  colored  males,  2,046;  colored  females,  1,556;  total  colored, 
3,602. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  2  calves,  20  steei-s,  4  dairy  cows,  8  horses  89  mules,  8 
swine. 

COLUMBIA  COUNTY. 

Columhia  County  was  laid  out  from  liichmond  in  1790,  and  was 
named  for  Christopher  Columbus,  the  discoverer  of  America.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Lincoln  on  the  northwest,  Rich- 
mond on  the  southeast  and  McDuffie  on  the  southwest.  The  State  of 
South  Carolina  bounds  it  on  the  northeast  and  is  separated  from  it  by 
the  Savannah  river.  Little  Eiver  separates  it  from  Lincoln  county.  It 
is  watered  by  several  creeks,  among  which  the  most  important  are  Uchee, 
Big  and  Little  Kiokee,  Greenbriar  and  Germany. 

The  climate  is  pleasant  and  healthful.  Several  cases  of  longevity 
might  be  given.  One  of  them  was  a  Mr.  David  Hodge,  who  at  the  age 
of  102  married  a  Miss  Elizabeth  Bailey,  aged  40  years.  Captain  Thomas 
Cobb,  a  sucessful  agi-iculturist,  Avho  managed  his  farm  for  nearly  90 
years,  was  110  years  old  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

Appling,  the  county  site,  is  23  miles  from  Augusta,  and  about  12  or 
13  miles  by  wagon  road  from  Harlem  on  the  Georgia  Railroad.  Two 
and  a  half  miles  from  Appling  was  located  Carmel  Academy-,  where  Dr. 
Mose3  "VVaddell,  aftenvard  president  of  the  State  University,  assisted  by 
W.  H.  Crawford,  in  1794  taught  John  C.  Calhoun,  the  famous  South 
Carolina  Senator,  and  Thomas  TV.  Cobb,  afterwards  Representative  and 
Senator  from  Georgia.  The  town  of  Appling  was  named  in  honor  of 
Colonel  Daniel  Appling,  a  native  of  Columbia  county,  who  at  the  age  of 
18  entered  the  army  of  tlie  United  States  and  was  distinguislied  in  sev- 
eral engagements  during  the  war  of  1812-1815.  He  died  in  1818,  in 
which  year  a  new  county  was  laid  out  and  named  for  him.  The  most 
thriving  towns  in  the  county  are  Harlem  and  Grovetown,  on  the  Georgia 
Railroad,  which  have  a  population  of  527  each,  and  enjoy  a  considerable 
trade.  Harlem  has  a  flourishing  manufacturing  establisliment  wliore 
doors,  sashes,  blinds,  wagons  and  plowstocks  arc  made.  Other  places  on 
the  Georgia  Rairoad  are  Forrest,  Berzelia  and  Saw  Dust.  Tlie  county 
has  also  water  transportation  b}'  pole  l)oats  on  tlio  Savannah  river  1o 
Augusta.  In  tlie  Savannali  rivor  great  (inantilics  of  fisli  are  caught  for 
the  Augusta  market.  Tliere  arc  five  flour  and  grist  mills  run  by  water- 
power  and  six  steam  sawmills.  Besides  the  Coorgia  Railroad  in  the 
southera  part  of  the  county  the  Charleston  and  Western  Carolina  runs 


614 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


through  the  eastern  section.     The  wagon  roads  are  in  good  condition, 
-and  are  worked  by  the  new  road  law. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  broken.  The  inhabitants  are  intelligent 
and  hospitable,  and  before  the  civil  war  there  was  much  wealth  in  the 
county.  The  soil  of  two-thirds  of  the  land  is  red  clay.  In  the  pine 
lands  of  the  southern  part  of  the  county  the  soil  is  sandy  with  clay  sub- 
soil. On  the  river  the  lands  are  fertile  and  produce  good  crops  of  cot- 
ton, corn,  sugar-cane,  potatoes,  melons  and  peas.  Though  some  of  the 
lands  are  much  worn  from  bad  tillage,  intelligent  cultivation  is  in  many 
places  restoring  its  fertility.  The  average  yield  per  acre  is:  Seed  cot- 
ton, 600  pounds;  corn,  14  bushels;  wheat,  12  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels; 
rye  and  barley,  10  bushels  each;  peas,  10  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100 
bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  150  bushels;  sugar-cane,  300  gallons  of  syrup; 
sorghum  cane,  200  gallons  of  syrup.  It  is  well  suited  to  all  the  forage 
crops.  Red  clover,  lucern  and  vetches  do  well  when  properly  put  in  in 
the  fall.  These  lands  make  fine  peavine  hay  after  wheat,  oats  and  rye. 
Velvet  beans  also  make  excellent  forage  and  are  very  useful  as  renewers 
of  the  soil.  Peaches  grow  well,  as  do  also  an  endless  variety  of  vegeta- 
bles. About  3,000  acres  are  devoted  to  raising  melons  for  the  market, 
the  net  profit  on  which  is  about  $25  an  acre.  According  to  the  United 
States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  for  the  season  of  1899-1900 
was  9,354  bales  of  upland. 

There  are  four  dairy  farms  which  make  butter  for  the  Augusta 
market.  Jerseys  and  Devons  are  the  favorite  cows.  The  butter  pro- 
ducts of  the  county  amounted  in  1890  to  63,lY4  pounds,  and  the  milk 
to  221,775  gallons.  Other  products  were  12,345  pounds  of  honey  and 
67,249  dozens  of  eggs.  By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  428  sheep, 
with  a  wool-clip  of  977  pounds;  2,856  cattle,  1,226  milch-cows,  100 
working  oxen,  615  horses,  1,033  mules  and  5,364  swine,  and  45,499 
poultry  of  all  kinds. 

Much  attention  is  paid  to  education.  In  every  neighborhood  are 
Methodist  and  Baptist  churches.  There  are  also  some  Christians  of  other 
denominations. 

The  area  of  Columbia  county  is  306  square  miles,  or  195,840  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  10,653,  a  loss  of  628  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$7,290.98.  By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  there  are:  acres 
of  improved  land,  180,199;  average  value,  $3.05  an  acre;  city 
or  town  property,  $59,660;  money,  etc.,  $19,321;  value  of 
merchandise,  $15,895;  stocks  and  bonds,  $25,500;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $29,787;  farm  and  other  animals,  $75^769;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $15,075;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,610; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $17,559;  real  estate,  $611,547;  personal 
estate,  $202,887;  aggregate,  $814,434. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  l^umber  of  acres,  6,119; 
value  of  same,  $18,825;  city  or  town  property,  $575;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $3,042;  farm  and  other  animals,  $17,463;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $2,873;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,042;  ag- 
gregate of  all  property,  $43,875. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL. 


615 


The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  au  increase  of  $71,884  iu  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

There  are  23  schools  for  white  and  23  for  colored  pupils,  the  aver- 
age attendance  on  the  white  schools  being  531  and  on  the  colored  911. 

Population  of  Columbia  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,482;  white  females,  1,418;  total  white, 
2,900;  colored  maJes,  3,873;  colored  females,  3,860;  totiil  colored,  7,753.' 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  5  calves,  24  dairy  cows,  13  horses,  4  mules,  2  donkeys', 
24  swine. 

COWETA  COmsTY. 

Coweta  County  was  laid  out  in  1826.  A  part  was  set  off  to  Campbell 
in  1828  and  a  part  to  Heard  in  1836.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  Campbell  on  the  north,  Fayette  on  the  east,  Meriwether  and 
Troup  on  the  south.  Heard  on  the  west  and  Carroll  on  the  northwest. 
It  derives  its  name  from  an  Indian  tribe  that  once  lived  in  that  section 
of  the  State.  It  is  watered  by  the  Chattahoochee  river  and  its  tribu- 
taries and  by  tributaries  of  the  Flint.  The  people  are  intelligent  and 
progressive,  and  are  engaged  in  many  lines  of  industry — farming,  fruit 
growing  and  manufacturing.  All  the  leading  Protestant  denominations 
are  represented  in  the  numerous  churches  in  town  and  country.  Be- 
sides the  public  schools  there  are  many  private  schools. 

Newnan,  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  3,654,  one  of  the  strong- 
est of  the  smaller  cities  of  Georgia,  has  all  the  conveniences  of  a  modern 
city — electric  lights,  an  ice  plant,  water  works,  good  sewerage,  fire  de- 
partment, an  excellent  public  school  system,  and  elegant  churches.  Here 
two  railroads,  the  Central  of  Georgia  and  the  Atlanta  and  West  Point, 
intersect,  giving  excellent  passenger  and  freight  service.  With  the  use 
of  local  capital  alone  Newnan  has  established  factories  which  give  em- 
ployment to  more  than  1,000  people,  and  pay  out  annually  several  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  in  wages.  The  Newnan  Cotton  Mill,  established 
in  1888  with  a  capital  of  $70,000,  now  represents  $300,000  and  employs 
400  operatives.  It  has  made  annually  25  per  cent,  for  the 
past  four  years.  Another  enterprise  of  this  sort  is  the  Lodi 
Cotton  Mill,  representing  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Tiie  city  lias 
also  a  large  cotton  seed  oil-mill,  a  guano  factory,  an  ice  factory, 
an  iron  foundry  and  railroad  machine  shops,  a  cigar  factory,  a  wagon 
and  buggy  factoiy,  a  tannery  and  harness  shop,  a  cntming  factory  and 
a  shoe  factory.  The  R  D.  Cole  Manufacturing  Company  makes  en- 
gines, boilers,  sawmills,  grist-mills,  powor-prossos,  sliaftinff,  etc.  The 
orders  on  this  company  for  boilers  alono  aggregated  in  1900  several  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars.  Tlir-  nninial  product  of  the  Coweta  Fertilizer 
Company  averages  15,000  tons.  The  large  flouring  mill  runs  day  and 
night  to  satisfy  the  demand  for  its  product.  The  two  banks  of  Newnan 
have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $250,000.     Fire  and  life  insurance  agencies 


QIQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

do  a  large  business  at  ISTewnan  and  in  the  other  towns  of  the  county. 
The  district  which  includes  the  city  of  Newnan  had  5,375  inhabitants 
by  the  census  of  1900. 

The  town  of  Grantville,  which  contains  a  population  of  769,  is  on  the 
Atlanta  and  West  Point  Kailroad  and  in  the  district  of  the  same  name 
whose  total  population  in  1900  was  1,884.  In  this  town  are  two  grist 
•mills,  a  public  ginnery  and  a  hosiery  mill  which  employs  50  hands  and 
makes  2,000  dozen  pairs  of  hose  in  a  week.  There  are  Methodist  and 
Baptist  churches  and  good  schools. 

Senoia,  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Eailway,  had  in  1900  a  population 
of  782  in  its  corporate  limits  and  in  its  entire  district  2,290  people.  There 
are  here  a  cotton  factory,  grist  mill,  a  public  ginnery,  a  bank  with  a  cap- 
ital of  $25,000,  good  schools  and  churches  of  the  Methodists  and  Bap- 
tists. 

Sharpsburg  and  Turin  are  other  towns  on  the  Central  of  Georgia 
Eailway,  at  each  of  w^hich  are  a  gTist-mill  and  several  ginneries.  The 
district,  including  Sharpsburg,  contained  2,414  people  in  1900,  of  whom 
137  dwell  in  the  corporate  limits.  The  Turin  district  contains  879  peo- 
ple, of  whom  196  have  their  homes  in  the  town.  Both  these  towns  are 
supplied  with  schools  and  churches. 

The  second  militia  district  of  Coweta  county,  which  in  1900  had  2,981 
inhabitants,  includes  two  towns,  Moreland,  with  229  people  in  its  cor- 
porate limits,  and  St.  Charles,  with  QQ.  At  Moreland  there  are  a  crate 
and  basket  factory,  two  ginneries,  a  sawmill,  a  grist-mill  and  a  general 
repair  shop  for  wood  and  iron  work.  St.  Charles  also  has  a  public  gin- 
nery and  good  orchards  near  by.  Of  course  there  are  churches  and 
schools  at  these  towns.  Moreland  and  St.  Charles  are  a  short  distance 
apart  on  the  Atlanta  and  West  Point  Railroad. 

The  Sargent  factory  is  to  the  northwest  of  l^ewnan  on  the  Central 
of  Georgia  Eailway. 

At  Powellsville,  on  the  Atlanta  and  West  Point  Eailroad,  are  two 
churches,  a  good  school,  two  flourishing  stores,  a  public  ginnery,  where 
1,200  bales  of  cotton  are  ginned  annually,  and  within  a  radius  of  a  mile 
more  than  40,000  grape  vines  are  in  bearing.  Though  Powellsville  con- 
tains only  79  people,  the  Cedar  Creek  district,  which  includes  it  and  for 
which  it  is  a  shipping  point,  had  1,150  inhabitants  in  1900, 

The  fruit  industry  of  Coweta  county  is  steadily  growing,  and  several 
thousand  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  grapes  and  strawberries.  The 
largest  fniit  farms  are  in  the  districts  in  which  are  located  Newnan, 
Moreland,  Senoia,  Turin,  Powellsville  and  Coweta.  At  the  last  named 
place,  nine  miles  east  of  ISTewnan,  a  company  of  !N"ewnan  gentlemen 
have  125  acres  planted  in  peaches  and  an  equal  number  in  grapes.  Here 
is  located  one  of  the  most  complete  wineries  in  the  South,  kaio"wn  as  Vina 
Vista,  having  a  capacity  of  100,000  gallons  of  wine  in  a  season.  Ex- 
cellent fruit  lands  can  be  bought  in  this  county  at  from  $8  to  $50  an 
acre,  according  to  degree  of  improvement  or  proximity  to  one  of  the 
larger  towns. 

Coweta  countv  has  excellent  mineral  resources.     Immense  beds  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  617 

granite  of  a  superior  quality  are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  iSTewnan,  and 
near  Grantville  ai-e  mines  from  which  gold  is  obtained  in  paying  quan- 
tities. Two  miles  from  Grantville  is  the  Wilkes  gold  mine,  operated  by 
Boston  capitalists,  equipped  with  modern  machinery  and  producing  a 
good  output. 

The  character  of  the  soil  of  Coweta  county  varies  from  a  light  loam 
to  a  heavy  clay.  Taking  all  lands,  good  and  bad,  the  average  produc- 
tion to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  Seed  cotton,  from  GOO  to  800 
pounds;  corn,  10  bushels;  wheat,  from  8  to  10  bushels;  oats,  11  bush- 
els; sugar  cane,  100  gallons;  sorghum  cane,  200  gallons;  Irish  potatoes, 
from  50  to  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  from  100  to  150  bushels.  On 
the  best  lauds  and  under  the  best  methods  of  culture,  the  production  is 
frequently  1,500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  (equivalent  to  500  pounds  of  lint 
or  one  bale)  to  the  acre,  30  or  more  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  and 
other  crops  in  like  proportion. 

The  forage  crops  are  peavine  hay,  sorghum,  millet,  common  fodder 
and  shredded  corn.  Bermuda  grass  furnishes  the  principal  hay  crop,  of 
which  the  average  is  3,000  pounds  to  the  acre,  though  much  more  is  pro- 
duced on  many  farms.  By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Coweta 
county  437  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  G8-1  pounds;  G,224  cattle,  of  which 
307  were  working  oxen  and  2,511  were  milch-cows;  903  hoi"ses,  2,827 
mules,  2  donkeys,  7,778  swine  and  119,485  of  all  kinds  of  poultry.  The 
county  produced,  by  the  same  census  report,  175, OGO  dozens  of  eggs, 
28,075  pounds  of  honey,  811,186  gallons  of  milk  and  237,287  pounds 
of  butter. 

Between  40,000  and  50,000  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  annually,  the 
largest  proportion  being  from  Newnan.  According  to  the  United  States 
census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in  the  county  was  24,G80  bales  upland, 
which  represented  very  nearly  its  cotton  production. 

Magnificent  w^ater-powers  are  located  on  the  Chattahoochee,  eight 
miles  west  of  Newnan.  Of  the  dozen  or  more  sawmills  of  the  county 
the  large  majority  are  operated  by  steam. 

The  area  of  Coweta  county  is  443  square  miles,  or  283,520  acres. 

The  population  in  1900  by  the  United  States  census  was  stated  to  be 
24,980,  a  gain  of  2,626  over  that  of  1890. 

By  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner  for  1900  the  school 
fund  for  the  county  was  stated  as  $14,551.61,  in  addition  to  which  for 
the  city  of  Xewnan  a  special  fund  of  $2,059.60  was  assessed. 

The  following  returns  and  valuations  are  given  in  the  report  of  the 
Comptroller-General  for  1900:  Acres  of  improved  land,  266,937;  av- 
erage value  of  improved  land,  $5.68  an  acre;  value  of  city  and  town 
property,  $1,001,903;  shares  in  bank,  $206,675;  money  and  solvent 
dcl)ts,  $640,137;  mcrchandii=;o,  $189,132;  stocks  and  l)on(ls,  $(;s.75e; 
cotton  manufactories,  $371,679;  value  of  houseliold  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $186,581;  value  of  fann  and  other  animals,  $235,799;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $66,216;  watches,  jowolrv,  etc.,  $1(»,3I3;  all 
other  property,  $62,918;  real  estate,  $2,517,409;  personal  estate,  $2,- 
163,049;  aggregate  valno  of  wliolo  property,  $4,198,346. 


618  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land^ 
5,082,  and  value  of  same,  $35,042;  city  or  town  property,  $53,785; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $1,680;  merchandise,  $20;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $25,246;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $400;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $33,743;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $7,527;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $2,572;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $176,178. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $165,329  over  the  returns  for 
1900. 

Of  the  public  schools  of  Coweta  county  the  42  for  whites  have  an 
average  attendance  of  1,457  pupils  and  the  44  for  colored  have  an  aver- 
age attendance  of  1,738  pupils. 

Population  of  Coweta  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,396;  white  females,  5,363;  total  white^, 
10,759;  colored  males,  7,016;  colored  females,  7,205;  total  colored, 
14,221. 

Population  of  the  city  of  ISTewnan  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,070;  white  females,  1,072;  total  white, 
2,142;  colored  males,  681;  colored  females,  831;  total  colored,  1,512. 

Total  population  of  city,  3,654. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  107  calves,  2  steei*s,  4  bulls,  307  dairy  cows,  232  horses, 
61  mules,  589  swine,  2  goats. 

CRAWFOED  COUNTY. 

Crawford  County  was  laid  out  in  1822  and  named  in  honor  of  Hon. 
"William  IT.  Crawford,  for  many  years  United  States  Senator  from  Geor- 
gia. Part  was  set  off  to  Upson  in  1824;  part  was  taken  from  Talbot  and 
Marion  in  1827  and  a  part  from  Houston  in  1830.  The  following  coun- 
ties bound  it :  Monroe  on  the  north,  Bibb  on  the  northeast,  Houston  on 
the  southeast,  Macon  on  the  south,  Taylor  on  the  southwest  and  south 
and  Upson  on  the  west.  Along  its  southwestern  border  flows  the  Flint 
river.  It  is  also  watered  by  Ulcohatchee,  Spring,  Walnut,  Sweetwater, 
Deep,  Beaver  and  Echeconnee  Creeks,  the  last  named  stream  dividing  it 
from  Bibb  county. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  generally  uneven.  The  northern  part 
of  the  county  is  productive  and  of  a  dark  gray  soil,  adapted  to  cotton. 
The  bottom  lands  are  fertile,  but  liable  to  overflow\  In  the  pine  sec- 
tion, about  seven  miles  southeast  of  Knoxville,  there  is  an  elevation  of 
about  300  feet  above  the  surrounding  country,  embracing  between  20 
and  30  acres  of  rich  mulatto  soil,  well  wooded.  On  this  elevation,  known 
as  Rich  Hill,  is  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  limestone.  Here  are  seams 
of  fine-grained,  plastic  clay,  which  has  been  much  used  for  the  manu- 
facture of  common  pottery,  carried  on  in  a  primitive  way.  A  company 
is  being  organized  for  the  establishment  of  a  wall  paper  factory.  This 
would  develop  the  clay  beds  of  the  county. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  a  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway  System, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  Gl^ 

and  for  a  few  miles  in  the  extreme  south  runs  a  branch  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia  System.  The  Macon  and  Birmingham  Railroad  also  crosses 
the  northern  part  of  the  coimtv.  Kuoxville,  the  county  seat,  on  the 
Southern  Eailway,  was,  like  the  Tennessee  city  of  that  name,  called  after 
General  Henry  Ejiox,  of  Eevolutionary  memory  and  a  citizen  of  Mas- 
sachusetts.    It  has  a  court-house  costing  $15,000. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  churches.  The 
county  has  good  schools,  there  being  24  for  whites,  with  an  average  at- 
tendance of  715,  and  19  for  colored,  with  an  average  attendance  of  503. 

The  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops  is  as  follows:  Seed 
cotton,  500  to  GOO  pounds;  corn,  10  bushels;  cow-peas,  15  bushels; 
ground  peas,  30  bushels;  chufas,  25  bushels;  oats,  25  to  50  bushels;  rye, 
12  bushels;  wheat  10  to  30  bushels;  rice,  20  bushels;  Irish  potatoes, 
75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels.  All  the  forage  crops  are  cul- 
tivated and  do  well.  From  8  to  9  months  of  the  year  broom  sedge,  Ber- 
muda and  other  grasses  give  abundant  food  to  stock,  which  during  the 
three  or  four  winter  months  are  fed  mostly  on  cane,  rye  and  barley. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  for  the 
season  oi  1899-1900  was  7,158  bales  (upland).  While  there  are  no 
regular  dairy  farms,  most  families  make  butter  and  many  of  them  send 
it  to  market.  The  product  of  milk  in  1890  was  288,668  gallons;  of 
butter,  96,186  pounds,  and  of  honey  more  than  10,000  pounds.  By  the 
census  of  1890  there  were  648  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  619  pounds; 
4,797  cattle,  6,374  milch-cows,  98  working  oxen,  472  horses,  1,458 
mules,  7,766  swine  and  37,000  poultry,  with  a  production  of  44,000 
dozens  of  eggs.     It  is  estimated  that  there  are  500  goats. 

About  2,500  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  50  to  plums,  25  to  apples 
and  10  to  pears. 

Fish  are  abundant  and  many  of  them  are  marketed. 

There  are  about  500  acres  devoted  to  peaches  and  100  to  plums.. 
There  are  about  20  vineyards  raising  fine  varieties  of  gi'apes,  from  75 
per  cent,  of  which  wine  is  made,  while  25  per  cent,   are  sold  in  the 
market. 

The  county  has  asbestos,  sandstone,  limestone  and  clay. 

There  are  2  flour,  1  flour  and  grist  mill  and  9  grist  mills,  13  saw- 
mills and  1  planing-mill.  All  the  flour  and  grist-mills  except  2  are 
operated  by  water;  the  sawmills  by  steam.  There  arc  also  3  tui*pentine 
distilleries. 

The  cotton  receipts  from  the  entire  county  arc  7,500  bales. 

The  area  of  Crawford  county  is  334  square  miles,  or  213,760  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  10,368,  an  infroaso  of  1,053  sinco  1890;  school 
fund,  $7,063.34. 

Bv  the  Comptrollcr-OenornTs  report  for  1900  there  are:  Acres  of 
improved  land,  198,926;  of  wild  land,  1,796;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.84;  of  wild  land,  $0.52:  city  or  town  property,  $39,- 
555;  money  and  polvent  debts,  $39,535;  value  of  merchandise,  $26,115; 
household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $48,315;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$117,615;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $26,654;  watclies,  jewelry. 


620  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

etc.,  $2,094;  value  of  all  other  property,  $21,459;  real  estate,  $616,918; 
personal  estate,  $285,630;  aggTegate  value  of  whole  property,  $902,- 
548. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  jSTumber  of  acres  of  land, 
9,048;  value  of  land,  $26,321;  city  or  town  property,  $595;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $300;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $9,351;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $23,984;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,117;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $1,862;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $Q6,- 
652. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $70,296  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

There  are  two  small  towns  in  Crawford  county,  Knoxville  and  Ro- 
berta, the  former  containing  300  and  the  latter  252  inhabitants.  These 
two  towns  are  in  the  same  militia  district,  which  has  a  population  of 
2,408. 

For  many  years  there  lived  in  this  county  Colonel  Benjamin  Haw- 
kins, a  native  of  North  Carolina,  an  excellent  French  scholar,  a  member 
of  General  Washington's  military  family,  member  of  Congress  from 
North  Carolina  (1782-1783),  and  later  superintendent  of  Indian  affairs 
in  the  south. 

Population  of  Crawford  county  by  sex  and  color  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,333;  white  females,  2,217;  total  white, 
4,550;  colored  males,  2,905;  colored  females,  2,913;  total  colored,  5,818. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  in 
Crawford  county,  June  1,  1900:  4  calves,  6  steers,  7  dairy  cows,  10 
horses,  13  mules,  37  swine. 

DADE  COUNTY. 

Dade  County  was  laid  off  from  Walker  in  1837.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Major  Francis  Langhorne  Dade  of  the  United  States  Army,  who 
while  on  a  march  to  Fort  King,  in  Florida,  was  killed  by  the  Seminole 
Indians,  December  28,  1835.  All  but  two  of  the  detachment  shared  his 
fate. 

Dade  county  is  triangular  in  shape,  with  its  base  on  the  Tennessee  line 
and  its  apex  'on  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Alabama,  and  a  little 
northwest  of  the  line  that  divides  Walker  from  Chattooga  county.  Ten- 
nessee is  on  the  north,  Walker  county  on  the  east  and  southeast  and  Ala- 
bama on  the  west.  The  principal  stream  is  Lookout  creek.  The  Ala- 
bama Great  Southern  Railroad  runs  through  Lookout  valley  from  the 
Tennessee  to  the  Alabama  line.  On  this  road  is  Trenton,  the  county 
seat,  located  on  Town  creek  between  Lookout  and  Raccoon  Moimtains. 
Other  towns  on  this  road  are  Morganville,  Rising  Fawn,  Clover  Dale 
and  Smith.  The  county  is  well  wooded  with  oak,  hickory,  cedar,  poplar, 
gum,  pine,  walnut,  chestnut,  locust  and  mountain  birch.  Sulphur  and 
chalybeate  springs  abound. 

The  lands  in  Lookout  valley,  which  extends  through  the  county,  are 
very  fertile,  producing  the  staple  crops,  grasses  and  clover,  almost  every 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   lyDUSTRIAL.  621 

variety  of  vegetables,  and  such  fruits  as  apples,  peaches  and  grapes,  all 
of  excellent  flavor.  The  average  yield  of  the  ditterent  crops  per  acre  is: 
Seed  cotton  (upland),  600  to  700  pounds;  wheat,  15  to  20  bushels;  corn, 
25  bushels;  oats,  '30  bushels;  barley,  20  bushels;  rye,  15  to  20  bushels; 
crab  grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  clover,  6,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  600 
pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  250  to  275  gallons;  Irish  potatoes,  150  bushels. 
The  mountains  furnish  fine  summer  range  for  stock.  On  them  are 
many  acres  of  rich  lands.  In  1890  there  were  in  this  county  1,114 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,359  pounds;  2,277  cattle,  755  milch-cows, 
146  working  oxen,  437  horses,  426  mules,  7  donkeys,  4,061  swine  and 
29,433  poultry  of  every  kind.  The  county  also  produced  9,547  pounds 
of  honey,  60,223  dozen  eggs,  258,662  gallons  of  milk,  and  66,896 
pounds  of  butter. 

In  the  forests  are  found  deer,  wild  turkeys  and  other  game,  and  in 
the  creeks  plenty  of  fish. 

Bituminous  coal,  an  excellent  quality  of  iron  ore  and  other  valuable 
minerals  abound.  The  Dade  coal  mines,  worked  by  convict  labor,  fur- 
nish gi-eat  quantities  of  coal  and  coke  for  factories,  foundries  and  other 
uses. 

The  climate  of  Dade  is  cold  in  winter,  but  delightful  in  the  spring 
and  summer,  bracing  and  healthful  the  year  round. 

The  area  of  Dade  county  is  188  square  miles,  or  120,320  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  4,578,  a  loss  of  1,229  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$3,184.79. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  Acres  of 
improved  land,  96,515;  of  wuld  land,  1,050;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $4.18;  of  wild  land,  $0.47;  city  property,  $52,870; 
money,  etc.,  $73,794;  merchandise,  $23,620;  stocks  and  bonds,  $7,300; 
cotton  manufactories,  $3,496;  iron  works,  $10,000;  capital  invested  in 
mining,  $12,000;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $31,745;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $69,620;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $13,356; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,482;  value  of  all  other  property,  $6,302;  real 
estate,  $509,273;  personal  estate,  $258,461;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $767,734. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres  of  land, 
472;  value  of  land,  $1,362;  city  or  town  property,  $125;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $525;  fann  and  other  animals,  $846;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $67;  value  of  all  other  property,  $23;  aggregate  value 
of  whole  property,  $3,004. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  sliow  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  all  property 
since  1900  amounting  to  $39,557. 

The  public  school  system  embraces  23  schools  for  white  and  1  for  ne- 
groes, with  a  daily  average  attendance  of  700  in  tlic  wliite  scliools  and 
27  in  the  one  for  negroes. 

There  are  689  inlial>it!iiits  in  tlio  Trenton  district  and  319  in  \]w  town 
of  Trenton. 

The  Uising  Yavm  district  has  740  inhabitants,  of  wlioni  212  live  in 
the  town  of  Rising  Fawn. 


522  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

McMahon  district  contains  391  people,  of  whom  138  live  in  a  village 
called  New  England  City. 

Population  of  Dade  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tke  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,101;  white  females,  2,039;  total  white,  4,140; 
colored  males,  298;  colored  females,  140;  total  colored,  438. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  90  calves,  43  steers,  2  bulls,  131  dary  cows,  48  horses,  4a 
mules,  1  donkey,  93  sheep,  518  swine,  102  goats. 

DAWSON  COUNTY. 

Dawson  County  was  formed  from  Lumpkin,  Forsyth  and  Gilmer 
counties  in  1857,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Hon.  William  C.  Dawson^ 
a  representative  from  Georgia  in  the  United  States  Congress,  later 
United  States  Senator  from  his  native  State,  and  still  later,  judge  of 
the  Ocmulgee  circuit.  The  following  counties  bound  it:  Fannin  and 
Gilmer  on  the  north,  Lumpkin  on  the  northeast  and  east.  Hail  on  tlie 
east,  Forsyth  on  the  south,  Cherokee,  Pickens  and  Gilmer  on  the  west. 
The  Etowah  river  flows  through  the  county,  and  into  this  empty  several 
tributary  creeks,  the  largest  of  which,  Amicalola,  rises  in  the  northwest- 
em  part  of  the  county  and  runs  through  it  in  a  southeasterly  direction. 
It  has  a  fall  of  several  hundred  feet.  The  appearance  of  the  range  of 
mountains  to  the  sioutl;  and  west,  as  viewed  from  the  summit  of  the  falls 
is  scarcely  surpassed  in  grandeur. 

Dawson  county  is  in  the  heart  of  the  gold  region.  On  nearly  every 
branch  on  the  north  side  of  the  Etowah  river  is  a  placer  gold  mine.  From 
the  bed  of  the  river  itself  large  quantities  of  gold  have  been  taken  and 
washed  out  with  an  iron  pan,  rewarding  well  the  labor  thus  employed. 

The  forest  growth  is  oak  of  the  various  kinds,  hickory,  cedar,  poplar, 
chestnut,  locust,  gum,  walnut,  mountain  birch  and  pine.  Thus  there  is 
abundance  of  hardwoods  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  bottom  lands  of  the  Etowah  are  rich  and  very  productive.  Tak- 
ing all  the  lands  of  the  county,  the  average  yield  per  arce  is:  seed  cotton, 
600  pounds;  com  and  rye,  20  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat,  10  bush- 
els; Irish  potatoes,  50  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  75  bushels;  field-peas,  10 
bushels,  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  250  pounds;  sor- 
ghum syrup,  150  gallons.  The  best  lands  show  yields  far  above  these 
averages.     Tobacco  also  gives  a  remunerative  yield. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  during  the  season  o£ 
1899  and  1900,  there  were  ginned  1,297  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

Vegetables  of  all  kinds  do  well.     So  also  do  apples. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Dawson  county  2,479  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
3,619  pounds;  3,122  cattle,  of  which  447  were  working  oxen,  and  1,196 
milch-cows,  365  horses,  606  mules,  14  donkeys,  6,510  swine  and  47,467 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds.  Some  of  the  farm  products  were  361,077 
gallons  of  milk,  102,105  pounds  of  butter,  60,696  dozens  of  eggs,  and 
13,449  pounds  of  honey. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD    INDUSTRIAL.  623 

There  are  30  schools  in  the  county  belonging  to  the  public  school  sys- 
tem of  Georgia.  The  average  daily  attendance  is  780  in  the  '2d  schools 
for  whites  and  12  in  the  one  for  negroes.  The  school  fund  of  the 
county  is  $3,737.63. 

There  are  no  railroads  in  the  county. 

Dawsonville,  the  county  site,  is  a  small  towTi  of  217  inhabitants.  The 
Dawsonville  district  which  includes  the  town  has  a  population  of  808. 

The  area  of  Dawson  county  is  209  square  miles,  or  133,700  acres.  Its 
population  by  the  census  of  1900  was  5,442,  a  slight  falling  off  from 
1890  when  it  was  5,612. 

The  following  returns  are  taken  from  the  Comptroller-General's  re- 
port for  1900:  Acres  of  improved  land,  128,069;  of  wild  land,  14,842 
(these  returns  not  agreeing  with  the  United  States  government  survey, 
as  seen  above);  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $2.85;  of  wild 
land,  $0.48;  city  or  to\^-n  property,  $10,700;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$46,697;  merchandise,  $13,344;  invested  in  cotton  manufactories,  $1,- 
200;  invested  in  mining,  $30.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $25,- 
262;  farm  and  other  animals,  $70,984;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$14,805;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,035;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$3,959;  real  estate,  $384'^,226;  personal  estate,  $180,358.  Aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $564,584. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land,  320; 
value  of  land,  $460.00;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $15.00;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $250.00;  watches,  etc.,  $5.00;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$911.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $146.00;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $32.00.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,819. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $3,767  in  the  value  of  all 
property,  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Dawson  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,531;  white  females,  2,740;  total  white,  5,271; 
colored  males,  91;  colored  females,  80;  total  colored,  171. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  2  calves,  2  steers,  11  dairy  cows,  5  horses,  3  mules,  16 
swine. 

DECATUR  COUNTY. 

Decatur  County  was  laid  off  from  Early  in  1825  and  was  named  for 
Commodore  Stephen  Decatur,  of  Maryland,  an  officer  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  distinguished  in  the  war  with  the  Barbary  Powers,  and 
later  in  the  secrvnd  war  with  England  (1812-1815).  It  is  bounded  by  the 
following  counties:  Early,  Miller,  Baker  and  l^ritchell  on  the  north, 
and  Thomas  on  the  east.  '  The  State  of  Florida  bounds  it  on  the  south 
and  west.  The  State  of  Alabama  also  bounds  it  on  the  west  for  a  few 
miles.  The  Flint  river  runs  across  the  county  and  the  Chattahoochee 
all  along  its  western  boundary,  the  two  streams  uniting  at  the  southwest 
comer  of  the  county  tx)  form  the  Apalachicola  river.    Two  branches  of 


g24  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

tlie  Plant  System  and  the  Georgia  Pine  Railway  traverse  the  county  in 
different  directions.  Thus  the  people  have  not  only  excellent  railroad 
advantages,  but  also  splendid  water  transportation  by  its  two  great  rivers. 
Other  streams  are  Musquito,  Willacoochee,  Spring,  Swamp  and  Tired 
creeks,  and  in  the  southeast  corner  Ochlockonee  river.  There  are  also 
many  small  lakes  and  ponds.  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  better  wa- 
tered country.  In  all  the  streams  fish  abound.  The  climate  is  pleasant, 
even  the  summer  heat  being  greatly  modified  by  breezes  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

The  soil  of  the  eastern  section  is  mostly  red  clay,  with  a  good  subsoil 
and  adapted  to  cotton,  sugar-cane,  tobacco,  corn,  fruit  and  potatoes.  In 
the  western  section  the  soil  is  generally  sandy,  and  adapted  to  the  same 
crops,  except  tobacco.  The  average  yield  per  acre  under  ordinary  cul- 
ture is:  10  bushels  of  com;  seed  cotton,  400  to  500  pounds;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 50  to  75  bushels,  etc.  Under  good  culture  the  average  per  acre  is 
much  higher,  as  for  instance,  com,  20  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  200  bushels;  field  peas,  15  bushels;  ground  peas,  25  bushels; 
seed  cotton,  750  pounds;  sea-island  cotton,  400  pounds;  sugar-cane  sy- 
rup, 350  gallons;  Cuba  and  Sumarta  cigar  tobacco,  600  pounds.  Tlie 
.  grasses  and  all  the  forage  crops  grow  luxuriantly.  There  is  such  good 
pasturage  the  year  round  that  hay  is  not  made  in  all  parts  of  the  county. 
It  does  splendidly  where  it  is  cultivated.  Vegetables  of  all  kinds, 
fruits  and  berries  do  well;  5,000  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches  and  250  to 
plums.  There  are  22  dairy  farms,  and  the  Jersey  is  the  favorite  cow. 
During  the  short  time  in  winter  when  cattle  must  be  fed,  the  daily  ra- 
tion for  each  cow  costs  about  15  cents. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  10,363  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
28,961  pounds;  22,247  cattle,  5,101  milch-cows,  1,835  working  oxen, 
2,188  horses,  589  mules,  25,204  swine,  and  70,000  poultry  of  all  kinds. 
Among  the  farm  products  are  204,586  dozen  eggs,  6,632  pounds  of 
honey,  413,248  gallons  "of  milk,  75,000  pounds  of  butter  and  60  pounds 
of  cheese. 

Bainbridge,  the  county  site,  named  for  another  gallant  com- 
modore of  the  early  days  of  the  republic,  and  a  native  of 
JSTew  Jersey,  is  located  on  the  Flint  river  and  at  the  junc- 
tion of  two  railroads.  It  is  a  gTOwing,  prosperous  town,  with  an 
electric  light  plant,  an  ice  factory  and  two  banks,  whose  capital  aggre- 
gate $65,000.  The  Georgia  Pine  Railway  has  its  shops  here.  This  is  a 
good  point  for  shipping  goods  by  either  steamboat  or  rail.  The  popula- 
tion of  Bainbridge  by  the  census  of  1900  was  2,641  in  the  corporate 
limits,  or,  if  the  whole  Bainbridge  district  is  included,  3,669. 

Climax  is  another  thriving  town  at  the  junction  of  two  branches  of 
the  Plant  System. 

There  are  in  Decatur  county  a  buggy  factory,  novelty  works,  a  barrel 
factory,  four  large  saT^nnills,  eight  smaller  ones,  and  about  12  still  small- 
er scattered  through  the  county;  21  tui'pentine  stills,  and  nearly  100  grist 
mills,  large  and  small. 

A  company  has  been  formed  to  build  a  cotton  factory  at  Bainbridge. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  627 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  for 
1S99  was  4,551  bales  of  uphuid,  and  340  of  sca-isknd. 

The  shipments  of  cotton  from  this  county  and  vicinity  amount  to  near 
7,000  bales  annually,  about  3,000  of  which  are  shipped  from  Bainbridge. 
In  the  southern  section  of  the  county  tobacco  is  coming  to  the  front. 
There  are  also  heavy  shipments  of  sugar-cane  synip  from  Bainbridge 
and  Climax.  This  industry  is  rapidly  coming  to  the  foremost  place  in 
Decatur  and  other  counties  of  this  part  of  Georgia. 

The  timbers  of  this  county  are  pine,  cypress  and  a  variety  of  oaks. 
Schools  and  churches  abound  in  town  and  country.    There  is  an  aver- 
age attendance  of  1,9G7  pupils  in  the  78  white  schools,  and  1,821  in  the 
57  colored  schools. 

The  area  of  Decatur  county  is  1,010  square  miles  or  640,400  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  29,454,  a  gain  of  9,505  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$18,280.57. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  Acres  of 
improved  land,  650,150;  of  wild  laud,  37,448;  average  value  per  acre 
of  improved  land,  $2.14;  of  Avild  land,  $1,50;  city  property,  $567,176; 
gas  and  electric  light,  $10,260;  money;  etc.,  $436,309;  value  of  mer- 
chandise, $197,282;  shipping  and  tonnage,  $2,900;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$600;  cotton  manufactories,  $80,000;  household  furniture,  $219,835; 
farm  animals,  $389,993;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $88,149; 
w^atches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $20,055;  value  of  all  other  property,  $208,070; 
real  estate,  $2,020,721;  personal' estate,  $1,732,442;  aggregate  value  of 
w-hole,  $3,753,663. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  41,642; 
value,  $87,956;  city  property,  $52,000;  money,  etc.,  $549;  merchandise, 
$625;  household  furniture,  $31,190;  watches,  silver,  etc.,  $829;  farm 
animals,  $62,556;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $13,397;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $4,954;  aggregate  value  of  whole,  $263,191. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  icrease  of  $404,263  over  the  returns 
of  1900. 

The  tobacco  farm  of  A.  Cohen  &  Co.,  in  this  county,  is  of  extensive 
proportions.  This  company  owns  15,000  acres  in  the  county  and  nearly 
1,000  of  these  are  planted  in  tobacco.  In  order  to  produce  the  rare 
Sumatra  tobacco  which  brings  the  highest  price  in  the  market  nearly 
1,000,000  yards  of  canvas  are  used  to  cover  this  area.  Nearly  451,000 
pounds  of  tobacco  were  taken  from  the  farm  last  year,  and  the  ju-icos 
obtained  for  it  ranged  between  25  cents  and  $4  a  pound.  The  yield  va- 
ried from  800  to  1,400  pounds  to  the  acre. 

During  the  busy  season  1,500  people  are  employed  on  tliis  ]ilantation 
and  900  hands  are  regularly  employed  the  year  round;  2,000  people 
live  on  the  plantation.  Tlireo  storos  are  operated  for  tliom  wliich  sell 
to  none  but  tlio?,c  connected  with  tlie  fai-m.  The  morcliandise  account 
last  year  was  $60,000.  On  tlie  place  are  kept  1,260  cattle  wliicli  InrfHy 
enrich  the  soil. 

On  this  great  plantation  corn,  cotton  and  other  crops  are  raised. 


^28  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  soil  necessary  for  this  special  kind  of  tobacco  is  a  light  gi'aj,  free 
from  lime.  The  great  canvas  covering  is  spread  at  a  height  of  nine  feet 
and  remains  over  the  plants  during  the  entire  time  of  their  growth.  Un- 
der it  is  done  all  the  plowing  and  other  work.  Only  such  sunlight  as  gets 
through  this  canvas  reaches  the  plants  and  the  necessary  water  seeps 
through  it. 

It  has  been  proved  by  experiments  that  this  method  of  covering  the 
crop  makes  the  leaves  a  light  yellow  color,  imparts  to  them  a  sufficient 
degree  of  toughness  and  a  light,  thin  texture,  and  makes  the  most  highly 
prized  tobacco  .  It  is  used  chiefly  for  wrappers  for  fine  cigars. 

The  total  population  of  Decatur  county  in  1900  has  already  been 
stated  as  29,454,  an  increase  of  9,505  since  1890. 

Population  of  Decatur  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,895;  white  females,  6,781;  total  white, 
13,676;  colored  males,  7,869;  colored  females,  7,909;  total  colored, 
15,778. 

Population  of  Bainbridge  City  by  race  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  598;  whit©  females,  572;  total  white,  1,1'''0; 
colored  males,  656;  colored  females,  815;  total  colored,  1,471. 

Total  population  of  Bainbridge,  2,641. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  94  calves,  32  steers,  1  bull,  142  dairy  cows,  207  horses, 
29  mules,  22  donkeys,  218  swine,  26  goats. 

deKAlb  county. 

DeKalb  County  was  formed  in  1822  and  named  for  the  Baron  de 
Kalb,  who  died  for  the  liberties  of  America  at  the  battle  of  Camden, 
South  Carolina,  on  the  19th  of  August,  1780.  The  following  counties 
bound  it:  Milton  on  the  north,  Gwinnett  on  the  east  and  northeast, 
Rockdale  on  the  southeast,  Rockdale,  Henry  and  Clayton  on  the  south, 
and  Fulton  on  the  west  The  Chattahoochee  river  runs  along  its  north- 
em  boundary.  South  river  and  its  tributaries  water  the  central  and 
southern  parts  of  the  county  and  Yellow  river  runs  across  its  eastern 

angle. 

The  western  border  of  the  county  is  so  close  to  the  city  of  Atlanta  that 
the  people  of  DeKalb  enjoy  all  the  benefits  that  accme  to  those  living 
in  the  neighborhood  of  a  great  city. 

Three  great  railroad  lines,  traversing  the  county  in  different  directions, 
center  in  Atlanta.  All  those  living  on  the  lines  of  these  different  roads 
have  superior  advantages  for  tmcking,  fruit-growing  and  dairying. 

Decatur,  the  county  site,  is  only  six  miles  from  the  union  depot  in  At- 
lanta. Three  lines  of  electric  railway  and  the  Georgia  railroad  afford 
constant  and  rapid  communication  between  the  town  and  city,^  and  all 
the  intervening  country  is  thickly  settled.  Many  who  have  their  homes 
in  Decatur  or  along  the  different  lines  mnning  from  that  point  into  the 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  631 

city,  transact  their  business  in  Atlanta.  The  new  court-house  at  De- 
catur, just  completed,  is  a  handsome  structure,  built  at  a  cost  of  $GO,000. 
The  Agnes  Scott  Institute  for  joung  ladies,  whose  handsome  building 
shows  to  great  advantage,  is  one  of  those  excellent  schools  for  girls,  for 
which  Georgia  is  so  noted.  The  Xorth  Georgia  Orphans'  Home  is  also 
located  at  Decatur. 

At  Ingleside,  a  few  miles  from  Decatur,  is  the  cotton-mill  of  the 
Scottdale  Manufacturing  Company.  Several  fertilizer  factories  are 
located  in  this  county,  and  one  of  them  is  of  mammoth  proportions. 

The  Decatur  militia  district,  which  includes  the  town  and  the  adjacent 
thickly  settled  territory,  contains,  4,3G0  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,418  live 
in  the  town. 

Stone  Mountain,  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  about  ten  miles  northeast 
of  Decatur,  derives  its  name  from  the  mountain  of  gi-anite  which  rises  to 
about  1,500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  and  900  feet  above  the  sur- 
rounding country.  The  Stone  Mountain  district  has  1,55G  inhabitants, 
835  of  whom  live  in  the  town. 

Lithonia,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county,  is  also  on  the  Georgia 
Railroad.  There  are  in  the  Lithonia  district  2,5-18  inhabitants,  of  whom 
1,208  live  in  the  town. 

The  quarries  of  granite  and  gneiss  at  and  near  Stone  Mountain  and 
Lithonia  are  sources  of  great  profit  to  the  people  of  this  section  of  Geor- 
gia- ^ 

The  timbers  of  DeKalb  county  are  the  various  hardwoods  and  some 
pine,  the  same  as  in  other  counties  of  the  crystalline  belt  of  Georgia. 

The  average  yield  of  the  lands  to  the  acre  is:  seed  cotton,  600  to  YOG 
pounds;  corn,  10  to  12  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  wheat  and  rye,  10 
bushels  each;  L-ish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels  each;  crab-grass  hay, 
3,000  pounds. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900,  there  were  ginned  6,981  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  DeKalb 
county. 

The  public  schools  number  Y2,  and  have  an  enrollment  of  2,750  pupils 
in  the  55  schools  for  whites  and  1,500  in  the  17  schools  for  negroes. 

There  are  several  fine  dairy  farms  in  DeKalb  county,  on  which  are 
more  than  300  milcli-cows,  the  Jersey  being  tlie  favorite. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  this  county  290  sliecp,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  482  pounds;  5,916  cattle,  of  which  170  were  working  oxen 
and  2,841  milch-cows.  Of  the  cows  195  were  pnre-brod,  recorded,  and 
1,177  were  graded  as  one  half  bk>od  or  higher.  Tliore  wore  al>;o  1,043 
horses,  1,465  mules,  2  donkeys,  5,746  swine  and  74,482  domestic  fowls 
of  all  kinds.  Among  the  farm  products  were  1,167,319  gallons  of  milk, 
331,022  pounds  of  butter,  167,848  dozens  of  eggs  and  21,294  pounds  of 
honey. 

The  public  school  fund  of  DeKalb  county  is  $1 1,256.25. 
The  area  of  the  county  is  271  square  miles,  or  173,440  acres.     Tlie 
nopulatinn,  by  the  census  of  1900,  was  21,112,  a  gain  of  3,923  since 
1890. 

20  ga 


632  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

The  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  gives  the  following  retumc 
of  propei-ty:  Acres  of  improved  lajid,  165,990;  average  value  per  acre, 
$1.73;  value  of  city  or  town  property,  $844,574;  merchandise,  $136,615; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $428,247;  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$215,017;  farm  and  other  animals,  $215,533;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $62,382;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $17,691;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $59,442;  real  estate,  $3,773,088;  personal  estate,  $1,231,101.  Ag- 
gregate value  of  whole  property,  $5,004,189. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers :  number  of  acres  of  land, 
1,979;  value  of  land,  $29,859;  city  or  town  property,  $30,750;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $200,00;  merchandise,  $10.00;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $9,628;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $159.00;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $9,449;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,918;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $144.00.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $82,117. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $4,219  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  DeKalb  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  Avhite  males,  6,991;  white  females,  7,077;  total  white, 
14,068;  colored  males,  3,541;  colored  females,  3,503;  total  colored, 
7,044. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  105  calves,  15  steers,  8  bulls,  312  dairy  cows,  198  horses, 
83  mules,  3  donkeys,  6  sheep,  452  swine,  10  goats. 

DODGE  COUNTY. 

Dodge  Counby  was  cut  off  from  Telfair,  Pulaski  and  Montgomery  in 
1871,  and  named  in  honor  of  William  E.  Dodge  of  New  York,  who  had 
made  very  liberal  investments  in  that  section.  It  is  bounded  by  the  fol- 
lowing counties:  Pulaski  on  the  north  and  northwest,  Laurens  on  the 
northeast,  Montgomery  and  Telfair  on  the  southeast  and  south,  Wilcox 
and  Pulaski  on  the  southwest  and  west.  The  Ocmulgee  river  runs  along 
its  western  and  southwestern  border.  Little  Ocmulgee,  a  tributary  of  the 
Ocmulgee,  runs  through  the  county.  The  county  is  also  watered  by  Cyp- 
ress, Crooked,  Sugar  and  Turnpike  creeks.  ' 

Eastman,  the  county  seat,  is  on  the  Southern  Railway  at  a  point  which 
was  selected  for  a  depot  and  station  in  1871.  It  is  a  flourishing  little 
city  containing  1,235  people,  and  is  blessed  with  a  splendid  supply  of  pure 
water  from  Artesian  wells.  The  water  is  distributed  in  mains  on  the 
various  streets  and  supplied  to  the  houses  just  as  in  large  cities.  It  also 
boasts  an  amplefire  department.  Its  export  trade  reaches  $2,000,000. 
These  exports  are  10,000  bales  of  cotton,  5,000  car-loads  of  lumber,  pota- 
toes, peas,  peanuts,  cane  syrup,  cattle,  wool,  chickens  and  vegetables. 

Just  outside  of  Eastman  is  a  large  saw  and  lumber  mill,  and  ten  miles 
below  it  is  another,  which  does  most  of  its  business  through  the  banks 
of  Eastman,  of  which  there  are  two,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $50,000. 

Eastman  has  a  splendid  public  school  system,  and  churches  of  the 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  633 

leading  denominations.  The  public  schools  of  the  county  are  flourishing. 
In  the  -io  schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  1,30G,  and 
in  the  20  for  negroes,  an  average  attendance  of  U32.  It  has  also  a  large 
furniture  factory,  and  at  Cox,  just  below  the  city,  is  the  Colville  Crate 
factory. 

This  enterprising  little  city  was  named  in  honor  of  of  William  Pitt 
Eastman  of  ^ew  York,  one  of  the  most  tireless  promoters  of  its  interests. 

The  lands  along  the  Ocmulgee,  Little  Ocmulgee  and  their  various 
tributaries,  are  very  productive.    Their  average  yield  per  acre  is:  corn, 

15  bushels;  oats,  10  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels,  rye,  10  bushels,  sweet 
potatoes,  100  bushels;  tield-peas,  8  to  10  bushels;  groimd-peas,  30 
bushels;  seed  cotton,  upland,  from  500  to  1,100  pounds;  sea-island, 
350  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  to  3,000  pounds;  corn  forage,  2,000 
pounds;  German  millet,  4,000  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  350  gallons. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  the  production  of  cot- 
ton in  1899  was  10,729  bales  (upland). 

The  lands  of  the  coimty  are  especially  valuable  on  account  of  the  fine 
timber  which  is  sawed  into  lumber  and  sent  to  the  markets.  The  naval 
stores  obtained  from  the  same  source  are  of  great  value.  All  the  enter- 
prises of  the  county  are  prosperous,  and  the  population  is  increasing 
rapidly.  The  winter  climate  is  delightful.  Eastman,  though  consider- 
ably below  the  Middle  Georgia  belt,  is  356  feet  above  sea  level.  The 
thermometer  in  Dodge  county  has  never  been  known  to  register  100, 
and  sunstrokes  are  unheard  of  here. 

By  the  census  of  1890  Dodge  county  had  11,500  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  24,634  pounds;  7,366  cattle,  434  working  oxen,  2,525  milch-cows 
with  a  production  of  3,980  pounds  of  butter  and  172,435  gallons  of  milk; 
600  horses,  640  mules,  12,000  swine,  32,000  poultry^ producing  46,000 
dozen  eggs.     The  production  of  honey  is  small,  only  550  pounds. 

Area  of  Dodge  county  is  495  square  miles,  or  316,800  acres.  Popula- 
tion in  1900,  13,975;  school  fund,  $10,083.52. 

By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  233,234;  of  wild  land,  112,828^  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.66;  of  wild  land,  $1.23;  city  property,  $208,663; 
shares  in  bank,  $44,718;  gas  and  electric  light  companies,  $10,000; 
money,  etc.,  $152,093;  merchandise,  $64,117;  cotton  manufactories, 
$3,500;  value  of  household  furniture,  $87,170;  farm  and  otluM-  aniinals, 
$193,118;  plantation  and  mechaaiical  tools,  $93,859;  wmtches  and  jew- 
elrv,  $5,366;  value  of  all  other  property,  $81,773;  real  estate,  $967,601; 
personal  eetate,  $676,723.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  propei-ty,  $1,644,- 

324. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 

16  914;  value  of  land,  $45,017;  city  or  town  property,  $6,668;  value  of 
merchandise,  $472.00;  monev  and  solvent  debts,  $779.00;  household  and 
kitchen  fnrnitnre,  $9,405;  watches,  jewelrv,  etc.,  $271.00;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $23,124;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,069;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $917.00,  Aggregate  valne  of  whole  property, 
$90,824. 


g34  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  over  the  returns  of  1900, 
amounting  to  $107,186  in  the  value  of  all  property. 

Population  of  Dodge  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,193;  white  females,  4,077;  total  white,  8,270; 
colored  males,  2,928;  colored  females,  2,777;  total  colored,  5,705. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges^ 
June  1,  1900:  69  calves,  48  steers,  150  dairy  cows,  67  horses,  27  mules, 
296  sheep,  680  swine,  13  goats. 

DOOLY  COUi^TY. 

Dooly  County  was  described  in  the  lottery  act  of  1821.  Part  of  it  was 
added  to  Pulaski  in  1826,  and  a  part  to  Lee  in  1827.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Colonel  John  Dooly,  a  gallant  Georgia  leader  in  the  Revolution, 
who  was  murdered  by  the  Tories  in  his  own  house  and  in  the  presence 
of  his  family  in  1780.  The  following  counties  bound  it;  Houston  and 
Macon  on  the  north,  Pulaski  and  Wilcox  on  the  east.  Worth  on  the 
south,  Lee,  Sumter  and  Macon  on  the  west.  The  Flint  river  runs  along 
its  western  border.  Hogscrawl,  Lampkin's,  Pennahatchee,  Gum,  Swift 
.  and  Cypress  creeks  also  water  the  county.  The  river  and  creeks  supply 
abundance  of  fish.  1 

The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  but  red  in  the  upper  part  of  the  county. 
With  good  culture  these  lands  will  yi-eld  by  the  acre:  seed  cotton,  800 
pounds;  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  Irish  pota- 
toes, 100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  225  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels; 
ground-peas,  30  bushels;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons;  crab-grass  hay, 
1,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  300  pounds. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900  this  county  ginned  in  1899  the 
amount  of  18,573  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

ITot  only  are  the  pine  lands  fertile,  but  the  timber  is  very  valuable, 
the  annual  output  being  about  150,000,000  feet,  valued  at  $1,350,000. 
There  are  six  large  sawmills  with  a  total  valuation  of  $400,000. 

Vienna,  the  county  site,  is  largely  engaged  in  the  lumber  business. 
So  also  is  Cordele,  where  there  is  also  a  cotton  factory  with  a  capital  of 
$60,000  or  $80,000.  Both  these  thriving  towns  are  located  on  the  Geor- 
gia Southern  and  Florida  Eailroad.  Through  Cordele  also  passes  the 
Georgia  Alabama  Eailroad  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system.  The 
Albany  and  ISTorthern  is  another  railroad  connection  of  Cordele.  This 
town  has  a  fine  water-works  system  and  an  ice  plant.  The  population  of 
Cordele  by  the  census  of  1900  is  3,473. 

Dooly  county  has  five  banks,  of  which  there  are  three  at  Cordele  and 
two  at  Vienna.  It  has  two  foundries,  a  sash,  door  and  blind  factory,  six 
turpentine  distilleries,  a  large  guano  plant  where  acid  phosphate  is  made, 
several  fire  and  life  insurance  agencies.  All  the  manufactories  of  the 
county  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  about  $600,000. 

There  are  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian  and  Episcopal  churches, 
several  private  schools  and  a  fine  system  of  public  schools,  the  latter  hav- 
ing 52  schools  for  whites,  with  an  average  attendance  of  1,634  pupils,, 
and  36  for  colored,   with  an  average  attendance  of  1,421. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  635 

The  cotton  receipts  and  sliipments  for  the  entire  county  are  25,000 
bale*,  of  which  Cordele  handles  about  20,000. 

In  ISyO  there  were  iu  the  county  S,U19  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
16,576  pounds,  8,498  cattle,  2,379  milch  cows,  228  working  oxen,  906 
hoi-ses,  1,882  mules,  20,781  swine,  62,000  poultry  of  all  kmds. 

Among  the  products  are  53,000  pounds  of  butter,  G5,U00  dozen 
:eggs,  6,000  pounds  of  honey,  and  large  quantities  of  fine  syrup  made  for 
the  market  and  for  home  consumption.  There  are  fom-  dairy  farms. 
Jerseys  are  preferred  for  butter  and  Holsteins  for  milk. 

The  area  of  Dooly  county  is  710  square  miles,  or  454,100  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  26,507,  a  gain  of  8,421  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$16,728.28.  ;*^! 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  343,618;  of  wild  land,  91,950;  value  per  acre  of  improved 
land,  $3.41;  of  wild  land,  $1.38;  city  property,  $588,614;  bank  stock, 
$80,000;  money,  etc.,  $407,221;  value  of  merchandise,  $204,192; 
iron  works,  $12,^700;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $193,398;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $326,683;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $71,386; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $10,965;  value  of  all  other  property,  $175,155; 
real  estate,  $1,889,884;  personal  estate,  $1,500,134.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $3,390,018. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
10,573;  value  of  land,  $30,248;  city  or  town  property,  $33,661;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $1,175;  merchandise,  $2,965;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $19,300;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $256.00;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $26,627;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $6,380;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $1,548.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $122,160. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  the  returns  for  1900,  amounting  to  $311,572. 

Population  of  Dooly  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,"  6,042  ;'^ white  females,  5,841;  total  white,  11,883; 
colored  males,  7,505.;  colored  females,  7,179;  total  colored,  14,684. 

Population  of  Cordele  City  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:    white  males,    731;  white   females,  769;    total  white,  1,500; 
colored  males,  947;  colored  females,  1,026;  total  colored,  1,973. 
Total  population  of  Cordele  3,473. 

Domestic  animals  of  Doolv  county  in  bams  and  inclosurcs,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  153  calves,  78  steers,  1  bull,  260  dairy 
cows,  190  horses,  28  mules,  516  swine,  5  goats. 

DOUGHERTY  COUNTY. 

Douglierly  County  was  formed  out  of  Baker  in  1854,  and  was  named 
for  Charles  Dougherty  of  Athens,  Georgia,  one  of  the  most  noted  men 
of  the  State.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Terrell  and  Ivce 
on  the  north.  Worth  on  tlie  oast,  ]iakcr  and  ^litcholl  on  the  smith,  and 
Oalhoun  on  the  west.  The  Flint  river  flows  through  tlic  ^eastern  part 
of  the  county,  and  into  it  in  the  northern  part  empties  Kiuchafoonee 


636 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDbiSTRIAL. 


creek.    Along  its  western  border  flows  Chickasawliachee  creek.     Tliese 
streams  and  their  tributaries  abound  in  fish. 

The  Brunswick  and  Western,  and  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western, 
both  of  the  Plant  System,  the  Georgia  Alabama  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line 
system,  the  Central  of  Georgia  and  Albany  and  isTorthern,  give  to  the 
county  abundant  facilities  for  travel  and  freight,  while  the  Flint  river 
gives  a  splendid  water  transportation. 

Albany,  the  county  site,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Flint  river, 
is  at  the  intersection  of  all  these  railroads,  and  hence  has  the  very^  best 
of  facilities  for  trade.    It  is  a  growing  city,  having  in  its  corporate  limits 
4,60G     inhabitants,     or,     including     its     immediate     suburbs,     8,139, 
nearly  double  the  population  which  appears  in  the  census  return.    It  has 
four  banks,  gas  and  electric  lights,  an  artesian  water-works  plant,  two 
good  hotels,  churches  of  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episco- 
palians and  Roman  Catholics,  a  Jewish  synagogue,  an  excellent  high 
school,  a  fine  public  school  system  and  a  Normal  scho-ol  for  negroes. 
Steamers  ply  regularly  between  Albany  and  Bainbridge. 
The  public  roads  leading  from  every  part  of  the  county  into  Albany 
are  well  graded  and  in  good  condition.     The  wagon  trade  is  large,  the 
'  receipts  of  cotton  at  the  warehouses  by  this  method  of  conveyance  being 
35,000  bales.    The  railroads  bring  50,000.    Albany  has  two  large  brick- 
yards, two  cotton  compresses,  two  fertilizer  factories,  a  cotton  seed  oil- 
mill,  valued  at  $40,000,  a  canning  factory  with  a  capacity  of  10,000 
cans  a  day,  and  this  city  claims  the  largest,  grocery  house  in  Southwest 
Georgia.    The  streets  are  wide  and  well-kept,  lined  with  handsome  stores 
and  pretty  residences.     The  court-house  cost  $30,000.     Few  cities  of  its 
size  have  so  many  symmetrical  buildings. 

The  first  house  was  built  in  1836  by  Colonel  Nelson  Tift.  The  site 
of  the  city  was  at  one  time  considered  unhealthy  and  this  retarded  its 
growth.  But  the  introduction  of  artesian  wells  has  made  it  a  healthy 
and  desirable  location.  Hence  its  steady  growth  in  recent  years.  The 
rich  agricultural  and  fruit  section  surrounding  it  give  it  great  advantages. 
Albany  hay-day  carnival  has  become  an  attractive  occasion  to  the  peo- 
ple of  city  and  country.  The  great  abundance  of  good  native  grasses,  es- 
pecially of  the  crab  and  crowfoot  varieties,  afford  opportunities  for  ex- 
cellent hay,  and  the  farmers  of  this  section  produce  it  in  large  quantities. 
Egyptian  corn,  German  millet  and  sorghum  forage  are  cultivated  with 
great  success. 

Dougherty  county  has  some  of  the  most  productive  lands  in  Georgia. 
Under  skillful  farming  the  lands  will  yield  to  the  acre:  seed  cotton,  1,500 
pounds;  corn,  20  to  30  bushels;  wheat,  30  to  40  bushels;  oats,  30  to  40 
bushels;  upland  rice,  50  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 200  bushels,  and  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  to  600  gallons.     There  are 
in  the  county  three  vineyards  producing  the  best  varieties  of  grapes. 
Melons,  peaches,  pears,  and  all  varieties  of  vegetables  do  well. 
The  county  is  well  timbered  and  has  an  annual  output  of  1,000,000 
superficial  feet.    There  are  three  large  sa^vmills  valued  at  $40,000. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  Dougherty  county 


c 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  639 

ginned  in  ISUU,   12,493  bales  of  uplaaid  and  342   bales  of  sea-island 
cotton. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  IS 'JO  there  were  2,672  cattle,  972 
milch-cows,  146  working  oxen,  4,110  hogs,  14,215  poultry'  of  all  kinds; 
36b  horses,  1,318  nudes  and  1  donkey.  Among  the  farm  productions  are 
94,810  gallons  of  milk,  6,933  pounds  of  butter,  851  pounds  of  honey  and 
31,651  dozens  of  eggs. 

The  area  of  Dougherty  county  is  339  square  miles,  or  216,960  acres. 
The  population  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  is  13,679,  an  in- 
crease of  1,473  since  1890.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Commission- 
er of  Education  the  school  fund  is  $8,656.82. 

In  the  6  schools  for  whites  tliere  is  an  average  attendance  of  276  pupils, 
while  24  schools  for  negroes  show  an  average  attendance  of  1,110. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  there 
are:  acres  of  improved  land,  201,898;  of  wild  land,  6,000;  average  value 
per  acre  of  improved  land,  $4.19;  of  wild  land,  $1.69;  city  or  to\vn  prop- 
ertv,  $1,317,582;  shares  in  bank,  $165,500;  building  and  loan  associa- 
tions, $46,070;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $382,439;  value  of  merchan- 
dise, $252,282;  stocks  and  bonds,  $4,600;  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $176,812;  farm  and  other  animals,  $100,597;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $21,483;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $28,582;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $234,849;  real  estate,  $2,172,695;  personal  estate, 
$1,532,186.    AggTegate  value  of  all  property,  $3,704,881. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s:  number  of  acres  of  land,  10,- 
385;  value  of  land,  $64,871;  city  or  town  property,  $53,945;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $2,412;  value  of  merchandise,  $5,677;  household  and 
kitchen  furniture,  $45,043;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $485.00;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $25,827;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $5,112;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $2,746.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$239,393. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  in  the  value  of  all  property  over 
the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $64,927. 

Population  of  Dougherty  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900;  white  males,  1,238;  wbite  females,  1,213;  total  white, 
2,451;  colored  males,  5,437;  colored  females,  5,791;  total  colored. 
11,228. 

Population  of  Albany  City  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tlie  census 
1900:  white  males,  84l";  white  females,  862;  total  white,  1,703;  colored 
male*,  1,268;  colored  females,  1,635;  total  colored,  2,903. 

Total  population  of  Albany,  4,606. 

Dome-tic  animals  in  Dougherty  county  in  burns  and  inclosures,  not 
on  farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  21  calves.  111  dairy  cows,  164  horses, 
13  mules,  25  swine,  7  goats. 


g40  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY. 

Douglas  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas 
of  Illinois,  United  States  Senator,  and  a  zealous  champion  of  the 
constitutional  rights  of  the  Southern  States.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  following  counties:  Cobb  and  Paulding  on  the  north,  Campbell 
on  the  east  and  southeast,  Carroll  on  the  south  and  west.  The 
Chattahoochee  rivei-  runs  along  its  eastern  and  southeastern  border  and 
together  with  some  tributary  creeks  aifords  abundance  of  fish. 

The  Southern  Eailway  traverses  the  northern  section  of  the  county. 
On  this  is  located  Douglasville,  the  county  site,  a  thriving  town  with  a 
State  bank  having  a  paid  in  capital  of  $25,000.  Here  is  located  a  flour- 
ishing school,  known  as  the  Douglasville  College,  connected  with  the 
public  school  system  of  the  county.  Salt  (or  Lithia)  Springs,  on  the  same 
road,  noted  for  its  health-bestowing  waters,  is  a  favorite  resort,  both 
Bimimer  and  winter.  This  is  a  healthy  county  with  a  good  soil  and  an 
industrious,  moral  and  hospitable  people.  It  is  also  blessed  with  good 
schools  and  churches. 

With  fair  tillage  the  land  will  produce  to  the  acre  600  or  700  pounds 
of  seed  cotton,  12  bushels  of  corn,  20  of  oats,  10  of  wheat,  10  of  rye,  100 
of  Irish  potatoes,  75  of  sweet  potatoes,  10  of  field-peas,  15  of  ground- 
peas,  2,000  pounds  of  crab-grass  hay,  300  pounds  of  com  fodder  and  150 
gallons  of  sorghum  syrup.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of 
1900  during  the  season  of  1899-1900  there  were  ginned  8,091  bales  of 
upland  cotton. 

In  1890  there  were  658  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,113  pounds,  3,452 
cattle,  1,379  milch-cows,  232  working  oxen,  308  horses,  922  mules,  1 
donkey,  4,446  swine  and  64,381  poultry  of  all  kinds. 

The  county  produced  518,669  gallons  of  milk,  162,627  pounds  of  but- 
ter, 93,299  dozens  of  eggs  and  12,922  pounds  of  honey. 

The  forest  growth  of  Douglas  county  consists  in  the  main  of  hard- 
woods, such  as  the  various  kinds  of  oaks,  hickory,  chestnut,  gum,  birch, 
maple  and  some  pine. 

The  area  of  Douglas  county  is  212  square  miles  or  135,680  acres. 
Its  population  in  1900  was  8,745,  a  gain  of  951  since  1890. 

The  public  school  system  of  the  county  embraces  45  schools,  with  an 
average  daily  attendance  of  1,312  pupils  in  the  34  schools  for  whites  and 
338  in  the  11  schools  for  negroes.  The  report  of  the  State  School  Com- 
missioner, issued  in  1900,  states  the  school  fund  of  Douglas  county  to 
be  $6,035.71. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  gives  the  following 
items:  acres  of  improved  land,  121,499;  of  wild  land,  1,323;  average 
value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $5.66;  of  wild  land,  $1.60;  value  of 
city  or  town  property,  $127,641;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,289;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $62,283;  value  of  merchandise,  $18,925;  invested  in  cot- 
ton factories,  $600.00;  iron  works,  $200.00;  household  and  kitchen  fur- 
niture, $45,632;  farm  and  other  animals,  $89,366;  plantation  and  me- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  641 

chanical  tools,  $24,963;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,049;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $21,110;  real  estate,  $816,022;  personal  estate,  $276,074. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,092,096. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
4,988;  value  of  land,  $20,395;  city  or  town  property,  $4,491;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $94.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $4,345;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $136.00;  farm  and  other  animals,  $7,970;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $1,356;  value  of  all  other  property,  $253.00.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $40,374. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  over  the  returns  of  1900  in  the 
value  of  all  property,  amounting  to  $53,947.  The  Douglasville  district 
has  2,176  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,140  live  in  the  town  of  Douglasville, 

Salt  Springs  district  contains  a  popidation  of  1,200,  of  whom  330  live 
in  the  to-^Ti  of  Lithia  Springs. 

Population  of  Douglas  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,269;  white  females,  3,321;  total  white, 
6,590;  colored  males,  1,097;  colored  females,  1,058;  total  colored,  2,155. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosnres,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  31  calves,  1  bull,  72  dairy  cows,  29  horses,  8  mules,  71 
swine,  1  goat. 

EARLY  COUIs^TY. 

Early  County  was  laid  out  in  1818,  a  part  set  off  to  Decatur  in  1823 
and  a  part  to  Baker  in  1825.  In  this  latter  year  it  was  organized  and 
named  after  Governor  Peter  Early,  who  came  from  Virginia  to  Georgia 
in  1795,  and  rose  rapidly  from  one  office  to  another  until  he  became 
Governor  of  the  State  in  1813.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Clay  and 
Calhoun  counties,  on  the  east  by  Baker  and  Miller,  on  the  south  by 
Miller  and  Decatur,  and  west  by  the  State  of  Alabama,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  river.  It  is  watered 
by  Spring,  Colomokee,  Ilarrods,  and  Sowhatchee  creeks.  The 
uplands  are  gray  and  sandy,  with  a  yellow  sand  sub-soil.  On  the  streams 
are  rich  hummock  lands.  The  surface  is  level  or  slightly  rolling.  The 
yield  per  acre  is  about  as  follows:  in  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  15  bushels; 
sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels,  field-peas,  12  bushels;  ground-peas,  50  bush- 
els; upland  seed  cotton,  600  to  700  pounds;  com  fodder,  200  pounds; 
sugar-cane  symp,  250  gallons;  rice,  800  pounds.  According  to  the 
United  States  census  of  1900,  during  the  season  of  1899-1900  there  were 
ginned  6,302  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  7,054  sheop,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
14,493  pounds,  8,353  cattle,  2,054  milch-cows,  375  working  oxen,  894 
liorses,  751  mules,  13,090  swine  and  15,760  of  all  kinds  of  poultry. 
Some  of  the  farm  products  were  8,760  pounds  of  honey,  197,710  gal- 
lons of  milk,  9,200  pounds  of  butter,  a-nd  34,705  dozens  of  o^ff^. 

The  streams  abound  i-n  fi.sh,  and  the  woods  in  game,  such  as  quail,  tur- 
kevs,  doves,  squirrels,  rabbits,  raccoons  and  ojipossums. 

The  timber  products  are  extensive;  yellow  pine  lumber,  cypress  shing- 


g42  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

ies  and  hardwoods,  walnut  and  red  cedar.  There  are  13  steam  sawmills 
with  an  output  of  about  $60,000  annually.  There  are  also  seven  grist- 
mills run  bj  water.  There  are  two  planing-mills  making  sashes,  doors 
and  blinds,  and  five  turpentine  distilleries.  There  are  good  horse-powers 
on  the  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee  and  the  Flint. 

The  usual  public  schools  prevail,  supplemented  by  some  private  schools. 
Blakely  Institute,  ran  in  connection  with  the  public  schools,  is  noted  in 
that  section  of  the  State.  In  the  public  school  system  are  26  schools  foir 
whites,  with  an  average  attendance  of  910  pupils,  and  22  for  colored 
with  an  average  attendance  of  791. 

The  Methodists  and  Bapt^ists  have  the  greatest  number  of  churches 
and  members.     There  arei  also  some  Presbyterians. 

The  Central  and  Georgia  Pine  Railroads  give  facilities  for  freight  and 
travel,  as  does  also  the  Chattahoochee  river,  on  which  are  several  land- 
ings, and  whose  steamboats  carry  on  a  considerable  traffic  summer  and 
winter.  The  home  markets  of  the  county  are  Arlington,  Damascus, 
Cedar  Springs,  Hilton  and  Blakely,  the  county  site,  which,  from  its  po- 
sition on  the  Central  Railroad,  does  a  thriving  business.  Here  there  is 
a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Of  the  11,000  bales  received  and 
shipped  in  the  county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900,  Blakely  handled 
7,000.  The  Blakely  district  has  3,274  inhabitants,  804  of  whom  live 
in  the  town  of  Blakely. 

This  is  a  good  county,  and  healthy,  especially  on  the  pine  ridges. 
Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  fruit.  There  are  15,000  peach-trees, 
2,000  pear-trees  and  1,000  apple-trees. 

Six  miles  north  of  Blakely  on  Little  Colomokee  creek  are  some  In- 
dian mounds.  One  of  these  is  said  to  be  the  largest  in  America.  It  is 
seventy  feet  in  height  and  600  feet  in  circumference. 

Area  of  Early  county,  503  square  miles  or  321,920  acres.  Population 
of  Early  county  in  1900,  14,828;  school  fund,  $9,066.57. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
piioved  land,  318,998;  of  wild  land,  3,362;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $2.61;  of  wild  land,  $1.82;  city  or  to\vn  property,  $182,- 
980;  shares  in  bank,  $50,000;  money,  etc.,  $187,475;  merchandise, 
$70,660;  cotton  maufactories,  $6,250;  household  and  kitchen  fur- 
niture, $103,980;  farm  and  other  animals,  $218,800;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $40,290;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,690; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $174,340;  real  estate,  $1,024,165;  personal 
estate,  $890,515.     Aggi'egate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,914,680. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
19,144;  value  of  land,  $62,630;  city  or  town  property,  $8,740;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $720.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $24,420; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc,  $100.00;  farm  and  other  animals,  $42,245;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $8,035;  value  of  all  other  property,  $3,180. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $150,070. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  over  the  returns  of  1900 
in  the  value  of  all  property  amounting  to  $204,670. 

Population  of  Early  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  lyOUSTRIAL.  643 

of  1900:    white  males,  2,938;  white  females,  2,925;  total  white,  5,863; 
colored  males,  4,564;  colored  females,  4,401;  total  colored,  8,965. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosiircs,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  no  report. 

ECHOLS  COUNTY., 

Echoh  County  was  laid  out  from  Clinch  and  Lowndes  in  1858,  and 
was  named  for  Colonel  Kobert  M.  Echols  of  AValton  county,  president  of 
the  Senate  of  Georgia,  and  afterwards  Colonel  of  a  Georgia  regimcui 
in  the  war  with  Mexico,  in  which  country  he  died.  Echols  is  bounded 
by  Clinch  and  Lowndes  counties  on  the  north,  by  Clinch  on  the  north- 
east imd  east,  by  the  State  of  Florida  mi  the  south,  and  by  Lowmles 
county  on  the  west.  The  Suwannee  river  with  its  tributaries,  Tonid  creek 
and  the  east  and  west  forks  of  Suwanoochee  creek  in  the  east,  and  the 
Allapaha  river,  and  tributary  creeks  in  the  center  and  west  water  the 
county  and  give  it  an  abundant  supply  of  fish. 

The  county  is  well  timbered  and  the  sawmills  do  a  good  business  pre- 
paring the  limiber  for  market.  Rosin  and  tui-pentine  are  shipped  in 
large  quantities.  Game,  such  as  quail  and  wild  turkeys  abound  in  the 
woods. 

Statenville,  the  county  seat,  is  located  on  the  Allapaha  river.  Staten- 
ville  station  is  on  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western  Eailway.  The 
Atlantic,  Yaldoeta  and  Western  Railway  also  traverses  this  county. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890  there  were  893  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  1,455  pounds;  4,325  cattle,  43  working  oxen,  1,600  milch-cows 
with  a  product  of  5,204  pounds  of  butter  and  49,865  gallons  of  milk; 
215  horses,  287  mules,  6,136  swine,  13,944  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  pro- 
ducing 7,973  dozens  of  eggs.  There  were  also  produced  6,503  pounds 
of  honey  and  374  pounds  of  cheese. 

The  lands,  climate  and  soil  are  about  the  same  as  in  adjoining  counties. 
Tlie  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  seed  cotton,  600  to 
700  pounds;  com,  from  12  to  20  bushels;  rice,  40  bushels;  sugar-cane, 
from  300  to  500  gallons  of  syrup. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  795  bales  of  sea-island  cot- 
ton. 

There  are  3  3  public  schools  in  Echols  county,  and  the  daily  average 
attendance  is  209  pupils  in  the  10  schools  for  whites,  and  53  in  the  3 
schools  for  negroes.  According  to  the  report  of  the  State  School  Com- 
missioner for  1900,  the  school  fund  for  Echols  is  $1,998.89. 

The  area  of  Echols  county  is  365  square  miles,  or  233,600  acres.  The 
population  by  the  census  of  1900  is  3,209. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  gives  the  following 
items:  acres  of  improved  land,  119,665;  of  wild  land,  318,538  (evidently 
a  mistake,  if  the  statement  of  the  T'^nited  States  Census  Bureau  about  the 
area  of  the  county  is  correct);  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land, 
$1.12;  of  wild  land,  $0.23;  city  or  town  propei-ty,  $2,127;  money  and 


644  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

solvent  debts,  $29,Y81;  merchandise,  $6,351;  cotton  manufactories,  $30,- 
800;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $21,080;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$74,887;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $12,694;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $2,005;  value  of  all  other  property,  $31,975;  real  estate,  $210,504; 
personal  estate,  $209,273.  Aarerreeate  value  of  whole  property, 
$419,777. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
2,930;  value  of  land,  $2,565;  city  or  town  property,  $75.00;  household 
and  kitchen  furniture,  $2,069;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $152.00;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $3,654;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $557.00;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $318.00.  Aggregate  value  of  all  property, 
$9,413. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
of  $779  over  the  returns  for  1900. 

Population  of  Echols  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,190;  white  females,  1,028;  total  white,  2,218; 
colored  males,  604;  colored  females,  387;  total  colored,  991. 

There  is  no  report  of  the  number  of  domestic  animals  in  bams  and  ia- 
closures.  i! 

EFFmGHAM  COUNTY. 

Effingham  County  formerly  constituted  a  part  of  the  parishes  of  St. 
Matthew  and  St.  Philip,  which  were  formed  in  1758.  In  1777,  during 
the  war  for  American  independence,  it  was  laid  off  as  a  county  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Effingham,  an  ardent  supporter  of  colonial 
rights.  A  part  of  this  county  was  added  to  Screven  in  1793  and  a  part 
to  Bryan  in  1794.  It  is  bounded  by  Screven  county  on  the  north,  the 
State  of  South  Carolina  on  the  east,  Chatham  county  on  the  south,  and 
Bryan  and  Bulloch  counties  on  the  west.  The  Savannah  river  separates 
it  from  South  Carolina,  and  the  Ogeechee  is  on  its  western  border.  These 
rivers  and  the  creeks  that  flow  into  them  furnish  to  this  county  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  fish,  and  in  the  proper  season  some  of  the  finest  shad  found 
in  the  Savannah  market  are  fresh  from  these  rivers. 

Springfield,  the  county  site,  is  situated  in  a  healthy  pine  region  about 
27  miles  from  Savannah. 

Pine  and  cypress  lumber,  obtained  from  the  forests,  find  a  convenient 
market  in  Savannah.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  and  naval  stores 
amounts  to  $150,000. 

The  productions  of  the  county  are  cotton,  com,  peas,  potatoes,  rice, 
melons,  peaches,  apples,  pears,  quinces  and  grapes.  The  average  yield  per 
acre  with  good  culitvation  is  about  as  follows:  com,  12  to  15  bushels;  oats, 
10  to  15  bushels;  cotton,  400  pounds  long-staple  and  800  pounds  upland; 
sugar-cane,  250  pounds  of  sugar  and  250  to  500  gallons  of  syrup.  The 
total  number  of  Irish  potatoes  raised  is  6,000  bushels,  and  of  sweet  pota- 
toes 23,172  bushels.  The  apple-trees  number  4,614,  and  the  peach-trees 
8,360.     There  are  some  truck  farms  whose  aggregate  sales  amount  to 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  645 

$7,000.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  during  the  sea- 
sen  of  1S99-1900,  there  were  ginned  795  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

By  the  census  of  1890  the  county  had  1,852  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  3,435  pounds;  6,300  cattle,  34  working  oxen,  1,808  milch-cows,  572 
torses,  377  mules,  10,492  swine  and  16,364  poultry  of  various  kinds. 
There  was  a  product  of  91,598  gallons  of  milk,  7,122  pounds  of  butter, 
6,724  pounds  of  honey  and  24,325  dozens  of  eggs^. 

The  land  is  generally  level.  The  soil  is  varied;  gray  loam  underlaid 
by  yellow  tertiary  sand;  hummock  land  on  streams.  The  water  is 
generally  freestone,  but  in  some  places  limestone. 

The  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  runs  through  the  western  part  of 
the  county,  and  the  Florida  Central  and  Peninsular  through  the  eastern. 
On  the  former  are  several  towns  and  villages,  of  which  the  most  import- 
ant is  Guyton.  Other  postofficcs  are  Clio,  Eden,  Eg^-pt,  Marlow,  Oaky, 
"Kinson  and  Tusculum.  The  Guyton  district  has  2,379  inhabitants,  of 
whom  500  live  in  the  town  of  Guyton. 

Ebenezer,  an  old  German  settlement,  founded  by  the  Salzburgers  in 
1734,  is  about  25  miles  from  the  city  of  Savannah.  Some  of  the  des- 
cendants of  these  people  still  cultivate  the  silkworm.  The  Lutheran 
church  was  used  by  the  British  as  a  hospital  during  that  period  of  the 
Revolution  when  they  had  possession  of  Savannah  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  State. 

There  are  in  Effingham  county  48  schools  belonging  to  the  public 
school  system.  The  average  daily  attendance  of  pupils  is  680  in  the  33 
for  whites,  and  379  in  the  15  for  negroes.  The  school  fund  of  Effing- 
ham county  was  given  in  the  report  of  the  State  School  Commissioner 
for  1900,  as  $5,018.92.  The  area  of  Effingham  county  is  419  square 
miles,  or  268,160  acres. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  the  population  is 
8,334  a  gain  of  2,735  since  1890. 

The  Comptroller-General  reports  for  1900  as  follows:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  250,287;  of  wild  land,  24,515;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.78;  of  wild  land,  $0.54;  city  or  town  property,  $146,- 
315;  shares  in  bank,  $20,283;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $143,239;  mer- 
chandise, $32,570;  stocks  and  bonds,  $17,536;  cotton  manufactories, 
$16,800;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $66,560;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $141,461;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $32,613;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $9,129;  value  of  all  other  property,  $53,825;  real  estate, 
$606,016;  personal  estate,  $549,332.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $1,035,531. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
12,273;  value  of  land,  $27,243;  city  or"  town  property,  $815.00;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $1,052;  household  and  kitclien  furniture,  $4,753; 
farm  anrl  other  animals,  $8,630;  plantation  and  nierhnnical  tools,  $1,- 
467;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $200.00;  valno  of  all  other  property,  $1,008. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $48,472. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $2,107  in  tlie  valno  of 
all  property  since  1900. 


646  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Populatio!n.  of  Effingham  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,349;  white  females,  2,281;  total  white, 
4,630;  colored  males,  1,917;  colored  famalee,  1,787;  total  colored,  3,704, 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  2  calves,  5  steers,  3  dairy  cows,  6  horses,  80  mules,  107 
swine. 

ELBERT  COUNTY. 

Elbert  County  was  laid  out  from  Wilkes  in  1790.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Hart  county,  on  the  northeast  and  east  by  the  State  of  South 
Carolina,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Savannah  river;  ion  the  south 
by  Lincoln,  Wilkes  and  Oglethorpe,  and  on  the  west  by  Madison  and 
Oglethorpe.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Samuel  Elbert,  com- 
mander of  Georgia  Continentals  in  the  Revolution,  and  afterwards  gov- 
ernor of  Georgia. 

Broad  river  flows  along  its  western  and  southern  border  and  empties 
into  the  Savannah  river.  Beaver  Dam  creek  flows  centrally  through  the 
county  from  northwest  toward  the  southeast  and  empties  into  the  Sav- 
annah river.  Other  streams  are  Bertram,  Falling,  Deep  and  Cold 
Water  creeks.  Along  each  of  the  rivers  the  lands  are  rich  and  very  pro- 
ductive. Remote  from  them  the  lands  are  not  so  good,  and  yet  with 
proper  cultivation,  yield  veiy  remunerative  crops.  Although  in  some 
sections,  under  ordinary  methods,  the  lands  do  not  yield  more  than  500 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  10  bushels  of  com  and  8  of  wheat, 
yet  under  rotation  of  crops  and  scientific  cultivation  the  average  yield 
to  the  acre  is:  seed  cotton,  800  to  1,000  pioiunds;  com,  20  bushels;  oats, 
25  bushels;  wheat,  15  bushels;  rye,  15  bushels;  barley,  25;  Irish  and 
sweet  potatoes,  each  100  bushels;  field-peas,  20  bushels;  ground-peas, 
50;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  6,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75  gallons. 
Vegetables  of  every  vai-iety  do  well,  and  apples  and  peaches  are  of  ex- 
cellent flavor.  The  different  kinds  of  berries  grow  and  mature  to  per- 
fection; but  nearly  all  these  products  are  for  home  consumption.  Ac- 
cording to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Elbert 
county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900,  14,945  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

There  are  931  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,227  pounds;  6,493  cattle, 
420  working  oxen,  2,564  milch-cows  with  a  product  of  590,205  gallons 
of  milk  and  201,421  pounds  of  butter;  1,258  horses,  1,340  mules,  4 
donkeys,  7,077  swine,  114,606  poultry  of  various  kinds.  Some  of  the 
other  products  are  77,698  dozens  of  eggs  and  18,808  pounds  of  honey. 

The  water-powers  of  the  county  are  immense.  There  are  two  cotton- 
mills,  one  at  Elberton  and  the  other  at  Beverly  on  Beaver  Dam  creek, 
both  built  by  Georgia  capital.  There  are  also  a  large  cotton  seed  oil-mill, 
3  small  flour  and  grist-mills,  several  small  sa-v\Tnills,  3  guano  factories  and 
a  new  $10,000  flonring-mill  Avith  patent  roller  process,  haAang  a  capacity 
of  100  barrels  a  day;  2  carriage  factories,  and  4  quarries  of  the  best 
granite  for  building  puri^oses. 

Elberton,  the  county  site  with  a  population  of  3,834,  at  the  junction. 


EARLY    RICHMOND. 

One  of  the  hardiest  of  ail  cherries  ;  bears  early  and  al)iuidantly  ;  a  inosl  valuable  markil  friiil 

excellent  for  cooking;  or  drying  ;  desirable  for  the  extreme  North  and  poj)ular 

everywhere.      May  and  Jnnc      Trees  of  this  clas«;,  5  feet 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD    IXDISTRIAL.  049 

of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  and  one  of  the  numerous  branches  of  the  great 
Southern  system,  is  one  of  tlie  beet  built  tmd  ui'otJt  progi-e^sive  towns  of 
Georgia.  It  has  electric  lights  and  two  banks  with  ade^juate  capitiil  to 
give  it  excellent  commercial  advantages.  A  tine  system  of  w^ater-works 
is  in  process  of  construction.  Here  are  located  the  majority  of  the  manu- 
factories of  the  county.  The  handsome  court-house  cost  $35,000.  Out 
of  30,000  bales  of  cotton  received  and  shipped  from  this  county,  Elber- 
ton  handles  23,000  bales.  About  6,000  bales  per  annum  are  used  by  the 
two  cotton-mills.  The  population  of  the  Elberton  district  by  the  census 
of  1900  was  4,841. 

Schools  and  churches  are  in  every  neighborhood.  The  average  atr 
tendance  on  the  schools  is  1,350  in  the  47  for  whites,  imd  1,217  in  the  31 
for  colored.    Methodists  and  Baptists  predominate. 

The  area  of  Elbert  county  is  388  square  miles,  or  248,320  acres.  Popu- 
latoin  of  Elbert  county  in  1900,  19,729,  an  increase  of  4,353  since  1890. 
School  fund  $12,073.59. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  220,296;  average  value  per  acre,  $4.07;  city  property, 
$465,492;  shares  in  bank,  $55,000;  money  etc.,  $264,139;  value  of 
merchandise,  $94,633;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,000;  value  of  household 
furniture,  $109,490;  fami  and  other  animaJs,  $144,645;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $41,751;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,500;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $118,305;  real  estate,  $1,363,042  ;^pei-sonal  estate, 
$886,803.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,247,845. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
8,769;  value,  $35,353;  city  property, \$  16, 630;  merchandise,  $55.00; 
money,  $682.00;  household  furniture,  $8,938;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$20,872;  watches,  silver,  etc.,  $127.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$628.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $4,621.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $87,906. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  over  those  of  19-00  amounting  to 

$65,779. 

Population  of  Elbert  county  by  sex  and  color  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,981  ;\vhite  females,  4,955;  total  white,  9,936; 
colored  males,  4,994;  colored  females,  4,799;  total  colored,  9,793. 

Population  of  Elberton  City  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,104;  white  females,  1,120;  total  white,  2,224; 
colored  males,  769;  colored  females,  841;  total  coloreil,  1,610. 

Total  population  of  Elberton,  3,834. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosurcs,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges  m 
Elbert  county,  June  1,  1900:  5  calves,  2  bnlls,  17  dairy  cows,  57  hoi-ses, 

25  mules,  6 f  swine,  1  goat.  .,  i ,   av  *        n 

Other  postofRcos  besides  Elberton  are  Bowman,  (old  \N  ater,  Con- 
cordia, Critic,  Dcwvroso,  Dove's  Crook,  Fhitwoods,  Acadcniv,  ("loss, 
Hoard'mont,  kickvi'llo,  Middletouni,  nului(>vill(\  OvcTton,  Kockfield, 
Ruckersville,  Stnnsell,  Webster,  Place,  and  WvcIk 

At  the  junction  of  of  the  Savannah  and  Broa.l  rivers  once  stood  tlio 
town  of  Pctersbnrg.    It  is  now  almost  deserted. 


050  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

About  tliree  miles  above  this  place  on  the  Rembert  plantation  now 
(1900)  owned  by  Mr.  Tate,  is  a  conical-shaped  mound  40  or  50  feet  high, 
the  circumference  of  whose  base  is  two  or  three  hundred  yards.  This 
mound  is  entirely  composed  of  the  loamy,  rich  earth  of  the  low  grounds. 
The  top  or  apex  of  the  mound  is  flat,  a  spiral  path  leading  from  the 
ground  to  the  top.  There  are  four  niches  or  sentry  boxes,  excavated 
out  of  the  sides  of  this  mound,  at  different  heights  from  the  base,  facing 
the  four  cardinal  points,  which  are  entered  from  the  winding  path,  and 
appear  to  have  been  designed  for  look-outs  or  resting  places.  Bartram, 
the  celebrated  botanist,  who  visited  this  mound,  and  from  whose  de- 
scription the  above  is  somewhat  condensed,  stated  on  the  authority  of 
the  owner  of  these  lands,  that  the  mound  itself  in  one  season  yielded 
more  than  100  bushels  of  corn. 

In  the  period  immediately  following  the  Eevolutionary  War,  the  peo- 
ple 'of  this  section  of  Georgia  suffered  much  from  the  depredations  of 
the  Indians.  One  day  a  party  of  savages  attacked  the  home  of  Mr. 
Richard  Tyner  on  Goody's  creek  in  the  flat  woods,  when  Mr.  Tyner  was 
absent  from  his  home.  The  red-skins  killed  Mrs.  Tyner,  dashed  out  the 
brains  of  the  youngest  child  against  a  tree,  and  scalping  another  little 
one  left  it  for  dead.  A  little  son  of  Mr.  Tyner,  named  Noah,  amidst  the 
confusion  escaped  and  hid  in  a  hollow  tree,  which  for  many  years  after- 
wards was  called  ISToah's  Ark.  Another  son,  fleeing  to  the  Savannah 
river,  made  his  escape.  Mary  and  Tamar  Tyner  were  carried  off  by  the 
Indians  to  the,  Goweta  towns.  After  many  years  a  man  named  John 
Manack,  trading  ^vith  the  Indians  purchased  Mary,  who  returned  with 
him  to  Elbert  county  and  became  his  wife.  He  tried  also  to  purchase 
Tamar,  but  the  Indians  would  not  sell  her.  One  day  an  old  Indian 
woman  learning  that  her  countrymen  intended  to  burn  Tamar  alive  on 
account  of  a  suspicion  that  she  was  planning  her  escape,  helped  the  poor 
white  girl  to  escape  down  the  Ghattahoochee  river  in  a  canoe.  Tamar, 
after  many  narrow  escapes,  finally  reached  Appalachicola  Bay.  From 
thence  she  went  by  a  vessel  to  Savannah  from  which  city  she  made  her 
way  back  to  Elbert  county.    There  she  afterwards  married  a  Mr.  Hunt. 

Another  remarkable  incident  was  this:  During  one  of  the  Indian  at- 
tacks upon  the  frontier  settlements,  the  savages,  after  killing  several  per- 
sons, carried  off  a  little  girl  about  12  years  old.  A  man  by  the  name  of 
William  Suttle  determined  to  rescue  the  child  or  die  in  the  attempt.  In 
the  middle  of  the  night  he  came  upon  the  party  and  saw  the  little  girl 
seated  upon  the  lap  of  a  brawny  Indian,  who  appeared  delighted  with 
his  prisoner.  After  a  while  the  Indian  arose  and  stood  erect.  Instantly 
Suttle  fired  and  shot  the  Indian  through  the  heart.  In  the  midst  of  the 
alarm  consequent  upon  this  sudden  attack,  the  little  girl  ran  in  the  direc- 
tion from  which  the  gun  was  fired,  and  was  received  by  Suttle,  who,  put- 
ting her  upon  his  horse  and  springing  into  his  saddle,  carried  her  back 
safely  to  her  friends. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  women  that  any  country  has  ever  pro- 
duced resided  in  Elbert  county.  This  was  ISTancy  Hart,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Morgan.     Her  husband  was  brother   of   Colonel   Thomas 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  553 

Hart  of  Kentucky,  who  married  a  Miss  Gray  of  Orange  count j,  Xortli 
Carolina,  and  who  was  father-in-law  of  Henry  Clay  and  maternal  uncle  of 
the  Hon.  Thomas  Hai-t  Benton.  Xancy  Hart  removed  with  her  husband 
to  Georgia  before  the  Revolution  and  settled  on  Broad  river  in  Elbert 
<;ounty.  An  apple  orchard  mai'ks  the  spot  where  they  dwelt.  Xear  by 
them  was  a  creek  emptying  into  Broad  river  which,  during  the  war  of 
the  Revolution,  was  called  "War  AVoman's  Creek,"  on  account  of  the 
many  marvelous  exploits  of  Xancy  Hart.  She  was  an  ardent  partiot  in 
whose  untutored  bosom  dwelt  the  heart  of  a  hero. 

One  evening,  as  she  and  her  children  were  seated  around  a  log  fire,  on 
which  was  boiling  a  pot  of  soap,  one  of  the  family  discovered  some  one 
peeping  through  the  crevices  of  the  chimney,  and  quietly  informed 
A'ancy  of  it.  She  talked  on  unconceniedly  and  stirred  the  soap,  watch- 
ing for  the  reappearance  of  the  spy.  Suddenly,  like  a  flash,  she 
dashed  a  ladle  of  boiling  soap  into  the  face  of  the  eavesdropper, 
who,  before  he  could  recover,  was  seized  by  the  dauntless  woman  and 
bound  fast  as  a  prisoner. 

On  another  occasion  a  party  of  Tories  came  to  her  house  and  ordered 
her  to  cook  dinner  for  them.  She  stormed  and  raged,  but  making  a  vir- 
tue of  necessity  did  as  she  w^as  told.  While  they  were  seated  at  the  table 
Xancy,  with  the  help  of  her  little  daughter,  managed  to  secure  their 
guns.  When  they  attempted  to  recover  their  arms  she  killed  one,  and 
quickly  seizing  another  gun  wounded  another.  Thereupon  the  other 
three  Tories  surrendered  at  discretion,  and  were  hanged  by  Mr.  Hart 
and  the  neighbors  who  had  just  come  in.  The  tree  upon  which  they 
were  hanged  was  pointed  out  as  late  as  1838. 

On  one  occasion  when  information  was  needed  of  what  was  transpiring 
in  South  Carolina,  Xancy  went  to  the  Savannah  river,  procured  two  logs, 
and  tied  them  with  a  grape-vine,  thus  constructing  a  raft.  Upon  this  she 
crossed  the  river,  obtained  the  desired  information  and  returning  com- 
municated it  to  the  Georgia  troops. 

At  another  time  she  defended  successfully  a  small  fort  against  the 
attack  of  a  band  of  Tories  and  savages. 

While  Augusta  was  in  the  hands  of  the  British,  Xancy,  assuming  the 
garments  of  a  man,  went  into  the  British  camp  at  that  post  and,  pre- 
tending to  be  crazy,  obtained  valual)le  information  which  she  hastened 
to  lay  before  the  commander  of  the  Georgia  troop^^,  then  in  Wilkes 
county.  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke. 


EMAXUEL  COUXTY. 

EmaniLel  County  was  laid  out  from  Bulloch  and  I^fontgomery  in 
1812,  and  was  named  after  the  Hon.  David  Emanuel,  who  was  a  brother- 
in-law  of  CJeneral  John  Twiggs,  and  fought  bravely  under  him  for  the 
liberty  of  his  country.  He  was  several  times  a  member  of  the  legislature 
from  Burke  county  and  president  of  the  Senate. 

Emanuel  county  is  bounded   on   (ho  norlli   by  T'urke  and  .Tefforson 

30  ga 


g54  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

coitnties,  on  the  east  bj  Screven  and  Bulloch,  southeast  by  Bulloch  and 
Tattnall,  southwest  by  Montgomery,  west  by  Laurens  and  northwest  by 
Johnson  county.  The  Ogeechee  river  separates  the  county  from  Burke. 
The  Cannouchee  river  flows  through  the  center,  the  Ohoopee  river 
through  the  western  part.  Along  its  western  and  southwestern  border 
flows  Pendleton's  creek.  Other  streams  are  Yamgrandee,  Sartain's  and 
Tump's  creeks.     The  rivers  and  streams  supply  abundance  of  fish. 

The  timbers  are  fine.  The  pine  and  cypress  yield  excellent  lumber 
and  shingles,  which,  with  turpentine  and  rosin,  are  shipped  in  large 
quantities  to  Savannah.  There  are  five  turpentine  distilleries  and  10 
lumber  mills. 

The  land  is  level  and  along  the  rivers  and  creeks  is  productive.  The 
average  production  per  acre  for  the  county  is:  corn,  12  bushels;  oats,  10 
to  20  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  200  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  150  bushels;  seed  cotton,  upland,  500  pounds;  sea-island  cotton, 
400  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  500  gallons.  According  to  the  United 
States  census  of  1900  this  county  in  1899  produced  9,525  bales  of  up- 
land and  4,062  of  sea-island  cotton.  The  summer  range  for  cattle  and 
hogs  is  excellent.  Fine  hay  is  made  from  pea-vine  and  grass.  The  grist- 
mills number  10. 

In  1890  Emanuel  county  had  19,721  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  53,- 
955  pounds;  17,222  cattle,  478  working  oxen,  5,251  milch-cows,  1,473 
hiorses,  1,264  mules,  31,025  swine,  and  81,343  poultry  of  various 
kinds.  The  number  of  goats  is  estimated  at  200.  There  was 
also  a  production  of  76,638  dozens  of  eggs,  14,928  pounds  of  honey, 
377,608  gallons  of  milk  and  57,968  pounds  of  butter.  Vegetables  and 
fruits  are  raised  for  home  consumption. 

The  means  of  transportation  and  travel  are  by  the  Millen  and  South- 
em,  Midville,  Swainsboro  and  Red  Bluff,  Wadley  and  Mount  Yernon, 
Stillmore  Air  Line,  and  the  Pineora  (now  a  part  of  the  Central)  Rail- 
roads, about  100  miles  in  all.    The  county  roads  are  in  good  condition. 

Swainsboro,  the  county  site,  is  at  the  junction  of  the_  Midville,  Swains- 
boro and  Red  Bluff  Railroad,  with  the  Stillmore  Air  Line.  Here  a 
new  company  is  organized  for  the  erection  of  a  cotton-mill.  There  is  one 
bank  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and  a  court-house  worth  $30,000. 

Of  the  15,000  bales  of  cotton  shipped  from  the  county,  5,000  are 
handled  at  Swainsboro. 

Area,  936  square  miles,  or  599,040  acres  by  the  census  of  1900. 
Population  of  Emanuel  county,  21,279;  school  fund,  $12,973.31;  school 
fund  of  Adrian,  $583.19. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  405,424;  of  wild  land,  115,675;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.04;  of  wild  land,  $1,00;  city  property,  $197,365; 
money,  etc.,  $305,859;  value  of  merchandise,  $117,286;  stocks 
and  bonds,  $3,035;  cotton  manufactories,  $21,000;  iron  works,  $500; 
household  furniture,  $174,753;  farm  animals,  $338,457;  watches  and 
jewelry,  $8,176;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $64,312;  real  estate, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  055 

$1,142,710;  pei^onal  estate,  $1,140,970.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $2,283,680. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers :  number  of  acres  of  land, 
22,625;  value,  $43,117;  city  property,  $6,476;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$2,469;  merchandise,  $200;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $12,837; 
watches,  jeweby,  etc.,  $295.00;  fanu  and  other  animals,  $27,142;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $4,285;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,399; 
aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $103,480. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  in  the  value  of  all  property  over 
the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $181,713. 

There  are  93  schools  in  the  county  belonging  to  the  public  school  sys- 
tem, and  the  average  daily  attendance  is  1,757  pupils  in  the  62  schools 
for  whites,  and  1,167  in  the  31  schools  for  negroes. 

Population  of  Emanuel  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,598;  white  females,  6,275;  total  white, 
12,873;  colored  males,  4,468;  colored  females,  3,938;  total  colored, 
8,406. 

The  total  population,  21,279,  shows  a  gain  of  6,576  over  1890, 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges^ 
June  1,  1900:  83  calves,  54  steers,  9  bulls,  111  dairy  cows,  99  horses, 
169  mules,  508  swine,  77  goats. 

FAKN^m  COUi^TY. 

Fannin  County  was  laid  off  from  Union  and  Gilmer  counties  in  1856, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  J.  W.  Fannin  who,  with  his  whole  command, 
were  put  to  the  sword  at  Goliad  while  fighting  for  the  freedom  of  Texas. 
It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  States  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennes- 
see, east  by  Union  county,  southeast  by  Lumpkin,  southwest  and  south 
by  Dawson  and  Gilmer  counties  and  west  by  Murray.  Toccoa  river  rises 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county  and  flows  northward  into  Tennes- 
see. 

The  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  North  Georgia  Kailroad  travci-ses  the 
county  dividing  at  Blue  Ridge  into  two  diverging  branches,  one  going 
into  Tennessee,  the  other  into  North  Carolina.  Thus  the  people  enjoy 
facilities  for  travel  and  for  shipping  to  market  chickens,  eggs,  apples, 
and  such  other  products  as  they  may  have  for  sale. 

The  lands  are  hilly  and  mountainous,  and  contain  such  minerals  as 
gold  and  copper. 

Blue  Pidge  is  the  county  site,  the  court-house  having  been  transferred 
to  that  point  from  Morganton  in  1899. 

The  lands  produce  well,  and  with  proper  cultivation  will  yield  per 
acre:  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  rye,  12  bushels;  wheat,  10  bush- 
els: Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  50  bushels;  field-peas, 
10  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  1,500  pounds;  clover,  1,200  pounds;  corn 
fodder,  200  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75  gallons.  The  apples  of  thi? 
county  are  of  superior  flavor,  and  can  be  kept  almost  from  one  end  of 
the  year  to  the  other. 


656  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  this  county  T,826  sheep,  with  a 
'wool-clip  of  y,549  pounds;  6,949  cattle,  1,430  working  oxen,  2,165 
milch-cows,  producing  641,893  gallons  of  milk  and  146,974  pounds  of 
butter,  71,897  poultry  of  all  sorts  with  an  egg  production  of  98,532 
dozen.  The  county  also  produced  15,469  pounds  of  honey.  There  were 
also  749  horses,  386  mules  and  11  donkeys. 

The  people  are  kind,  hospitable  and  hardy.  They  manufacture  at 
home  most  of  their  cloth,  jeans  and  linsey,  for  winter  wear,  and  live 
chiefly  on  home  supplies. 

The  forest  growth  is  white  oak,  post  oak,  hickory,  ash,  poplar,  maple 
and  other  hardwoods  and  some  pine. 

The  area  of  Fannin  county  is  390  square  miles,  or  249,600  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  11,214;  school  fund,  $6,957.11. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  219,573;  of  wild  land,  73,038;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.51;  of  wild  land,  $0.30;  city  or  town  property, 
$77,173;  money,  etc.,  $72,625;  value  of  merchandise,  $31,092;  cotton 
manufactories,  $1,283;  mining,  $60.00;  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $39,066;  farm  and  other  animals,  $115,960;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $15,256;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,167;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $8,807;  real  estate,  $432,653;  personal  estate,  $288,519.  Ag- 
gregate value  of  whole  property,  $721,172. 

Property  returaed  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  168; 
value,  $105.00;  city  or  town  property,  $425.00;  money,  $1,200;  house- 
hold and  kitchen  furniture,  $549.00;  watches,  silver,  etc.,  $21.00;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $482.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $40.00; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $12.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $1,646. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  that  reported  in  1900,  amounting  to  $86,858. 

The  public  school  system  has  57  schools  for  whites,  with  an  average  at- 
tendance of  1,684  pupils,  and  2  for  colored  with  an  average  attendance 
of  48. 

At  Morganton,  the  former  county  site,  is  located  the  iN'orth  Georgia 
Baptist  College,  which  is  doing  a  splendid  work  in  that  section.  They 
and  the  Methodists  are  the  leading  denominations  of  the  county. 

The  railroads  have  greatly  developed  the  county  in  the  last  few  years. 
The  town  of  Blue  Kidge,  which  in  1890  had  only  264  inhabitants,  had 
by  the  census  of  1900  a  population  of  1,148,  and  the  district  of  the  same 
name  had  grown  from  868  in  1890  to  2,048  in  1900. 

The  population  of  the  county,  which  was  8,724  in  1890,  waa  in  1900 
11,214,  an  increase  of  2,490. 

Population  of  Fannin  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,346;  white  females,  5,572;  total  white, 
10,918;  colored  males,  143;  colored  females,  153;  total  colored,  296. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  34  calves,  12  steers,  4  bulls,  109  dairy  cows,  47  horses,  19 
mules,  2  donkeys,  6  sheep,  264  swine. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  657 


FAYETTE  COUXTY. 

Fayette  County  is  a  portion  of  the  ten-itorj  acquired  by  the  United 
States  for  the  use  of  tJie  State  of  Georgia  from  the  Creek  Indians,  by 
a  treaty  made  at  the  Indian  Spring.  It  was  organized  in  1821  and  named 
in  honor  of  the  Marquis  de  la  Fayette,  the  gallant  French  nobleman  who 
so  heartily  espoused  the  cause  of  American  freedom  during  the  long 
struggle  for  independence.  This  county  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  Campbell  on  the  north,  Clayton  on  the  east,  Spalding  on  the 
3ast  and  southeast,  and  Coweta  on  the  west.  Flint  river  divides  it  from 
Clayton  and  Spalding  counties  and  Line  creek  from  Coweta. 

The  Southern  Railway  traverses  it  from  north  to  south,  and  a  branch 
of  the  Central  system  crosses  its  southern  part. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  level.  The  soil  is  gray;  the  water 
pure,  cool  freestone. 

Lands  in  this  county  yield  per  acre,  under  fair  cultivation:  seed  cot- 
ton, from  800  to  1,200  pounds;  com,  20  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  rye, 
8  bushels;  barley,  10  bushels;  wheat,  12  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  250 
bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  25  bushels;  ground-peas, 
50  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  350  pounds;  sor- 
ghum syrup,  150  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons.  But  some  of 
the  lands  under  a  state  of  scientific  cultivation  make  60  bushels  of  corn 
to  the  acre;  75  of  oats;  30  of  wheat;  1,500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the 
acre,  and  400  gallons  of  cane  syrup.  Scientific  or  intensive  farming 
will  raise  in  like  proportion  the  averages  in  every  county  in  the  State. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in  the 
county  for  1899-1900  was  9,449  bales,  all  upland. 

Peaches  and  apples  do  well  in  this  county.  The  Yates  and  Shockley 
apples,  of  which  large  quantities  are  raised,  have  proved  very  remunera- 

The  county  possesses  abundant  water-power  and  a  fine  supply  of  tim- 
ber for  building  and  mechanical  purposes.  Consequently  there  are 
many  grist  and  sawmills. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  the  county  163  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  292  pounds;  2,843  cattle,  131  working  oxen;  1,197  milch- 
cows  with  a  production  of  355,093  gallons  of  mink  and  117,098  pounds 
of  butter;  425  horses,  1,245  mules,  3  donkeys,  4,151  swine,  54,991  poul- 
try of  vanous  kinds  with  a  production  of  70,625  dozen  cgg^.  The  county 
also  produced  10,300  pounds  of  honey. 

Favetteville,  the  county  site,  is  on  a  branch  of  tlie  SoutluMii  Railway. 
Brook's  station,  Inman,  Lowry  and  AVoolsey,  are  some  of  the  other  post- 
offices. 

The  area  of  Fayette  county  is  215  square  miles,  or  137,600  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  10,114;  school  fund,  $6,731.64. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  tlioro  are:  ncros  of  im- 
proved land,  119,084;  average  value  per  acre,  $5.12;  city  property, 
$46  325;  money,  $37,309;  merchandise,  $31,694;  stocks  and   bonds, 


658  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

$500;  cotton  manufactories,  $690;  iron  works,  $110;  household  furni- 
ture, $48,579;  mining,  $25;  farm  and  other  animals,  $90,888;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $25,362;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,127;  real 
estate,  $656,085;  personal  estate,  $264,737.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $920,817. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
1,541;  value,  $7,964;  city  property,  $550;  money,  etc.,  $767; 
household  furniture,  $4,199;  watches,  silver,  etc.,  $83;  farm  animals, 
$6,128;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $908.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $21,780. 

There  are  about  25,000  acres  of  forest  in  the  county,  with  such  trees 
as  pine,  oak,  hickory,  gum  and  poplar.  About  20  small  sawmills  work 
this  timber  and  prepare  it  for  the  market.  At  Fayetteville-  there  is  a 
small  private  bank,  a  court-house  worth  $15,000,  2  life  and  fire  insur- 
ance agencies  and  several  successful  stores.  There  are  also  2  broom 
factories. 

There  are  43  schools  belonging  to  the  public  school  system  of  Geor- 
gia. The  daily  average  attendance  is  865  in  the  27  schools  for  whites, 
and  300  in  the  16  for  negroes. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  leading  Christian  de^ 
nominations. 

The  Payetteville  district  contains  a  population  of  2,265,  of  whom  430 
live  in  the  town.  The  population  of  the  county,  10,114,  is  a  gain  of 
1,386  since  1890. 

Poi3ulation  of  Fayette  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,254;  white  females,  3,299;  total  white 
6,553;  colored  males,  1,788;  colored  females,  1,773;  total  colored,  3,561. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  63  calves,  33  dairy  cows,  17  horses,  11  mules,  2  sheep, 
74  swine. 

FLOYD  COUNTY. 

Floyd  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  in  1832,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  General  John  Floyd  of  Camden  county,  who  was  greatly  dis- 
tinguished for  his  victories  over  the  Indian  allies  of  the  British  in  the 
war  of  1812-1815.  Floyd  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Chattooga 
and  Gordon,  east  by  Gordon  and  Bartow,  south  by  Polk,  west  by  the 
State  of  Alabama  and  nothwest  by  Chattooga  county.  The  Etowah  and 
Ostenaula  rivers  enter  this  county  from  diiferent  directions,  and,  uniting 
at  Rome  in  the  east  central  portion,  form  the  Coosa,  which  flows  west- 
ward into  Alabama.  The  Etowah  river  is  not  navigable,  but  is  a  swift 
flowing:  mountain  stream  with  immense  water-powers  that  can  be  util- 
ized for  nmning  factories  and  flour  and  grist  mills.  The  Oostenaula 
is  navigable  for  105  miles  northward  and  northeastward  from  the  city. 
The  Coosa  is  navigable  for  250  miles  below  the  city,  and  the  United 
States  government  is  making  large  appropriations  to  open  it  to  the  Gulf 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  659 

of  Mexico.  The  steamboats  ou  these  t^w  rivers  bring  to  Home  the 
productions  of  the  Coosa  Valley,  consisting  of  lumber,  iron,  grain,  cot- 
ton, and  all  those  of  the  Oostenaula  Valley,  including  large  quantities  of 
walnut,  poplar  and  oak  lumber. 

Railroad  transportation  in  the  county  is  all  that  could  be  desired.  The 
great  Xashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  system  comes  in  by  the  old 
Eome  Railroad,  now  a  branch  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  (State  road), 
connecting  Rome  with  Atlanta  on  the  south  and  Chattanooga  on  the 
north.  The  Southern  Railroad,  one  of  the  greatest  railway  systems  in  tlie 
L'nion,  goes  through  Rome,  giving  a  connection  on  the  north  to  Chatta- 
nooga and  all  points  in  the  northwest,  and  through  East  Tennessee  to  all 
points  northeast,  including  Xew  York,  Philadelphia  and  Washington 
City.  One  division  of  this  sajne  system  goes  from  Rome  southward  to 
Atlanta,  Macon,  Brunswick  and  Savannah,  and  all  points  in  Florida.  The 
Alabama  division  of  the  Southern  system  connects  Rome  with  lines  at 
Anniston,  Alabama,  to  Montgomery  and  Mobile,  and  also  to  Selma, 
Meridian,  Vicksburg,  Xew  Orleans  and  all  points  south  and  west.  The 
Rome  and  Decatur  (Alabama),  now  operated  by  the  Southern,  runs 
through  the  valley  of  the  Coosa  to  Gadsden  and  Attalla,  Alabama.  The 
old  Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Southern  Railroad,  now  a  part  of  the  great 
Central  of  Georgia  system,  gives  another  connection  to  Chattanooga  and 
the  northwest,  and  also  affords  direct  communication  with  Savannah  and 
all  points  in  Georgia  and  Florida.  All  these  great  arteries  of  freight  and 
travel,  meeting  at  Rome,  make  it  one  of  the  greatest  railroad  centers 
of  the  South.  The  miles  of  splendid  macadamized  county  roads  give  to 
those  citizens  not  living  on  any  one  of  the  numerous  railroad  lines  easy 
access  to  their  ow^n  thriving,  growing  city.  Besides  all  these  advantages 
an  elegant  electric  street  car  system  reaches  out  from  the  city  to  the 
suburbs,  extending  along  the  cardinal  points  of  the  compass. 

Rome  is  not  only  the  commercial,  l3ut  also  the  manufacturing  center 
of  this  part  of  the  State.  Among  the  important  industries  should  be 
mentioned:  the  Rome  Rolling  Mill,  making  merchant  bar  iron  and  manu- 
facturing cotton  ties;  Rome  Foundry  and  Machine  AVorks,  Brick  Works, 
Standard  Scale  Company,  Stove  works.  Cotton  factory,  Rome  IIollow- 
ware  and  Iron  Factory,  steam  ginners,  cotton  compress,  plow  factory,  gas 
works,  electric  light  plant,  electric  street  railroad,  cotton  seed-oil  mills, 
ice  factory,  harness  and  saddle  factories,  2  planing-mills,  Garloek  Rubber 
Packing  Factor}',  steam  tanner^',  a  furniture  factory,  excelsior  works, 
broom  factory,  mattress  factory,  carriage  and  wagon  factory,  acid  phos- 
phate works,  and  the  Rome  Charcoal  Iron  Furnace. 

Besides  the  State  public  school  system  the  city  of  Rome  has  an  excel- 
lent system  of  its  own,  and  Shorter  College  for  young  ladies. 

Rome  has  a  population  of  Y,291  by  the  census  of  1900;  but  Rome  dis- 
trict, which  embraces  the  city  and  the  towns  of  Fast  Rome  and  North 
Rrtme  with  their  respective  suburbs,  contains  by  the  same  census  14,035 
inhabitants. 

The  soil  of  Floyd  county  is  very  productive,  especially  in  tlie  tliroo 
great  river  valleys,  producing  in  abundance  cotton,  corn  and  llie  small 


660  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

grain  and  haj  crops.  Thaiigh  the  higher  lands  are  less  fertile,  they  are 
better  adapted  to  the  growing  of  such  fruits  as  peaches,  pears,  plums, 
cherries  and  all  varieties  of  berries.  Apples  flourish  best  on  the  lower 
lands.     Upon  the  mountain  tops  grapes  grow  in  great  perfection. 

With  fair  cultivation  the  lands  yield  to  the  acre:  seed  cotton,  1,000 
pounds;  corn,  25  bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat,  20  bushels;  rye,  15 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  200  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field- 
peas,  15  bushels;  crab-grass  and  clover,  each  5,000  pounds  of  hay;  fod- 
der, 600  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons.  As  in  Bartow  and  Cobb, 
there  are  lands  which  yield  50  bushels  of  com  and  40  of  wheat  to  the 
acre.  Stock-raising  and  the  improvement  of  the  breeds  is  attracting  con- 
siderable attention.     There  are  excellent  dairy  farms  in  the  county. 

Bj  the  census  of  1890  there  were  3,623  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
7,052  pounds;  10,352  cattle,  619  working  oxen,  3,932  milch-cows  with  a 
production  of  1,266,971  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  381,573 
pounds  of  butter  and  1,270  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  by  the  same 
census  137,106  poultry  of  all  kinds  with  a  product  of  216,015  dozens  of 
eggs.  The  honey  produced  amounted  to  24,785  pounds.  There  were 
also  in  the  county  1,519  horses,  2,118  mules,  11  donkeys,  and  16,330 
swine.  Of  the  cattle  187  were  pure  bred  and  909  were  half  blood  and 
higher.  These  statistics  do  not  include  live  stock  in  the  city  of  Rome, 
in  minerals  Floyd  is  rich.  The  following  have  been  found:  browTi 
and  red  iron  ores,  manganese,  bauxite,  marble  (variegated  and  black), 
slate,  limestone,  cement  rock,  lithographic  stone,  brown  stone  kaolin, 
ochre,  brick  clay,  bituminous  shale,  extensive  iron  pyrite,  gold,  silver 
and  lead. 

Besides  Rome,  East  Rome  and  North  Rome,  there  is  in  the  southwest- 
em  part  of  the  county  the  growing  town  of  Cave  Spring,  on  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  Southern  Railway,  16  miles  from  Rome.  It  is  situated 
in  Van's  Valley,  one  of  the  most  charming  in  all  Georgia.  In  the  south- 
eastern end  of  the  town  is  a  large  limestone  cave  in  the  side  of  a  well- 
wooded  hill,  from  the  foot  of  which  is  a  spring  of  clear,  mild  limestone 
water,  from  which  the  town  derives  its  name.  At  Cave  Spring  are  lo- 
cated TIearn  Institute,  Hearn  Female  Seminary,  Wesleyan  Institute  and 
the  Georgia  Academy  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb.  Though  the  town  proper 
had  by  the  census  of  1900  only  824  inhabitants,  the  Cave  Spring  dis- 
trict, which  includes  the  to-wn,  contains  a  population  of  2,283. 

The  Southern  Manganese  and  Steel  Company  has  completed  at  this 
town  a  $20,000  plant  for  treating  manganese,  of  which  it  produces  50 
tons  a  day.    An  electric  light  plant  is  also  approaching  completion. 

In  the  Lindale  district,  having  a  population  or  2,643,  is  the  great  Lin- 
dale  Cotton  Factory,  having  1,726  lo'oms,  51,264  spindles  and  a  capital 
of  $1,000,000.  The  proprietors  have  erected  an  elegant  $15,000  school 
building  for  the  children  of  the  operatives,  and  have  fitted  up  a  handsome 
library  and  reading-room,  lighted  by  electricity,  for  the  benefit  of  their 
employees.  In  the  school  building  is  a  large,  well-equipped  lecture- 
room,  elegant  in  all  its  appointments,  lighted  by  electricity  and  suited 
to  any  kind  of  public  entertainment. 


1.:^^^ 


"^^^1^ 


/' 


ROME    BEAUTY. 

A  very  handsome  and  valuable  winter  ai)ple,  ripening  from  mid-winter  to  late  spring. 

Tree  hardy  and  productive. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  (JGS 

Floyd  county  abounds  in  churches  of  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presby- 
terians and  Episcopalians.  The  Roman  Catholics  also  are  well  repre- 
sented.   The  Jews  have  a  synagogue  at  Rome. 

The  area  of  Floyd  county  is  506  square  miles,  or  323,840  acres.  The 
population  by  the  United  Stat-es  census  of  1000  was  33,113,  an  increase 
of  4,722  since  1890. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Depai'tment  of  Education  the  school 
fund  of  the  county  is,  $16,392.25;  of  the  city  of  Rome  $5,186.02;  of 
Korth  Rome  $1,042.80. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  the  prop- 
erty returned  for  taxation  is  as  follows:  acres  of  improved  land,  266,815; 
acres  of  wild  land,  17,847;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land, 
$7.26;  of  wild  land,  $0.80;  city  property,  $2,716,909;  shares  in  bank, 
$441,325;  money,  etc,  $815,427;  merchandise,  513,115;  tonnage, 
$4,0UU;  stocks  and  bonds,  $39,800;  cotton  manufactories,  $1,024,850; 
household  furniture,  $306,542;  iron  works,  $1,600;  mining,  $14,- 
380;  farm  and  other  animals,  $301,472;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$91,032;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $39,144;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$60,293;  real  estate,  $4,669,618;  personal  estate,  $3,837,326.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $8,506,944. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  hind, 
12,884;  value,  $43,071;  household  furniture,  $67,655;  money,  $185.00; 
merchandise,  $1,155;  farm  and  other  animals,  $20,857;  watches,  silver, 
etc.,  $238;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,345;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $1,121.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $168,057. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  all  property 
of  $200,975  since  the  returns  of  1900.  The  ajiparent  dccM-ease  was  prob- 
ably owing  to  an  error  in  the  compilation  of  the  returns,  for  Floyd  is  one 
of  the  most  progressive  counties  of  Georgia. 

(  olonel  A.  J.  Pickett,  whose  researches  into  the  early  history  of  Geor- 
gia and  Alabama  are  very  interesting,  came  to  the  conclusion  from  a 
description  written  by  one  of  De  Soto's  followers  that  Rome  occupied 
the  site  of  the  Indian  town  called  Chiaha.  Here  De  Soto  on  his  wonder- 
ful march  from  Florida  across  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  rested 
for  30  days,  while  men  and  horses  recuperated  and  recovered  strength. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned 
in  Floyd  county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900,  11,864  bales  of  upland 
cotton. 

In  the  public  school  system  are  75  schools  for  whites  and  33  for 
colored.  The  average  attendance  on  the  fonner  is  1,7-18  ])upils,  and  on 
the  latter,  859.  In  the  white  schools  of  Rome  arc  997  pupils,  and  in  tho 
colored  schools,  536. 

Poj)ulatif)n  of  Floyd  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  \vhito  males,  10,900;  white  females,  10,733;  total  whit-e,  21,- 
633;  colored  males,  5,651;  colored  females,  5,829;  total  colored,  11,480. 

Population  of  tlio  city  of  Rome  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tho 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,147;  white  females,  2,310;  total  wliito, 


gQ4  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

4,457;  colored  males,  1,243;  colored  females,  1,591;  total  colored,  2,834 

Total  population  of  Rome,  7,291. 

Domestic  animals  in  Floyd  county,  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  276  calves,  122  steers,  749  dairy  cows, 
566  horses,  205  mules,  2  donkeys,  33  sheep,  812  swine,  19  goats. 

FORSYTH  COUNTY. 

Forsyth  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  in  1834,  and  named  after 
the  Hon.  John  Forsyth,  a  native  of  Virginia,  who  came  with  his  father 
to  Georgia  at  four  years  of  age,  rose  to  prominence  while  a  very  young 
man,  became  attorney-general  of  Georgia,  then  representative  in  Con- 
gress, then  senator,  then  Minister  of  the  United  States  to 
Spain,  again  representative  in  Congress,  next  Governor  of  Geor- 
gia, then  a  second  time  its  senator  at  Washington,  and  finally 
Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States.  This  county  is  bounded 
by  the  following  counties:  Dawson  on  the  north.  Hall  on  the  east.  Hall 
and  Gwinnett  on  the  southeast,  Milton  on  the  south  and  Milton  and 
Cherokee  on  the  west.  The  Etowah  river  flows  through  its  northwestern 
■  comer,  while  the  Chattahoochee  and  one  of  its  branches  borders  the 
county  on  the  east  and  southeast.  Tributaries  of  these  rivers  water  the 
western  and  northern  sections  of  the  county.  The  bottom  lands  of  the 
rivers  are  very  fertile,  and  the  valley  lands  also  produce  good  crops  of 
cotton,  com,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  tobacco,  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  aver- 
age production  to  the  acre  of  the  lands  of  this  county  under  improved 
methods  is  about  25  bushels  of  com,  25  of  oats,  15  of  wheat,  15  of  bar- 
ley, 10  of  rye,  200  bushels  each  of  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  10  to  15 
bushels  of  field-peas;  50  bushels  of  ground-peas;  500  pounds  of  seed 
cotton;  400  pounds  of  crab-grass  hay,  1,000  to  1,500  pounds  of  Bermuda 
grass  hay,  6,000  pounds  of  clover,  500  pounds  of  corn  fodder  and"  100  gal- 
lons of  sorghum  syrup.  The  best  hay  made  in  the  county  is  pea-vine  mixed 
with  sorghum  and  crab-grass.  Vegetables  of  every  kind,  apples,  peaches, 
plums  and  other  fruits  mature  well  and  in  great  profusion.  There  are 
no  fruit  farms,  but  nearly  all  the  farmers  have  orchards  and  sometimes 
carry  a  wagon  load  of  apples  to  Atlanta.  There  are  no  dairy  farms,  but 
almost  every  family  has  one,  and  some,  two  or  more,  milch-cows.  The 
Jersey  is  regarded  as  the  best  milker.  The  Durham  and  the  Devon  are 
preferred  for  beef.  By  the  census  of  1890  the  cattle  numbered,  4,985, 
of  which  403  were  working  oxen,  and  2,133  were  milch-cows,  yielding 
602,371  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  210,081  pounds  of  but- 
ter and  75  pounds  of  cheese.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  varieties  aggre- 
gated 98,297  and  produced  107,427  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  collected 
amounted  to  20,187  pounds.  There  are  820  horses,  1,460  mules,  8 
donkeys  and  7,683  swine.  The  sheep  numbered  1,006,  and  yielded  1,293 
pounds  of  wool. 

For  summer  pasturage,  Bermuda,  crab-grass  and  broom  sedge  grasses 
are  used;  for  winter,  rye  chiefly.     The  feed  for  cattle  is  pea-vine  hay 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  qqq 

forage,  fodder,  shucks,  cotton  seed,  cotton  seed-meal  and  com  meal 
bran. 

The  forest  growth  is  chiefly  second  growth  pine,  hickory,  and  the 
varieties  of  oak.  There  are  two  small  sawmills  run  by  water  and  nine 
steam  sa\v^nills.  Most  of  the  mills  are  portable  and  saw  by  lots  for  those 
who  use  Imnber.  There  are  nine  Horn-  and  grist-mills,  and  twelve  corn 
mills.  There  is  also  in  Forsyth  county  one  tannery.  The  Chattahoochee 
river  affords  water-power  sufficient  for  any  number  of  factories. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  Forsyth  county  in  1899 
ginned  7,449  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

Most  of  the  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Buford,  on  the 
Southern  Railway;  some  in  Atlanta. 

The  climate  is  healthy,  the  water  clear  and  pure.  The  people  are  kind 
and  hospitable.  There  are  public  and  private  schools,  and  churches  of 
the  Methodists  and  Baptists.  The  latter  are  the  most  numerous.  High" 
tower  Institute  is  a  Baptist  school,  and  Hopewell  Academy  belongs  to 
the  Methodists. 

Although  no  railroads  traveree  the  county,  the  Southern  nms  within  a 
few  miles  of  its  eastern  boundary,  the  nearest  point  being  at  the  south- 
east corner. 

Gumming,  the  county  site,  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  "William  Cum- 
ming  of  Augusta,  is  located  on  Vickery  creek,  2^  miles  from  Sawneo 
Mountain,  which  is  said  to  be  rich  in  gold.  Some  mines  in  the  county 
have  yielded  large  amounts  of  gold.  Some  silver  and  copper  have  been 
found.  Three  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  gold  has  been  taken  from 
the  Strickland  mine,  which  is  not  now  being  worked.  The  Green  mine 
near  Coal  Mountain,  is  a  rich  placer.  It  is  being  daily  operated  by  a 
few  men  using  primitive  methods. 

There  is  much  beautiful  scenery,  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Cuinming, 
This  town  has  a  population  of  239,  but  the  Gumming  district,  which  in- 
cludes it  has  1,808  people. 

In  the  schools  of  the  public  school  system  the  average  attendance  is 
1,398  in  the  48  schools  fur  whites  and  115  in  the  7  for  negroes. 

The  area  of  Forsyth  county  is  252  square  miles,  or  161,280  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  11,550,  a  gain  of  395  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$8,273.08. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  arc:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  152,981;  of  wild  land,  2,280;  average  value  to  the  acre  of 
improved  land,  $4.03;  of  wild  land,  $0.6G;  city  property,  etc.,  $31,515; 
money,  $150,092;  merchandiso,  $40,294;  liouscliold  furniture,  $57,100; 
farm  animals,  $141,237;  ])lantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $30,- 
545;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,803;  value  of  all  other  property,  $24,840; 
real  estate,  $772,715;  pei-sonal  estate,  $471,054.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $1,244,309. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s:  acres  of  huid,  l,i)91;  value, 
$6,320;  money,  $285.00;  city  property,  $275.00;  household  funiiture, 
$1,469;   watches,  silver,   etc.,   $22.00;   farm  animals,   $3,482;    pliuita- 


QQQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

tion  and  mechaiiical  tools,  $554.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $102.00. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $12,509. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  of  $70,829  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Forsyth  county  by  race  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,161;  white  females,  5,306;  total  white, 
10,467;  colored  males,    544;  colored  females,  539;  total  colored,  1,083. 

No  report  of  domestic  animals  in  bams  or  inclosures,  all  being  prob- 
ably on  farms  or  ranges. 

FEANXLII^  COUNTY. 

Franklin  County  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  State,  and  from  it  several 
counties  have  been  formed.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, who  was  bom  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  January  17,  1706.  When 
a  young  man  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  and  soon  rose 
to  prominence  as  a  philosopher  and  a  statesman.  Through  him  was 
brought  about  the  treaty  of  alliance  with  France  in  1778,  and  he  was  one 
of  the  commissioners  who  negotiated  with  England  the  final  treaty  of 
peace. 

Franklin  county  is  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  South  Carolina,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  the  Tugaloo,  a  branch  of  the  Savannah  river;  on 
the  east  by  Hart  county,  on  the  south  by  Madison  county,  on  the  west  by 
Banks  county  and  northwest  by  Habersham. 

On  its  southern  border  flows  Hudson's  Fork,  commonly  called  Hudson 
river,  a  tributary  of  Broad  river,  which  empties  into  the  Savannah  on 
the  border  of  Elbert  and  Lincoln  counties.  North  Fork  and  Middle 
Fork,  tributaries  of  Broad  river,  flow  through  the  county.  The  lands 
along  the  rivers  and  creeks  are  rich  and  produce  abundant  crops  of  cot- 
ton, corn  and  the  small  grains,  as  well  as  a  great  variety  of  vegetables. 
The  average  yield  to  the  acre  under  good  cultivation  is:  seed  cotton  600 
to  800  pounds;  com,  15  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  rye,  10;  oats,  20  to 
30;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes,  100;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000 
pounds;  Bermuda  grass  4,000  pounds;  shredded  com,  4,000;  sorghum 
symp,  75  to  100  gallons. 

In  1890  there  were  in  the  county  1,669  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
2,491  pounds,  5,940  cattle,  of  which  there  were  630  working  oxen,  2,227 
milch-cows,  producing  730,701  gallons  of  milk,  232,615  pomid?  of  but- 
ter, and  25  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  also  108,222  of  all  kinds  of 
poultry,  producing  72,307  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  produced 
amounted  to  18,939  pounds.  There  were  also  990  horses,  1,323  mules, 
3  donkeys  and  7,763  swine. 

The  forest  growth  is  chiefly  of  hardwoods,  viz. :  the  different  varieties 
of  oaks,  hickory,  maple,  ash,  birch,  gum  and  other  trees  common  to  this 
section  of  the  State. 

The  climate  of  Franklin  county  is  pleasant  and  healthy.  The  peo- 
ple are  industrious,  kind-hearted  an.d  hospitable.  Methodists  and  Baptists 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  QQ'J 

are  the  most  numerous  of  the  Christian  denominations,  though  there 
are  also  many  Presbyterians  and  a  few  of  other  sects. 

There  ai'e  some  good  private  schools  besides  the  excellent  ones  belong- 
ing to  the  system  provided  by  the  State.  In  the  50  public  schools  for 
whites  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  1,753  pupils,  and  in  the  lU  for 
negroes  an  average  attendance  of  529. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  13,998  bales  of  upland  cotton,  representing  very  nearly  the 
entire  production  of  the  county  for  1899. 

Carnesville,  named  for  Thomas  B.  Carnes,  an  eminent  lawyer  and 
judge,  is  the  county  site,  located  about  ten  miles  from  one  of  the  branch 
roads  of  the  Southern  Railway  system.  It  has,  according  to  the  United 
States  census  of  1900,  a  population  of  305  in  the  corporate  limits,  and 
in  the  entire  Carnesville  district,  2,202.  The  Franklin  Springs  are  about 
9  miles  southeast  of  Carnesville. 

The  largest  town  in  the  county  is  Lavonia,  in  Bryant  district,  which 
contains  a  population  of  2,093,  while  in  the  town  there  are  G99  inhabit- 
ants. It  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway  between  Toccoa  and 
Elberton,  and  being  on  a  ridge  leading  from  the  base  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
has  a  delightful  summer  climate.  On  either  side  are  fi-uitful  plains  yield- 
ing cotton,  corn,  wheat,  oats,  peaches,  etc.,  one  plain  stretching  toward 
the  Tugaloo  river  on  the  north,  the  other  toward  the  Broad  on  the  south. 

The  business  portion  is  built  of  brick.  There  are  several  manufactur- 
ing establishments:  the  Lavonia  Oil  Mill,  with  $25,000  capital;  the  La- 
vonia Milling  Company,  a  modern  roller  flouring  mill  with  $10,000 
capital;  the  Lavonia  Gin  Company  with  a  capital  of  $10,000;  Stevenson's 
Brick  Mills  with  an  output  of  50,000  first-class  brick  in  a  day;  Mason, 
Randall  &  Co's.  lumber  yard  and  sawmills  with  dressers  and  other  mod- 
em equipment-s,  and  the  Lavonia  Cotton  Mill,  with  a  capital  of  $65,000. 
There  are  in  the  town  2  hotels;  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Presbyterian 
churches,  the  Lavonia  Institute,  a  $4,000  brick  building,  well  patrondzed 
and  the  Bank  of  Lavonia,  with  a  capital  adequate  to  the  needs  of  the 
community. 

Another  town  is  Royston,  on  the  Southern  Railway,  with  579  inhabit- 
ants in  the  corporate  limits,  while  in  the  Manley  district,  which  includes 
it,  are  1,321  people.  This  town  has  four  fertilizer  establishments  which 
carry  on  a  successful  business.  It  is  also  well  supplied  with  religious  and 
educational  advantages. 

Otlicr  postoffices  are  Ashland,  Avalon,  Bold  Spring,  Mize,  Cromer, 
Eastonollee,  Garlandville,  Goodwill,  Henry,  Iron  Rock,  Martin,  Rod 
Hill,  Salubrity,  Walnut  Hill  and  West  Boworavillo. 

The  area  of  Franklin  county  is  344  square  miles,  or  220,100  acres. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  population  was  reported  at 
17,700,  a  gain  of  3,030  over  that  of  1890. 

According  to  the  report  of  Hon.  G.  R.  Glenn,  State  School  Commis- 
sioner, the  school  fund  of  Franklin  county  f<»r  1000  wms  $1  1,019.00. 

By  the  report  of  Hon.  W.  A.  Wri^lit,  tlic  Comptrollcr-Cienoral,  tlip 
following  items  were  returned  for  taxation  in  1000:  acres  of  improved 


668  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

land,  195,179;  average  value  per  acre,  $4.71;  city  or  town  property, 
$132,503;  shares  in  bank,  $12,000;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $180,074; 
value  of  merchandise,  $67,241;  cotton  manufactures,  $15,000;  house- 
hold and  kitchen  furniture,  $81,472;  farm  and  other  animals,  $186,511; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $46,616;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,151; 
cotton,  com,  annual  crop,  etc.,  $9,255;  value  of  all  other  property,  $39,- 
590;  real  estate,  $1,090,075;  personal  estate,  $641,372.  Aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $1,731,447. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
2,626;  value  of  land,  $9,539;  city  or  town  property,  $1,263;  money  and 
solvent  debts,  $157;  merchandise,  $208;  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $4,740;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $68.00;  fai-m  and  other  animals, 
$10,894;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,071;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $1,492.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property  $30,432. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $119,789  over  the  re- 
turns of  1900. 

One  of  the  early  settlers  of  this  county  was  Captain  James  Terrell, 
who  died  in  the  77th  year  of  his  age.  During  the  Revolutionary  strug- 
gles, though  living  in  the  midst  of  royalist  neighbors,  he  was  among  the 
first  to  embrace  the  cause  of  America,  and  served  with  distinction  until 
disabled  by  a  musket  ball  which  shattered  his  hip. 

There  are  in  Franklin  county  several  Indian  mounds.  This  section  of 
the  State  was  long  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  the  Indians.  In  almost 
every  part  of  it  the  settlers  found  it  necessary  to  erect  forts  and  block- 
houses to  protect  themselves  against  the  savages  who,  whenever  opportun- 
ity offered,  inflicted  upon  helpless  women  and  children  cruelties,  the  very 
record  of  which  would  chill  the  blood.  The  remembrance  of  these  things 
was  still  fresh,  when  in  1837  the  Creek  warriors  in  Alabama  gathered 
to  do  battle  against  the  whites.  One  of  the  most  gallant  companies  that 
Volunteered  for  this  war  was  from  Franklin  county,  and  was  commanded 
by  a  Captain  Morris.  At  the  battle  of  Pea  River  Swamp  in  Alabama 
(March  25,  1837),  the  Franklin  Volunteers  greatly  distinguished  them- 
selves. One  of  their  number,  after  the  Indians  had  been  routed,  while 
pursuing  a  fleeing  savage,  got  into  their  camp  when  two  Indian  women 
seized  him.  Disdaining  to  strike  a  woman,  he  made  every  effort  to  es- 
cape, but  finally  when  they  were  about  to  dispatch  him  with  knives,  he 
drew  his  bowie,  and  killing  them  both  made  good,  his  escape. 

Population  of  Franklin  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  6,783;  white,  females,  6,713;  total  white, 
13,496;  oolored  males,  2,146;  colored  females,  2,058;  total  colored, 
4,204. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  40  calves,  14  steers,  1  bull,  123  dairy  cows,  81  horses,  24 
mules,  1  donkey,  7  sheep,  179  hogs. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDVSTRIAL.  (3(39 

FULTON  COUNTY. 

Fulton  County  was  set  off  from  DeKalb  iu  1853  and  was  named  in 
konor  of  Eobert  Fulton,  of  New  York,  who  first  demonstrated  the  fact 
that  steam  could  be  used  in. the  propulsion  of  vessels  large  enough  to 
cany  freight  and  passengers,  (1807).  This  county  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  ALilton  and  Cobb,  on  the  east  by  DeKalb,  on  the  south  by  Clay- 
ton and  Campbell  and  on  the  west  by  Campbell  and  Cobb. 

The  Chattahoochee  river  flows  along  its  northern  and  western  border. 
South  river,  one  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Ocmulgee,  rises  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  this  county.  Other  streams  are  Peachtree,  Clear,  Woodall, 
Shoal,  Proctor's,  Sugar  and  Utoy  creeks. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  rolling  and  broken.  The  soil  is  red  clay, 
interspersed  with  gray,  gravelly  ridges  and  bottoms. 

The  average  yield  of  the  various  crops  to  the  acre  is:  Seed  cotton, 
700  to  800  pounds;  com,  19  to  20  bushels;  oats,  24  bushels;  rye,  13 
bushels;  wheat,  from  6  to  10  bushels;  hay,  4,000  poimds.  The  grasses 
from  which  hay  is  made,  are  clover,  blue  grass,  Bermuda,  crab,  orchard, 
red  top,  timothy  and  peavine.  All  these  do  well.  There  is  an  annual 
product  of  about  7,000  bushels  of  coA\"peas,  500  bushels  of  peanuts,  52,- 
000  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  124,000  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes.  The 
proximity  of  Atlanta  causes  a  great  demand  for  vegetables,  and  the 
amount  of  truck  sold  from  the  market  gardens  is  valued  at  $150,000. 
There  are  in  Fulton  county  47,000  peach-trees,  1,500  cherry-trees,  25,- 
700  apple-trees,  1,700  pear-trees  and  2,356  plimi-trees. 

The  suburbs  of  Atlanta  enjoy  unrivalled  advantages  for  profitable 
dairying,  bee-keeping,  poultry  farming  and  trucking,  and  there  is  a 
steady  growth  all  along  these  lines  of  industry. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  157  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  487 
pounds;  3,291  cattle,  of  which  72  were  working  oxen,  and  1,839  were 
milch-co'W's,  producing  817,310  gallons  of  milk  from  which  were  made 
201,435  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  reported  G49  horses,  1,112 
mules,  4  donkeys,  3,617  swine,  56,969  poultry  of  all  kinds,  146,074 
dozens  of  eggs  and  16,812  pounds  of  honey.  Of  the  cattle  380  were 
recorded  as  pure  bred  and  890  were  graded  as  half  blood  or  higher. 

In  these  statistics  horses  and  mules  in  the  city  of  Atlanta  were  not  re- 
corded, but  only  those  on  farms. 

The  minerals  are  some  copper,  iron  pyrites,  asbestos  and  gold.  None 
are  being  mined.  The  clays  for  making  brick  and  terra  cotta  are  profit- 
ably worked. 

The  timber  products  arc  small;  some  oak  and  walnut,  used  in  sho])9 
which  manufacture  various  articles  of  wood  work.  The  outjuit  of  lum- 
ber, shingles,  staves,  etc.,  amounts  to  al)out  $8,000  per  annum. 

The  gross  horso-powore  of  the  Clinttnhooclicf'  n<»t  iitilizcil  are  31,677. 
The  utilized  water-powers  arc:  On  the  ChattaliooclK^  159,  running  14 
small  grist-mills;  on  South  river  33,  running  3  small  grlst-milla 


^70  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

In  the  city  of  Atlanta  is  one  of  the  largest  steam  flour  mills  in  Geor- 
gia, with  patent  roller  process. 

The  county  site  and  also  the  capital  of  Georgia  is  Atlanta,  with  a  pop- 
ulation in  the  city  limits,  according  to  the  United  States  census  of  liiOO, 
of  SU,872,  or  in  round  numbers,  90,000.  If  we  add  to  these  ligures  the 
population  of  the  immediate  suburbs,  we  would  have  over  103,000  peo- 
ple whose  living  depends  upon  the  various  industries  of  the  City  of  At- 
lanta. Besides  these,  many  of  the  business  men  of  Atlanta  have  their 
homes  in  the  small  cities,  towns  and  villages  scattered  about  within  a 
radius  of  20  and  more  miles  in  every  direction,  going  to  their  homes 
every  evening  and  returning  in  the  morning,  on  numerous  lines  of  steam 
or  electric  railways.  Although  the  youngest  of  all  the  great  commercial 
centers  of  Georgia,  Atlanta  is  now  the  largest  city  between  Washing- 
ton, D.  C,  and  New  Orleans,  La. 

In  1837  the  southeastern  terminus  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic  Rail- 
road was  established  near  where  the  union  passenger  depot  now  stands 
(1901).  It  was  chosen  as  being  the  best  point  for  "the  running  of 
branch  roads  to  Athens,  Madison,  Milledgeville,  Forsyth  and  Columbus." 
Terminus  was  the  name  given  to  the  site  thus  chosen.  In  1843  the  vil- 
lage was  called  Marthasville,  in  compliment  to  the  daughter  of  ex-Gov- 
ernor Lumpkin,  who  had  been  distinguished  by  his  deep  interest  in  the 
development  of  railroad  enterprise  in  Georgia.  In  1846  Atlanta,  de- 
rived from  the  word  Atlantic,  was  suggested  as  an  appropriate  name  for 
the  embryo  city,  by  Mr.  J.  Edgar  Thomson,  chief  engineer  of  the  Geor- 
gia Railroad,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Richard  Peters,  also  an  engineer  of  the 
road.  Mr.  Peters  and  Mr.  Gamett  decided  upon  this  name,  and  on  the 
29th  of  December,  1847,  the  Georgia  legislature  incorporated,  as  the 
"City  of  Atlanta,"  the  new  to^vn,  which  had  begim  to  give  evidence  of 
rapid  growth.  The  population  at  that  time  numbered  about  500.  By 
the  census  of  1850  the  population  was  shown  to  be  2,572.  Up  to  1853 
the  people  of  Atlanta  went  to  Decatur  to  transact  their  legal  business; 
but  in  that  year  the  county  of  Fulton  was  formed  with  Atlanta  as  its 
county  site,  and  a  city  hall  was  erected  where  the  State  Capitol  now 
stands.  It  was  about  this  time  that  Rev.  George  White  was  superin- 
tending the  publication  of  his  "Historical  Collections  of  Georgia,"  in 
which  appears  a  statement  from  Mr.  Jonathan  ISTorcross  to  the  effect 
that  the  population  of  Atlanta  was  not  then  precisely  known,  "but  placed 
by  none  under  4,500,  and  still  increasing."  When  the  census  of  1860 
was  taken,  Atlanta  was  shown  to  have  9,554,  or  in  round  numbers,  10,- 
000  inhabitants.  During  the  civil  war  Atlanta  was  the  seat  of  impor- 
tant industries,  whose  principal  object  was  to  sustain  the  military  oper- 
ations of  the  Confederate  States.  In  July,  1864,  Atlanta  and  vicinity 
became  the  scene  of  a  fierce  struggle  between  opposing  armies  and  the 
battles  of  Peachtree  Creek,  Atlanta  and  Ezra  Church  were  fought  with- 
out decisive  results.  On  August  6th  another  fierce  engagement  occurred 
between  portions  of  each  army  at  Utoy  creek.  From  the  9th  to  the 
25th  of  August  the  city  was  subjected  to  a  furious  bombardment,  and 
women  and  children  had  to  seek  shelter  in  cellars  night  and  day.     But 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  671 

tlie  -women  and  children  had  the  spirit  of  heroes,  to  which  General  Hood 
bore  testimony  in  these  words,  "I  can  not  recall  one  word  from  their  lips 
expressive  of  dissatisfaction  or  willingness  to  surrender."  AVhen  all  his 
efforts  to  capture  Atlanta  by  direct  attack  had  failed.  General  Sherman 
moved  the  bulk  of  his  army  to  Jonesboro,  across  the  only  line  of  supply 
in  possession  of  the  Confederates.  Then  Hood,  being  unable  to  dislodge 
him,  was  compelled  to  let  go,  and  Sherman  entered  Atlanta  on  the  2d 
of  September,  IS 64.  "When  he  started  on  his  march  to  the  sea,  Sher- 
man ordered  everything  burned  except  the  mere  dwelling  houses  and 
the  churches.  Only  450  houses,  including  some  of  the  churches,  es- 
caped. All  the  stores,  workshops,  mills,  depots  and  most  of  the  dwell- 
ing's were  reduced  to  ashes.  The  city  just  before  its  capture  had  14,000 
inhabitants.  Before  the  close  of  hostilities,  in  the  following  spring,  the 
people  began  to  return  and  prepared  to  rebuild  the  ruined  city.  By 
1870,  a  little  over  five  years  from  the  time  of  its  destruction,  Atlanta 
had  arisen  from  her  ashes  and  had  a  population  of  22,000.  In  1880  it 
had  increased  to  37,000,  and  in  1800  to  Go, 533.  This  growth  from 
less  than  3,000  in  1850  to  90,000  in  1900  has  no  parallel  outside  of  the 
Northwestern  States. 

Nearly  1,100  feet  above  sea  level,  Atlanta  has  a  bracing  atmosphere, 
w4th  breezes  blowing  over  the  foothills  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

The  public  building-s,  whose  cost  aggregates  nearly  $8,000,000,  are 
imposing  structures,  and  the  business  edifices  compare  favorably  with 
them.  Few  cities  in  any  part  of  the  LTnited  States  can  show  more  attrac- 
tive residence  streets  or  more  beautiful  homes;  and  by  the  United  States 
census  Atlanta  is  accredited  with  a  larger  percentage  of  home  owners 
than  any  city  of  its  size  in  the  Southern  States.  The  streets  are  well 
paved,  and  macadamized  roads  extend  far  out  from  the  city  limits  into 
the  country. 

The  city  is  supplied  with  water  works,  gas  and  electric  light  plants, 
street  and  suburban  electric  railways,  long  distance  telephones  to  the 
leading  cities  and  towns  of  the  State,  and  other  great  cities  in  different 
sections  of  the  Union,  and  enjoys  telegraphic  communication  witli  every 
quarter  of  the  globe. 

With  no  advantage  of  water  transportation  Atlanta  enjoys,  through 
her  magnificent  railroad  connections,  a  great  trade  north,  south,  east 
and  west.  In  several  specialties  the  trade  of  Atlanta  extends  thronghout 
the  United  States.  This  is  particularly  true  of  cotton  and  paper  bags, 
furniture  and  proprietary  medicines. 

Groceries  and  dry  goods  are  the  two  largest  items  in  Atlanta's  wholo- 
salo  trade.  The  sale  of  groceries  for  1809  amounted  to  over  $12,000,- 
000  and  those  of  dry  goods  to  $10,000,000. 

In  Atlanta  and  vicinity  tlierc  are  0  cotton  mills,  and  the  Atlanta 
woolen  mill,  with  an  aggregate  invested  capital  of  $1,800,000;  13  iron 
manufacforios,  making  niaehinorv,  agrifullnral  iniplenients,  boilers,  gins 
and  castings,  with  a  capital  of  $1,1 07, 000;  12  ninnn factories  of  sash, 
doors,  l)linds  and  interior  finish,  with  a  caj)ital  of  $(504,000;  5  establish- 
ments working  in  sheet  metal,  producing  cornices,  wirework  and  tinware, 
.'ii  (jii 


(372  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

with  a  capital  of  $222,000;  8  making  brick,  tile  and  terra  cotta,  from 
clay,  with  a  capital  of  $801,000;  10  manufactories  of  commercial  fer- 
tilizers, with  a  capital  of  $1,215,000  in  operation  and  a  new  plant 
ap]jroaching  compietion;  5  wagon  and  carriage  factories,  with  a 
capital  of  $12(5,000;  14  manufactories  of  pro]3rietary  medicines, 
with  a  capital  of  $248,000;  13  furniture  factories,  with  a  capital  of 
$532,000;  7  candy  and  cracker  factories,  with  a  capital  of  $235,000; 
10  tobacco  factories,  with  a  capital  of  $38,000;  3  cohin  factories,  with  a 
capital  of  $2(5.0,000;  6  bottling  and  carbonating  establishments,  with  a 
capital  of  $53,000;  5  paper  and  paper  bag  factories,  with  a  capital  of 
$480,000;  4  paint  and  oil  manufactories,  with  a  capital  of  $114,000;  4 
of  cotton  seed  oil  and  by-products,  with  a  capital  of  $750,000;  1  ice  fac- 
tory, with  a  capital  of  $140,000;  26  miscellaneous  establishments  repre- 
senting $718,000.  The  aggregate  invested  capital  of  all  these  estab- 
lishments is  $9,454,000.  Besides  these  are  nearly  400  small  manufac- 
tories of  various  articles  not  estimated.  The  manufactories  above  enum- 
erated employ  more  than  10,000  operatives,  with  an  annual  payroll  of 
over  $3,000,000.  The  value  of  the  raw  material  consumed  is  more  than 
$10,000,000,  and  the  product  between  $15,000,000  and  $20,000,- 
000.  The  factories  of  Atlanta  take  the  cotton  crop  of  four  average 
Georgia  counties. 

The  lumber  interest  is  the  third  largest  in  the  south.  The  raw  ma- 
terial consumed  by  the  lumber  mills  amounts  to  $500,000,  and  has  a 
market  value,  when  manufactured,  of  $1,500,000. 

The  tanning  industry  is  yet  in  its  incipiency,  but  the  quality  of  the 
goods  produced  is  of  such  a  high  standard,  that  they  are  always  in  der 
mand  at  high  prices. 

There  are  in  Atlanta  20  banking  institutions,  with  a  capital  of  more 
than  $3,000,000. 

There  are  upwards  of  20  building  and  loan  associations  representing 
nearly  $2,000,000  capital. 

The  hardware  business  of  Atlanta  amounts  to  something  more  thaa 
$6,000,000  annually. 

The  largest  wholesale  and  retail  seed  growing  establishments  in  the 
south  are  located  in  Atlanta.  They  grow  their  own  seed  and  guarantee 
them. 

In  fire  insurance  Atlanta  has  long  led  all  other  Southern  cities.  Here 
is  the  home  of.  the  Southeastern  Tariff  Association,  which  is  composed 
of  60  of  the  leading  fire  companies  doing  business  in  the  south.  It  has 
in  the  last  15  years  done  a  splendid  work  in  equalizing  rates,  liberaliz- 
ing policies,  driving  out  irresponsible  agents  and  wild  cat  companies  and 
improving  building  laws.  Sixty  companies  through  their  Atlanta  agen- 
cies report  Georgia  business  for  the  year  ending  April  30th,  1000,  as 
follows:  New  business  written,  $184,000,000;  premiums  received,  $2,- 
400,000;  losses  paid,  over  $2,000,000.  The  Georgia  Insurance  Com- 
missioner's  report  shows  that  28  accident,  marine,  guarantee  and  plate 
glass  companies,  through  their  Atlanta  agents,  report  Georgia  business 
for  the  year  ending  April  30th,  1900,  amounting  to  $75,000,000,  witk 


-'  r- 


BRIGHTON. 

Our  ten  years'  experience 
this  valuable  variety  warrant 
in  sayinj^  that  it  rank's  as  best  ii 
the  qualities  of  a  number  one  I 
ilv  iir  market  KTi'ape.  It  is  equ 
of  better  than  the  Delaware,  of 
Ker  size,  with  less  pulp,  and  ri 
a  week  or  ten  days  earlier, 
vine  is  a  strong  jrrowcr;  foliajfe 
and  k'ossv,  and  the  many  lest 
which  It  has  been  subjected  i 
catiS  that  it  has  no  superior  for 
or,  hardiness,  freedom  from  dis 
a^nd  abundant  crops  of  handS' 
luscious  fruit. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXU   INDUSTRIAL.  (375 

premium  payments  of  $200,000,  and  losses  paid  $144,000.  For  the 
same  perioa  '6(i  old  Hue  iiie  m^uianee  companies,  through  their  At- 
lanta otHces,  report  new  business  written  in  Georgia  $28,000,000;  new 
premiums  coileeied,  $bOO,UOO;  total  business  now  in  force,  $113,000,- 
000,  with  annual  premiums  of  $3,103,000,  and  annual  death  claims  of 
$1,500,000.  Assessment  and  fraternal  companies  add  greatly  to  the 
above  amounts.  All  this  immeuse  business  aggregates  in  Ijeorgia  $300,- 
000,000,  with  annual  premium  payments  of  $0,000,000  and  annual  losses 
of  $4,000,000. 

The  sanitary,  police  and  fire  departments  of  Atlanta  are  in  fii-st  class 
condition,  and  no  city  in  the  Union  surpasses  her  in  these  respects. 

The  hotels  are  numerous  and  tirst-class  in  their  appointments. 

Atlanta's  public  school  system  is  up  to  the  highest  mark. 

The  churches  and  religious  organizations  represent  every  Christian 
denomination  and  Hebrews  also.  The  churches  number  more  than  100, 
and  have  large  memberships. 

Atlanta  is  surrounded  by  springs  of  great  medicinal  value,  some  of 
them  in  Fulton  and  some  in  adjacent  counties.  The  Lithia  waters  of 
Georgia  are  of  a  superior  quality  and  are  claimed  by  some  to  excel  those 
of  any  other  State.  They  are  sold  in  Atlanta  at  all  soda  fountains;  they 
are  barrelled  and  bottled  and  shipped  to  all  points.  The  springs  all  have 
headquarters  here.  The  waters  have  been  found  very  beneficial,  and  a 
great  many  citizens  of  Atlanta  drink  nothing  but  lithia  water. 

Atlanta  has  several  business  and  medical  colleges,  a  law  college  and 
two  dental  colleges. 

In  addition  to  the  day  schools,  public  and  private,  there  is  a  large 
night  school  connected  with  the  public  school  system,  and  one  uiuler  the 
auspices  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association.  The  colleges  of 
Atlanta  have  already  been  mentioned  in  the  chapter  on  education  in 
Georgia. 

In  1870  the  taxable  property  of  Atlanta  was  returned  at  $0,500,000, 
and  in  1901  at  $47,986,535.  Of  this  amount  the  whites  own  $47,097,- 
550  and  the  negroes  $888,985. 

Atlanta's  railroad  facilities  have  already  been  referred  to.  The  South- 
ern, the  Georgia,  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  and  the  Central  of  Georgia 
connect  her  with  the  Middle,  Northern  and  New  Enurland  Stntes.  Th.» 
Western  and  Atlantic,  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Northern,  and  tlnit 
branch  of  the  Southern  system  formerly  called  the  East  Tennessee,  Vir- 
ginia and  Georgia  bririg  her  into  clope  communion  with  the  entire  coun- 
try between  the  Alleghany  and  Tior-ky  ^lountaitH,  and  the  region  of  the 
great  lakes.  That  branch  of  tlif  Southern,  once  known  as  the  Geor^ria 
Pacific,  and  the  Atlanta  and  West  Point,  connect  her  witli  the  groat 
Southern  transcontinental  lines  to  flie  Pacific  and  to  Mexico.  Tho  Cen- 
tral of  Gporffia,  the  Atlanta  and  \Vo«t  Point  and  two  brandies  of  the 
great  Southern  system  connect  her  with  the  South  Atlantic  and  (^ulf 
States. 

ITcr  miles  of  well-built  bu=iiie?JS  slrcot-!  radiating  in  all  direction^,  licr 
handsome  re?,ideaico  streets,  the  bciiutiful  parl-..-<  in  tlif  suburbs  rcacdiod 


676  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

bj  the  electric  railways,  make  Atlanta  a  very  attractive  city,  as  well  as 
a  great  mart  of  trade, 

Atlanta  is  not  only  the  county  site  of  Fulton  county,  but  also  the 
capital  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  The  capital  v^as  brought  here  from 
Milledgeville  when  the  city  was  barely  out  of  the  ashes  of  the  war,  and 
in  1877  the  people  of  Georgia  voted  to  make  Atlanta  their  permanent 
seat  of  government.  The  handsome  capitol  was  erected  on  a  lot  given 
by  the  city  during  the  incumbency  of  Governor  McDaniel,  and  cost  $1,- 
000,000.  It  is  one  of  the  few  public  buildings  erected  in  the  United 
States  that  came  within  the  appropriation  set  apart  by  the  legislature  for 
its  construction. 

The  rapidly  developing  business  and  manufactures  of  Atlanta  were 
brought  prominently  before  the  whole  country  by  the  Cotton  Exposition 
of  1881,  and  the  great  development  of  the  Southeastern  States  between 
1880  and  1890  was  splendidly  illustrated  in  the  great  Cotton  States 
and  International  Exposition  of  1895. 

One  of  the  new  enterprises  of  Atlanta  is  a  large  plant  for  the  manu- 
facture of  genuine  all  woven  Smyrna  rugs  of  imported  material.  The 
Atlanta  Rug  Mill,  though  of  recent  origin,  has  already  doubled  its  ca- 
pacity and  has  additional  machinery  ordered  to  still  farther  enlarge  its 
output. 

East  Ponit,  six  miles  from  Atlanta,  has  a  wagon  factory  and  a  horse 
collar  factory.    A  little  beyond  East  Point  are  two  new  cotton  mills. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900  there  were  ginned  in  Fulton  county  1,604  bales  of  upland 
cotton. 

The  business  of  the  county  is  mostly  in  manufactures  and  commerce 
for  the  city,  and  in  truck  farming  and  dairying  for  the  country. 

The  area  of  Fulton  county  is  174  square  miles,  or  111,360  acres. 

Population  of  Fulton  county  in  1900,  117,363,  an  increase  of  32,708 
since  1890;  school  fund  for  county,  $13,747.71;  school  fund  for  city  of 
Atlanta,  $39,672.23;  school  fund  for  East  Point,  $778.31;  school  fund 
of  Hapeville,  $325. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  Acres  of  im- 
proved land,  95,537;  average  value  per  acre,  $41.28;  city  and  town  prop- 
erty, $32,621,690;  gas  and  electric  light  company,  $450,000;  building 
find  loan  associations,  $211,410;  money,  etc.,  $3,924,828;  shares  in  bank, 
Sl,149,150;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,190,351;  cotton  manufactories,  $461,- 
346,  which  should  be  more  than  $1,000,000,  a  mistake  arising  from 
more  than  $600,000  worth  of  factory  stock  having  been  reported  under 
the  head  of  "all  other  property";  iron  works,  $49,955;  mining,  $735; 
merchandise,  $3,369,821;  household  furniture,  $1,375,658;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $201,394;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $99,313; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $126,252;  value  of  all  other  property,  $982,523; 
real  estate,  $36,564,688;  personal  estate,  $14,926,354;  aggregate  value 
of  property,  $51,491,042. 

Propertv  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  1,037;  value 
of  same,  $93,618;  city  and  town  property,  $787,875;  money,  etc.,  $1,- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  577 

750;  merchandise,  $8,720;  watches,  jewehy,  etc.,  $470;  household  fur- 
niture, $0 1,0-^0;  farm  and  other  animals,  $7,035;  plantation  and  me- 
ohanical  tools,  $1,954;  value  of  all  other  property,  $l,Ui)0;  aggregate 
value  of  property,  $1)34,732. 

The  tax  returns  for  11)01  show  an  increase  over  those  of  I'JOO,  in  the 
value  of  all  property,  amounting  to  $'J  10,843. 

The  county  public  schools  number  27  for  whites,  with  lui  average  at- 
tendance of  1,550,  and  10  for  colored,  with  an  average  attendunce  of 
525.  In  the  public  schools  of  Atlanta  there  is  an  average  attendance  of 
6,900  in  those  for  whites  and  2,700  in  those  for  colored.  The  enroll- 
ment in  Atlanta  schools  is  0,"J02  whites  and  3,735  colored. 

Besides  Atlanta  there  are  in  Fulton  county  the  following  towns: 

College  Park,  with  a  population  of  517. 

East  T*aint,  with  a  population  of  1,315. 

Hapeville,  with  a  population  of  430. 

Oakland  City,  with  a  population  of  828. 

Of  the  immediate  suburbs  of  Atlanta  Cooks  has  6,558  people,  Black 
Hall,  including  Oakland  City,  3,226;  Edgewood,  1,552,  and  Teachtrec 
2,217,  or  13,553  in  all.  This  gives  for  Atlanta  and  its  immediate  su- 
burbs a  population  of  103,425. 

Population  of  Fulton  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  35,334;  white  females,  36,257;^  total  white, 
71,591;  colored  males,  19,484;  colored  females,  25,924;  total  colored, 
45,772. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Atlanta  by  race  and  color,  according  to  fhe 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  26,434;  white  females,  27,471;  totiil  white, 
53,905;  colored  males,  14,943;  colored  females,  21,024;  totid  colored, 
35,967. 

Total  population  of  Atlanta,  89,872. 

Domestic  animals  in  Fulton  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  381  calves,  45  stoei-s,  28  bulls,  2,800  dairy 
cows,  2,797  horses,  982  mules,  3  donkeys,  2  sheep,  952  swine,  100  goats. 

Domestic  animals  in  the  limits  of  the  city  of  Atlanta  in  barns  and 
inclosures,  June  1,  1900:  161  calves,  23  steers,  6  bulls,  1,132  dairy 
cows,  2,227  horses,  614  mules,  1  donkey,  2  sheep,  4  swine,  56  goats. 

GILMER  COUNTY. 

Gilmer  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  in  1832,  and  was  named 
in  honor  of  George  R.  Gilmer,  (ilovernor  of  Georgia  from  November, 
1829,  to  November,  1831.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties: 
Panuin  on  the  north  and  northeast,  Dawson  on  llic  soiitlu'ast,  I'ic.kens 
on  the  south,  Gordon  and  Murray  on  llio  west. 

The  Cartecay  and  Ellijay  rivers  uniting  at  Eilijay  in  the  center  of  the 
county  form  the  Coosawattee  river,  which  ilows  acms-^  the  cdunty  in  a 
southwesterly  direction.  It  is  also  watered  by  Mountain  Town  creek, 
Owltown  creek  and  many  sniaHer  streams. 

The  face  of  the  country   is  broken   by  mounUiins,   the  juincipal   of 


g78  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

which  are  Cohutta,  Frog,  Coal,  Bald,  Long  Swamp,  Amicalola,  Turnip 
Town,  Tallona  and  Sharp  Top, 

In  the  valleys  and  along  the  water  courses  the  lands  are  very  rich,  the 
soil  being  a  black  sandy  loam.  The  hilly  uplands  have  a  mulatto  top 
soil  with  red  clay  subsoil,  and  in  some  places  a  gray  gravelly  soil.  The 
mountain  lands  are  very  similar  to  the  valley  lands.  The  principal  crops 
are  best  shown  by  comparing  the  acreage  of  each,  which  is  as  follows: 
Cotton,  100  acres;  corn,  40,000  acres;  wheat,  10,000;  oats,  2,000;  rye, 
2,000;  rice,  10  acres;  sorghum,  100  acres;  Irish  potatoes,  500;  sweet 
potatoes,  100;  field  peas,  1,000;  garden  vegetables  of  every  kind,  100. 

The  average  yield  of  these  crops  to  the  acre  is:  Corn,  25  bushels; 
oats,  12;  wheat,  10  to  15;  rye,  8  to  10;  Irish  potatoes,  100  to  150;  sweet 
potatoes,  100;  field-peas,  10;  100  gallons  of  syrup.  Red  top,  timothy, 
Bermuda,  crab-grass,  orchard,  blue  grass  and  clover  do  well.  The  pro- 
duction of  crab-grass  hay  is  2,000  pounds,  of  clover,  4,000  pounds,  of 
corn  fodder  300  pounds. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  this  county  8,446  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  13,277  pounds;  8,020  cattle,  1,708  working  oxen;  2,389 
milch-cows,  with  a  butter  production  of  131,553  pounds,  and  a  milk 
■production  of  649,587  gallons;  75,000  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  with  a 
product  of  150,000  dozens  of  eggs.  There  were  also  10,000  hogs,  and 
other  animals  were  687  horses,  458  mules  and  11,478  hogs. 

The  honey  produced  in  Gilmer  county  amounted  to  29,615  pounds. 
Last  year  it  was  estimated  that  there  were  in  this  county  30  donkeys  and 
600  goats. 

Small  game  is  plentiful  and  the  streams  furnish  the  people  with  fish. 
Vegetables  of  all  kinds  do  well.  This  is  also  a  good  county  for  fruit. 
Apples  grow  to  perfection  and  have  a  ready  and  profitable  sale.  Peaches 
do  well,  but  do  not  have  much  of  a  market.  Quinces,  plums  and  cher- 
ries are  grown,  but  not  to  any  great  extent.  Some  farmers  have  small 
vineyards  that  produce  excellent  gTapes.  The  fruit  business  is  in  its 
infancy,  but  intelligent  people  in  the  county  believe  that  it  will  prove 
very  profitable. 

The  lumber,  mostly  oak  and  poplar,  is  being  cut  out  in  large  quanti- 
ties. It  is  estimated  that  the  annual  output  of  lumber  is  10,000,000 
superficial  feet  at  an  average  price  of  $15  a  thousand  feet. 

At  Ellijay  is  a  large  new  lumber  mill  run  by  water,  using  400  horse- 
power, and  with  a  capital  of  $100,000  and  a  capacity  of  50,000  feet  per 
diem. 

There  are  in  the  coiinty  six  flour  and  grist-mills  run  by  water-power 
with  an  aggregate  invested  capital  of  $10,000.  There  are  also  several 
small  portable  sawmills.  There  is  a  wagon  factory  at  Ratcliff  and  two 
tanneries  at  Ellijay.  The  streams  afford  fine  water-powers,  and  those 
within  a  few  miles  of  Ellijay  are  estimated  at  nearly  1,000  horee-powers. 
Gold  and  iron  are  being  mined  to  a  considerable  extent. 
Beautiful  marble,  white  and  variegated,  limestone,  sandstone,  mica, 
slate  and  granite  are  found. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXnCSTRIAL.  679 

Ellijay,  on  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Northern  Railroad,  is  the  coun- 
ty site.  It  has  a  court-hou^e  which  cost  $10,000.  The  Ellijay  disti'ict 
has  a  population  of  '2,-i:12,  of  whom  581  live  in  the  town. 

Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  prevailing  Christian  denominations. 
The  schools  are  in  good  condition  and  well  attended.  The  average  at- 
tendance on  the  public  schools  is:  in  the  51  white  schools  1,210  and  in 
1  for  colored  18. 

By  reason  of  its  healthful  climate,  pure  water  and  mineral  and  agri- 
cultural resources  this  is  a  very  attractive  and  inviting  section  of  the 
State. 

The  area  of  Gilmer  county  is  450  square  miles,  or  288,000  acres. 

PopuhUion  in  1900,  10,198,  a  gain  of  1,124  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$6,974.45. 

By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are:  improved 
lands,  256,549  acres;  wild  lands,  41,786;  average  value  of  inijiroved 
lands  per  acre,  $1.39;  of  wild  lands,  $0.51;  city  property,  $61,019; 
money,  etc.,  $60,289;  merchandise,  $25,815;  manufactures,  $7,343; 
household  furniture,  $34,935;  farm  and  other  animals,  $113,752;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $16,731;  watches,  etc.,  $2,664;  value  of^all. 
other  property,  $11,752;  real  estate,  $440,565;  personal  estate,  $275,- 
555;  aggregate  property,  $716,120. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land. ^672;  value, 
$602;  city  property,  $10;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $70;  watches, 
etc.,  $15;  farm  and  other  animals,  $321;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $113;  value  of  all  other  property,  $25;  aggregate  property,  $1,- 
156.  ,         ^         . 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $11,4(5  m  the  value  of 
all  property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Gilmer  county  by  race  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,069;  white  females,  5,052;  total  white, 
10,121;  colored  males,  37;  colored  females  40;  total  colored,  77. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  no  report. 

Ellija,  an  Indian  town,  formerly  stood  where  Ellijay  now  stands. 
White  Path,  a  chief  of  this  town,  accompanied  John  Ross  to  Washing- 
ton in  1834.  General  Jackson  invited  liim  to  dinner  and  presented  linn 
with  a  silver  watch,  which  he  always  kept  as  a  precious  treasure.  On  his 
death  his  watcli  was  sold  and  the  proceeds  appropriated  to  the  oroclion 
of  a  marble  monument. 

Talona  was  south  of  Ellija.  It  was  sometimes  called  Sand. •!> town 
after  its  principal  chief,  George  Sanders,  who  kcjit  a  liouse^  of  enter- 
tainment on  the  Federal  road.  He  also  went  on  a  visit  tn  AVaslnngton 
with  John  Ross. 

This  John  Ross  was  the  man  after  wliom  Ross  s  Landing  (now  C.liat- 

tanooga)  was  called. 


680  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

GLASCOCK  COUNTY. 

Glascock  County. was  laid  out  from  "Warren  county  in  1858  and  was 
named  for  General  Thomas  Glascock,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  State  Legislature  and  Eepresentative  in  Congress  from 
1835  to  1838.  Glascock  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties: 
"Warren  on  the  northeast  and  northwest,  on  the  southeast  Jefferson,  and 
on  the  southwest  Washington. 

The  north  fork  of  the  Ogeechee  river  runs  along  its  southwestern 
border,  while  Comfort,  Rocky  and  other  creeks  coming  from  the  north- 
east and  northwest  flow  centrally  through  the  county,  emptying  into  the 
Ogeechee  river.  These  streams  afford  a  quantity  of  fish  and  sport  to 
tbose  fond  of  the  seine  or  hook  and  line. 

The  lands,  with  fairly  good  culture,  will  yield  to  the  acre:  seed  cot- 
ton, 750  to  800  pounds;  com,  10  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats,  20 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  50  to  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  125  bushels; 
field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  30  bushels;  corn  fodder,  200  pounds; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  250  to  300  gallons. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  478  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  923 
pounds;  1,667  cattle,  of  which  there  were  120  working  oxen  and  567 
milch-cows.  There  was  a  production  of  94,337  gallons  of  milk  and  25,- 
202  pounds  of  butter;  19,299  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  with  a  product  of 
20,653  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  produced  amounted  to  8,662  pounds. 
There  were  also  240  horses,  468  mules  and  6,152  swine. 

The  timber  growth  is  like  that  of  this  section  of  Georgia,  oak,  walnut, 
pine,  chestnut,  hickory,  maple  and  gum. 

Facilities  for  travel  and  transportation  are  furnished  by  a  branch  of 
the  great  Southern  sj^stem,  which  brings  Gibson,  the  county  site,  into 
close  connection  with  Augusta,  the  chief  city  of  that  section  of  Georgia. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900  there  were  ginned  3,902  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

The  area  of  Glascock  county  is  85  square  miles,  or  60,800  acres.* 

Population  in  1900,  4,516,  a  gain  of  796  since  1890;  scbool  fund,  $2,- 
952.81. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of 
improved  land,  81,771;  of  wild  land,  1,326;  average  value  per  acre 
of  improved  land,  $2.96;  of  wild  land,  $0.89;  city  property,  $38,415; 
money,  etc.,  $60,525;  value  of  merchandise,  $20,125;  household  furni- 
ture, $26,095;  farm  and  other  animals,  $55,018;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $20,815;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,363;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $1,600;  real  estate,  $246,632;  personal  estate,  $195,720;  ag- 
gregate property,  $442,352. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  435;  value, 
$1,202;  city  property,  $1,110;  amount  of  money,  $29;  household  furni- 

*  There  is  an  error  in  either  the  statement  of  the  Census  Bureau,  or  in  the  re- 
oprt  to  the  Comptroller-General,  as  to  the  acreage  of  Glascock  county. 


POTATO  FIELD  IN  MARCH  IN  THE  SUBURBS  OF  BRUNSWICK.  GA. 


r 


1 


PECAN  CROVK  Ni;,\l^   I'.KUNSWTCK,  CA. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  683 

ture,  $3,055;  ■vvatehes,  etc.,  $00;  fami  and  other  animals,  $3,221;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $712;  Aggregate  property,  $9,404. 

In  the  public  school  system  there  are  13  schools  for  whites,  with  an 
enrollment  of  741  pupils,  and  0  for  colored,  with  an  enrollment  or  248. 

The  tax  returns  for  1001  show  an  increase  of  $21,193  since  the  re- 
turns of  1900. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  no  report. 

Population  of  Glascock  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,458;  white  females,  1,543;  total  white, 
3,001;  colored  males,  713;  colored  females.  802;  total  colored,  1,51!). 

GLYXX  COUXTY. 

Glynn  County  was  first  laid  out  in  1705  into  two  parishes,  St.  Pat- 
rick's and  St.  David's.  Extensive  settlements  had  been  made  here  many 
years  before.  In  1777,  during  the  war  for  independence,  the  above  named 
parishes  were  formed  into  the  county  of  Glynn,  so  named  in  honor  of 
Jolin  Glynn,  Esq.,  distinguished  for  his  unwavering  fidelity  to  the  cause 
of  American  liberty.  This  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  north  by 
Wayne  county  and  northeast  by  Mcintosh,  east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
south  by  Camden  county  and  west  b}-  Wayne. 

The  principal  streams  are  the  Altamaha  on  the  northeastern  border, 
the  Little  Satilla  on  the  southwest,  the  Turtle  river,  on  whose  east  bank 
stands  the  city  of  Brunswick,  the  St.  Simon's  river,  St.  Simon's  sound 
and  numerous  inlets.  There  are  also  many  creeks.  There  is  consider- 
able marsh  lands.  Wherever  the  marshes  have  been  drained,  the  lands 
are  very  productive. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  soil;  stretches  of  sand,  black  huuiniock 
lands  and  gray  loam  mixed  with  oyster  shells. 

The  acreage  of  crops  will  show  what  things  are  chiefly  cultivated  in 
this  county.  The  number  of  acres  planted  in  cotton  are  10;  in  corn, 
2,000;  in  wheat,  5;  in  oat3,  1,000;  in  rye,  25;  in  rice,  1,000;  in  sugar- 
cane, 1,000;  in  Irish  potatoes,  100;  in  sweet  potatoes,  1,000;  in  field 
peas,  1,000;  in  ground-peas,  300;  in  garden  vegetables  of  every  kind, 
500. 

The  sea-island  or  long-staple  cotton,  though  not  planted  much,  ])ro- 
duces  about  1,200  pounds  to  the  acre.  The  other  average  yields  to  the 
acre  are:  Com,  25  bushels;  wheat,  5  bushels;  oats,  20  to  35  bushels; 
rice,  47  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  80  to  200  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  from 
200  to  400  bushels;  ficld-ijcas,  20  bushels;  ground-jions,  30  bushels;  su- 
gar-cane syrup,  300  to  030  gallons. 

There  is  but  little  hay  raised  in  the  county;  but  JJorinuda  and  crab 
grass  do  exceptionally  well.  As  many  as  10,000  pounds  of  the  latter 
have  been  raised  in  one  season.  Eighty  bushels  to  the  acre  of  barl(\y 
and  rye  sown  together  have  l)ecn  raised  in  one  season. 

Market  gardens  or  truck  farms  have  a  fine  local  niiirkel  in  the  city  of 


(584  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Brunswick.  Some  of  the  farmers  sliip  Irish  potatoes  to  northern  and 
eastern  markets  in  May  and  June.  Some  buyers  from  Boston  cleared 
$150  an  acre  on  Irish  potatoes  in  the  spring  of  1900.  Strawberries  are 
very  profitable,  as  are  also  blackberries  and  whortleberries,  which  gi'ow  in 
wild  profusion.  Five  himdred  acres  were  devoted  to  melons  in 
1900,  the  average  net  profit  on  which  was  $50  an  acre.  The  mel- 
ons of  Glynn  county  are  famous  for  size  and  flavor.  The  market  gar- 
dens are  seven,  with  products  averaging  $7,000  each. 

Fruit-raising  is  so  far  in  the  experimental  stage.  About  50  acres  each 
have  been  devoted  to  peaches,  plums  and  pears  and  5  to  quinces.  The 
peaches  bring  a  net  value  of  $50  to  the  acre,  the  plums  $25,  the  peare 
$20.  On  account  of  experiments  made  at  Sterling,  Ga.,  on  the  Southern 
road,  much  attention  will  be  given  in  future  to  fruit-raising. 

There  are  also  two  florists'  establishments,  engaged  in  the  cultivation 
of  flowers  and  flowering  plants  for  the  market,  whose  sales  amount  to 
about  $2,000  a  year. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Glynn  county  about  258  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  222  pounds;  4,890  cattle,  264  being  working  oxen  and  1,034 
milch-cows,  producing  09,110  gallons  of  milk;  9,276  poultry  of  various 
-kinds,  producing  19,662  dozens  of  eggs;  and  3,341  hogs. 

The  production  of  honey  was  small,  1,930  pounds.  At  the  same  time 
there  were  reported  255  horses  and  69  mules.  But  these  did  not  in- 
clude those  in  the  city  of  Brunswick.  According  to  a  recent  estimate 
there  are  300  goats  in  Glynn  county. 

Some  little  attention  is  being  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breed 
of  beef  cattle.  Two  Hereford  bulls  and  one  Shorthorn  have  been 
lately  imported  into  the  county. 

There  are  two  dairy  farms  near  Brunswick  having  about  75  cows, 
and  making  a  net  profit  of  about  $5,000.  Most  of  the  cows  on  these 
farms  are  Jerseys. 

Game  is  plentiful,  especially  ducks  in  the  winter.  Fish  are  abund- 
ant the  year  round;  oysters  and  clams  in  the  winter.  Probably  $5,000 
worth  of  fish  are  shipped  in  a  year.    It  could  easily  be  $100,000  worth. 

Oyster  bed^  are  cultivated  to^  some  extent.  Choice  Brunswicks  bnng 
the  highest  prices  kno\vn  in  the  markets.  Crabs  and  shrimp  abound  in 
the  proper  season.  There  are  about  500  people  in  Glynn  county  who 
make  a  livelihood  by  fishing.  One  firm  is  engaged  in  supplying  the  in- 
terior trade.     The  market  so  far  is  mostly  local. 

The  timbers  in  the  county  available  for  market  and  manufacturing 
purposes  are  about  as  follows:  Cypress,  5,000,000  feet;  sweet  gum, 
10,000,000;  beech  snim,  5,000,000 ;\'hite  oak,  3,000,000;  ash,  3,000,- 
000;  post  oak,  5,000,000;  live  oak,  5,000,000;  hickory,  1,000.000:  vine, 
10,000,000.  About  40,000,000  feet  of  lumber  are  exported  from  Bruns- 
wick, and  20,000,000  are  cut  out  by  the  county  mills.  Most  of  the  lum- 
ber is  carried  down  the  river  and  sawed  at  Brunswick.     Of  Y  saw-milk 

3  cut  cypress  logs  and  have  a  capacity  of  100.000  feet  in  a  dav;  and 

4  that  cut  yellow  pine  have  a  capacity  of  60,000  feet  a  day.  All  these 
mills  are  operated  by  steam. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  685 

There  are  two  barrel  factories,  employing  200  hands,  with 
an  annual  output  of  125,000  barrels,  valued  at  $150,000.  These  bar- 
rels are  used  for  rosin  and  spirits  of  turpentine. 

Brunswick,  the  county  site,  the  second  seaport  in  Georgia,  with  a  pop- 
idation  numbering  9,081,  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  blulf  of  white 
sand,  elevated  from  8  to  12  feet  above  high  water,  and  extends  up  and 
down  the  river  more  than  two  miles.  Its  situation  is  suited  for  a  city  of 
the  largest  extent.  It  has  water-works,  gas  and  electric  lights,  ail  under 
the  control  of  one  company,  valued  at  $200,000.  It  has  also  an  ice  fac- 
tory making  good  profits,  two  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $200,- 
000,  three  phining  and  variety  mills  and  the  large  sawmills  already  men- 
tioned. The  Brunswick  and  "Western  division  of  the  Plant  System  has 
repair  shops  here  which  employ  100  hands.  The  Southern  Ivailway  also 
employs  several  hands  at  its  extensive  yards. 

Among  the  public  buildings  of  Brunswick  are  a  court-liou?e,  valued 
at  $20,000;  a  city  hall,  worth  $35,000;  two  public  school  buildings,  one 
valued  at  $8,000  and  the  other  at  $5,000.  In  the  public  schools  of  the 
city  are  enrolled  810  white  pupils  and  1,804  colored. 

The  commerce  of  the  city  has  grown  in  value  from  $500,000  in  1884 
to  $38,000,000  in  1899.  The  Mallory  line  of  freight  and  passenger 
steamers  runs  from  BnniSAWck  to  New  York,  and  the  Clyde  line  from 
Brunswick  to  Boston.  There  are  steamboat  lines  to  Darien,  St.  Simon's 
Island,  to  Cumberland  Island  and  Fernandina,  Florida;  also  a  tri-weokly 
line  to  points  on  the  Satilla  river.  The  cotton  exports  from  Brunswick 
for  the  past  season  were  25,000  bales. 

Thirty  miles  of  shell  roads  leading  out  from  Brunswick  and  50  miles 
of  salt  water  rivers  and  creeks,  together  with  the  railroads,  make  the 
matter  of  marketing  quite  easy.  The  county  convicts  are  kept  busy  all 
the  time  repairing  the  roads. 

Artesian  wells  supply  pure  water  to  the  city  and  county,  and  also 
furnish  to  truck  farmers  easy  means  of  irrigation. 

The  schools  of  the  city  and  county  are  of  the  very  best.  In  the  18 
county  schools  for  whites  the  average  attendance  is  G50,  and  in  the  10 
for  colored  1,274. 

All  the  Christian  denominations  have  good  church  edifices  and  largo 
memberships.     The  Jews  also  have  a  synagogue. 

The  shipments  of  lumber  from  Brunswick  for  1900  were  as  follows: 

Domestic.  Foreign. 

Lumber  (feet) 143,084,000         25,280,000 

Timber  (feet)    353,000  11,48-1,000 

Shingles  (number)    9,017,100  917,000 

Ties  (number)    2,131,173  50..M4 

Staves  (number)   -^^^  ^'^-^^0 

Laths  (bundles)   75,000 

The  area  of  Glynn  county  is  4G8  s(inare  miles,  or  299,520  acrot^. 

Population  of  Glynn  county  in  1900,  14,317,  a  gain  of  897  since 
1890;  school  fund,  $9,797.19. 


636  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

By  tlie  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  69,712;  of  wild  land,  120,131;  average  value  of  improved 
land,  to  the  acre,  $6.00;  of  wild  land,  $1.12;  city  property,  $2,113,944; 
shares  in  bank,  $184,400;  gas  and  electric  lights,  $62,540;  building 
and  loan  association,  $85,912;  money,  etc.,  $155,712;  merchandise, 
$259,815;  shipping,  $2,850;  cotton  manufactories,  $1,050;  iron 
works,  $3,100;  mining,  $200;  household  furniture,  $189,284; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $79,151;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $15,011;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $12,567;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $128,667;  real  estate,  $2,666,521;  personal  estate,  $1,193,875;  ag- 
gregate porperty,  $3,862,396. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
14,791;  value,  $42,659;  city  property,  $124,570;  money,  $900;  mer- 
chandise, $2,030;  household  furniture,  $15,932;  watches,  etc.,  $190; 
farm  animals,  etc.,  $17,186;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,668; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $965;  aggregate  property,  $206,100. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  $112,859  since  the  returns 
of  1900. 

On  the  coast  of  Glynn  county  are  several  islands,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  which  are  St.  Simon's,  Jekyl,  Blythe,  Colonel's,  Crispine,  Little 
St.  Simon's,  Long  Island,  Rainbow,  Hammock  and  Latham. 

Frederica,  on  the  west  side  of  St.  Simon's  Inland,  was  settled  in  1739, 
and  was  named  for  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales,  only  son  of  George  the 
Second.  It  was  laid  out  by  General  Oglethorpe,  with  wide  streets,  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles,  and  planted  with  rows  of  orange  trees.  This 
place,  which  was  the  residence  of  General  Oglethorpe  and  figured  much 
in  the  early  history  of  Georgia,  is  now  in  ruins.  On  St.  Simon's  Island 
on  July  7th,  1742,  was  fought  a  battle  between  Oglethorpe's  regiment 
and  the  Spaniards,  in  which  the  latter,  though  greatly  outnumbering 
the  English,  were  defeated  with  such  great  loss  that  the  scene  of  the 
conflict  is  to  this  day  known  as  the  "Bloody  Marsh." 

In  this  section  of  the  State  a  gallant  exploit  was  performed  by  the 
Americans.  The  particulars  of  this  affair  are  given  by  Colonel  Elbert 
in  a  letter  to  Major-General  Howe,  who  commanded  the  Americans  at 
Savannah,  Colonel  Samuel  Elbert  having  learned  that  a  British  brig- 
antine,  a  sloop  and  a  prize  brig  were  near  Frederica,  embarked  at  Darien 
with  300  men  and  two  pieces  of  artillery  on  three  galleys  and  another 
boat,  and  made  so  sudden  and  bold  an  attack  that  the  British  vessels 
promptly  surrendered. 

In  1788  the  Creek  Indians  oven-au  the  country  from  the  Altamaha 
to  the  St.  Mary's.  Captain  John  Burnett  lived  at  this  time  at  the  head 
of  Turtle  river  with  his  family  and  slaves.  All  the  neighbors  had  fled 
from  the  mainland  to  the  islands.  Going  out  one  day  with  his  son  John, 
the  captain  discovered  some  Indians  lying  behind  a  log.  The  two 
charged  them,  receiving  the  fire  of  ten  Indians,  who  then  went  away. 
The  captain  was  wounded  in  several  places.  One  of  the  wounds  was  in 
the  ear  and  finally  proved  fatal.  "With  the  aid  of  his  son  and  a  black 
boy  he  succeeded  in  getting  to  a  house.     About  two  weeks  afterwards 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  6g7 

100  Indians  in  the  dead  of  night  killed  a  negro  sentinel  at  the  gate,  and 
approaching  the  house  attempted  to  fire  it  and  to  break  dowTi 
the  door.  For  four  hours  the  inmates  kept  the  Indians  back.  The  two 
daughters  of  Captain  Burnett  loaded  the  muskets  below  and  handed  them 
to  their  brothei-s  above.  About  daylight  30  men  from  St.  Simon's  Island 
came  to  their  rescue  and  the  savages  fled.  One  negro  in  the  house  had 
been  killed  and  all  the  negroes  outside  had  been  carried  away  by  the 
Indians.  Moses  Burnett  had  received  three  wounds,  none  of  which 
proved  fatal. 

Population  of  Glynn  county  by  race  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,760;  white  females,  2,440;  total  white, 
5,200;  colored  males,  4,547;  colored  females,  4,570;  total  colored,  9,117. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Brunswick  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,029;  white  females,  1,855;  total  white, 
3,884;  colored  males,  2,466;  colored  females,  2,731;  total  colored,  5,197. 

Total  population  of  the  city  of  Bru•ns^^^ck,  9,081. 

Domestic  animals  in  Glynn  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  77  calves,  17  steers,  6  bulls,  206  dairy 
cows,  348  horses,  46  mules,  81  swine. 

GORDON  COUNTY. 

Gordon  County  was  laid  out  from  Ployd  and  Cass  (now  Bartow)  in 
1850,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Washington  Gordon,  son  of 
Lieutenant  Ambrose  Gordon  of  Maryland,  who  served  in  the  war  for 
independence  under  Colonel  Wm.  Washington,  and  upon  the  return  of 
peace  settled  in  Augusta,  where  his  son  William  was  born  in  1796.  Mr. 
Gordon  was  one  of  the  main  promoters  of  railroad  enterprise  in  Geor- 
gia, and  was  president  of  the  Central  Railroad  at  the  time  of  his  death 
in  Savannah  in  1842. 

Gordon  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Murray  and 
Whitfield  on  the  north,  Gilmer  and  Pickens  on  the  east,  Bartow  and 
Floyd  on  the  south,  and  Floyd  and  Chattooga  on  the  west. 

It  is  watered  by  the  Oostanaula,  Coosawattee  and  the  Connesauga 
rivers,  and  by  Oothcaloga,  Sillacoa  and  Pine  Log  creeks. 

The  soil  is  similar  to  that  of  Floyd  and  Bartow.  The  average  yield 
to  the  acre,  according  to  soil  and  cultivation,  is:  Seed  cotton,  800  to 
1,000  pounds;  corn,  15  to  50  bushels;  oats,  20  to  50  bushels;  wheat,  10 
to  25  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  200  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  150  bushels; 
field-peas,  15  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  clover  hay,  5,000 
pounds;  fodder,  400  pounrls;  sorghum  syrup,  75  to  300  gallons.  A  di- 
versified system  of  farming  prevails. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  this  county  3,581  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  6,807  pounds;  6,495  cattle,  421  working  oxon,  2,416  milcli- 
cows,  with  a  production  of  752,158  gallons  of  milk,  212,000  pounds  of 
butter  and  915  pounds  of  cheese;  114,449  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  pro- 
ducing 187,725  dozons  of  occu:^.  This  county  also  produced  13,175  pounds 


(338  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  honey.  There  is  one  regular  dairy  farm  producing  milk  and  butter 
for  market,  'iliere  were  1,'ood  hoiises,  l,'Z'6i)  muies,  li  donJieys  and  11,- 
678  hog8. 

The  minerals  of  Gordon  county  are  iron  and  limestone,  but  no  mines 
or  quarries  of  these  materials. 

The  bauxite  deposits  extend  into  this  county  and  the  limestone  de- 
posits are  unusually  high  in  carbonate  of  lime.  There  are  biack  and 
variegated  marbles  near  Calhoun,  but  none  are  being  mined. 

The  timber  growth  is  mostly  hardwood,  with  some  pine.  Thirty- 
three  per  cent,  of  the  original  lorest  growth  is  still  standing.  Several 
small  sawmills  find  steady  eiupioyment. 

The  county  site  is  Calhoun,  a  pretty  and  thriving  town  on  the  West- 
em  and  Atlantic  Railway,  it  has  one  bank,  with  a  capital  of  Jp:^5,0U0; 
a  court-house  valued  at  $25,000;  good  churches  and  schools,  and  about 
20  commercial  houses  and  2  life  insurance  agencies,  which  all  do  a  pros- 
perous business.  Corn,  the  small  grain  and  peaches  do  exceptionally 
well  around  Calhoun.  Eesaca,  five  miles  north  of  Calhoun,  and  Lay's 
Ferry  were  the  scene  of  fierce  combats  during  the  Dalton-Atlanta  cam- 
.  paign  in  1864.  At  Calhoun  and  Eesaca  are  large  flour  mills,  and  at 
Calhoun  is  a  successful  brick-yard. 

Plumville,  Sugar  Valley  and  other  thriving  villages  are  on  the  line 
of  the  Southern  Eailway. 

This  county  is  steadily  growing  in  population  and  wealth. 

The  cotton  receipts  are  from  5,000  to  6,000  bales  for  the  county. 

Most  of  the  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Calhouu. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900  there  were  ginned  6,609  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

The  area  of  Gordon  county  is  387  square  miles,  or  247,680  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  14,119,  an  increase  of  1,361  since  1890;  school 
fund,'$10,148.40. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of 
improved  land,  217,952;  of  wild  land,  20,059;  average  value  per  acre 
of  improved  land,  $5.42;  of  wild  land,  $0.28;  city  property,  $191,276; 
shares  in  bank,  $10,000;  money,  etc.,  $193,231;  merchandise,  $50,244; 
cotton  manufactories,  $14,100;  household  furniture,  $96,105;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $212,941;  mining,  $100;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$61,659;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,108;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$34,702;  real  estate,  $1,378,243;  personal  estate,  $726,606;  aggregate 
property,  $2,104,849. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  Im^d, 
2,511;  value,  $8,440;  city  property,  $4,108;  household  furniture,  $3,- 
157;  money,  etc.,  $139;  farm  animals,  $5,429;  merchandise,  $50;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $889;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $93;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $260;  ao:gi'egate  property,  $23,121. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $6,270  in  the  value  of  all 
propertv  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

At  T^ew  Echota,  in  the  first  part  of  the  19th  century,  lived  severRJ 
distinguished  Cherokee  chiefs,  Elijah  Hix,  Bondenot  and  Alexander  Mc- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  689 

Coy.  In  1832  it  had  000  inhabitants.  Here  what  was  known  as  the 
Schermerhorn  treaty  was  negotiated. 

Oostanauia  was  a  hirge  Indian  town  in  ITUl,  and  its  inhabirant-  wltc 
very  hostile  to  the  Americans. 

The  average  attendance  on  the  public  schools  of  Gordon  county  is 
1,650  in  the  53  schools  for  whites  and  123  in  the  6  schools  for  colored. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  churches  and  other  Chris- 
tian sects  are  represented. 

By  the  census  of  lUOO  Calhoun,  the  largest  town,  had  a  population 
of  851,  and  in  the  whole  Calhoun  district  there  were  2,484  inhabitants. 

Population  of  Gordon  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  IWOO:  white  males,  G,189;  white  females,  G,2i.)}); "total  white, 
12,488;  colored  males,  850;  colored  females,  781;  total  colored,  l,(.iol. 

Domestic  animals  m  Gordon  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or.  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  72  calves,  33  steers,  7  bulls,  137  dairy 
cows,  8G  horses,  15  mules,  1  donkey,  24  sheep,  314  swine. 

GREENE  COUNTY. 

Greene  County  was  laid  out  from  Washington  county  in  1786,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  General  Nathaniel  Greene,  Ehode  Island's  gallant 
son,  who,  as  commander  of  the  Department  of  the  South,  was  under  the 
blessing  of  heaven  the  greatest  factor  in  the  deliverance  of  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia  from  British  rule,  and  who  after  the  achievement  of  inde- 
pendence lived  and  died  in  Georgia.  A  part  of  this  county  was  set  off 
to  Hancock  in  1793,  a  part  to  Oglethorpe  in  1794,  a  part  to  Clarke  in 
1802  and  a  part  to  Taliaferro  in  1825.  Greene  county  is  bounded  by  tb.o 
following  counties:  Oconee  and  Oglethorpe  on  the  north,  Taliaferro  on 
the  east,  Taliaferro  and  Hancock  on  the  southeast,  Putnam  on  the  south- 
'^est  and  Putnam  and  Morgan  on  the  west. 

The  Apalachee  and  Oconee  rivers  are  in  the  western  part  of  tlie 
county,  the  former  flowing  into  the  latter  on  the  western  border.  The 
Ogeecliee  river  rises  in  this  county  not  far  from  Greenesboro.  Other 
st/reains  -ire  Beaver  Dam,  Tvichland  and  Fishing  creeks. 

Of  243,800  acres  in  the  county  82,000  are  under  cultivation.  The 
uplands  embrace  195,000  acres;  the  bottom  lands,  48,800;  the  tindier 
lands.  120.000;  the  uncultivated  lands,  161.800.  The  average  value 
per  acrf  of  tho  upland  and  timber  lands  is  $7.00,  of  the  bottom  lands, 
$^.00,  and  of  the  uncultivated  lands,  $2.50. 

The  soils  are  both  gray  and  red  clay.  The  -10,000  acres  planted  in 
cotton  yield  on  an  average  500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  tho 
20.000  in  r-orn  vifld  10  bushels  to  the  acre;  the  8,000  in  wlu^at,  8  luisji- 
els  to  the  acre;  the  4,000  in  oats,  20  bushels;  the  500  in  barley,  25  bush- 
els; the  500  in  rye,  8  bushels;  the  500  in  sorghum,  30  gallons  to  tho 
acre;  the  500  in  Irish  potatoes.  50  bushels;  the  1.000  in  sweet  potatoes, 
40  bu-hels  to  the  acre;  the  3.000  In  field-nens,  18  busliels  to  the  acre;  tho 
1,000  acres  in  ground-peas  give  15  bushels  to  the  acre. 


(590  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  soils  are  well  adapted  to  Bermuda,  clover,  pea-vines,  German  mil- 
let and  other  grass  and  forage  plants.  Enough  hay  is  made  for  home 
consumption  and  some  is  marketed.  The  product  of  the  county  is  about 
500  tons  or  1,000,000  pounds.  Under  careful  culture  there  have  been 
in  Greene  county  yields  of  10,000  pounds  of  clover  hay  to  the  acre, 
13,953  pounds  of  Bermuda-grass  hay  and  27,130  pounds  of  corn  forag©. 

There  are  12  dairy  farms  with  325  milch-cows.  The  Jersey  is  the 
favorite.  ISTearly  all  other  farms  have  milch-cows,  many  of  them  Jerseys, 
and  make  butter  for  domestic  use.  The  total  number  of  cows  in  Greene 
county  in  1890  was,  2,322,  producing  667,785  gallons  of  mlik  and 
195,220  pounds  of  butter. 

A  large  quantity  of  beef  cattle  is  raised  in  this  county,  and  the  ship- 
ment amounts  to  about  50  per  cent.  Attention  is  being  paid  to  the  im- 
provement of  the  breed,  and  within  the  last  five  years  5  pure-bred  Here- 
ford bulls  have  been  imported  into  the  county.  The  total  number  of  cat- 
tle of  all  kinds  in  the  county  in  1890  were  5,549,  of  which  there  were 
463  working  oxen.  There  were  at  that  time  881  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  nearly  2,581  pounds;  1,273  horses,  1,877  mules,  3  donkeys  and  9,434 
hogs.  The  goats  in  the  county  are  estimated  at  400.  All  the  various 
kinds  of  poultry  aggregated  77,113  and  their  eggs  amounted  to  155,632 
dozen.     The  county  also  produced  11,743  pounds  of  honey. 

There  is  enough  of  fish  and  game  in  the  county  for  sport,  but  not 
enough  for  profit. 

There  are  about  50  market  gardens  raising  several  varieties  of  veget- 
ables for  home  consumption  and  for  the  Atlanta  market.  Many  varie- 
ties of  fruits,  berries,  grapes  and  melons  are  raised,  but  only  for  home 
consumption  or  the  local  markets  in  the  towns  of  the  county. 

Pine  and  the  various  hardwoods  are  found  in  the  forests.  Very  little 
lumber  is  shipped  from  the  county.  There  are  12  sawmills,  operated  by 
steam.  There  is  a  planing-mill  at  Union  Point,  a  wagon  factory  at  White 
Plains,  and  a  box  factory  at  Siloam.  Other  manufactories  are  a  cotton- 
mill  at  Greenesboro,  two  knitting-mills,  one  at  Union  Point  and  one  at 
Penfield,  an  electric  light  plant  at  Union  Point,  and  12  flour  and  grist- 
mills scattered  through  the  county.  There  are  fine  water-powers,  espe- 
cially on  the  Oconee  river.  Some  of  the  water-powers  are  Riley  Shoals, 
Lawi-ence  Shoals,  Park  Mill  Shoals  and  Scull  Shoals.  Many  thousand 
horse-powers  are  undeveloped.  There  is  a  copper  and  iron  mine  at 
Union  Point,  but  it  is  not  worked. 

Greenesboro,  the  county  site,  is  located  on  the  Georgia  Railroad,  be- 
tween Richland  and  Beaver  Dam  creeks.  It  has  2  banks  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $100,000,  and  a  court-house  valued  at  $20,000.  Its  popu- 
lation is  1,511,  and  that  of  the  whole  Greenesboro  district  is  2,402, 

Other  towns  and  villages  in  the  county  are  Woodville,  Union  Point, 
Silofim.  "White  Plains,  Greshamville,  Liberty,  Yeazey,  Parsons  and 
Daniel  Springs. 

The  Baptists,  Methodists,  Prsebyterians  and  Episcopalians  have 
churches  in  the  county,  in  good  condition  and  full  membership. 

The  school  privileges  are  excellent,  both  in  town  and  countiy.     In 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  691 

the  29  schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  665  pupils, 
and  in  the  40  for  colored  there  is  a  like  attendance  of  1,276. 

The  roads  of  the  county  are  in  tine  condition  and  are  worked  by  con- 
victs. There  are  tive  hundred  miles  of  public  roads  and  33  miles  of  rail- 
road on  which  are  8  stations.  Two  branches  of  the  Georgia  Railroad 
traverse  the  county,  one  from  north  to  south,  the  other  (the  main 
line)  from  east  to  west. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  mai-keted  in  Augusta,  Atlanta  and 
Athens,  Georgia. 

About  12,000  bales  of  cotton  are  received  from  the  entire  county,  and 
about  3,500  are  shipped  from  Greeuesboro.  By  the  United  States  census 
of  1900,  during  the  season  of  1899-1900,  there  were  ginned  11,583 
bales  (upland).    The  mills  of  the  county  use  1,800  bales. 

The  area  of  Greene  county  is  400  square  miles,  or  256,000  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  16,5-12;  school  fund,  $12,565.62. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  240,599;  of  wild  land,  none  reported;  average  value  per 
acre  of  improved  land,  $3.34;  city  property,  $246,533;  money, 
etc.,  $151,211;  building  and  loan,  $8,000;  merchandise,  $72,453; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $17,200;  manufactories,  $35,000;  iron  works, 
$2,000;  household  furniture,  $79,583;  farm  and  other  animals,  $127,- 
690;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $28,087;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
-$4,788;  value  of  all  other  property,  $36,748;  real  estate,  $1,052,362; 
personal  estate,  $562,486.     Aggregate,  $1,614,848. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
7,057;  value,  $22,698;  city  property,  $12,840;  money,  etc.,  $100; 
household  furniture,  $14,461;  farm  and  other  animals,  $23,509;  watches, 
etc.,  $57.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,748;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $336.00.    Aggregate  value  of  property,  $77,749. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  prop- 
erty over  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $82,877. 

The  total  population  of  the  county,  16,542,  shows  a  loss  of  509  since 
1890.  This  loss  is  the  result  of  a  considerable  emigration  of  negroes  from 
the  county. 

Before  the  Indians  were  removed  across  the  Mississippi  river,  they 
used  to  commit  many  depredations  in  this  county.  At  one  time  a  party 
of  them  burned  the  town  of  Greenesboro. 

On  the  31st  of  May,  1787,  a  party  of  the  upper  Creeks  came  to  the 
frontiers  of  Greene  county,  killed  and  scalped  two  men  and  carried  off 
a  negro  and  fourteen  horses.  The  militia  pursuing  them  killed  twelve. 
The  Indians  of  the  lower  towns  claimed  that  these  were  their  men  and 
demanded  that  an  equal  number  of  white  men  should  be  delivered  up  to 
them.  Governor  Matthews  replied:  "We  will  deliver  up  none  of  our 
people,  and,  if  the  Indians  spill  a  drop  of  blood,  we  wil  lay  their  towns 
in  ashes  and  sprinkle  their  land  with  blood." 

In  the  month  of  April,  1793,  the  Indians  perpetrated  many  outrages, 
killing  men,  women  and  children.  On  one  occasion  a  party  of  thirteen 
attacked  the  home  of  Mr.  Fielder,  a  celebrated  scout,  during  his  absence. 

'M  ga 


692  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Mrs.  Fielder  and  a  negro  woman  attempted  to  save  the  horses.  The  negro 
woman  being  wounded  in  the  thigh,  her  mistress  dragged  her  into  the 
house,  in  which  were  four  or  five  guns,  which  the  two  women  handled 
with  such  effect  that  the  Indians  were  driven  off. 

Population  of  Greene  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,623;  white  females,  2,702;  total  white, 
5,325;  colored  males,  5,373;  colored  females,  5,844;  total  colored, 
11,217. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  77  calves,  12  steers,  3  bulls,  188  dairy  cows,  107  horses, 
1  donkey,  307  swine,  21  goats. 

GWINNETT  COUNTY. 

Gwinnett  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1818.  A  part  was 
taken  from  Jackson  in  1818  and  a  part-  set  off  to  DeKalb  in  1822.  It  was 
named  after  the  Hon.  Button  Gwinnett,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence  from  the  State  of  Georgia. 

The  counties  bounding  it  are:  Hall  and  Jackson  on  the  north  and 
northeast,  Walton  and  Rockdale  on  the  southeast,  DeKalb  on  the  south- 
west, DeKalb,  Milton  and  Forsyth  on  the  west  and  northwest. 

Along  its  whole  northwestern  boundary  runs  the  Chattahoochee  river. 
The  Ulcofauhachee  and  Yellow  rivers,  both  branches  of  the  Ocmulgee, 
rise  in  this  county,  as  does  also  the  Apalachee,  a  branch  of  the  Oconee. 

The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  hilly.  A  belt  of  red  land  of  superior 
quality  enters  the  county  at  the  east  and  runs  south.  The  lands  along 
the  rivers  and  creeks  are  productive.  The  uplands  are  mostly  of  a  gray 
soil. 

The  average  production  to  the  acre,  under  fair  methods  of  cultivation. 
is:  of  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  30;  wheat,  10;  rye,  5;  barley,  10;  Irish 
potatoes,  50;  sweet  potatoes,  75;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  20;  seed 
cotton,  750  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  clover,  2,000  pounds; 
com  fodder,  250  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75  to  100  gallons.  With  the 
best  methods  these  yields  are  doubled  on  some  of  the  best  lands. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Gwinnett  2,992  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  4,312  pounds;  9,168  cattle,  679  working  oxen,  3,528  milch- 
cows  producing  1,070,368  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  346,- 
562  pounds  of  butter  and  115  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  153,216 
of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  producing  203,623  dozens  of  eggs.  There  were 
also  1,240  horses,  2,094  mules,  6  donkeys  and  12,130  swine.  The 
county  produces  also  32,763  pounds  of  honey. 

The  native  grasses  give  a  fine  range  for  sheep  and  cattle. 

There  are  fine  water-powers  along  the  Chattahoochee  river. 

The  timbers  are  the  various  kinds  of  oak,  hickory,  maple,  poplar,  gum 
and  some  pine. 

Lawrenceville,  the  county  site,  is  situated  on  the  Seaboard  Air  Line 
Railroad.  It  has  a  branch  road  of  this  same  system  connecting  it  with 
Loganville,  in  Walton  county,  and  another,  the  Lawrenceville  road,  con- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^D  INDUSTRIAL.  (393 

necting  it  with.  Suwannee,  on  the  Southern  Railway.  Lawrenceville  has 
a  bank,  and  during  the  past  year  a  cotton-mill  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$60,000  has  been  put  in  operation.  The  Lawrenceville  disU'ict  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  2,535  of  whom  853  live  iu  the  town. 

Buford,  on  the  Southern  Eailway,  is  a  busy  town,  having  two  banks 
with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $50,000;  4  tanneries,  3  large  harness  fac- 
tories and  1  small  one  employing  575  hands  and  turning  out  more  than 
200  dozen  horse  collars  a  day.  The  Sugar  Hill  district  has  a  population 
of  3,226,  of  whom  1,352  live  in  the  town  of  Buford,  and  211  in  the  town 
of  West  Buford.  This  is  a  prosperous  and  growing  county  with  a  fine 
climate  and  a  progressive  people. 

Granite  of  excellent  quality  is  abundant.  Iron,  quartz  and  buhrstone 
are  found  in  considerable  quantities.  Some  gold  has  been  found  in  the 
Chattahoochee  river  and  in  some  other  places. 

The  schools  are  in  good  condition,  and  churches  are  found  in  every 
neighborhood.  In  the  84  schools  for  whites,  the  average  attendance  is 
3,123,  and  in  the  20  for  colored  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  468. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  number  of  bales  of 
cotton  ginned  in  Gwinnett  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900,  was  17,- 
667  bales  (upland). 

The  area  of  Gwinnett  county  is  510  square  miles,  or  326,400  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  25,585,  an  increase  of  5,686  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $16,168.94. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  286,490;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $5.92; 
city  property,  $374,793;  shares  in  bank,  $32,000;  money,  etc.  $385,378; 
merchandise,  $125,299;  cotton  factories,  $35,630;  iron  works,  $300; 
household  furniture,  $155,208;  farm  and  other  andmals,  $268,224; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $74,709;  watches,  jeweliy,  etc., 
$8,311;  value  of  all  other  property,  $51,563;  real  estate,  $2,073,139; 
personal  estate,  $1,142,086.     Aggregate  property,  $3,215,225. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
2,615;  value,  $4,998;  city  property,  $4,375;  money,  etc.,  $787;  house- 
hold furniture,  $5,122;  farm  and  other  animals,  $10,562;  watches,  etc., 
$87;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,857;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$131.00.    Aggregate  property,  $37,919. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  of  $166,011  in  the  value  of  all 
property,  as  compared  with  the  returns  of  1900. 

In  the  court-house  square  at  Lawrenceville  stands  a  monument,  on  one 
side  of  which  is  the  folloAving  inscription:  "This  monument  is  erected  by 
their  friends  to  the  memory  of  Captain  James  C.  Winn  and  Sergeant 
Anthony  Bates,  Texan  volunteers  of  this  village,  who  Avorc  taken  in 
honorable  combat  at  Goliad,  Texas,  and  shot  by  order  of  the  Mexican 
commander,  March  27,  1830."  On  tlie  other  side  of  the  monument  is 
another  inscription  which  reads  thus:  "To  the  memory  of  Ensign  Isaac 
Lacy,  Sergeant  -Tames  C.  Martin,  and  pnvates  Win.  ]\r.  Sims,  John  A.  V, 
Tate,  Robert  T.  Holland,  James  H.  Holland,  brothers;  Henry  W.  Podcn, 
James  M.  Allen,  members  of  the  Gwinnett  company  of  Mounted  Vol- 


g94  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

unteers,  under  the  command  of  Captain  H.  Garmany,  who  were  slain 
in  battle  with  a  party  of  Creek  Indians  at  Shepherd's,  in  Stewart  county, 
June  9,  1836.     Their  remains  rest  beneath  this  monument." 

Population  of  Gwinnett  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  10,Y35;  white  females,  10,707;  total  white, 
21,442;  colored  males,  2,094;  colored  females,  2,049;  total  colored, 
4,143. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  132  calves,  21  steers,  18  bulls,  285  dairy  cows,  151  horses, 
19  mules,  525  swine,  6  goats. 

HABERSHAM  COUNTY. 

Hahersham  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1818,  and  was 
named  for  Joseph  Habersham  of  Savannah,  a  distinguished  patriot  of 
the  Revolution,  who  was  Postmaster-General  under  Washington  and 
Adams.  This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Rabun,  on  the  east  (or 
rather  northeast)  by  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  the  Tugaloo  river,  on  the  southeast  by  Franklin  county,  on  the 
south  by  Banks,  on  the  southwest  by  Hall,  and  on  the  west  by  White. 
The  Chattahoochee  river  is  on  the  western  boundary  and  the  Soque  is 
one  of  its  tributaries.     Other  streams  are  Hazel  creek  and  Mud  creek. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  broken.  The  lands  along  the  Tugaloo 
river  are  productive  of  corn,  wheat,  rye  and  oats.  Some  cotton  is  raised 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  county. 

Of  224,857  acres  in  the  county,  74,779  are  under  cultivation,  114,- 
286  are  uplands,  61,408  lowland,  37,650  bottom  land,  137,567  timber- 
land  and  the  number  of  acres  uncultivated  is  150,078. 

The  soils  are  varied  and  are  adapted:  the  uplands,  to  fruit  and  the 
vine;  the  lowlands  to  grain,  root  crops,  peas  and  grasses;  the  bottom 
lands  to  com,  hay  and  melons.  Vegetables  and  legumens  do  well  on  all 
of  these. 

Two  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy  acres  in  cotton  produce  500 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  44,200  in  corn,  18  bushels  to  the  acre; 
11,214  in  wheat,  15;  6,455  in  oats,  12  bushels  to  the  acre;  1,172  in  rye, 
15  bushels;  4,150  acres  in  sorghum  give  100  gallons  to  the  acre;  1,170 
acres  in  Irish  potatoes  yield  200  bushels  to  the  acre;  1,730  in  sweet  po- 
tatoes give  80  bushels  to  the  acre;  1,200  in  field-peas,  40  bushels  to  the 
acre.  Some  farmers  have  raised  30  bushels  of  com  to  the  acre  and  40  of 
oats.  Garden  vegetables  do  well,  especially  cabbage  and  Irish  potatoes. 
Berries,  fruits  of  all  kinds,  and  melons  grow  to  perfection.  Apples  and 
peaches  bring  good  profits. 

There  is  no  soil  or  climate  better  suited  to  the  growth  of  forage  crops. 
Clover,  alfalfa,  vetches,  and  all  the  hay  grasses  do  well.  They  are  little 
raised,  however,  because  the  native  grasses  supply  abundant  pasture  with- 
out them.  The  cultivation  of  hay  would  be  profitable  in  Habersham 
county.  Without  any  special  effort  2,000  pounds  of  clover  to  the  acre 
are  produced.    • 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  lyOVSTRIAL.  695 

"While  there  are  no  dairj  farms  by  the  census  of  1S90,  there  were 
5,188  cattle  and  1,701  milch-cows  (mauy  of  them  Jerseys),  producing 
454,140  gallons  of  milk  and  130,648  pounds  of  butter. 

The  rearing  of  beef  cattle  as  an  industry  is  on  the  increase,  and  the 
breed  is  improving  rapidly.  Two  Polled  Angus  and  8  shorthorned  bulls 
have  lately  been  imported  into  the  county. 

Of  all  kinds  of  poultry  there  were  in  1890  43,037,  producing  89,876 
dozens  of  eggs.    This  county  produced  also  14,562  pounds  of  honey. 

There  were  5,343  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  8,823  pounds.  There 
were  also  7,839  swine,  623  horses,  436  mules  and  14  donkeys.  During 
the  past  five  years  stock  of  all  kinds  has  improved  30  per  cent. 

There  are  51  vineyards  covering  about  970  acres.  The  value  of  the 
grapes  sold  is  $9,780,  and  the  revenue  derived  from  the  sale  of  their  wine 
is  $71,720. 

The  timber  of  the  county  is  white  oak,  post  oak,  maple,  hickory,  beech, 
walnut,  cedar  and  pine.  All  these  are  available  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. There  are  six  sawmills  in  the  county  operated  by  steam  and 
valued  at  $8,000. 

Near  Cornelia  are  the  cotton-mills  of  the  Porter  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, with  6,000  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $125,000,  and  at  Toccoa  are 
the  Toccoa  Mills,  with  5,000  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $50,000.  There 
is  a  woolen-mill  in  connection  with  the  Porter  Manufacturing  Company. 
There  are  also  8  flour  and  grist-mills  in  Habersham  county.  There  is  a 
sash  and  blind  factory  at  Cornelia  and  one  at  Toccoa.  There  are  also  a 
tannery  and  a  wagon  factory  at  Cornelia.  All  the  grist-mills  and  the 
mills  of  the  Porter  Manufacturing  Company  at  Cornelia  use  water- 
power.    The  rest  use  steam. 

All  the  manufactories  of  the  county,  taken  together,  employ  728 
hands,  and  pay  out  in  salaries  $215,300.  In  addition  to  the  manufac- 
tories already  mentioned,  there  are  5  registered  brandy  distilleries. 

Clarkesville,  the  county  site,  is  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Tallulah 
Falls  Railway,  near  the  Soque  river,  on  a  high  ridge.  Here  the  eye  of  the 
tourist  is  delighted  by  the  picturesque  grandeur  of  the  surrounding 
country.  The  population  of  the  district  is  1,382,  of  whom  491  live  in 
the  town. 

Cornelia,  on  the  Southern  Railway,  is  a  thriving  town  with  several 
manufacturing  establishments  and  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $25,000.  In 
the  neighborhood  of  Cornelia  some  of  the  finest  peaches  of  Georgia  are 
raised  and  its  vineyards  produce  the  most  luscious  grapes,  from  which 
wines  of  the  finest  cjuality  are  made.  The  Cornelia  district  conUiins  1,058 
inhabitants,  of  whom  467  live  in  the  town. 

Toccoa,  already  mentioned  for  its  manufactories  is  a  tliriving  to\\Ti  of 
2,176  inhabitants  on  the  Southern  Railway,  at  the  junction  of  the  El- 
berton  branch  with  the  main  trunk  line.  Toccoa  district  contiiins  3,419 
inhabitants.  Within  throe  miles  of  it  arc  tlie  lovely  falls  of  Toccoa,  al- 
ready described  in  a  previous  chapter. 

Demorest,  on  the  Tallulah  Falls  Railway,  is  a  pretty  town  with  a  good 
trade  and  commanding  from  all  sides  a  lovely  view.     The  Demorest  dis- 


696  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

trict,  which  is  coextensive  with  the  town  of  that  name,  had  a  population 
of  560  in  1900. 

Tallulah  Falls,  just  across  the  boundary  of  Habersham,  in  Rabun 
county,  and  known  far  and  wide  for  their  scenery  in  which  grandeur 
and  beauty  are  so  charmingly  blended,  were  long  claimed  by  Habersham, 
but  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia  adjudged  them  to 
Rabun. 

Other  towns  are  Mount  Airy  and  Ayersville  on  the  Southern,  and 
Tumerville,  Anandale  and  Azalea  on  the  Tallulah  Falls  Railway. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Toccoa,  Cornelia,  Mount 
Airy,  Turnerville,  Clarkesville  and  Demorest,  local  markets,  and  at  the 
city  of  Atlanta,  with  which  all  this  section  is  connected  by  the  Southern 
Railway. 

The  total  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  from  the  entire  county  are 
8,400  bales.  The  mills  of  the  county  use  3,200  bales.  The  cotton 
ginned  in  the  county  for  the  season  of  1899-1900,  according  to  the 
United  States  census  for  1900,  was  1,435  bales  (upland). 

The  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians  are  all  rep- 
resented by  the  churches  of  this  county. 

There  are  good  schools  in  the  towns,  villages  and  throughout  the 
county.  The  average  attendance  in  the  47  schools  for  whites  is  1,169, 
and  in  the  7  for  negroes,  154.  In  the  schools  of  Toccoa  are  enrolled  296 
whites  and  130  colored. 

There  are  several  mountains  in  this  county,  of  which  Currahee  is  the 
most  noted.  It  rises  in  a  conical  form  until  it  reaches  an  elevation  of 
nine  hundred  feet.  On  the  east  it  descends  to  the  usual  level  of  the  land, 
but  on  the  west,  after  descending  many  hundred  feet,  it  blends  with  a 
ridge  that  joins  it  to  the  chain  of  the  Alleghanies. 

Iron  ore  of  superior  quality  is  found  in  Habersham  county.  Granite 
of  the  best  quality  and  apparently  inexhaustible  is  all  over  the  county. 

A  mine  of  asbestos  is  being  profitably  worked.  The  capital  invested 
is  $8,000,  and  the  annual  output  is  $22,000. 

Gold,  copper,  manganese,  ochre,  marble,  slate,  gi*aphite,  mica,  talc 
and  sandstone  are  found.  Intelligent  citizens  claim  that  the  county  has 
unlimited  mineral  resources  that  only  need  development  to  show  some  of 
the  richest  mines  in  the  Appalachian  region. 

The  area  of  Habersham  county  is  372  square  miles,  or  238,080  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,604,  an  increase  of  2,031  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $9,087.75. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  213,680;  of  wild  land,  12,085;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.51;  of  wild  land,  $0.47;  city  property,  $273,719; 
shares  in  bank,  $50,000;  money,  etc.,  $125,783;  "merchandise,  $76,594; 
building  and  loan  associations,  $7,445;  stocks  and  bonds,  $9,800;  cot- 
ton manufactories,  $131,781;  iron  works,  $800;  household  furniture, 
$85,290;  farm  and  other  animals,  $107,645;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $24,539;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,333;  value  of  all  other  prop- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  697 

erty,  $15,054;  real  estate,  $917,366;  personal  estate,  $671,975.  Aggre- 
gate property,  $1,589,341. 

Property  returued  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  laud, 
2,445;  value,  $5,799;  city  property,  $15,318;  money,  etc.,  $310;  mer- 
chandise, $95;  household  furniture,  $3,209;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$3,347;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $561;  watches,  etc.,  $84.00; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $273.00.     Aggregate  property,  $32,354. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $68,722. 

Population  of  Habersham  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  5,870;  white  females,  5,942;  total  white, 
11,812;  colored  males,  869;  colored  females,  923;  total  colored,  1,792. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  91  calves,  46  steers,  2  bulls,  281  dairy  cows,  203  horses, 
40  mules,  1  donkey,  4  sheep,  498  swine,  3  goats. 

HALL  C0L3TY. 

Hall  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1818,  and  was  named 
for  Lyman  Hall,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  in  behalf 
of  Georgia  and  governor  of  the  State  from  January  9,  1783  to  January 
9,  1784.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  "White  and  Lumpkin 
on  the  north,  Habersham  on  the  northeast.  Banks  on  the  east,  Jackson  on 
the  southeast,  Gwinnett  on  the  south  and  southwest,  Forsyth  and  Daw- 
son on  the  west  and  Lumpkin  on  the  northwest.  The  principal  rivers  are 
the  Chattahoochee,  Oconee,  Chestatee,  "Walnut  and  Little.  There  are 
also  numerous  creeks.  On  these  streams  the  lands  are  very  productive. 
Almost  every  variety  of  soil  is  found  in  this  county. 

According  to  the  soil  and  method  of  cultivation  the  lands  of  Ilall 
county  will  produce  to  the  acre:  from  750  to  1,500  pounds  of  seed  cot- 
ton; from  15  to  20  bushels  of  corn;  from  10  to  20  bushels  of  wheat; 
from  20  to  40  bushels  of  oats;  from  10  to  15  bushels  of  rye;  100  bush- 
els of  Irish  potatoes;  200  bushels  of  sweet  potatoes;  15  bushels  of  lield- 
peas  and  25  of  ground-peas;  250  gallons  of  sorghum  syrup.  All  grasses 
and  forage  crops  do  well  and  are  raised  to  a  considerable  extent.  The 
average  hay  production  is:  crab-grass,  Bermuda-grass  and  clover,  two 
tons,  or  4,000  pounds  each  to  the  acre. 

The  people  are  very  much  interested  in  getting  good  milch-cows  and 
have  a  preference  for  the  Jersey.  Kearly  every  family  in  the  country 
and  many  in  the  towns  and  villages  have  at  least  one  cow.  Some  atten- 
tion also  is  paid  to  the  roaring  of  beef  cattle,  and  there  have  been  a  few 
importations  of  full  bred  bulls. 

In  1890  there  were  in  ILall  county  6,635  cattle,  of  wliich  2,429  were 
milch-cows,  producing  734,188  gallons  of  milk,  247,355  pounds  of  but- 
ter, and  75  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  also  112,635  of  nil  varieties  of 
poultry,  producing  122,102  dozens  of  eggs.  The  county  Jils<i  ])rodu('od 
29,937  pounds  of  honey.     Other  animals  were  823  horses,  1,437  mules, 


698  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

8  donkeys,  8,724  swine  and  2,479  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  3,9  IS 
pounds. 

There  is  some  trucking  in  a  small  way  to  supply  the  home  market. 
Berries  of  all  kinds  and  grapes  are  raised  extensively.  There  are  several 
small  vineyards  of  from  5  to  20  acres.  Fine  melons,  peaches  and  apples 
are  raised.  All  fruits  of  every  kind  grow  to  perfection  and  the  home 
market  is  kept  well  supplied.  The  apples  only  are  marketed  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  outside  of  the  county. 

There  are  2  florists  engaged  in  raising  flowers  and  flowering  plants 
for  sale. 

There  is  a  great  variety  of  minerals  in  the  county.  Some  of  the  gold 
mines  are  operated  profitably.  There  are  also  iron,  lead  and  silver  in 
small  quantities.  Large  quantities  of  brick  and  lime  are  made.  There 
is  also  a  large  supply  of  building  stone.  The  county  has  several  valuable 
water-powers  amounting  to  about  6,000  horse-powers.  Since  1892  there 
has  been  some  additional  utilization  of  water-powers  by  several  new  flour- 
ing and  grist-mills.  There  are  in  all  35  of  these  mills,  with  an  aggregate 
value  of  $35,000. 

About  half  the  land  of  the  county  is  timber,  mostly  white  oak,  post 
oak,  poplar,  hickory,  pine,  maple,  ash,  walnut,  mountain  oak,  and  locust. 
These  fine  timbers  are  utilized  by  12  or  more  sawmills. 

Gainesville,  the  county  site,  on  the  Southern  Railway  53  miles  from 
Atlanta,  is  a  growing  city  of  4,382  inhabitants.  It  has  a  court-house 
valued  at  $75,000;  three  banks,  whose  capital  aggregates  nearly  $200,- 
000,  and  an  electric  light  plant  and  water-works  owned  by  the  city. 
There  are  located  here  many  manufacturing  establishments,  viz. :  a  large 
shoe  factory,  4  tanneries,  4  planing-mills,  3  sash,  blind  and  furniture  es- 
tablishments, 3  wagon  and  carriage  and  buggy  factories,  1  ice  factory,  1 
furniture  and  chair  factory,  1  steam  laundry,  1  iron  foundry  and  machine 
shop,  5  brick  works,  limeworks,  1  paper  box  factory,  1  pottery,  1  cotton 
seed  oil-mill,  the  railroad  shops  of  the  Gainesville,  Jefferson  and  South- 
em  and  two  cotton-mills.  One  of  these  now  nearing  completion  repre- 
sents a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  In  all  these  manufactories  between  two 
and  three  thousand  hands  are  employed.  The  enterprising  citizens  of 
this  progressive  town  are  projecting  canneries,  wool  factories,  electric 
power-plant  for  street  railways  and  a  manufactory  of  cotton  towels.  Of 
course  life  and  fire  insurance  companies  have  their  active  agents  in  this 
busy  city. 

In  the  Gainesville  district,  which  includes  the  city,  there  are  5,820 
inhabitants. 

The  Southern  Eailway  crosses  the  county  from  southwest  to  northeast, 
and  a  branch  of  it  running  along  its  eastern  boundary  connects  Belton, 
on  the  main  line,  with  the  city  of  Athens.  The  Gainesville,  Jefferson 
and  Southern  connects  Gainesville  with  Monroe  and  Social  Circle  in 
"Walton  county,  and,  by  another  branch,  with  Jefferson,  the  county  site 
of  Jackson  county.  The  roads  of  Hall  county  are  not  macadamized, 
though  the  streets  of  Gainesville  are. 

The  county  receipts  of  cotton  are  about  15,000  bales,  about  10,000  of 


BUFF    PLYMOUTH    ROCK   COCK. 


Fi-om  lliil.  \'o.  mi. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  699 

which  are  handled  at  Gainesville.  According  to  the  United  States  cen- 
sus of  1900  there  were  ginned  9,586  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the 
season  of  1S99-1900. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  chiefly  in  Gainesville,  but 
Flowery  Branch  and  Belton  on  the  Southern  Railway  come  in  for  a 
share. 

When  the  new  cotton  mill  is  completed,  the  mills  will  use  more  than 
30,000  bales  a  year. 

The  Brenau  College  and  Conservatory  of  Music  is  situated  at  Gaines- 
ville. It  has  a  large  attendance  of  pupils.  The  public  schools  of  the 
city  and  county  are  in  a  good  condition.  The  Georgia  Military  Insti- 
tute for  young  men  was  completed  in  1900. 

The  churches  of  the  city  and  county  are  at  convenient  distances,  and 
are  in  easy  reach  of  all  the  citizens.  They  represent  Methodists,  Bap- 
tists, Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians. 

The  average  attendance  in  the  public  schools  of  the  county  is  1,995 
in  the  68  schools  for  whites,  and  285  in  the  15  for  colored.  In  the 
schools  of  Gainesville  there  are  enrolled  615  whites  and  214  colored 
pupils. 

The  area  of  Hall  county  is  449  square  miles,  or  287,360  acres.  Popu- 
lation in  1900,  20,752,  an  increase  of  2,705  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$14,132.02. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  252,457;  of  wild  land,  1,473;  value  per  acre  of  improved 
land,  $4.98;  of  wild  land,  $0.65;  city  property,  $1,059,850;  shares  in 
bank,  $103,000;  money,  etc.,  $433,857,  merchandise,  $229,085; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $7,000;  cotton  manufactories,  $81,475;  iron  works, 
$1,200;  mining,  $1,450;  household  furniture,  $181,072;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $221,538;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $52,897;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $10,347;  value  of  all  other  property,  $50,277;  real  estate, 
$2,317,827;  personal  estate,  $1,512,718.  Aggregate  property,  $3,830,- 
645. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
3,754;  value,  $11,430;  city  property,  $12,625;  money,  etc.,  $175;  mer- 
chandise, $20;  household  furniture,  $6,698;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$7,527;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,183;  watches,  etc.,  $115; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $704.00.     Aggregate  property,  $46,0S2. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
of  $176,661  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Ilall  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  8,655;  white  females,  8,825;  total  white,  17,480; 
colored  males,  1,627;  colored  females,  1,645;  total  colored,  3,272. 

Population  of  Gainesville  City  by  race  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,525;  white  females,  1,671;  total  white, 
3,196;  colored  males,  536;  colored  females,  650;  total  colored,  1,186. 

Total  population  of  Gainesville,  4,382. 

Domestic  animals  in  Hall  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms 
or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  108  calves,  21  steers,  1  bull,  329  dairy  cows, 
270  horses,  89  mules,  2  donkeys,  401  swine,  4  goats. 


700  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

HANCOCK  COUNTY. 

Hancock  County  was  laid  out  in  1793,  and  received  its  name  in  honor 
of  John  Hancock  of  Massachusetts,  chairman  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, in  which  position  he  performed  duties  now  belonging  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States.  Bj  virtue  of  his  position  he  was  the  lirst  man 
to  sign  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  north  fork  of  the  Ogeechee  river  separates  the  county  from  War- 
ren, and  the  Oconee  from  Putnam.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  Taliaferro  on  the  north,  "Warren  on  the  northeast,  Glascock  a 
few  miles  on  the  east,  Washington  on  the  southeast,  Baldwin  on  the 
southwest,  Putnam  on  the  west,  and  Greene  on  the  northwest. 

The  northern  part  of  Hancock  county  is  very  hilly,  with  a  red,  alumin- 
ous soil.  The  southern  portion  is  flat  pine  woods,  with  silicious  soil. 
The  best  lands  are  said  to  be  on  Shoulderbone  creek  and  its  tributary 
waters.  Other  streams  in  the  county  are  Little  Ogeechee  river,  Buffalo, 
Keg  and  Town  creeks. 

The  lands  of  the  county  under  good  cultivation  will  average  per  acre: 
seed  cotton,  1,200  pounds;  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  40  bushels;  wheat,  10 
to  20  bushels;  rye,  10  bushels;  barley,  15  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  150 
bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  25  bushels;  ground-peas, 
60  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  5,000 
pounds;  clover,  4,000  pounds;  corn  forage,  3,000  pounds;  sorghum 
syrup,  150  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  200  gallons. 

Some  of  the  best  lands  in  the  county,  under  careful  cultivation,  have 
yielded  as  high  as  2,800  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  65  bushels  of 
com  and  42  bushels  of  wheat.  According  to  the  United  States  census 
of  1900,  during  the  season  of  1899-1900,  there  were  ginned  14,371  bales 
of  upland  cotton  in  Hancock  county. 

Garden  vegetables  of  all  kinds  do  well  in  Hancock  county.  Melons 
and  berries  of  the  best  quality  are  among  the  products  of  fields  and  gar- 
dens. Several  farmers  of  the  county  have  orchards  containing  from 
2,000  to  12,000  peach-trees,  from  which  great  quantities  are  shipped  to 
market,  and  large  quantities  used  for  home  consumption. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  the  county,  6,390  cattle,  of  which 
there  were  606  working  oxen  and  2,366  milch-cows,  producing  482,352 
gallons  of  milk  and  134,733  pounds  of  butter.  The  72,985  domestic 
foAvls  of  all  kinds  produced  114,404  dozens  of  eggs,  and  from  the  bee- 
hives were  gathered  13,454  pounds  of  honey.  There  were  also  1,253 
horses,  1,735  mules,  2  donkeys  and  12,920  swine.  The  502  sheep  gave 
a  wool-clip  of  1,569  pounds. 

The  timbers  are  pine,  oak,  sweet-gum,  maple,  hickory  and  other  hard- 
woods. 

Sparta,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  1,150,  is  a  beautiful  town, 
on  that  branch  of  the  Georgia  Railroad  which  connects  Augusta  and 
Macon.  Its  court-house  is  an  imposing  building  valued  at  $50,000.  A 
company  has  been  organized  to  build  at  Sparta  a  cotton-mill.     At  this 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  701 

town  is  a  creamerj  which  receives  2,200  gallons  of  milk  a  day.  Sparta 
is  partly  in  the  102d  and  113th  militia  districts,  the  former  having 
3,116  inhabitants  and  the  latter  2,442. 

The  people  of  this  county  have  given  much  attention  to  education, 
and  are  among  the  most  intelligent  and  cultured  in  the  State.  The 
schools  of  Sparta  have  a  fine  reputation,  and  at  Mount  Zion,  sevien  miles 
from  Sparta,  is  the  celebrated  academy  so  many  years  presided  over  by 
Dr.  Beeman,  and  afterwards  by  lion.  W.  J.  Northen,  subsequently 
governor  of  Georgia  for  two  terms.  In  this  county  also  lived  for  many 
years  the  eloquent  divine.  Dr.  Lovick  Pierce,  and  his  gifted  son.  Bishop 
George  F.  Pierce,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  pulpit  orators  that  ^Vmerica 
ever  produced. 

At  Jewells  on  the  north  fork  of  the  Ogeechee,  is  a  cotton-mill  with  a 
capital  of  $75,000.  Other  postoffices  in  the  county  are  Carr's  Station, 
Cawthen,  Culverton,  Devereux  Station,  Linton,  Maj^eld,  Powelton  and 
Shoulder. 

Some  valuable  minerals  have  been  found  in  this  county:  asbestos, 
plumbago,  kaolin,  agate,  etc. 

There  are  some  remarkable  mounds.  The  principal  one  is  400  feet 
north  of  the  center  prong  of  Shoulderbone  creek.  Its  base  is  20  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  creek.  Around  it  are  the  remains  of  an  entrench- 
ment, containing  about  four  acres.  Near  the  mound  is  an  inclosure. 
Human  bones  to  a  large  amount  have  been  found.  Shoulderbone  creek 
is  memorable  as  the  place  where  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  Creek  In- 
dians in  1786. 

This  is  a  county  of  churches  and  strong  religious  influence.  All 
Christian  denominations  are  represented  in  membership. 

The  area  of  Hancock  county  is  523  square  miles,  or  334,720  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  18,277,  an  increase  of  1,128  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $14,157.88. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  276,282;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.70;  city  property, 
$186,695;  money,  etc.,  $203,879;  merchandise,  $88,730;  stocks  and 
bonds,  $31,950;  cotton  factories,  $115;  household  furniture,  $85,062; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $159,105;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$33,831;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $8,607;  real  estate,  $1,219,291;  per- 
sonal estate,  $686,832;  value  of  all  other  property,  $48,803.  Aggre- 
gate property,  $1,906,123. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  19,703; 
value,  $89,555;  city  property,  $10,760;  money,  $8,075;  merchandise, 
$1,515;  household  furniture,  $12,350;  farm  and  other  animals,  $37,202; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $6,844;  watches,  etc.,  $286;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $6,550.     Aggregate  property,  $173,803. 

The  tax  rotnrns  for  1901  show  an  incronse  in  the  value  of  all  property 
since  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $68,851. 

There  is  an  average  attendance  of  757  in  the  29  schools  for  whites,  and 
1,191  in  til e  34  for  colored  pupils. 

Popnlation  of  Hancock  county  by  sex  and  color,   according  (o  the 


702  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,291;  white  females,  2,358;  total  white, 
4,649;  colored  males,  6,615;  colored  females,  7,013;  total  colored, 
13,628. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  60  calves,  63  steers,  5  bulls,  125  dairy  cows,  101  horses, 
6  mules,  1  donkey,  16  sheep,  189  swine,  17  goats. 

HARALSON  COUNTY. 

Haralson  County  was  formed  from  Polk  and  Carroll  in  1856,  and 
was  named  for  Hon.  Hugh  A.  Haralson  of  Troup  county,  who  was  a 
member  of  Congress  from  1845  to  1850.  It  is  bounded  as  follows:  Polk 
county  on  the  north,  Paulding  and  Carroll  on  the  east,  Carroll  on  the 
south  and  the  State  of  Alabama  on  the  west.  The  Tallapoosa  river  and 
numerous  branches  water  the  county. 

Of  180,480  acres  in  the  county,  about  75,000  are  under  cultivation. 
This  does  not  mean,  however,  that  all  the  rest  are  wild  lands.  The  acreft 
of  upland  are  about  125,000,  of  lowland  50,000,  of  bottom  land  25,000. 
The  bottom  lands  bring  in  the  market  $20  an  acre;  the  lowlands,  $10; 
the  uplands,  $5.  There  are  125,000  acres  of  timber  land,  more  or  less 
cleared.  These  lands  vary  in  price  from  $1  to  $25.  Considerable  pine 
of  excellent  quality  is  obtained.  There  are  also  several  varieties  of  hard- 
wood. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  broken.  The  climate  is  cool  and  bracing  and 
pure  water  is  abundant.  The  bottom  lands  on  the  watercourses  and  the 
valley  lands  are  rich  and  produce  abundantly.  The  soil  is  for  the  most 
part  red  with  clay  subsoil.  The  acreage  of  the  various  crops  is :  for  cotton 
and  corn,  30,000  each;  wheat,  oats,  rye,  sorghum,  Irish  potatoes 
and  garden  vegetables  about  1,000  each,  for  sweet  potatoes,  4,000; 
and  for  field-peas,  5,000.  The  average  yield  to  the  acre 
of  all  crops  is:  seed  cotton,  from  600  to  1,100  pounds;  corn,  20  to  25 
bushels;  oats,  30  to  40;  wheat,  15  to  25;  rye,  20  to  30;  Irish  potatoes, 
100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  field-peas,  15;  ground-peas,  70; 
crab-grass  hay,  6,000  pounds;  clover,  8,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  300 
pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons. 

The  above  yields  of  hay  have  been  made  in  the  county,  but  of  late 
years  very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  it.  Too  much  time  and  labor 
have  been  put  upon  cotton  to  the  neglect  of  the  other  crops.  The  county 
can  raise  its  own  hay  and  forage  crops  and  be  independent.  The  native 
grasses  give  fine  range  for  sheep  and  cattle.  Though  there  are  no  dairy 
farms,  there  were  by  the  census  of  1890  1,507  milch-cows  producing 
399,705  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  147,320  pounds  of  but- 
ter. Some  attention  is  being  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breeds  of 
cattle,  and  many  shorthorns,  among  them  thoroughbred  bulls,  have  been 
introduced,  and  also  many  Jerseys,  which  here,  as  everywhere  else  in 
the  State,  are  the  favorites  for  dairy  purposes. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890  the  total  number  of  cattle  in  the 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  703 

county  was  about  4,501,  of  which  660  were  working  oxen.  57,536 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kiud^  gave  103,510  dozens  of  eggs.  This  county  pro- 
duced 11,474  pounds  of  honey.  There  were  421  horses,  683  mules,  5 
donkeys,  8,076  hogs,  and  2,656  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  4,841  pounds. 

Apples,  peaches,  grapes,  berries  and  a  great  variety  of  vegetables, 
yield  abundantly.  About  1,000  acres  are  devoted  to  melons,  with  a  profit 
of  $50  to  the  acre.  About  500  acres  each  are  devoted  to  apples  and 
peaches.  There  is  one  canning  establishment  which  puts  up  500  cans  of 
peaches  and  apples  a  day.  The  profits  by  the  acre  on  these  fruits  in  a 
favorable  season  amount  to  $100. 

This  is  a  great  county  for  vineyards,  of  which  there  are  500,  covering 
5,000  acres.  Twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  grapes  is  the  number  marketed, 
and  from  nearly  all  the  balance  wine  is  made.  The  value  of  the  grapes 
sold  is  stated  as  $50,000,  and  the  revenue  from  the  sale  of  the  wine 
is  estimated  at  $100,000.  There  are  two  wineries,  one  of  which  manu- 
factures unfermented  wine. 

In  addition  to  the  pine  the  county  abounds  in  oak,  gum,  maple,  poplar 
and  other  hardwoods  of  good  quality.  There  are  many  small  sawmills 
preparing  the  lumber  for  planing  mills  and  shingle  machines.  The 
annual  output  of  lumber  is  about  1,000,000  superficial  feet,  with  an 
average  price  of  $8  a  thousand  feet. 

Gold  is  being  mined  quite  extensively.  The  Royal  Gold  mine,  at 
Tallapoosa,  has  a  plant  which  cost  $200,000.  There  are  other  small 
mines  in  operation. 

There  is  in  the  county  water-power  sufficient  for  all  needed  purposes. 
Among  the  manufactories  may  be  mentioned  a  charcoal  pig-iron  fur- 
nace and  a  glass  factory,  and  several  flour  and  grist-mills. 

The  old  Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Southern,  now  a  part  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia  system,  and  the  Georgia  Pacific  branch  of  the  Southern  sys- 
tem, pass  through  the  county,  the  first  from  north  to  south,  the  latter 
from  east  to  west.  A  short  road  from  Alabama  also  touches  the  Southern 
at  Tallapoosa. 

Tallapoosa  is  a  thriving  town  of  2,128  inhabitants,  with  banking  priv- 
ileges and  with  a  water-works  plant  valued  at  $50,000,  ITere  there  is  a 
railroad  shop.  The  entire  Tallapoosa  district  has  a  population  of  3,005. 
The  county  seat  is  Buchanan,  named  in  honor  of  James  Buchanan  of 
Pennsylvania,  president  of  the  United  States  from  1856  to  I860,  It  is 
on  the  Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Southern  Railway  near  the  headwaters  of 
the  Tallapoosa  river.    The  court-house  is  valued  at  $25,000, 

All  the  Christian  denominations  are  represented  in  this  county,  the 
!Rfethodi=ts,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  being  the  most  numerous. 

The  schools  are  in  a  flourishing  condition.  At  Tallapoosa  is  a  large 
school  building  which  cost  $15,000.  In  the  40  white  schools  of  the 
county  the  average  attendance  is  058  and  in  the  4  colored  schools,  00. 

Tallapoosa  handles  about  2,000  bales  of  cotton  annually.  According 
to  the  TTnited  States  census  of  1000  there  were  ginned  in  this  county 
for  the  season  1800-1000  5,507  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

The  area  of  Haralson  county  is  282  square  miles,  or  180,480  acres. 


704  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Population  in  1900,  11,922,  an  increase  of  606  since  1890;  school  fund 
$7,982.57. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  158,540;  wild  lands,  32,997;  average  value  per 
acre  of  improved  land,  $4.20;  of  wild,  $1.15;  city  property,  $351,- 
628;  money,  etc.,  $131,151;  value  of  merchandise,  $61,783; 
bonds,  $600;  cotton  manufactures,  $12,182;  iron  works,  $1,750; 
capital  in  mining,  $212;  household  furniture,  $84,533;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $114,846;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $30,607; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,925;  value  of  all  other  property,  $30,610;  real 
estate,  $1,054,953;  personal  estate,  $476,500.     Aggregate,  $1,531,453. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  1,604; 
value,  $6,567;  city  property,  $3,594;  money,  $200;  merchandise,  $700; 
household  furniture,  $2,577;  farm  and  other  animals,  $3,057;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $573;  watches,  etc,  $73;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $158.00.     Aggregate  property,  $17,499. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $13,320  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900,  but  this  apparent  decrease  arises 
probably  from  some  slight  error  in  the  returns. 

Population  of  Haralson  county  by  sex  and  color  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  5,148;  white  females,  5,132;  total  white, 
10,280;  colored  males,  808;  colored  females,  834;  total  colored,  1,642. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  103  calves,  132  steers,  4  bulls,  210  dairy  cows,  130 
horses,  64  mules,  3  donkeys,  191  sheep,  363  swine,  34  goats. 

HAKRIS  COimTY. 

Harris  County  was  laid  out  from  Troup  and  Muscogee  in  1827.  A 
part  was  given  back  to  Muscogee  in  1829.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Charles  Harris,  Esq.,  an  eminent  jurist  of  Savannah.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north  by  Troup  and  Meriwether  counties,  on  the  east  by  Talbot, 
on  the  south  by  Muscogee,  and  on  the  west  by  the  State  of  Alabama, 
from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  raver.  It  is 
well  watered  by  Mulberry,  Sowhachee,  Standing  Boy,  West  End,  Flat 
Shoals,  Old  House  and  Mountain  creeks,  all  of  which  empty  into  the 
Chattahoochee. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  much  varied,  and  so  is  the  soil.  The  Pine 
Mountains  enter  the  county  near  its  northeastern  corner,  and  Oak 
Mountain  on  the  east.  Above  the  Pine  Mountains  the  country  is  level 
with  a  light  soil,  productive  when  new,  but  not  lasting.  West  of  the 
center  it  is  a  broken,  rich  country,  heavily  timbered.  In  the  valley  be- 
tween Oak  and  Pine  Mountains  the  soil  is  gray,  while  the  growth  is 
Spanish  oak  and  hickory.  South  of  the  Oak  Mountain  all  the  way  down 
Mulberry  creek  to  its  union  with  the  Chattahoochee  river,  the  soil  is 
rich.  With  lands  so  widely  different  in  point  of  fertility,  the  averages  of 
production  differ  according  to  location  of  land  as  well  as  manner  of  culti- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  705 

vation.  The  average  production  to  the  acre  is:  seed  cotton,  COO  to  900 
pounds;  corn,  8  to  15  bushels;  oats,  15  to  25  bushels;  wheat,  8  to  10 
bushels;  rye,  5  to  8  bushels;  barley,  20  to  50  bushels;  sugar-cane,  75  to 
300  gallons  of  syrup  to  the  acre;  Irish  potatoes,  50  bushels;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 50  to  100  bushels;  field-peas,  5  to  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  10  to  20 
bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  2,500  pounds;  com  fodder,  450  pounds. 

There  are  no  dairy  farms,  but  most  families  have  milch-cows.  The 
total  number  in  1890  was  2,8-17,  with  a  production  of  071,384  gallons 
of  milk  and  200,661  pounds  of  butter. 

A  good  deal  of  interest  is  manifested  in  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle,  and 
this  has  led  to  improvement  of  the  breed.  The  total  of  all  kinds  of  neat 
cattle  in  1890  was  6,962.  Much  attention  is  given  to  poultry',  and  the 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  nimibered  87,571,  and  produced  125,679 
dozens  of  eggs.  The  product  of  the  bee-hives  amounted  to  20,803  pounds. 
Four  hundred  and  forty-five  sheep  gave  a  wool-clip  of  944  pounds.  There 
were  8,518  swine,  890  horses,  2,213  mules,  7  donkeys,  and  313  oxen. 

Vegetables  of  every  kind  are  raised,  and  fruits  of  many  varieties,  but 
almost  exclusively  for  home  use. 

Pine  and  Oak  Mountains  afford  large  quantities  of  lumber  which  the 
sawmills  are  getting  ready  for  building  or  manufacturing  purposes.  The 
sawmills  are  generally  operated  by  steam. 

The  Chattahoochee  river  abounds  in  water-power  for  factories  of  all 
kinds.  Some  of  the  citizens  of  West  Point,  just  across  the  line  in  Troup 
county,  availing  themselves  of  these  water-powers,  have  established  cot- 
ton-mills on  the  river  just  below  the  town,  extending  into  Harris  county. 
The  citizens  are  anxious  for  cotton  factories  and  cotton  seed  oil-mills. 

Hamilton,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  418,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Central  Railroad,  is  beautifully  located  between  Pine  and  Oak  Moun- 
tains. The  court-house  cost  about  $12,000.  The  Methodists  and  Baptists 
have  churches  here.  There  are  good  schools,  one  for  boys  and  one  for 
girls.  The  Hamilton  district  has  2,278  inhabitants.  The  whole  county 
is  well  supplied  with  schools  and  churches.  Hamilton  is  22|  miles  from 
each  of  the  following  cities  and  towns:  Columbus,  LaG range.  West 
Point,  Talbotton  and  Greenville.  Hamilton  has  a  canning  factory,  a 
broom  factory  and  a  shoe  factory. 

Chipley,  on  the  Central  Railroad,  has  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $25,000 
and  two  sawTnills.  On  this  same  road  are  Summit  and  Catiiula.  EUers- 
lie,  Wavorly  Hall  and  Shdloh  are  on  the  Southern. 

There  are  altogether  66  miles  of  railroad  in  the  county.  The  cotton 
receipts  and  shipments  from  railroad  stations  in  tiie  county  number  12,- 
500  bales,  and  according  to  the  United  States  census  for  1900,  for  the 
season  of  1899-1900,  there  were  ginned  22,852  bales  of  upland  cotton 
in  Harris  county. 

The  area  of  Harris  county  is  486  square  miles,  or  311,0-10  acres.  Pop- 
ulation in  1900,  18,009,  an  increase  of  1,212  since  1890;  school  fund 
$12,355.43. 

By  the  Comptrollor-Oonfral's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  268,194;  of  wild  land,  $3,901;  average  value  to  the  aero 


706  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

of  improved  land,  $3.14;  of  wild  land,  $0.Y4;  city  property,  $104,168; 
money,  $120,340;  merchandise,  $61,500;  stocks  and  bonds,  $11,280; 
cotton  manufactures,  $92,100;  mining,  $800;  value  of  household  furni- 
ture, $73,828;  farm  and  other  animals,  $160,591;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $35,861;  v^atches,  jevsrelry,  etc.,  $3,718;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $38,828;  real  estate,  $958,733;  personal  estate,  $641,985. 
Aggregate  property,  $1,600,718. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
12,513;  value,  $34,962;  city  property,  $2,885;  merchandise,  $150; 
household  furniture,  $13,769;  farm  and  other  animals,  $31,317;  plant- 
ation and  mechanical  tools,  $6,960;  value  of  all  other  property,  $13,261. 
Aggregate  property,  $116,084. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $90,044  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

In  the  39  schools  for  whites  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  939,  and 
in  the  51  for  colored  the  average  attendance  is  1,662. 

Population  of  Harris  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,884;  white  females,  2,939;  total  white,  5,823; 
colored  males,  5,999;  colored  females,  6,187;  total  colored,  12,186. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  21  calves,  11  steers,  19  dairy  cows,  21  horses,  31  swine, 
1  goat. 

HAET  C0U:N^TY. 

Hart  County  was  formed  from  Franklin,  Elbert  and  Madison  counties 
in  1856.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Mrs.  Nancy  Hart,  a  heroine  of  the 
Revolution,  who  lived  in  Elbert  county.  A  sketch  of  her  appears  in 
the  account  of  Elbert  county. 

Hart  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  On  the  north  and  east  by  the 
State  of  South  Carolina,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  Tugaloo  and 
Savannah  rivers;  on  the  southeast,  south  and  southwest  by  Elbert  and 
Madison  counties;  on  the  west  by  Franklin. 

Beaverdam,  Log,  Cedar  and  Shoal  creeks  flow  through  the  county. 

The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  gray  and  gravelly;  that  of  the  bottom  lands 
gray  sandy  with  red  clay  subsoil.  The  chief  crops  are  cotton  and  com, 
but  wheat,  oats,  rye  and  a  little  barley,  garden  vegetables,  grasses,  etc., 
are  raised.  The  lands  along  the  Savannah  and  Tugaloo  rivers  are  very 
productive. 

The  climate  and  water  are  both  conducive  to  health. 

The  average  production  to  the  acre  is:  seed  cotton,  from  500  to  800 
pounds;  corn,  15  bushels;  wheat,  8  to  10;  oats,  15  to  30;  rye,  10;  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  100  each;  field-peas,  15;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000 
pounds;  Bermuda  grass,  4,000  pounds;  corn  fodder  with  stalk  (shredded 
corn),  4,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75  gallons. 

Peavine,  German  and  Cattail  millets,  sorghum  and  corn  forage  pro- 
duce abundantly. 


GEORGIA:  EISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  707 

A  little  irrigation  is  practiced  by  turning  small  streams  somewhat  out 
of  their  natural  channels  and  causing  them  to  go  where  needed. 

From  April  to  October  broom  sage,  Japim  clover,  Bermuda  and  mea- 
dow grass  are  used  for  pasturage;  from  January  to  May,  rye,  barley  and 
oats  are  used. 

A  cross  between  the  Jersey  and  Holstein  is  preferred  here  for  milk 
and  butter  purposes. 

In  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle  for  the  market  the  people  are  taking  great 
interest,  and  from  nearly  every  farm  beeves  of  fine  quality  are  sold.  A 
few  pure  bred  Hereford  bulls  have  been  imported  into  the  county.  In 
1890  there  were  5,054  cattle  in  the  county,  1,915  of  them  milch-cows, 
producing  555,440,  gallons  of  milk  and  199,274  pounds  of  butter. 
The  sheep  numbered  1,511,  with  a  wool-clip  of  2,0G2  pounds. 
There  were  678  working  oxen.  There  were  740  horses,  897  mules,  10 
donkeys  and  4,696  hogs.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  numbered 
87,372  and  produced  75,805  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  product  of  the 
county  was  19,080  pounds. 

There  are  12  market  gardens,  the  total  value  of  whose  products  is 
about  $6,000,  of  which  40  per  cent,  is  clear  profit.  About  25  acres  are 
devoted  to  melons,  which  bring  a  profit  of  $75  to  the  acre. 

Fine  apples  and  peaches  are  raised  and  have  a  ready  sale.  There  are 
also  several  vineyards,  making  good  profits. 

About  30  per  cent,  of  the  original  forests  are  still  standing.  Very 
little  lumber  is  shipped  from  the  county,  but  much  pine,  oak,  poplar  and 
hickory  are  used  by  the  sawmills  of  the  county,  which,  large  and  small, 
number  about  25.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  in  superficial  feet  is 
estimated  at  3,750,000  feet,  valued  at  $7  to  $7.50  a  thousand. 

The  flour  and  gi-ist-mills  number  about  25. 

At  Hartwell  is  the  Withani  cotton-mill,  which  has  lately  been  enlarged 
to  double  capacity.     This  is  being  operated  by  steam. 

At  Shoal  creek  is  another  cotton-mill  operated  by  water.  One  de- 
partment of  this  mill  manufactures  woolen  goods. 

Other  manufactories  are  shingle  and  planing-mills,  brick  kilns  and 
the  Ilartwell  Canning  Company's  factory  and  4  cotton  seed  oil-mills,  all 
in  successful  operation. 

Hartwell,  the  county  site,  is  located  on  the  Ilartwell  railroad,  which 
connects  with  one  of  the  arms  of  the  Southern  Railway  at  P.oworsvillc. 
Hartwell's  two  banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  nearly  $100,000,  give 
to  the  citizens  of  the  town  and  county  good  comniorcial  advantages.  Tho 
court-house  at  Hartwell  cost  $10,000,  the  jail  $20,000.  Town  district, 
which  includes  Hartwell,  has  a  population  of  3,882,  of  whom  1,672  live 
in  Hartwell. 

The  Hartwell  Collegiate  Institute  has  an  attendance  of  over  100.  Tho 
Bowersville  and  other  high  schools  and  lower  grades  of  the  pul»lic  school 
system  are  well  attended. 

The  cotton  receipt.s  of  the  founly  iiinount  to  about  10,000  bales,  and 
the  shipments,  mostly  from  Hartwell,  anionnt  to  botwfon  5,000  and 
6,000  bales.     Tlio  mills  of  the  fouiity  u^e  about  2,500  bales.     According 

33  ga 


708  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  in  this  county  in  the  season  of  1899- 
1900  there  were  ginned  12,519  bales  of  upland  cotton. 

The  county  roads  are  in  good  condition.  They  are  worked  by  com- 
mutation and  property  tax  combined.  The  best  improved  machines  are 
used. 

The  area  of  Hart  county  is  257  square  miles,  or  164,480  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  14,492,  an  increase  of  3,605  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $9,138.12. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  153,116;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.88;  city  property, 
$188,001;  shares  in  bank,  $73,746;  gas  and  electric  light,  $1,679;  build- 
ing and  loan  association,  $3,500;  money,  etc.,  $160,265;  merchandise, 
$55,265;  cotton  manufactories,  $49,500;  household  furniture,  $73,746; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $124,222;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $38,- 
319;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,393;  value  of  all  other  property,  $15,320; 
real  estate,  $782,343;  personal  estate,  $603,016;  aggregate  property, 
$1,385,359. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres  of  land 
2,532;  value,  $9,135;  city  property,  $2,250;  household  furniture,  $3,- 
525;  farm  and  other  animals,  $9,268;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$2,350;  value  of  all  other  property,  $182;  aggregate  property,  $26,805. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $76,174  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

The  average  attendance  in  the  32  white  schools  is  1,438,  and  in  the 
15  for  colored,  370. 

Population  of  Hart  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,207;  white  females,  5,260;  total  white, 
10,467;  colored  males,  2,044;  colored  females,  1,981;  total  colored, 
4,025. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  41  calves,  12  steers,  92  dairy  cows,  80  horses,  17  mules,  2 
sheep,  164  swine,  1  goat. 

HEAKD  COUNTY. 

Heard  County  was  laid  out  from  Troup,  Carroll  and  Coweta  in  1830 
and  named  after  the  Hon.  Stephen  Heard,  who  was  Governor  of  Geor- 
gia in  1781. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Carroll,  east  by  Coweta,  south 
by  Troup  county  and  west  by  the  State  of  Alabama. 

It  is  well  supplied  with  streams.  The  Chattahoochee  flows  through 
the  county,  into  which  empty  the  numerous  creeks.  These  streams 
supply  good  sport  for  those  fond  of  the  rod  and  line,  and  afford  valuable 
water  power  for  running  manufactories  of  various  kinds.  The  smaller 
game  birds  are  plentiful. 

About  one-third  of  the  county  consisfs  of  rich  oak  and  hickory  land, 
while  two-thirds  are  pine  mixed  with  oak  and  hickory.    These  latter  are 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  709 

also  very  productive.  The  soil  is  gray  sandy,  with  clay  subsoil.  Under 
fair  culture  it  will  produce  to  the  acre:  seed  cotton,  500  to  1,000  pounds; 
com,  15  to  30  bushels;  wheat  and  oats,  10  to  20  bushels  each;  Irish  and 
sweet  potatoes,  75  to  100  bushels  each;  ground-peas,  20  bushels;  crab 
and  Bermuda  grass,  2,000  pounds  each;  sorghum  syrup,  40  gallons; 
sugar-cane  synip,  50  to  75  gallons. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
the  county  13,422  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

More  attention  is  being  paid  to  making  hay,  to  the  selection  of  good 
niileh-cows  and  the  raising  of  improved  breeds  of  beef  cattle.  Jei*seys 
and  Shorthorn  Durhams  are  being  imported  into  the  county.  In  1890 
there  were  4,229  cattle,  1,553  of  which  were  milch-cows,  with  a  pro- 
duction of  261,364  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  68,437 
pounds  of  butter  and  20  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  in  the  county 
345  oxen. 

Poultry  raising  is  not  neglected  and  62,396  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds 
in  1890  gave  54,840  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  produced  in  the  same 
year  amounted  to  18,858  pounds. 

The  horses  numbered  502,  the  mules  1,236,  donkeys  2,  hogs  7,065 
and  the  sheep  1,386,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,227  pounds.  The  breed  of 
horses  is  being  improved  as  well  as  that  of  cattle. 

Vegetables,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised,  but  for  the  lack  of  railroad 
facilities  scarcely  any  are  being  marketed. 

The  forest  trees  are  large  and  valuable  for  building  and  manufactur- 
ing purposecs.  Numerous  sawmills,  operated  by  steam,  are  utilizing 
this  timber. 

There  is  an  abundance  of  excellent  granite. 
There  are  several  flour  and  grist-mills  operated  by  water. 
Franklin,  the  county  site,  located  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Chattahoo- 
chee river,  has  a  court-house  which  cost  $18,000  and  a  jail  valued  at  $5,- 
000.    The  Franklin  Collegiate  Institute  and  numerous  other  schools  af- 
ford good  educational  advantages. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  have  a  large  membership  and  many 
churches  in  every  part  of  the  county. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  in  LaGrange,  Newnan,  Car- 
rollton  and  Ilogansville. 

The  area  of  Heard  county  is  313  square  miles,  or  200,320  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  11,177,  a  gain  of  1,620  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$7,412.38. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  arc:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  174,702;  of  wild  land,  7,496;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  lands,  $3.33;  of  wild  lands,  $1.41;  city  property,  $27,580; 
money,  $52,107;  farm  animals,  $135,031;  morchandiso,  $25,313;  planta- 
tion and  moflianical  tools,  $29,177;  jowolry,  etc.,  $1,147;  hoiL-^ohold 
furniture,  $50,6(;5;  value  of  all  other  property,  $20,673;  real  estate, 
$620,409;  personal  estate,  $310,046;  aggregate  property,  $039,455. 
Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 


710  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

6,412;  value  of  land,  $19,204;  city  or  town  property,  $405;  household 
and  kitchen  furniture,  $10,089;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $81;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $18,523;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,324;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $1,302;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $52,- 
928. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  $33,510  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Heard  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,580;  white  females,  3,583;  total  white,  7,163; 
colored  males,  2,020;  colored  females,  1,994;  total  colored,  4,014. 

Dcmestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges 
June  1,  1900:  42  calves,  81  steers,  31  dairy  cows,  20  horses,  11  mules^ 
71  swine,  1  goat. 

HENEY  COUNTY. 

Henry  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  renowned  orator  and  pa- 
triot, Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia.  Its  boundaries  were  defined  by  the 
act  of  1821.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  DeKalb  county,  on  the 
northeast  by  Rockdale  and  ISTewton,  on  the  southeast  by  Butts,  on  the 
south  by  Spalding  and  on  the  west  by  Clayton. 

It  is  well  watered  by  South  river,  one  of  the  branches  of  the  Ocmul- 
gee,  and  by  Cotton  river;  also  by  Troublesome,  Sandy,  Towaliga,  Indian,, 
Tussahaw,  Little  Walnut,  Line  and  Reeves  creeks. 

The  lands  on  these  rivers  and  creeks  are  rich  and  produce  fine  crops. 
The  lands  are  light,  sandy  soil  in  some  places,  in  others  mulatto  and  stiff 
red  soil. 

Under  fair  cultivation  the  lands  of  all  sorts  will  average  to  the  acre: 
seed  cotton,  600  to  750  pounds;  corn,  15  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  wheat, 
10  bushels;  rye,  8;  barley,  10;  Irish  potatoes,  50  to  75  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  75  to  100  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  20  bush- 
els; crab-grass  hay,  3,000  pounds;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  2,500  poimds; 
clover,  3,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  450  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100 
gallons;  sugar-cane,  150  gallons. 

Henry  county  cotton  ranks  high  in  the  market  and  is  in  great  demand 
with  the  eastern  mills.  Many  of  the  lands  will  yield  to  the  acre  1,500 
pounds  of  seed  cotton,  40  bushels  of  corn,  30  of  wheat  and  other  crops 
in  like  proportion. 

Although  there  are  no  regular  dairy  farms,  there  are  from  1  to  5  cows 
in  almost  every  family.  In  1890  the  1,981  milch-cows  of  the  county 
produced  500,541  gallons  of  milk  and  221,059  pounds  of  butter.  Among 
the  4,929  cattle  of  the  county  are  found  many  improved  breeds. 
There  were  176  working  oxen.  Poultry  raising  is  profitable  and  in  1890 
there  were  95,518  domestic  fowls  of  all  sorts,  producing  111,735  dozens 
of  eggs.    The  bee-hives  furnished  16,130  pounds  of  honey. 

There  were  397  sheep,  producing  about  535  pounds  of  wool;  795 
Horses,  2,190  mules,  5  donkeys  and  6,566  hogs. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  'JH 

This  is  a  fine  county  for  all  kinds  of  fruits,  but  they  are  raised  almost 
•entirely  for  home  consumption. 

The  watercom-scs  have  mimy  fine  shoals  which  offer  inducements  to 
erect  factories  and  mills.  At  Island  Shoals  a  good  roller  mill  for  fiour 
and  com  is  being  put  in.  There  are  several  small  coimtry  mills  for 
flour  and  com.  These  are  mn  by  water.  There  are  no  large  saw-mills, 
but  several  small  "traveling''  mills.  At  Hampton  there  is  a  new  cotton- 
mill,  valued  at  $50,000.  There  is  also  a  knitting  mill  at  the  same  town, 
valued  at  $18,000.  Its  capacity  is  now  being  doubled.  At  Locust  Grove 
there  is  a  cotton  seed  oil-mill,  valued  at  $25,000. 

The  people  are  anxious  for  manufactories  of  every  kind,  especially 
cotton-mills,  cotton  seed  oil-mills  and  caameries.. 

McDonough,  the  county  site,  is  a  progressive  town,  increasing  steadily 
in  population.  It  has  two  banks,  a  court-house  worth  $20,000,  and  a  jail 
which  cost  $5,000.    It  does  a  prosperous  business. 

Three  railroads  run  through  the  county,  the  Central  of  Georgia,  the 
Southern  and  the  Columbus  division  of  the  Southern,  of  which  division 
McDonough  is  the  terminus. 

The  receipts  and  shipments  of  cotton  for  the  county  amount  to  18,000 
or  20,000  bales  per  aunmu,  of  which  8,500  are  handled  in  McDonough. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  20,- 
056  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  this  county  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  handled  in  McDonough,  Hampton  and 
Locust  Grove. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  good  schools. 

All  Christian  denominations  have  churches  with  good  houses  of  wor- 
ship and  full  membei*ship. 

The  area  of  Henry  county  is  337  square  miles,  or  215,080  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  18,602,  a  gain  of  2,382  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$12,004.41. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  201,903;  average  value  per  acre,  $6.17;  city  property, 
$198,855;  shares  in  bank,  $25,000;  money,  etc.,  $231,970;  value  of 
merchandise,  $101,085;  cotton  manufactories,  $6,500;  household  fur- 
niture, $114,538;  farai  and  other  animals,  $202,546;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $61,629;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,599;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $56,181;  real  estate,  $1,444,951;  personal  estate,  $848,539; 
aggregate  property,  $2,293,490. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Xumber  of  acres  of  land, 
3,883;  value,  $23,886;' city  property,  $8,145;  money,  $200;  honsohoM 
furniture,  $16,401;  farm  and  other  animals,  $24,890;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $513;  wiitches,  etc.,  $89;  valne  of  all  otlier  property, 
$671;  aggregate  property,  $79,702. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $104,633  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 


712  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

In  the  38  white  schools  the  average  attendance  is  1,335,  and  in  the  26 
colored  schools  915. 

McDonough  district  has  a  population  of  2,725,  of  whom  683  live  in 
the  town. 

Hampton  district  has  2,360  inhabitants,  of  whom  468  live  in  the  town. 

Locust  Grove  district  has  1,670  inhabitants,  of  whom  254  live  in  the 
town. 

Population  of  Henry  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,695;  white  females,  4,518;  total  white,  9,213; 
colored  males,  4,699;  colored  females,  4,690;  total  colored,  9,389. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900 :  45  calves,  28  steers,  78  dairy  cows,  60  horses,  4  mules,  1 
donkey,  146  swine,  4  goats. 

HOUSTON  COUXTY. 

Houston  County  was  organized  in  1821  and  was  named  in  honor  of 
John  Houston,  of  Chatham  county,  an  ardent  patriot  of  the  Eevolution 
and  Governor  of  Georgia  in  1778.  The  Ocmulgee  river  flows  along  the 
eastern  border  of  the  county  and  Echeconnee  creek  on  the  north.  Other 
streams  are  Mossy  and  Big  Indian  creeks.  Houston  county  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Bibb  and  Twiggs,  on  the  east  and  southeast  by  Twiggs 
and  Pulaski,  on  the  south  by  Dooly,  on  the  west  by  Macon  county  and 
on  the  northwest  by  Crawford. 

The  soil  is  mainly  of  the  tertiary  foiination  with  outcroppings  of  cre- 
taceous formation  in  the  northern  part.  The  land  is  a  level,  sandy  loam, 
mainly  limestone,  but  with  outcroppings  of  red  freestone  in  places.  The 
soil  is  good,  with  a  retentive  clay  subsoil ;  fertile  and  easily  worked. 

The  land,  according  to  location  and 'culture,  will  give  as  an  average 
yield  to  the  acre:  seed  cotton,  500  to  1,500  pounds;  corn,  15  to  50  bush- 
els; oats,  20  to  75;  wheat,  10  to  50;  rye,  5;  Irish  potatoes,  200;  sweet 
potatoes,  200;  field-peas,  10;  gi*ound-peas,  50;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000 
pounds;  corn  fodder,  100  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons;  sugar- 
cane, 150  gallons  of  syrup.  For  winter  pasturage  arctic  grass,  rye  and 
barley  are  used  and  the  native  grass  for  summer. 

There  are  four  dairy  farms  making  fair  profits.  The  total  number 
of  milch-cows  in  the  county  in  1890  was  1,325,  about  500  of  which  are 
on  the  dairy  farms.  The  butter  produced  in  1890  was  66,200  pounds, 
but  is  now  estimated  at  79,400  pounds,  and  the  milk  at  275,000  gallons. 
The  county  produced  7,483  pounds  of  honey  in  1890.  The  total  of  all 
kinds  of  poultry  was  65,204,  and  the  eggs  numbered  103,801  dozens. 
All  the  cattle  of  the  county  number  3,600.  There  were  848  horses, 
2,984  mules,  4  donkeys,  15,143  hogs  and  266  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
502  pounds.  There  were  also  160  working  oxen.  There  is  great  im- 
provement in  the  breeds  of  cattle,  both  for  the  dairy  and  for  beef. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  trucking.  About  $15,000  worth  of 
vegetables  and  berries  are  sold  from  the  gardens.  About  2,500  acres  were 


c 

2 


C 
G 

K 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDl  ATRIAL.  715 

deroted  to  melons  during  the  past  season,  the  average  net  profit  on  which 
varied  from  $25  to  $50  per  acre. 

Houston  is  the  hirgest  peach-growing  county  in  the  United  States. 
There  were  shipped  from  Fort  Valley,  during  the  season  of  1S9S,  850 
carloads  of  peaches,  or  about  450,000  crates.  This  at  an  average  of 
$2.25  a  crate  would  mean  more  than  $1,000,000.  There  are  3,000,000 
peach  trees  in  this  county,  35,744  apple  trees,  13,592  pear  trees  and  43,- 
745  plum  trees.    There  are  8  vineyards,  covering  in  all  1,000  acres. 

The  timber  products  are  small;  a  little  yellow  pine  and  some  hard 
wood  sawed.  There  are  8  saA\niiills  whose  amiual  output  is  worth  about 
$10,000.     The  average  price  of  timber  is  $8  a  thousand  feet. 

The  utilized  water-powers  are  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Ocmulgee,  run- 
ning 14  mills  altogether,  some  of  them  flour  and  grist-mills. 

The  mineral  products  are  marl  and  limestone.  There  are  some  fine 
kaolin  beds. 

Among  the  manufactories  ai'e:  a  cotton-mill,  not  in  operation,  1  cotton 
gin  manufactory,  1  knitting  mill,  1  crate  and  basket  factory,  1  fertilizer 
factory  in  operation,  1  plow  handle  factory,  1  iron  foundry,  3  canning 
factories  and  3  turpentine  distilleries.  More  than  200  hands  are  em- 
ployed in  these  various  factories. 

The  three  canning  factories  at  Fort  Valley  put  up  last  season  500,000 
cans  of  fruits  and  vegetables.  In  addition  to  these  many  of  the  farms 
have  canneries  of  their  own. 

At  Grovania,  on  the  Southern  Railway,  is  the  fertilizer  factory  already 
referred  to. 

Xear  Fort  Valley  is  the  Merchant  Mill,  run  by  w^atcr,  with  patent 
roller  process  and  having  a  capacity  of  40  barrels  of  flour  per  day.  Most 
of  the  manufactories  of  the  county  are  in  Fort  Valley  and  vicinity. 

The  knitting-mill,  valued  at  $10,000,  makes  ladies'  underwear  ex- 
clusively. 

Fort  Valley  has  two  banks,   one  having  a  capital  of  $50,000,   and 
theother  of  $25,000. 

The  population  of  Fort  Valley  in  1900  was  2,022.  The  entire  dis- 
trict, which  includes  the  to\m,  has  3,98G  inhabitants. 

Perry,  the  county  site,  is  situated  partly  in  Lower  Town  and  partly 
in  Upper  Town  district,  the  former  having  a  population  of  1,592  and 
the  latter  of  1,208,  or  2,800  in  the  two  districts.  In  Perry  itself  are  G50 
people.  This  towii  has  a  court-house  and  other  public  buildings  valued 
at  $20,000,  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $25,000  and  an  oil-mill. 

Three  branches  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  go  from  Fort  Val- 
ley westward,  southwest  and  southeast.  Perry  being  the  terminus  of  the 
latter  branch. 

The  county  roads  are  all  in  good  condition,  and  are  worked  by  the 
county  chain-gang  at  an  annual  cost  of  $10,000. 

The  annual  receipts  of  cotton  are  about  25,000  bales,  of  which  S,000 
are  shipped  from  Fort  Valley,  and  500  are  u«ed  in  the  cotton  mill  when 
in  operation. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of   1900  there  were  20,782 


716  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

bales  of  upland  cotton  ginned  in  Houston  county  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900. 

Methodist  and  Baptist  churches  are  found  in  every  section  of  the 
county,  and  other  Christian  denominations  are  also  represented. 

The  schools  of  the  county  are  in  excellent  condition  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  is  668  in  the  26  schools  for  whites,  and  1,690  in  the 
33  schools  for  negroes.  In  Fort  Valley  are  180  pupils  in  the  white 
schools  and  350  in  those  for  negroes.  In  1900  the  State  School  Com- 
missioner reported  the  school  fund  of  Houston  county  to  be  $14,701.20. 
The  area  of  Houston  county  is  591  square  miles,  or  378,240  acres. 
The  population  in  1900  was  22,641,  an  increase  of  1,028  since  1890. 
The  Comptroller-General  reported  the  following  returns  for  1900: 
Acres  of  improved  land,  346,804;  of  wild  land,  13,383;  average  value 
per  acre  of  improved  land,  $4.14;  of  wild  land,  $0.55;  city  or  town  prop- 
erty, $355,115;  shares  in  bank,  $80,500;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$123,130;  merchandise,  $99,770;  cotton  factories,  $15,000;  iron  works, 
$10,900;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $130,000;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $212,240;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $52,595;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $9,210;  value  of  all  other  property,  $72,670;  real  estate, 
$1,810,353;  personal  estate,  $810,580;  aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $2,620,933. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Kumber  of  acres  of  land, 
14,410;  value  of  land,  $57,768;  city  or  town  property,  $14,505;  house- 
hold and  kitchen  furniture,  $32,370;  farm  and  other  animals,  $42,320; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $8,910;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$2,525;  aggregate  value  of  all  property,  $158,398. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $152,087  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Houston  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,797;"^  white  females,  2,838;  total  white, 
5,635;  colored  males,  8,372;  colored  females,  8,634;  total  colored, 
17,006. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  13  calves,  18  steers,  2  bulls,  82  dairy  cows,  101  horses, 
S3  mules,  192  swine,  2  goats. 

IRWIK  COUNTY. 
Irwin  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1818.  A  part  was 
set  off  to  Thomas  and  part  to  Lomides  in  1825.  It  received  its  name 
from  General  Jared  Irwin,  who  served  his  country  faithfully  in  the 
Kevolution,  and  aftenvards  in  campaigns  against  the  Indians;  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  revised  the  State  Constitution  in  1789; 
as  Governor  in  1796  signed  the  act  rescinding  the  Yazoo  law;  was  pres- 
ident of  the  constitutional  convention  of  1798,  which  inserted  in  the 
State  Constitution  a  clause  forbidding  the  African  slave  trade  as  far  as 
Georgia  was  concerned;  was  again  Governor  from  ISTovember  7th,  1806, 
to  Kovember  9th,  1809;  was  several  times  president  of  the  State  Sen- 
ate, holding  that  honored  position  at  the  time  of  his  death  in  1818. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  719 

Irwin  couutj  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Xorth  by  Wil- 
cox and  Telfair,  east  and  southeast  by  Coffee,  south  bv  Berrien  and  west 
by  Worth. 

The  Ocmulgee  river  flows  along  its  northeastern  boundary.  The  Al- 
lapaha  river  flows  from  north  to  south  through  the  center  of  the  county, 
and  Little  river  is  on  its  western  side.  Into  these  rivers  numerous  creeks 
of  this  county  empty,  of  which  the  principal  are  Willacoochee,  Reed, 
Lake  and  Hat.  The  creeks  of  the  eastern  part  are  among  the  headwaters 
of  the  Satilla  river.  In  these  various  streams  fish  are  plentiful.  In  the 
woods  and  fields  are  found  quail,  turkeys,  deer  and  opossums.  Many 
quail  are  shipped  from  Irwin  county,  and  some  deer  and  turkeys. 

The  soils  may  be  described  as  red,  gray  and  black  gravel,  with  clay 
subsoil,  the  gray  predominating.  Under  a  good  system  of  cultivation 
the  lands  will  produce  to  the  acre:  of  upland  seed  cotton,  1,200  pounds; 
of  sea-island,  SCO  pounds;  com,  20  bushels;  wheat,  15  to  20  bushels: 
oats,  25  to  30  bushels;  rye,  12  bushels;  rice,  from  20  to  100  bushels; 
field-peas,  20  bushels;  ground-peas,  from  25  to  100  bushels;  sugar-cane 
syrup,  from  200  to  500  gallons;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons;  Irish  po- 
tatoes, from  100  to  150  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  from  250  to  300  bushels; 
crab-gTass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  200  pounds. 

The  native  farmers  and  the  colonists  at  and  near  Fitzgerald  are  pay- 
ing more  attention  to  hay  than  ever  before.  Their  testimony  is  that  a 
bountiful  yield  of  good  hay  is  made  from  Bermuda,  crab  and  crowfoot 
grasses,  from  peavines,  cattail  millet  and  velvet  beans.  For  ten  months 
of  the  year  the  wiregrass  affords  excellent  wild  pastures,  and  the  culti- 
vated grasses  are  good  for  eight  months. 

In  addition  to  a  great  number  of  common  cattle  there  are  many  Jer- 
sey cows  and  Shorthorn  Durhams.  Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  raising 
of  beef  cattle  for  the  market  and  to  the  improvement  of  the  breed. 
Within  the  last  five  yeai-s  35  Hereford  and  3  Shorthorn  bulls  have 
been  brought  into  the  county.  The  whole  number  of  cattle  in  the  coun- 
ty in  1890  was  11,152,  of  which  2,763  were  milch-cows.  Of  these 
many  are  Jerseys  and  Durhams;  190,895  gallons  of  milk  and  11,597 
pounds  of  butter  were  reported  from  this  county.  There  were  in  the 
county  366  working  oxen.  In  1890  there  were  in  the  county  14,764 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  35,984  pounds.  There  were  501  hoi-ses,  539 
mule^^,  5  donkeys  (male),  12  jemiotvS  and  17,270  swine;  37,18!)  domes 
tic  fowls  supplied  45,021  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  product  was  nearly 
6,128  pounds. 

Much  attention  is  paid  to  truck  farming,  an<l  every  known  vegetable 
is  rai.-ed  in  the  market  gardens,  as  are  also  l)errics  of  every  kind.  Mel- 
ons and  fruits  also  are  extensively  raised  and  the  \y]\n\o  t nicking  business 
of  the  county  will  not  fall  far  short  of  $100,000.  Tlie  markets  for  these 
things  are  Savannali,  ]\raeon  and  Atlanta,  (la.,  and  Cineinnati,  Ohio. 

There  is  one  florist  establishment  at  Fitzgerald. 

The  timbers  of  Irwin  county  are  yellow  pine,  white  oak,  water  oak, 
tulip,  juniper,  cypress,  l)lack-gum,  cedar,  red  oak,  a.^h  and  hickory,  all 
found  in  paying  quantities. 


720  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  113,800,000  superficial  feet,  at  an 
average  price  of  $8  a  thousand  feet.  Forty  sawmills  are  employed  cut- 
ting up  this  timber,  and  25  distilleries  are  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  spirits  of  turpentine. 

Sandstone  and  phosphate  are  found  in  this  county. 
Irwinville,  the  county  site,  is  a  little  village  on  the  Tifton  and  ISTorth- 
eastern  Railroad.  At  the  junction  of  this  same  railroad  with  a  branch  of 
the  Georgia  and  Alabama  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system  stands  the  new 
and  growing  city  of  Fitzgerald,  built  by  colonists  from  the  northwestern 
States,  Another  railroad,  an  offshoot  of  the  Hawkinsville  and  Florida 
Southern  connects  Fitzgerald  with  Davisville  in  Wilcox  county.  Fitz- 
gerald has  electric  lights  and  Avater-works  worth  $45,000,  all  paid 
for,  and  owned  by  the  city,  2  banks  with  adequate  capital,  many  pros- 
perous mercantile  establishments,  10  life  and  fire  insurance  agencies,  1 
wagon  factory  and  3  sash  and  blind  factories.  All  the  stock  has  been 
taken  for  a  $60,000  cotton-mill  at  Fitzgerald,  expected  to  be  soon  in 
operation.  The  population  of  Fitzgerald  is  1,817.  The  district,  includ- 
ing Fitzgerald,  has  2,515  inhabitants. 

The  facilities  in  Irwin  county  for  travel  and  transportation  are  excel- 
lent. Besides  75  miles  of  railroad,  50  miles  of  public  road  have  been 
lately  macadamized.  The  Ocmulgee  river  also  furnishes  water  trans- 
portation by  steamboats  to  Savannah  and  Brunswick,  and  to  Macon,  as 
soon  as  the  government  completes  the  dredging  of  the  river. 

Of  the  cotton  receipts  of  the  entire  county  5,000  bales  are  handled  at 
Fitzgerald,  2,000  at  Ocilla  and  1,000  at  Sycamore.  According  to  the 
United  States  census  of  1900  1,891  bales  of  upland  and  1,038  bales  of 
sca-ihland  cotton  were  ginned  in  Ii-win  county  for  the  season-  of  1899- 
1900. 

The  public  schools  are  in  good  condition. 

Every  Christian  denomination  is  represented  by  churches  in  this  coun- 
ty, Methodists  and  Baptists  being  the  most  numerous. 

The  second  largest  town  in  the  county  is  Ocilla,  with  a  population  of 
805  and  in  the  whole  district  1,740. 

At  Cycloneta  Station  is  a  farm  operated  by  the  Georgia  Southern  and 
Florida  Railroad,  which  gives  a  practical  demonstration  of  the  capacity 
of  this  county  and  section  in  every  branch  of  husbandry.  The  fruits 
raised  here  are  especially  fine. 

The  area  of  Iru'in  county  is  686  square  miles,  or  439,040  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,645,  an  increase  of  7,329  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $7,590.16;  school  fund  of  Fitzgerald,  $1,170.72. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  391,648;  of  wild  land,  65,137;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.07;  of  wild  land,  $1.63;  city  property,  $265,618; 
shares  in  bank,  $13,415;  money,  etc.,  $222,442;  merchandise,  $96,- 
626;  stocks  and  bonds,  $793;  cotton  manufactories,  $32,070;  iron  works, 
$112.00;  invested  in  mining,  $302.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$95,620;  farm  and  other  animals,  $235,779;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $39,480;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,797;  value  of  all  other  prop- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  7Jl 

ertv,  $226,127;  real  estate,  $1,183,535;  personal  estate,  $973,364.  Ag- 
gregate value  of  whole  property,  $2,156,899. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tiixpayei-s:  Xinnber  of  acres  of  land, 
12,137;  value,  $21,113;  city  property,  $3,190;  money,  etc.,  $465;  mer- 
chandise, ,$106;  household  furniture,  $7,288;  watches,  etc.,  $194;  farm 
animals,  $10,865;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,751;  value  of  all 
other  property,   $1,098;  aggregate  property,  $46,770. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $134,259  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

In  the  61  white  schools  the  average  attendance  is  1,065,  and  in  the 
22  colored  schools  it  is  409.  In  tlie  white  schools  of  Fitzgerald  are  en- 
rolled 496  pupils,  and  in  the  schools  for  negroes  there  are  enrolled  127. 

On  the  13th  of  July,  1836,  on  the  Allapaha  river,  near  the  plantation 
of  Mr.  Wm.  H.  Mitchell,  Captain  Levi  J.  Knight,  commanding  a  com- 
pany of  75  white  men,  attacked  a  party  of  Indians,  and  killed  all  but 
five  of  them.  Twenty-three  guns  and  nineteen  packs  of  plunder  fell 
into  the  hands  of  the  whites. 

Population  of  Irwin  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,721;  white  females,  4,239;  total  white,  8,960; 
colored  males,  2,610;  colored  females,  2,075;  total  colored,  4,685. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  52  calves,  11  steers,  4  bulls,  114  dairy  cows,  130  horses, 
11  mules,  242  swine,  1  goat. 

JACKSOX  COUNTY. 

Jackson  County  was  formed  in  1796  and  was  named  for  General 
James  Jackson,  of  Savannah,  one  of  the  most  gallant  of  Georgia's  sol- 
diers in  the  Revolution,  who  aided  in  forming  a  constitution  and  gov- 
ernment for  the  State,  and  was  a  member  of  the  legislature,  a  Kcpre- 
seutative  and  Senator  in  Congress,  and  Governor  of  the  State.  From 
part  of  this  county  w^as  formed  the  county  of  Clarke.  A  part 
of  it  helped  to  form  Madison  county  in  1811,  and  part  was  added  to 
AValton,  Gwinnett  and  Hall  in  1818. 

Jackson  county  is  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Banks  county,  on  the 
east  by  Madison,  on  the  southeast  by  Clarke  and  Oconee,  on  the  soutli- 
west  by  Walton  and  Gwinnett  and  on  the  northwest  by  Hall. 

Several  branches  of  the  Oconee  river  water  this  county.  Big  Sandy, 
Mulberry,  Barber's,  Curry's  and  Beach  creeks  are  some  of  the  streams. 
On  all  these  streams  the  lands  are  very  productive.  The  uplands  are 
not  so  fertile  as  the  bottom  lands,  but  with  careful  cultivation  yield  well. 
The  soils  are  red  and  gray.  With  proper  cult\ire  they  will  average  to  the 
acre:  corn,  15  bushels;  oats,  25;  wheat,  12;  rye,  10;  barley,  15;  Irish 
potatoes,  60;  sweet  potatoes,  75;  field-pcas,  10;  ground-poas,  30;  seed 
cotton,  600  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  200 
pounds;  sorghum  synip,  150  gallons.  Some  ef  tli(^  U^t  lands  i>ro(luc(«  to 
the  acre:  25  bushels  of  com,  100  bushels  of  Irish  potatoes,  150  of  sweet 
potatoes  and  1,500  pounds  of  sce<l  cotton.     When  lands  are  well  pre- 


722  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

pared  thej  produce  well  sarghum  aud  corn  forage,  millet,  red  clover, 
Bermuda,  crab-grass  and  pea-vines. 

Some  ensilage  is  stored  awaj  in  silos,  especially  by  the  two  dairy- 
farms.  Among  the  milch-cows  are  many  Jerseys  and  Guernseys.  More 
attention  than  ever  before  is  being  given  to  the  improvement  of  the 
breeds  of  dairy  and  beef  cattle.  The  total  number  of  cattle  in  the  coun- 
ty in  1890  was  7,164.  The  milch-cows  numbered  3,038  and  produced 
896,567  gallons  of  milk,  301,758  pounds  of  butter  and  25  pounds  of 
cheese.  There  were  1,587  horses,  1,884  mules,  5  donkeys  and  8,418  hogs. 
The  1,709  sheep  produced  2,466  pounds  of  wool.  There  were  134,490 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds,  whose  production  of  eggs  amounted  to  167,- 
834  dozens;  21,389  pounds  of  honey  were  produced  in  1890,  There  were 
also  378  working  oxen. 

Vegetables,  fruits,  berries  and  melons  are  used  in  abundance  for  home 
consumption,  but  none  for  the  markets. 

There  are  7  vineyards  embracing  75  acres  altogether.  The  revenue 
derived  from  the  wine  amounts  to  about  $4,000  annually. 

The  timber  consists  of  pine,  red  oak,  post  oak,  water  oak,  white  oak, 
hickory,  poplar,  dogwood,  persimmon,  beach,  birch  and  ash.  The  an- 
nual  output  of  lumber  in  superficial  feet  is  300,000  at  an  average  of  $7 
a.  thousand.  This  lumber  is  used  in  various  manufactories  that  work  in 
wood. 

There  are  in  this  county  the  f ollo^ving  manufacturing  establishments : 
At  Haraiony  Grove,  one  wagon  and  buggy  factory,  one  harness  factory, 
one  cotton-seed  oil-mill,  with  a  capital  of  $30,000,  one  mattress  factory, 
two  potteries  for  manufacturing  jugs,  jars,  etc,  and  one  cotton  mill  with 
a  capital  of  $100,000;  at  Jefferson,  one  cotton  mill  with  a  capital  of 
$80,000,  a  cotton-seed  oil-mill  with  a  capital  of  $18,000,  and  a  foundiy; 
at  Maysville,  a  chair  factory;  at  Iloschton,  one  tannery  and  harness  and 
saddle  factory.  There  are  also  in  Jackson  county  six  sawmills  and  20 
flour  and  grisfmills.  There  is  also  a  factory  being  organized  at  Winder, 
a  town  of  1,145  inhabitants,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  in  Jackson 
county,  though  a  small  part  of  it  lies  in  Gwinnett  and  another  small 
part  in  Walton  county. 

There  are  4  banks,  1  each  at  Hai-mony  Grove,  Winder,  Jefferson  and 
Maysville. 

About  15  life  and  fire  insurance  agencies  are  in  the  county. 

The  coimty  abounds  in  granite  and  quartz,  soapstone,  asbestos  and 
tounnaline.  There  is  also  some  iron  ore,  but  it  is  not  now  being  worked. 
It  was  mined  some  during  the  civil  war. 

Jefferson,  named  for  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virgina,  the  author  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  is  the  county  site.  It  is  situated  on  the 
waters  of  the  Oconee  and  was  incorporated  in  1812.  It  contains  726 
inhabitants,  but,  if  we  include  the  district  of  the  same  name,  2,107. 

Harmony  Grove  is  a  thriving  town  of  1,454  inhabitants,  and  the  dis- 
trict of  Minish,  which  includes  the  town,  has  a  population  of  3,487. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  leading  Christian  denominations. 
All  sects  are  represented. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  lyDUSTRIAL.  703 

There  are  several  fine  schools,  of  which  the  Martin  Institute  at  Jef- 
ferson is  the  most  noted.  The  average  attendance  on  the  public  schools 
is  in  the  80  white  schools  2,452,  and  in  the  24  colored  schools  781. 

There  ai-e  three  railroads  in  the  county,  the  Southern,  the  Gainesville, 
Jefferson  and  Southern  and  the  Seaboard  Air  Line. 

The  county  roads  are  in  good  condition,  but  not  macadamized. 

The  cotton  receipts  from  the  entire  county  are  about  50,000  bales, 
of  which  3,000  are  shipped  from  Jefferson,  15,000  from  Harmony  Grove, 
12,000  from  Winder,  5,000  from  Hoschton,  2,000  from  Pendergrass, 
3,000  from  Maysville,  3,000  to  Gainesville  and  7,000  to  Athens.  The 
cotton  mills  use  about  3,000  bales.  According  to  the  United  States  cen- 
sus of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  22,806  bales  of  upland  cot- 
ton during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Jackson  county  is  4G0  square  miles,  or  294,400  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  24,039,  a  gain  of  4,863  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$16,832.35. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  242,469;  average  value  per  acre,  $5.95;  city  property, 
$332,715;  shares  in  bank,  $110,000;  money,  $311,382;  merchandise, 
$140,034;  iron  works,  $4,000;  stocks  and  bonds,  $11,750;  cotton  man- 
ufactories, $142,460;  household  furniture,  $121,056;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $232,944;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $63,493;  watches, 
jewelry,  eto.,  $6,157;  value  of  all  other  property,  $44,545;  real  estate, 
$1,775,852;  personal  estate,  $1,217,427.  Aggregate  property,  $2,993,- 
277. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
4,924;  value,  $25,400;  city  property,  $3,190;  money,  $105;  household 
furniture,  $6,313;  farm  and  other  animals,  $15,068;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $2,580;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $81;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $490;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $51,587. 

The  "tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  $180,193  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Jackson  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  8,223;  white  females,  8,210;  total  white,  16,433; 
colored  males,  3,808;  colored  females,  3,798;  total  colored,  7,606. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  57  calves,  7  steers,  1  bull,  151  dairy  cows,  120  horses,  27 
mules,  1  sheep,  313  swine,  4  goats. 

JASPER  COUNTY. 

Jasper  County  was  laid  off  by  the  name  of  Randolph  in  1807,  but  tho 
name  was  changed  to  Jasper  in  1812,  in  honor  of  Sergeant  Jasper,  so 
renowned  for  his  patriotic  devotion  in  the  war  for  independence.  In 
1815  a  part  of  tlio  county  was  sot  off  t/)  IVforgaii,  and  in  1821  a  part  To 
Newton.  The  Ocmulgec  river,  which  divides  the  county  froni^  Putts 
and  Monroe,  is  the  principal  stream.  Other  streams  are,  Rocky,  Falling, 
Cedar,  Murder,  Shoal,  White  Oak,  Wolf  and  Panther  creeks  and  Al- 
covv  river. 


724  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  northeast  by  Morgan  county,  on  the 
east  by  Putnam,  south  by  Jones,  southwest  by  Monroe,  west  by  Butte, 
and  northwest  by  JSTewton, 

The  lands  are  generally  rolling,  especially  in  the  eastern  part,  those 
near  the  streams  being  rich.  The  southern  part  of  the  county  has  a  gray 
soil.  The  lands,  properly  cultivated,  will  give  as  an  average  yield  to 
the  acre:  seed  cotton,  500  to  750  pounds;  corn,  15  to  20  bushels;  oats, 
20;  wheat  10  to  12;  rye,  20;  barley,  25;  Irish  potatoes,  125;  sweet  po- 
tatoes, 200;  field-peas,  20;  ground-peas,  50;  crab-grass,  4,000  pounds; 
Bermuda  grass,  4,000  to  6,000  pounds;  cane  syrup,  from  200  to  300 
gallons;  sorghum,  150  gallons.    Much  hay  is  saved  and  marketed. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  cattle  for  milk  and  butter,  and  the 
Jersey  is  preferred.  In  1890  the  cattle  of  the  county  numbered  4,304, 
of  which  1,904  were  milch-cows,  producing  495,650  gallons  of  milk  and 
148,666  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  also  105  working  oxen.  The 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  numbered  68,035,  and  produced  65,463 
dozens  of  eggs.  From  the  bee-hives  were  obtained  15,555  pounds  of 
honey.  There  were  1,000  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,404  pounds.  The 
county  had  also  733  horses,  2,006  mules,  3  donkeys,  6  jennets  and 
9,408  hogs. 

Vegetables,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised  for  home  consumption.  There 
are  10,000  acres  devoted  to  peaches,  and  2,000  to  apples.  About  200 
acres  are  devoted  to  grapes. 

The  Ocmulgee  and  Alcovy  rivers  and  Murder  creek  furnish  immense 
water-powers,  some  of  which  are  used  by  5  grist-mills.  The  few  sawmills 
of  the  county  are  operated  by  steam. 

There  are  at  Monticello  a  harness  and  collar  factory  and  a  bobbin  fac- 
toi-y.  A  company  has  been  formed  for  the  erection  of  a  cotton-mill  at 
Monticello.  This  town,  which  is  the  county  site,  is  on  the  Macon  and 
ISTorthern  Railroad,  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  system.  Another 
branch  of  this  same  system  runs  across  the  northeastern  section  of  the 
county.  Other  gTOwing  towns  of  the  county  are  Hillsboro  and  Shady 
Dale. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  leading  Christian  de- 
nominations. 

The  county  roads  are  in  excellent  condition,  and  the  two  railroads  give 
good  facilities  for  travel  and  transportation. 

The  schools  of  the  county  are  well  maintained.  The  average  attend- 
ance is  855  in  30  white  schools  and  997  in  the  25  colored  schools. 

The  cotton  receipts  reach  15,000  bales,  about  10,000  of  which  are 
handled  in  Monticello,  where  the  merchants  have  the  advantage  of  two 
good  banks.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  Jasper  county  15,320  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of 
1899-1900.  Other  towns  at  which  products  of  the  county  are  marketed 
-are  Shady  Dale,  Machen  and  Hillsboro. 

Monticello  is  the  county  site  and  contains  1,106  inhabitants.    The  en- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^D   IXDiS'TRIAL.  725 

tire  Monticello  district  has  a  population  of  2,297.     There  is  a  hirge  har- 
ness factory  here. 

The  area  of  Jasper  county  is  410  square  miles,  or  202,400  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  15,033,  a  gain  of  1,154  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,795.02. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  227,095;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.37;  city  property, 
$155,295;  shares  in  bank,  $47,295;  money,  etc.,  $124,811;  merchan- 
dise, $62,313;  invested  in  shipping,  $25;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,000;  cot- 
ton manufactories,  $3,372;  iron  works,  $1,015;  household  furniture, 
$72,194;  farm  and  other  animals,  $126,488;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $34,764;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,302;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $36,119;  real  estate,  $921,891;  personal  estate,  $564,819;  aggre- 
gate of  all  property,  $1,486,710. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax-payers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,534;  value,  $20,454;  city  property,  $6,334;  money,  etc.,  $135;  house- 
hold furniture,  $11,379;  farm  and  other  animals,  $25,666;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $5,857;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,570;  aggre- 
gate of  all  property,  $73,909. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $175,378  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Jasper  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,767;  white  females,  2,621;  total  white,  5,388; 
colored  males,  4,644;  colored  females,  4,806;  total  colored,  9,645. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900 :  6  calves,  2  steers,  37  dairy  cows,  39  horses,  22  mules,  30 
swine. 

JEFFERSON  COUNTY. 

Jefferson  County  was  laid  out  from  Burke  and  AVarren  in  1796,  and 
was  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  author  of  the 
declaration  of  independence  and  President  of  the  United  States  from 
March  4th,  1801,  to  March  4th,  1809.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Kichmond  and  McDuffie  counties,  on  the  east  by  Burke  county,  on  the 
south  by  Emanuel  and  Johnson  counties,  on  the  west  by  Washington 
county,  and  on  the  northwest  by  Glascock  and  Warren  counties. 

The  Ogeechee  river  runs  through  the  county,  and  before  the  building 
of  the  Central  Railway  was  the  medium  of  traflic  with  Savannah.  Other 
streams  are  Rocky  Comfort,  AVilliarason's,  Brier  and  Big  creeks. 

The  soils  vary  from  sandy  to  clay,  being  gray  or  red  in  diiferent  sec- 
tions, and  well  adapted  to  the  staple  crops  of  Georgia  and  to  forage  crops 
of  all  kinds.  The  best  lands  of  the  county  are  devoted  to  cotton  and 
corn,  which  are  by  many  cultivated  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  other 

crops. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre,  varying  according  to  soil  and  cultiva- 
tion, is:  seed  cotton,  450  to  750  pounds;  corn,  10  to  25  bushels;  wheat, 
8  to' 15  bushels;  oats,  from  12  to  30  bnsliels;  rye,  from  0  to  10  bushels; 
Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  from  100  to  300  ])iislu'ls  onch;  field  peas,  from 


Y26  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

6  to  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  50  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds; 
corn  fodder,  stalk  and  blade  (shredded  corn),  4,000  pounds;  sorghum 
syrup,  300  gallons;  ribbon-cane  syrup,  400  gallons. 

Some  lands  in  the  county  in  the  season  of  1899  by  careful  culture  pro- 
duced 1,500  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  and  some  of  the  best  lands 
average  that  much  every  year  and  produce  other  crops  in  like  propor- 
tion. Very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  grasses,  but  wherever 
tried,  they  have  been  grown  with  great  success.  Tor  summer  pasturage 
Bermuda  and  crab-grass  are  best,  and  often  afford  abundant  feed  from 
the  last  of  March  to  the  1st  of  December.  In  winter  the  cattle  find 
nourishing  food  in  the  cane  which  abounds  in  the  branches,  creeks  and 
swamps.  Cotton  seed  meal  and  hulls  are  considerably  used  as  food  for 
stock.  Very  little  attention  has  been  paid  so  far  to  the  rearing  of  beef 
cattle,  but  more  than  formerly.  Those  farmers  who  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  their  milch-cows  prefer  the  Jersey. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Jefferson  county  1,973  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  4,233  pounds;  5,490  cattle,  1,738  milch-cows,  producing  257,710 
gallons  of  milk  and  43,355  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  also  286  work- 
ing oxen,  1,149  horses,  1,900  mules,  32  donkeys,  16,883  swine,  and  do- 
mestic fowls  of  all  kinds,  43,049,  producing  86,604  dozens  of  eggs.  The 
honey  produced  was  13,645  pounds. 

The  truck  marketed  is  valued  at  $7,000,  and  consists  of  vegetables, 
fruits,  berries  and  melons.     There  are  10,930  peach  and  1,525  apple 

trees. 

The  timber  gi'owth  is  mixed,  long-leaf  pine  and  hardwoods,  with  the 
usual  swamp  gi'owth  on  the  watercourses.  The  annual  output  of  all 
timber  sawed  is  about  750,000  superficial  feet,  at  prices  ranging  from  $6 
to  $8  a  thousand  feet.     There  are  eight  sawmills  nearly  all  operated  by 

gteam. 

Nine  grist-mills  along  the  Ogeechee  river  use  189  horse-powers.  There 
are  two  large  roller  mills  for  flour  operated  by  steam. 

Shell  marl  and  limestone  are  found  in  several  localities.  Buhrstone 
of  excellent  quality  is  found  near  Louisville.  Agate  and  chalcedony 
have  also  been  found.    In  some  sections  the  water  is  freestone,  in  others 

limestone. 

There  are  in  Jefferson  county  12  artesian  wells  and  3  mineral  springs. 

This  is  a  fine  old  county,  having  been  at  one  time  very  productive. 
Lands  that  had  been  exhausted,  have  of  late  years  been  built  up  again 
by  judicious  rotation  of  crops.     In  this  process  the  cowpea  has  played  a 

prominent  part. 

Louisville,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  1,009,  in  the  corporate 
limits  and  1,574  in  its  entire  district,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Louisville 
and  Wadley  Kailroad,  which  connects  it  with  Wadley,  a  growing  town 
on  the  Central  of  Georgia.  This  latter  railroad  traverses  the  southern 
part  of  Jefferson  county.  Across  the  northern  part  runs  a  branch  of  the 
Southern  Railway. 

Louisville  was  the  capital  of  Georgia  from  1795  until  1804,  when. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  727 

Milledgeville  became  the  seat  of  government.  The  court-house,  valued 
at  $10,000,  is  built  of  the  materials  -which  fonuerly  composed  the  State 
House.  It  was  at  Louisville  that  the  Yazoo  act  was  passed,  and  here  by 
the  act  of  a  subsequent  legislature  it  was  rescinded,  and  all  the  papei's 
and  evidence  connected  with  it  were  burned  in  front  of  the  capitol  in 
the  presence  of  the  Governor  and  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  and  a 
large  concourse  of  people  gathered  from  all  the  country  around. 

The  schools  of  this  county  are  in  good  condition. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  each  good  churches  and 
a  large  membership,  both  in  towTi  and  country. 

In  the  public  schools  the  average  attendance  is  997  in  the  28  schools 
for  whites  and  SOS  in  the  IS  schools  for  negroes. 

Besides  the  excellent  facilities  afforded  by  the  railroads,  the  county 
roads  are  in  fine  condition  and  well  cared  for  under  the  new  road  law  of 
Georgia. 

The  receipts  and  shipments  of  cotton  in  Jefferson  county  are  about 
25,000  bales.  Of  this  number  about  6,000  are  handled  at  Louisville, 
the  rest  at  Wadley,  Bartow,  Wren's,  Spread  and  Averay.  According  to 
the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  21,- 
182  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  second  largest  town  in  the  county  is  AVadley,  with  a  population 
of  630  in  the  corporate  limits  and  2,815  in  the  entire  district. 

The  area  of  Jefferson  county  is  686  square  miles,  or  439,040  acres. 

The  population  in  1900  was  18,212,  a  gain  of  999  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $12,754.34. 

The  Comptroller-General  gave  the  following  returns  for  1900:  Acres 
of  improved  land,  311,060;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.08;  city  prop- 
erty, $279,420;  shares  in  bank,  $22,500;  money,  etc.,  $286,380;  mer- 
chandise, $95,710;  stocks  and  bonds,  $3,900;  household  furniture,  $109,- 
104;  farm  and  other  animals,  $210,755;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$50,834;  watches,  jewelry,  ete.,  $8,475;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$42,501;  real  estate,  $1,240,024;  personal  estate,  $870,574;  aggregate 
property,  $2,110,598. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
8,517;  value  of  same,  $24,859;  city  property,  $10,405;  money,  etc., 
$270;  merchandise,  $105;  household  furniture,  $22,081;  fann  and  other 
animals,  $35,950;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $8,899;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $250;  value  of  all  other  property,  $2,336;  aggregate  prop- 
erty, $105,155. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  in  tlio  value  of  all  lu-operty 
over  the  returns  of  1900  amounting  to  $84,S91. 

Population  of  Jefferson  connty  by  sex  and  color,  a<'('<inling  to  tlie  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,377;  white  females,  3,257;  total  white, 
6,634;  colored  males,  5,628;  colored  fomales,  5,950;  total  colored, 
11,578. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosuros,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  70  calves,  37  steers,  2  bulls,  130  dairy  cows.  OS  liorses,  12 
mules,  475  swine,  24  goats. 

34  ga 


728  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

JOHNSON  COUNTY. 

Johnson  County  was  laid  off  from  Laurens  and  Emanuel  counties  in 
1858,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Herschel  V.  Johnson,  a  distinguished 
son  of  Georgia,  Governor  of  the  State  from  1853  to  1857,  then  judge  of 
the  Ocmulgee  circuit  and  in  1860  on  the  ticket  for  Vice-President  with 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  of  Illinois, 

Johnson  county  is  boimded  by  the  following  counties:  Washington 
on  the  north,  Jefferson  on  the  northeast,  Emanuel  on  the  east  and  south- 
east, Laurens  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Laurens  and  Wilkinson 
on  the  west. 

The  Oconee  river  is  on  its  western  border  and  the  Ohoopee  flows 
through  the  center.  Other  streams  are  Dry,  Cedar  and  Yamgrandee 
creeks. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  level.  The  lands  are  easily  cultivated,  and 
under  proper  tillage  produce  to  the  acre  the  following  averages:  Seed 
cotton,  upland,  500  pounds;  sea-island  cotton,  300  pounds;  corn,  10 
bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  rye,  4  bushels;  Irish  po- 
tatoes, 100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  20  bushels; 
ground-peas,  40  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  2,500  pounds;  com  fodder,  150 
pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons.  The 
hay  crop  of  this  county  is  made  from  crab-grass  and  the  peavine. 

Though  very  little  attention  is  given  to  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle,  yet 
some  care  is  taken  in  the  improvement  of  the  breed,  and  the  Devon  cow 
is  being  brought  in  as  a  milker.  Both  Devon  and  Jersey  bulls  have 
been  introduced  of  late  years. 

The  native  grasses  and  the  woods  give  a  pretty  good  range  for  stock. 
In  1890  there  were  in  Johnson  county  4,233  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  8,867  pounds;  3,224  cattle,  1,053  milch-cows,  producing  89,562 
gallons  of  milk,  but  only  2,817  pounds  of  butter.  The  working  oxen 
numbered  165.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  numbered  24,248  and 
produced  35,080  dozens  of  eggs.  Of  other  live  stock  there  were  593 
horses,  504  mules,  3  donkeys  and  7,706  hogs.  The  honey  produced  was 
920  pounds. 

Vegetables,  fruits,  berries  and  melons  are  raised  in  considerable  quan- 
tities, but  only  for  home  consumption.    The  same  is  true  of  grapes. 

About  50  per  cent,  of  the  original  forests,  mostly  pine,  are  still  stand- 
ing. A  great  quantity  of  lumber  is  cut  and  shipped  to  Savannah  and 
many  sawmills  are  kept  busy  preparing  it.  Kosin  and  turpentine  are 
among  the  most  remunerative  products  of  this  county.  Two  distilleries 
are  in  constant  operation  preparing  spirits  of  turpentine. 

There  are  no  mineral  springs,  but  there  are  two  artesian  wells. 
The  Wrightsville  and  Tennille  Kailroad  runs  through  the  center  of 
the  county,  and  through  its  eastern  side  runs  the  Wadley  and  Mount 
Vernon,  each  connecting  with  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad. 

Wrightsville,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  1,127  in  the  cor- 
porate limits  and  3,614  in  the  district,  has  a  court-house  worth  $20,000, 
and  a  good  school  building,  the  Nannie  Lou  Worthen  Institute,  valued 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDUSTRIAL.  729 

at  $8,000.  The  town  has  also  several  successful  merchants  and  several 
life  and  tire  insurance  agencies.  About  15,000  bales  of  cotton  are  receiveil 
in  this  county  and  shipped  from  it.  Of  these  5,000  are  handled  at 
Wrightsville.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  this  county  8,336  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899- 
1900. 

There  has  been  much  improvement  in  educational  matters.  The  schools 
belong  for  the  most  part  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia,  and  the 
average  attendance  is  844  in  the  32  schools  for  whites  and  364  in  the  16 
schools  for  colored  pupils. 

There  are  members  of  the  various  Christian  denominations  in  this 
county.     The  Methodists  and  Baptists  predominate. 

Besides  Wrights\-ille  there  are  other  post-offices,  as  Ethel,  llodo,  Kite, 
Kittrell,  IN^asworthy,  Eegnant  and  Spann. 

The  area  of  Johnson  county  is  258  square  miles,  or  105,120  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  11,409,  an  increase  of  5,280  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $7,254.12. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  173,816;  of  wild  land,  5,539;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $2.60;  of  wild  land,  $1.21;  city  property,  $122,423;  shares 
in  bank,  $21,900;  money,  etc.,  $91,746;  merchandise,  $49,142;  house- 
hold furniture,  $68,374;  farm  and  other  animals,  $154,638;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $34,756;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,048;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $42,327;  real  estate,  $592,725;  personal  estate,  $481,- 
332 ;  aggregate  property,  $1,074,057. 

Returns  of  property  by  colored  taxpayers:  !N'umber  of  acres  of  land, 
3,535;  value,  $8,276;  city  property,  $2,020;  money,  etc.,  $125;  house- 
hold furniture,  $0,402;  farm  and  other  animals,  $12,301;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $2,703;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $99;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $758;  aggregate  property,  $32,819. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  $61,641,  in  the  value  of 
all  property,  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Johnson  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tho  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,487;  white  females,  3,391;  totiil  white, 
6,878;  colored  males,  2,291;  colored  females,  2,240;  total  colored, 
4,531. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  incln?ures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  39  calves,  14  steers,  2  bulls,  77  dairy  cows,  53  horses,  17 
mules,  341  swine,  15  goats. 

JONES  COUNTY. 

Jones  County  was  laid  out  in  1807  and  named  for  Hon.  James  Jones, 
of  Chatham  county.  A  part  was  added  to  it  from  Putnam  in  1810  and 
a  part  was  given  to  Bibb  in  1822. 

This  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Jiis[)or  and  Putnam,  on  tho 
ea.st  by  Baldwin,  on  tho  soutli  by  Wilkinson.  'IViggs  and  Bibb,  on  tho 
west  by  Bibb  and  Monroe.  The  Ocinnlgci^  river  rnns  along  itfl  western 
border.    There  are  in  the  county  sevoral  creeks. 


730  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  geoieral  character  of  the  soil  is  metamoi-phic.  Gray  surface  soil 
predominates.  There  is  a  belt  of  stiff  red  clay  land  north  and  south 
through  the  center  of  the  county.  An  impervious  red  clay  subsoil  un- 
derlies the  whole  formation.  The  surface  is  rolling  and  broken.  The  fine, 
'dark  mulatto  lands  of  this  county  were  once  regarded  among  the  best  in 
the  State,  By  injudicious  cultivation  they  lost  much  of  their  fertility; 
but  under  improved  methods  they  are  being  gradually  brought  back  to 
their  former  productiveness.  With  proper  culture  the  average  produc- 
tion to  the  acre  is:  com,  15  to  20  bushels;  oats,  25  to  30;  wheat,  12  to 
15;  rye,  6  to  10;  barley,  40  to  50;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100  each; 
field-peas,  10  to  20;  ground-peas,  40  to  50;  seed  cotton,  600  pounds; 
crab-grass,  from  2,000  to  3,000  pounds;  Bermuda  grass,  4,000  pounds; 
clover,  4,000  to  5,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  stalk  and  blade,  4,000  to 
6,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup  and  sugar-cane  syrup,  150  gallons  each. 
Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  hay. 

Vegetables,  berries,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised,  mostly  for  home  con- 
sumption. Some  are  sold  and  the  truck  marketed  brings  about  $4,000. 
The  peach  trees  number  28,291,  and  the  apple  trees  6,635. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Jones  county  554  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
1,118  pounds;  5,031  cattle,  108  working  oxen,  1,982  milch-cows,  pro- 
ducing 450,147  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  115,252  pounds 
of  butter;  59,183  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds,  producing  59,638  dozens 
of  eggs,  11,591  hogs,  615  horses,  1,847  mules  and  1  donkey.  The  coun- 
ty also  produced  11,581  pounds  of  honey. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Jones  county 
11,130  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  timber  products  are  light;  hardwoods  and  short-leaf  pines,  hick- 
ory and  oak.  On  streams  poplar  and  white  oak  are  sawed,  employing 
5  or  6  small  sawmills.  The  value  of  the  output  is  about  $5,000.  There 
are  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Oconee  4  grist-mills,  using  98  horse-powers. 

All  the  manufactories  of  the  county,  about  9,  have  an  annual  output 
worth  $29,000. 

There  is  in  this  county  a  fine  vein  of  kaolin,  which  is  being  utilized. 

The  main  tmnk  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  runs  along  the 
southern  border  of  this  county,  while  a  branch  of  the  Central  and  one 
of  the  Georgia  Railroad  traverse  its  center,  one  running  northwest,  the 
other  northeast. 

Clinton,  the  county  site,  is  located  not  far  from  the  branch  of  the  Cen- 
tral railway. 

In  the  public  school  system  there  is  in  the  33  schools  for  whites  an 
average  attendance  of  607,  and  in  the  30  for  colored  an  average  of  765. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  predominate  among  Christian 
denominations. 

The  area  of  Jones  county  is  397  square  miles,  or  254,080  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  13,358,  an  increase  of  649  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $10,356.53. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  244,619;  average  value  per  acre,  $2.97;   city  property, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  731 

$23,615;  monev,  etc.,  $41,119;  merchandise,  $17,210;  cotton  mimu- 
factories,  $60,000;  lioiisehold  furniture,  $-15,794;  farm  animals,  $119,- 
078;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $22,935;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$3,892;  value  of  all  other  property,  $24,881;  real  estate,  $749,936;  per- 
sonal estate,  $354,344;  aggi-egate  property,  $1,104,280. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax-payers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
11,629;  value,  $35,212;  city  property,  $2,407;  money,  etc.,  $44;  mer- 
chandise, $215;  household  furniture,  $8,968;  farm  and  otlier  animiils, 
$26,513;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,171;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$335;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,050.  Acrgregate  property,  $88,628. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $8,050  in  the  Value  of  all 
property,  as  compared  with  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Jones  county  by  sex  and  color  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,956;  white  females,  1,952;  total  whites,  3,908; 
colored  males,  4,644;  colored  females,  4,806;  total  colored,  9,450. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  9  calves,  2  steers,  1  bull,  39  dairy  cows,  26  horses,  2  mules, 
80  swine. 

LAUKENS  COUNTY. 

Laurens  County  was  laid  out  in  1807.  Portions  of  it  were  added  to 
Pulaski  in  1808  and  1809.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel John  Laurens  of  South  Carolina,  who  was  bom  in  the  city  of 
Charleston  in  1755.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to  General  Washington  and 
was  greatly  distingaiished  at  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  Germantowii 
and  Monmouth.  On  the  27th  of  August,  1782,  while  serving  under 
General  Nathaniel  Greene,  he  was  mortally  wounded  in  a  skirmish  near 
Combahee,  South  Carolina.  Laurens  county  is  bounded  by  the  follow- 
ing counties:  Johnson  and  Wilkinson  on  the  north,  Johnson,  Emanuel 
and  Montgomery  on  the  east,  Montgomery  and  Dodge  on  the  south  and 
Dodge  and  Pulaski  on  the  west. 

The  Oconee  river  and  several  of  its  tributary  creeks,  as  Okeewalkee, 
Palmetto,  Turkey  and  others,  run  through  the  county,  which  is  also 
watered  by  Alligator  creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Little  Ocmulgee,  which 
empties  into  tlie  Ocmulgee  river  not  far  from  its  junction  with  the 
Oconee. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  rolling.  The  soil  has  a  clay  foundation  with 
sand  and  vegetable  mould  in  the  pine  lands  and  lime  in  the  oak  lands. 
The  lands  are  very  fertile,  and  under  good  cultivation  give  an  average 
yield  to  the  acre  as  follows:  seed  cotton  (upland),  800  pounds  and  soa- 
island,  500;  wheat,  15  to  20  bushels,  corn,  20  busiicls;  oats,  40  bushels; 
rye,  15;  barley,  25;  Irish  potatoes,  200;  sweet  potatoes,  300;  ficld-pon.s 
50;  ground-peas,  75;  crab-grass  hay,  6,000  pounds;  Bermuda  hay,  6,000 
pourifb;  corn  fo<lder,  300  pounds;  sorghum  syruj),  150  gallons,  and 
sugar-cane  symp,  300  gallons.  Considerable  attention  is  being  paid  to 
the  grasses  and  forage  crops.  Pea-vino  hay,  as  elsewhere  in  the  State,  is 
greatly  prized.  According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  weni  giniuNl  in 
this  county,  22,080  bales  of  upland  cotton  for  the  season  of  1899-1900. 


732  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

All  known  varieties  of  vegetables  of  the  best  quality  are  grown  in  this 
county. 

Some  attention  is  being  paid  to  pure  bred  cattle  and  sheep.  In  1890 
the  county  had  13,100  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  9,050  pounds;  8,497 
cattle,  619  working  oxen,  2,815  milch-cows,  with  a  production  of  292,895 
gallons  of  milk,  but  only  16,586  pounds  of  butter;  1,221  horses,  1,223 
mules,  1  donkey,  20,461  swine,  and  51,417  poultry,  producing  77,876 
dozens  of  eggs.  The  county  also  produced  7,034  pounds  of  honey. 
The  finest  fruits  are  produced  in  gi*eat  abundance. 
The  timbers  are  fine,  and  afford  great  quantities  of  lumber,  rosin  and 
turpentine  for  export  to  Savannah.  This  timber  is  worked  up  by  a  large 
number  of  sawmills,  and  the  naval  stores  are  prepared  by  15  turpentine 
distilleries. 

The  rivers  and  swamps  afford  abundance  of  fish  and  game. 
Dublin,  the  county  site,  located  a  half  mile  from  the  Oconee  river,  at 
the  junction  of  the  Macon,  Dublin  and  Savannah  Railroad,  with  the 
Wrightsville  and  Tennille,  is  a  thriving  and  rapidly  growing  town  with  2 
banks,  several  fine  mercantile  establishments,  a  new  cotton-mill  with  a 
capital  of  $100,000,  a  furniture  factory,  ice  factory,  variety  works,  brick 
company,  a  foundry,  shingle  machine,  stove  factory,  a  cotton  seed  oil- 
mill,  a  ham  packing  establishment,  a  nursery  company  and  several  small 
industries.  The  population  of  Dublin  by  the  census  of  1900  is  2,987 
in  its  corporate  limits,  and  6,298  in  the  entire  district.  The  Methodist:* 
and  Baptists  have  fine  churches  in  the  city  and  numerous  church  edifices 
in  the  county.  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  and  other  Christian  sects 
are  represented.  There  are  good  schools  in  the  city  and  county.  The 
average  attendance  is  2,689  in  84  white  schools  and  1,368  in  34  colored 
schools. 

In  addition  to  the  railroads  already  mentioned,  are  the  "Wadley  and 
Mount  Yernon,  and  the  Pineora  Railroads,  the  last-named  being  a  stem 
of  the  Central  of  Georgia  system. 

General  David  Blackshear,  who  was  bom  in  Jones  county,  North  Caro- 
lina, January  31,  1764,  settled  in  this  county  in  1790.  He  was  distin- 
guished for  valuable  services  in  the  campaign  against  the  Creek  Indians 
during  the  second  war  with  England. 

Hon.  George  M.  Troup,  so  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  Georgia,  was 
a  resident  of  this  county. 

The  ai-ea  of  Laurens  county  is  791  square  miles,  or  506,240  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  25,908,  a  gain  of  12,161  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$17,504.43. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  432,516;  of  wild  land,  85,356;  average  value  to  the  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.72;  of  wild  land,  $1,18;  city  property,  $484,100; 
bank  stock,  $92,700;  money,  etc.,  $443,110;  merchandise,  $163,393; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $3,600;  cotton  manufactories,  $18,715;  iron  works, 
$2,600;  household  furniture,  $183,907;  farm  animals,  $321,400;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $66,606;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $10,460; 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  733 

value  of  all  otlier  property,  $154,080;  real  eetiite^  $1,771,088;  pei-soual 
estate,  $1,486,474.    AggTegate  value  of  whole  proi>erty,  $3,257,502. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  18,- 
809;  value,  $54,079;  city  property,  $10,190;  money,  etc.,  $2,046;  mer- 
chandise, $260;  household  furniture,  $21,355;  farm  animals,  $38,483; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $375;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $8,710; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $3,834.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$139,410. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  in  the  value  of  all  property  over 
the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $122,594. 

Population  of  Laurens  county  by  sex  and  color  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  7,478;  white  females,  7,091;  totid  white, 
14,569;  colored  males,  5,711;  colored  females,  5,622;  total  colored, 
11,339. 

Population  of  Dublin  city  by  sex  and  color  according  to  tlio  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  940;  white  femalets,  895;  total  white,  1,835; 
colored  males,  531;  colored  females,  021;  total  colored,  1,152. 

Total  population  of  Dublin,  2,987. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900 :  44  calves,  119  steers,  10  bulls,  182  dairy  cows,  215  horses, 
198  mules,  8  donkeys,  834  swine,  19  goats. 

LEE  COUNTY. 

Lee  County  was  laid  out  in  1820,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Richard 
Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  who,  in  his  place  in  the  Continental  Congress  on 
the  7th  of  June,  1770,  moved  that  the  colonies  declare  themselves  free 
and  independent.  A  part  of  this  county  was  set  off  to  Muscogee  and 
Marion  in  1827,  and  at  the  same  time  a  part  was  added  to  it  from  Dooly. 
A  part  of  it  was  given  to  Randolph  county  in  1828,  and  a  part  to  Sumter 
in  1835.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties;  Sumtor  on  the  noa-th, 
Dooly  and  Worth  on  the  east,  Dougherty  on  the  south  and  Terrell  on  the 
west.  Flint  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  Kinchafoonee  and  Mucka- 
lee  creeks,  flowing  through  the  center  of  the  county,  unite  in  the  northern 
part  of  Dougherty  and  fall  into  the  Flint  river  just  above  the  city  0: 
Albany. 

The  soil  consists  of  sandy,  sandy  loam  and  red  clay  lands,  and  those 
along  the  streams  are  very  rich  and  productive.  According  to  the  loca- 
tion, culture  and  fertility  these  lands  make  an  average  yield  to  the  acre 
as  follows:  com,  8  to  20" bushels;  oats,  12  to  30;  wheat,  8  to  12;  rye,  20 
to  25;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes,  200  to  300;  field-peas,  25  to 
50;  grouwl-pcas,  50  to  75;  upland  seed  cotton,  500  to  1,000 
pounds;  sngar-cano  syrup,  200  to  300  gallons;  cralv-grass  hay, 
4,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  400  pounds.  Rennnda  and  Crow- 
foot grasses  also  do  well,  and  pea-vines  make  splendid  liay.  For  sununer 
pasturage  the  native  grasses  are  used,  and  for  winter  pasturage  rye — from 
December  1st  to  April  1st.  The  rye  pastures  are  supplemented  by  cot- 
ton-seed meal  and  jx'n-viiic  hay. 


734  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

While  Lee  county  reports  no  dairy  farms,  it  had  in  1890  2,286  cattle^ 
136  working  oxen,  930  milch-cows  and  a  production  of  147,865  gallons 
of  milk  and  34,634  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  528  horses,  1,327 
mules,  6,408  hogs  and  26,398  domestic  fowls  of  all  varieties,  producing 
45,808  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  gathered  was  5,540  pounds.  The 
sheep  numbered  161,  with  a  wool-clip  of  280  pounds. 

Vegetables,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised  in  great  abundance  for  the 
home  market  and  some  for  shipping.  The  amount  of  truck  sold  in  the 
county  amounts  to  between  $9,000  and  $10,000.  There  is  a  falling  off 
in  the  melon  business,  owing  to  freight  and  commission  rates. 

There  is  some  yellow  pine  still  left.  Poplar,  cypress,  hickory,  and 
white  oak  are  found  along  the  streams.  The  lumber  trade  and  naval 
stores  keep  4  steam  sawmills  and  2  turpentine  distilleries  in  steady  opera- 
tion. The  annual  output  of  these  industries  is  estimated  at  $25,000.  On 
tributaries  of  Flint  river  are  four  grist-mills,  using  41  horse-powers. 

The  water  of  the  county  is  limestone,  but  the  advent  of  artesian  wells 
has  given  a  better  drinking  water,  and  greatly  increased  the  healthf  ulness 
of  the  county. 

Leesburg,  the  county  seat,  located  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Kailway, 
between  Smithvilie  and  Albany,  is  a  town  having  413  inhabitants  in  its 
corporate  limits,  and  1,949  in  its  whole  district.  It  has  a  court-house 
valued  at  $20,000.  The  sawmills  at  this  point  do  a  good  business. 

Smithvilie,  having  597  people  in  its  corporation  and  1,954  in  the 
whole  district,  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Southwestern  and  the  Americus 
and  Albany  Railroads,  both  branches  of  the  Central  of  Georgia.  Here 
are  located  two  large  sawmills,  one  turpentine  distillery,  a  blacksmith 
and  a  wood  shop.  A  large  grist-mill,  grinding  600  bushels  of  corn  in  a 
day,  though  just  across  the  line  in  Sumter,  is  o^vned  by  citizens  of  Smith- 
vilie. 

Smithvilie  is  surrounded  by  orchards  of  LeConte  and  Keiffer  pears 
from  which  many  thousand  barrels  are  shipped  in  a  season. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
Lee  county  8,654  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 
The  products  of  this  county  are  marketed  in  Leesburg  and  Smithvilie, 
and  at  Americus  in  Sumter  county,  and  Albany  in  Dougherty.  The  re- 
ceipts of  cotton  amount  to  20,000  bales,  of  which  2,500  are  handled  at 
Leesburg  and  3,000  at  Smithvilie. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  are  tlie  twoi  leading  denominations  of  the 
county,  in  every  section  of  which  their  churches  are  found.  There  are 
enrolled  in  the  public  schools  476  in  the  12  white  schools,  and  1,250  in 
23  colored  schools. 

The  area  of  Lee  county  is  436  square  miles,  or  279,040  acres.  Popu- 
lation in  1900,  10,344,  an  increase  of  1,270  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$5,948.99. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  221,449;  of  wild  land,  3,065;  average  value  to  the  acre  of 
improved  land,  $3.02;  of  wild  land,  $0.85;  city  property,  $87,564; 
money,  $33,606;  merchandise,  $33,907;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,246;  min- 


BAKTLK'PT. 

The  most  reliable  early  pear;  buttery,  very  juicy  and  liiRh  flavored.      Annual  bearer.      Snjx'rb 

market  variety.     One  of  the  best  (irown.     Tree  a  strong  >,'rower,  bcariuK 

early  and  abundantly.     Au«ust  and  September 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  lyOUSTRIAL.  737 

ing,  $400.00;  cotton  factories,  32;  houseboUl  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $45,125;  fai-ui  and  other  domestic  animals,  $111.>,158;  phintation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $24,875;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,517;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $31,159;  real  estate,  $765,723;  personal  eetate, 
$294,483.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,017,037. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  13,- 
335;  value,  $43,945;  city  or  town  pro]ierty,  $12,154;  money,  etc.,  $350; 
watches,  silver,  etc.,  $548;  merchandise,  $295;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $17,068;  farm  animals,  $43,569;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $943.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,762.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $129,121. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $112,167. 

Population  of  Lee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  770;  white  females,  737;  total  white,  1,507; 
colored  males,  4,427;  colored  females,  4,410;  total  colored,  8,837. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inelosures,  not  on  fanus  or  ranges, 
June  1, 1900:  23  calves,  18  steers,  63  dairy  cows,  41  horses,  6  mules,  147 
swine,  11  goats. 

LIBERTY  COUNTY. 

Liberty  County  was  formed  from  the  pai-ishes  of  St.  John,  St.  Andrew 
and  St.  James  in  1777.  The  detei-mination  of  the  inhabitants  of  St. 
John's  Parish  to  send  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress,  before  the 
rest  of  the  Province  of  Georgia  had  acquiesced  in  that  mcjisure,  indviced 
the  legislature,  when  the  county  was  formed,  to  call  it  Liberty.  On  its 
north  and  northeast  is  the  county  of  Bryan;  on  the  east  is  the  Atlantic 
ocean,  and  between  St.  Catherine's  Island  are  inlets  connecting  the 
waters  of  St.  Catherine's  and  Sapelo  Sounds;  on  the  south  of  one  section 
of  it  and  east  of  another  is  Mcintosh  county;  on  the  south  of  the  main 
body  of  it  is  Wayne  county,  and  on  the  west  and  northwest  is  the  county 
of  Tattnall.  The  Medway  river  flows  along  its  northeastern  border.  ^Oii 
the  south  side  of  this  stream  stands  what  is  left  of  the  old  to^\^l  of  Sun- 
bury,  founded  in  1758.  Its  site  is  occupied  by  a  few  families.  The  Can- 
nouchee,  a  branch  of  the  Ogeechce  river,  separates  Liberty  from  Hryan 
county  on  the  north.  The  Altiimaha  river  separates  it  from  Wayno 
county  on  the  south.  Along  the  eastern  mainland  ai-e  extensive  swaraps. 
South  Newport  river  flows  along  the  southern  part  of  that  section  which 
lies  north  of  Mcintosh  county.  Between  the  Medway  and  South  New- 
port rivers  flows  North  Newport  river.  Little  Cannouchoe  river  and 
Taylor's  creek  uniting  empty  into  the  Cannoucheo  river,  while  Doctor's, 
Jones  and  Beard's  creeks  are  trii)utaries  of  the  Altamaha.  Thus,  we  see, 
this  is  a  well-watered  county.  While  game  is  scarci',  fish  are  plentiful. 
Many  persons  are  engaged  in  catching  fish,  crabs  and  some  oysters,  bc.tli 
for  homo  consumption  and  for  the  market  at  Savannah. 

The  soil  of  the  uplands  is  a  light  gray  with  clay  subsoil,  from  one  to 
four  feet  deep;  that  of  the  lowlands  a  blue  clay.  With  goo.l 
cultivation  these  lands  yield   on    an   average   t^»   the  a.-re:   <'(vrn.    from 


738  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

10  to  15  bushels;  oats,  the  same;  lowland  rice  from  40  to  50  busliele; 
Irish  potatoes,  40  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  to  300  bushels;  field-peas, 
5  to  8  bushels;  ground-peas,  20  to  40  bushels;  chufas,  25  bushels;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  from  250  to  400  gallons;  sea-island  seed  cotton,  600  to  900 
pounds;  corn  fodder,  200  pounds.  During  the  season  of  1899-1900,  ac- 
cording to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in  this 
county  30  bales  of  upland  and  420  of  sea-island  cotton. 

The  native  grasses,  Bermuda,  crab  and  crowfoot,  grow  well,  and  to 
those  whoi  pay  attention  to  it,  make  profitable  hay  crops.  The  range 
supplies  good'  paiaturage  for  10  months  of  the  year.  In  1890  Liberty 
county  had  8,055  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  17,539  pounds.  The 
cattle  numbered  18,654,  of  which  there  were  866  working  oxen  and 
4,548  milch-cows.  The  milk  produced  was  172,337  gallons  and  the  but- 
ter 17,214  pounds.  A  few  farmers  have  thoroughbred  stock.  There 
were  1,318  horses,  285  mules,  3  donkeys,  15,457  hogs,  1,000  goats,  and 
of  every  variety  of  poultry  40,987,  producing  66,524  dozens  of  eggs. 
Another  product  of  the  county  is  14,583  pounds  of  honey. 

Vegetables  of  every  kind,  apples,  peaches,  grapes  and  melons,  succeed 
well. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  50  per  cent,  of  the  original  forest  is  still 
standing.  The  timbers  consist  of  yellow  pine,  oak,  palmettoi,  gum,  cy- 
press, magnolia,  poplar,  maple  and  hickory.  The  annual  output  of  lumber 
in  superficial  feet  ie  about  10,000,000  at  from  $12  to  $15  a  thousand  feet. 
Of  the  15  or  20  sawmills  some  cut  4,000  and  others  10,000  feet  a  day. 
The  lumber  and  naval  stores  are  exported  to  Savannah.  There  are  12 
turpentine  stills  and  25  grist-mills,  some  of  them  making  flour. 

Hinesville  is  the  county  seat,  with  a  court-house  valued  at  about 
$10,000. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  three  railroads:  the  Savannah,  Florida  and 
"Western,  of  the  Plant  system;  the  Florida  Central  and  Peninsular,  of  the 
Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  and  the  Darien  and  "Western. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  each  several  churches 
with  a  full  membership. 

Great  attention  has  always  been  paid  to  the  morals  and  education  of 
the  people  of  this  county.  There  are  many  excellent  schools  belonging  in 
the  main  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  The  average  attendance 
is  741  in  33  white  schools,  and  807  in  33  colored  schools. 

The  area  of  Liberty  county  is  976  square  miles,  or  624,640  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,093,  a  gain  of  206  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,224.84. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  340,843;  of  wild  land,  188,841;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.50;  of  wild  land,  $0.44;  city  property,  $46,835; 
money,  etc.,  $88,097;  value  of  merchandise,  $55,385;  of  shipping,  $60; 
cotton  manufactories,  $250;  iron  works,  $83;  mining,  $37;  household 
furniture,  $51,809  farm  animals,  $216,942;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $33,276;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,542;  value  of  all  other  prop- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IXDVSTRIAL.  739 

erty,  $51,736;  real  estate,  $044,131;  pei-soual  e^^tate,  $529,003.    Ag^v- 
gate  value  of  whole  property,  $030,285. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land,  45,- 
065;  value,  $78,004;  city  property,  $035;  money,  etc.,  $125;  merchan- 
dise, $535;  household  furniture,  $7,358;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $154; 
farm  animals,  $45,900;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $7,035;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $2,400.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$144,136. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
over  the  returns  of  1000,  amounting  to  $121,008. 

It  has  already  been  mentioned  that  Liberty  county  sent  a  delegate, 
Lyman  Hall,  to  the  Continental  Congress  before  Georgia  had  cast  in  her 
lot  with  the  other  colonies.  This  gentleman  was  afterwards  one  of  the 
delegates  from  Georgia  who  signed  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

Early  in  Jaiiuai-y,  1770,  the  British  General,  Prevost,  advancing  from 
Florida,  captured  Fort  Morrie  at  Sunbury  after  a  gallant  defense  by 
Colonel  John  Mcintosh  who,  when  summoned  to  surrender  the  fort,  re- 
plied: "Come  and  take  it." 

At  the  AVliite  House  in  the  same  year  Major  Baker  defeated  a  party 
of  the  British. 

ISTear  a  place  called  Hickory  Hill,  in  June,  1770,  a  detachment  of 
Americans,  under  Major  Cooper  and  Captain  Inman,  cut  to  pieces  a  party 
of  the  British.  In  another  fight  during  the  same  month  Colonels  Baker 
and  Twiggs,  of  the  Georgia  militia,  defeated  a  party  led  by  McGirth,  the 
noted  Tory  chief,  near  Medway  church,  and  also  defeated  a  reinforce- 
ment of  British  troops,  killing  their  leader.  Captain  Muller. 

ISTo  portion  of  the  State  suffered  more  from  the  Indians  than  did 
Liberty  county  by  thieving  and  murderous  raids  of  the  savages  from  1787 

to  1703. 

Population  of  Liberty  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,304;  white  females  2,175;  total  white, 
4,470;  colored  males,  4,257;  colored  females,  4,357;  total  colore<l,  8,014. 
'  Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1000:  11  calves,  9  steers,  2  bulls,  9  dairy  cows,  43  horses,  52 
mules,  37  sheep. 

LINCOLN  COUNTY. 
Lincoln  County  was  laid  out  from  Wilkes  in  1790,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Major-Cioneral  Benjamin  Lincoln,  of  ;\[assacliusetts,  who  at  one 
time  commanded  tlie  American  forces  in  the  Drpartiiu-iit  of  the  Sonlii 
during  the  fierce  struggle  for  independence. 

The  Savannah  river  separates  this  county  from  South  C^irolina;  one 
of  its  tributaries,  the  liroad,  from  Libert  county,  and  another  tribuUin', 
called  Little  river,  from  Columbia  county.     Numerous  creeks  also  water 

the  county. 

Lincoln  county  is  bounded  on  the  iiorLli  i>y  Libert  county,  on  the  north- 
east and  east  by  the  State  of  South  C'arolina,  on  the  south  by  Columbia 
and  McDuffie  counties,  and  on  the  west  by  Wilkes  county. 


Y40  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  county  is  hilly  and  has  in  many  places  been  worn  into  gullies.  On 
the  rivers  and  creeks  the  lands  are  rich  and  productive.  Under  a  system 
of  terracing  and  green  soiling,  the  lands  are  steadily  improving  in  fer- 
tility and  value,  and  exhausted  soils  are  again  becoming  productive.  The 
proximity  of  its  southern  section  to  the  city  of  Augusta  renders  truck- 
farming  very  remunerative.  Hence  vegetables,  fruits,  berries  and  melons 
are  raised  in  large  quantities  for  that  market. 

The  lands  yield  to  the  acre  on  the  average:  com  and  oats,  15  bushels; 
wheat  and  rye,  10  bushels;  barley,  25;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100 
bushels;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  25;  seed  cotton,  700  pounds;  crab- 
grass  hay,  3,000  pounds;  Bermuda,  5,000;  clover,  4,000;  com  fodder, 
stalk  and  blade,  4,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons;  sugar-cane 
syrup,  125  gallons. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Lincoln  county  1,317  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
2,370  pounds;  2,707  cattle,  118  working  oxen,  1,042  milch-cows  produc- 
ing 270,951  gallons  of  milk  and  74,008  pounds  of  butter;  565  horses, 
711  mules,  4,329  hogs  and  44,688  of  every  kind  of  poultry,  with  a  pro- 
duction of  59,325  dozens  of  eggs.  The  product  of  honey  was  6,243  pounds. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this 
county  5,132  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  timber  of  this  county  consists  of  many  varieties  of  oak,  hickoi-y, 
poplar,  maple,  dogwood  and  a  considerable  quantity  of  pine.  A  num- 
ber of  lumber  mills  get  this  ready  for  building  and  other  manufacturing 
purposes. 

There  are  several  grist  and  flour-mills.  The  county  contains  many 
minerals.    One  gold  mine  is  quite  noted. 

Lincolnton  is  the  county  seat.  Other  postoffices  are  Agnes,  Amity, 
Clay  Hill,  Double  Branches,  Goshen,  Kenna,  Leathersville,  Leverett, 
Lisbon  and  Lockhart. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  excellent  public  school  system  of  Georgia, 
and  the  average  attendance  is  475  in  the  22  white  schools,  and  377  in  the 
14  colored. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  leading  Christian  sects. 
The  area  of  Lincoln  county  is  290  square  miles,  or  185,600  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  7,156,  a  gain  of  1,010  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$4,453.56. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  154,707;  value  per  acre,  $2.78;  city  property,  $14,227; 
money,  etc.,  $30,464;  cotton  manufactories,  $250;  merchandise,  $17,- 
005;  mining,  $2,500;  household  furniture,  $30,474;  farm  animals,  $77,- 
624;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $20,126;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$1,027;  value  of  all  other  property,  $12,702;  real  estate,  $445,023;  per- 
sonal estate,  $194,262.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $639,285. 
Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  3,733; 
value,  $10,372;  amount  of  money,  $350;  household  furniture,  $5,751; 
watches,  jewelrv,  etc.,  $68;  farm  animals,  $15,356;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $3,297;  value  of  all  other  property,  $862.00.  Aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $36,056. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  741 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  prop- 
erty over  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $50,353. 

Population  of  Lincoln  county  by  sex  iind  color,  accoi-ding  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,492;  white  females,  1,391;  total  white, 
2,883;  colored  males,  2,056;  colored  femalejs,  2,217;  total  colored,  4,273. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  no  return. 

LOWXDES  COUNTY. 

Lowndes  County  was  laid  out  from  Irwin  in  1825.  A  part  was  taken 
from  it  and  added  to  Thomas  in  1820.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  William 
Jones  Lowndes,  who  was  born  in  Charleston,  South  Cart^ilina,  in  1781; 
represented  his  native  State  in  Congress  in  1812,  and  with  the  other 
Southern  delegates  heartily  supported  the  second  war  with  England 
and  opposed  the  charter  of  the  United  States  Bank  in  1815. 

Lowndes  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Berrien,  on  the  east  by 
Clinch  and  Echols,  on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Florida,  imd  on  the  west 
by  Brooks  county.  A  little  strip  of  the  northern  section  of  the  county  has 
Echols  on  the  south. 

The  Allapaha  river  flows  along  a  portion  of  its  eastern  boundary.  Little 
river  separates  it  from  Brooks  county  on  the  west  to  the  point  where  it 
empties  into  the  Withlacoochee,  which  from  this  point  forms  its  western 
boundary  to  the  Florida  line.  The  county  is  also  watered  by  creek* 
tributary  to  the  Allapaha  and  "Withlacoochee  rivers.  Lowndes  county 
contains  numerous  open  ponds,  some  covering  six  square  miles,  without  a 
tree  or  stump  in  them.  In  these  ponds  are  found  beautiful  and  rare 
botanical  specimens.  The  rivers,  creeks  and  ponds  abound  in  fish  and 
the  woods  are  full  of  game. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  level.  Some  of  the  lands  are  pine  and  some 
hummock.  Each  of  these  produces  abundant  crops  of  all  the  staples,  as 
well  as  vegetables,  fruits  and  berries  of  every  variety,  and  melons  of 
superior  quality.  Xo  lands  in  Georgia  produce  bettor  than  the  hummock 
lands  of  Lowndes  county.  Native  grasses,  crab  and  cro\s-foot  furnish  a 
great  quantity  of  fine  hay,  and  pea-^nne  hay  is  abundantly  produced. 
Broom  corn  does  so  well  that  its  cultivation  is  steadily  increasing.  The 
lands  under  a  good  system  of  cultivation  give  as  an  average  yield  to  the 
acre:  com,  from  20  to  40  bushels;  oats  and  rye,  20  each;  barley,  40; 
Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  200  each;  field-peas,  25;  ground-peas,  40;  up- 
land seed  cotton,  600  to  1,200  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  from  4,000  to 
6,000  pounds;  pea-vine  hay,  0,000  to  8,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  205 
gallons;  sugar-cane  symp,  from  300  to  400  gallons.  Some  of  the  best 
Georgia-made  symp  has  been  from  this  county.  According  to  the  Uiuto<l 
States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  114  bales  of  up- 
land and  7,577  l)ales  of  sea-island  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

There  arc  3  dairv  farms,  but  these  by  no  means  represent  all  the  dairy 
products  of  tho  county.  In  1890  the  total  number  of  cuttle  was  12,101, 
of  which  31 3  were  working  oxen.  There  were  3,496  milch-cows,  produc- 
ing 295,562  gallons  of  milk.     Tlic  butter  made  on  farms  amounted  to 


742  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

38,418  pounds,  and  the  cheese  to  557  pounds.  The  sheep  numbered 
3,818,  with  a  wool-clip  of  7,924  pounds.  The  county  produced  11,801 
pounds  of  honey.  All  varieties  of  poultry  together  numbered  58,603  and 
produced  85,788  dozens  of  eggs.  There  were  833  horses,  1,199  mules 
and  nearly  18,676  hogs. 

The  lumber  business  is  very  large,  and  10  or  more  steam  mills  are  kept 
busy  sawing  lumber  and  shingles.  The  rosin  and  turpentine  industry 
is  extensive  and  keeps  15  turpentine  distilleries  constantly  at  work. 

Valdosta,  the  county  site,  is  one  of  the  growing  cities  of  South  Geor- 
gia. It  has  an  electric  light  plant,  an  ice  factory  and  pork  packing  com- 
pany, an  iron  foundry,  sash  and  blind  factory,  buggy  and  hack  factory, 
industrial  variety  works,  cooperage  company,  guano  works,  cotton  seed 
oil-mill,  telephone  company,  and  a  new  cotton  factory  with  10,000  spin- 
dles and  a  capital  of  $175,000.  There  are  also  three  banks,  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $300,000.  The  population  of  Valdosta  proper  is,  accord- 
ing to  the  census  of  1900,  5,613,  and  including  the  district,  8,532. 

The  prevailing  denominations  in  this  county  are  Methodists,  Baptists 
and  Presbyterians,  though  others  are  also  represented.  Churches  are 
numerous. 

The  public  schools  in  city  and  county  are  excellent.  The  average  at- 
tendance in  the  34  for  whites  is  1,050,  and  in  the  27  for  colored,  1,200. 
In  the  schools  of  Valdosta  there  are  enrolled  625  white  pupils  and  453 
colored. 

Kailroad  facilities  are  furnished  by  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  West- 
em  of  the  Plant  system;  the  Georgia  Southern  and  Florida,  the  Atlantic, 
Valdosta  and  Western,  and  the  Valdosta  Southern,  all  meeting  at  Val- 
dosta.   This  city  handles  7,500  bales  of  cotton  annually. 

Troupville,  the  former  county  seat,  is  immediately  in  the  fork  made 
by  the  confluence  of  the  Withlacoochee  and  Little  rivers.  Within  a  few 
miles  oi  this  place  are  the  ruins  of  an  old  town.  In  front  of  the  ruins 
are  straight  rows  of  large  live  oaks,  so  regular  in  their  distances  that  it  is 
scarcely  probable  that  they  are  of  spontaneous  growth.  Wide,  straight 
roads  are  also  discernible. 

The  area  of  Lowndes  county,  455  square  miles,  or  291,200  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  20,036,  a  gain  of  4,934  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$11,845.95. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  326,780;  of  wild  land,  5,487;  value  per  acre  of  improved 
land,  $2.55;  of  wild  land,  $0.41;  city  property,  $1,169,111;  shares  in 
bank,  $295,000;  gas  and  electric  light  companies,  $12,000;  building  and 
loan  associations,  $15,685;  money,  etc.,  $508,162;  merchandise,  $269,- 
975;  stocks  and  bonds,  $95,300;  cotton  manufactories,  $9,320;  iron 
works,  $5,015;  household  furniture,  $175,936;  farm  animals,  $233,726; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $52,882;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $16,- 
448;  value  of  all  'other  property,  $287,837;  real  estate,  $2,007,433;  per- 
sonal estate,  $1,985,413.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $3,992,- 

846. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  lyOUSTRIAL.  743 

21,620;  value,  $61,478;  city  property,  $48,236;  money,  etc.,  $690;  mer- 
chandise, $780;  household  furniture,  $20,127;  fanu  animals,  $1,134; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $32,951;  value  of  all  otlier  property, 
$3,395.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $174,824. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property, 
over  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $421,113. 

Population  of  Lownides  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tho  cen- 
sus of  1900:  whito  males,  4,751;  white  fenudes,  4,596;  total  white, 
9,347;  colored  males,  5,425;  colored  females,  5,264;  total  coloreil, 
10,689. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Valdosta  by  sex  and  color,  accordnig  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,331;  white  females,  1,323;  total  white, 
2,654;  colored  males,  1,419;  colored  females,  1,540;  total  colored,  2,959. 

Total  population  of  city,  5,613. 

Domestic  animals  in  Lowndes  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  June  1, 
1900:  91  calves,  15  steers,  4  bulls,  210  dairy  cows,  328  horses,  97  mules, 
286  swine,  23  goats. 

LUMPKIX  COLTXTY. 

LumpHii  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  and  organized  in  1832. 
It  was  named  after  the  Hon.  Wilson  Lumpkin.  Its  boundaries  are  as 
follows:  Union  county  on  the  north  and  northwest.  White  on  the  east. 
Hall  on  the  southeast,  Dawson  on  the  southwest,  and  Dawson  and  Fan- 
nin on  the  west. 

It  is  watered  by  the  Etowah,  Chestatee  and  Tesnatee  rivers,  and  the 
Amicolola,  Yellow  Shoal,  Cain,  Yahoola  and  Towii  creeks.  The  Blue 
Eidge  runs  from  northeast    to  southwest  through  the  county. 

Some  fine  bodies  of  lands  are  on  the  rivers  and  creeks.  The  soil  is 
dark  with  a  clay  subsoil,  and  easily  cultivated.  Those  used  for  agricul- 
tural purposes,  under  proper  cultivation,  will  produce  to  the  acre:  corn, 
28  bushels;  oats  and  rye,  18  each;  wheat,  15;  sweet  pot^xtoes,  45;  Irish 
potatoes,  165;  field-peas,  15;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  com  fo<lder, 
300  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  85  gallons.  Only  75  bah^  of  upland  cotton 
were  ginned  in  the  coimty  in  1900. 

Apples,  pears,  peaches  and  quinces  grow  well.  Apples  grow  on  tlio 
rich  hill-.sides  and  are  especially  fine.  -        ,     ^  a  \ 

Some  attention  is  paid  to  the  grasses.  But  most  of  Uie  farmers  depend 
on  the  wild  pasturage  for  8  months  of  the  year. 

In  1890  there  were  3,607  sheep  in  the  county,  with  a  w.x)l^lip  of 
6,205  pounds.  There  were  3,754  cattle,  of  whicli  820  were  ^^•.>rklng 
oxen,  1,184  cows  producing  294,974  gallons  of  milk,  from  ^^•hlch  were 
made  70,667  pounds  cf  butt^-r  and  110  pounds  of  clieose.  Of  nil  the 
varieties  of  domestic  fowls  the  aggregate  was  39,453,  with  a  pn^duct.on 
of  57,651  dozens  of  eggs.  There  were  294  horses,  339  mules,  4  donkeys, 
and  6  138  hogs.     The  honey  product  was  14,444  pounds. 

LumT.kin  county  is  in  the  gv>ld  belt  of  Ooorgia.  Many  millions  of 
dollars  have  been"  t.iken  from  its  mines.  Sii.gl.'ton  mines,  near  Dah- 
lonega    and  tho  Calhoun  mine  on  the  ChestJiteo,  havo  yieldc<l  grwit 


74 J  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

quaiutiities  of  gold.  Caiu  and  YaJioola  creeks  are  celebrated  localities. 
The  famous  lot,  1,052,  which  in  the  '30's  created  such  a  sensation  among 
the  gold  speculators,  is  on  Yahoola  creek.  The  vicinity  of  Dahlonega  has 
for  the  last  half  century  been  the  center  of  the  most  extensive  gold  min- 
ing operations  carried  on  within  the  limits  of  Georgia.  Immediately  east 
of  Dahlonega  is  a  long  line  of  high  ridges  and  hills  extending  many  miles 
to  the  southwest.  These  ridges  and  hills  form  the  axis  of  the  gold  belt, 
and  are  everyAvhere  covered  mth  the  prospecter's  pits,  cuts  and  tunnels. 
In  many  instances  streams  have  been  turned  out  of  their  original  channel 
to  wash  the  alluvial  and  gravel  in  their  beds  for  gold.  There  are  12 
gold  mills  now  in  operation  paying  good  dividends. 

Dahlonega,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  1,255  in  the  corpo- 
rate limits  and  1,623  in  the  entire  district,  is  situated  on  a  high  hill,  com- 
manding a  good  view  of  Walker's,  Mossy  creek  and  Yonah  Mountains. 
The  name  of  the  town  is  derived  from  the  Indian  word  Tau-la-ne-ca, 
meaning  yellow  money.  Here  was  established  a  branch  of  the  United 
States  mint.  Here  is  also  a  branch  college  of  the  University  of  Georgia. 
In  almost  every  portion  of  this  county  gold  is  found,  and  the  evidence  of 
its  existence  everywhere  meets  the  eye. 

A  railroad  through  the  county  would  prove  a  great  developer. 

The  ai-ea  of  Lumpkin  is  282  miles,  or  180,480  acres.  Population  in 
1900,  7,433,  a  gain  of  566  since  1890;  school  fund,  $4,943. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  177,028;  of  wild  land,  32,746;  average  value  to  the  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.53;  of  wild  land,  $0.51;  city  property,  $127,200; 
money,  etc.,  $121,463;  merchandise,  $42,789;  shipping  and  tonnage, 
$2,400;  household  furniture,  $42,758;  farm  animals,  $69,875;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $13,337;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,210; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $10,356;  real  estate,  $593,366;  personal 
estate,  $310,100.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $903,466. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
1,791;  value,  $2,505;  city  property,  $3,225;  money,  etc.,  $42;  merchan- 
dise, $125;  household  furniture,  $996;  farm  animals,  $2,006;  watehes, 
silver,  etc.,  $26;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $212.00;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $95.00.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $9,232. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $2,337  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

The  schools  of  the  public  school  system  and  the  branch  of  the  State 
University  are  in  a  prosperous  condition.  The  average  attendance  is  739 
in  the  29  schools  for  whites  and  49  in  the  3  schools  for  colored  pupils. 

The  churches  of  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  scattered 
throughout  the  county. 

Population  of  Lumpkin  county  by  gex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  3,467;  white  females,  3,484;  total  white, 
6,951;  colored  males,  247;  colored  females,  235;  total  colored,  482. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  49  calves,  5  steers,  118  dairy  cows,  84  horses,  44  mules^ 
3  sheep,  80  swine,  10  goats. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  745 

McDUFFIE  COrXTY. 

McDuffi-6  County  was  laid  out  from  the  adjoiuiug  eouuties  soon  after 
the  close  of  the  civil  war,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  Senator  McDuffie, 
of  South  Carolina.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Lincoln  and 
Wilkes  on  the  north,  Columbia  on  the  east,  Richmond,  Jefferson  and 
Warren  on  the  south,  and  Warren  and  Wilkes  on  the  west. 

Little  river,  a  tributary  of  the  Savannah,  runs  along  its  northern  and 
northwestern  boundary.  Upton  creek,  iiinning  through  the  county, 
empties  into  Little  river.  Briar  creek  runs  along  its  southern  borders. 
There  are  other  small  streams. 

The  face  of  the  countrv  is  undulatine;.  The  lands  of  the  northern, 
section  have  good  clay  foundations  and  are  more  productive  than  the 
gray,  sandy  soil  of  the  southern  part  of  the  county.  Some  of  the  lands 
have  been  exhausted  from  bad  usage ;  but  in  some  places  the  farmers,  by 
a  proper  system  of  cultivation  and  rotation  of  crops,  are  bringing  them 
back  to  their  former  productiveness. 

Taking  all  the  lands,  good  and  bad,  the  average  production  to  the 
acre  is:  corn,  8  bushels;  oats,  10;  wheat,  9;  rye,  12;  barley,  10;  Irish  and 
sweet  potatoee,  150  bushels  each;  field-peas,  6;  ground-peas,  75;  seed  cot- 
ton, 700  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  400  pounds; 
sorghum  syrup,  150  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  150  gallons.  Of  course  the 
best  lands  under  scientific  culture  will  yield  far  more  than  is  above  stated 
as  the  average. 

A  good  deal  of  attention  is  paid  to  vegetables,  fruits,  beiTies  and 
melons  along  the  line  of  the  Georgia  Kailroad.  Some  of  the  largest  and 
best  flavored  watermelons  in  the  State  are  raised  in  McDuffie  county  and 
sold  in  the  Augusta  market. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  8,635  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

In  1890  there  v/ere  in  McDuffie  county  897  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
1,416  pounds  of  wool;  2,837  cattle,  140  working  oxen,  1,073  milch-cows 
producing  271,028  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  85,742 
pounds  of  butter  and  150  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  653  horses,  790 
mules,  1  donkey,  6,088  hogs  and  41,031  of  all  kinds  of  poultry,  whose 
eggs  numbered  56,503  dozens.  The  honey  product  of  the  county  was 
8,322  pounds. 

The  timbers  are  pine  and  the  various  hardwoods.  Saw  and  planing- 
mills  cut  up  considerable  quantities  of  it  eveiy  year. 

There  are  in  McDuffie  county  three  gold  mines  in  successful  operation. 
These  are  the  Tahiliu,  Partu  and  Williams. 

Thomson,  the  county  site,  is  on  the  Georgia  Railroad  not  far  from  tlie 
center  of  the  county.  It  is  a  growing  town  of  1,154  inhabitants  in  the 
cor]')orate  limits,  and  3,843  in  the  entire  district,  and  has  good  schools  and 
churches. 

Dearing  and  Jioiu'ville  arc  also  on  the  Georgia  Jiaih-oad.  Wriglils- 
boro  is  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.    Every  neighborhood  has  its 

ii)  ga 


746  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

school  and  churcli.     Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  pre- 
vailing denominations. 

The  average  attendance  of  pupils  in  the  county  public  schools  is  605  in 
the  21  schools  for  whites,  and  843  in  the  22  schools  for  colored. 

The  area  of  McDuffie  county  is  258  square  miles,  or  165,120  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  9,804,  a  gain  of  1,015  over  that  of  1890;  school 
fund,  $6,386.92. 

By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  144,914;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.22;  city  property, 
^144,495;  shares  in  bank,  $19,000;  money,  etc.,  $73,704;  merchandise, 
^32,222;  cotton  factories,  $1,122;  iron  works,  $650;  household  furni- 
ture, $51,883;  farm  and  other  animals,  $91,194;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $20,539;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,272;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $25,806;  real  estate,  $612,429;  personal  estate,  $348,590. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $961,019. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  4,512; 
value,  $18,206;  city  or  town  property,  $2,530;  money,  etc.,  $41,00; 
household  furniture,  $5,706;  farm  animals,  $13,925;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $53;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,082;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $446.00.    Aggregate  value  of  property,  $38,994. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $336,920  in  the  value  of  all 
property,  as  compared  with  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  McDuffie  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,845;  white  females,  1,816;  total  white, 
3,661;  colored  males,  3,026;  colored  females,  3,117;  total  colored,  6,143. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  7  calves,  58  dairy  cows,  54  horses,  4  mules,  2  donkeys,  1 
sheep,  110  swine  and  2  goats. 

McmTOSH  COU^^TY. 

Mcintosh  County  was  laid  off  from  Liberty  in  1793,  and  was  named  to 
commemorate  the  services  of  the  Mcintosh  family.  One  of  these  was 
Lachlan  Mcintosh,  wdio  w^as  bom  in  Scottland  and  emigrated  to-  Georgia. 
He  was  colonel  of  the  first  regiment  in  Georgia,  was  promoted  to  general 
and  was  placed  by  Washington  in  command  of  an  important  western 
post.  Colonel  John  Mcintosh,  who  made  the  gallant  defense  of  the  post 
at  Sunbury,  is  another  member  of  this  distinguished  family.  Many  years 
after  this  county  was  formed.  Colonel  James  S.  Mcintosh,  who  was  born 
in  the  county  of  Liberty,  and  who  had  entered  the  army  in  1812,  lost  his 
life  in  the  battle  of  Molino  del  Eey,  near  the  city  of  Mexico. 

Mcintosh  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Liberty  county,  on  the 
east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  south  by  Glynn  county,  on  the  south- 
west by  Glynn  and  "Wayne  counties,  and  on  the  west  by  Liberty. 

South  ISTewport  river  divides  it  from  Liberty  on  the  north,  the  Altama- 
ha  from  Wayne  on  the  Bouthwest  and  Glynn  on  the  south.  The  islands 
of  Sapelo,  Wolf,  Doboy,  Hinds,  Blackboard,  Broughton,  Butner's, 
Wright's  and  Patterson's,  skirt  its  coast  and  are  separated  from  the  main- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  747 

land  and  each  other  by  numerous  inlets.     These  islands  are  favorite  re- 
sorts for  the  hunter  and  fisherman. 

The  lands  along  the  Altaraaha  are  very  rich,  producing  great  quan- 
tities of  rice  and  sugar-cane.  AVith  good  cultivation  the  lands  in  Mc- 
intosh county  will  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  15  bushels;  oats,  25;  Irish 
potatoes,  150;  sweet  potatoes,  250;  field-peas,  20;  gi-ound-peas,  30;  sea- 
island  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  6,000  pounds;  corn  fod- 
der, 250  pounds;  rice  40  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons. 

The  splendid  grazing  adapts  this  county  to  sheep  and  cattle,  and  the 
mild  winters  relieve  the  farmers  almost  entirely  of  the  expense  of  hous- 
ing and  feeding  them.  In  1S90  there  were  1,132  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  1,691  pounds;  3,613  cattle,  249  working  oxen,  1,469  milch-cows 
producing  76,915  gallons  of  milk.  Only  416  pounds  of  butter  were 
reported  as  made  in  this  county  in  1890.  There  were  364  horses,  84 
mules,  1  donkey,  4,474  hogs  and  7,427  domestic  fowls  of  every  kind, 
producing  15,270  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  produced  was  19,332 
pounds. 

Darien,  the  county  site,  is  situated  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Altamaha 
river,  and  is  the  shipping  point  for  great  quantities  of  shingles  and  lum- 
ber. There  is  also  a  big  trade  at  Darien  in  rosin  and  turj^entine.  This 
city  has  1,739  inhabitants,  while  the  district  of  Darien,  which  includes 
the  city,  contains  a  population  of  3,129. 

The  Darien  and  Western  Kailroad,  the  Altamaha  river  and  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  give  every  facility  for  transportation.  The  Florida  Central 
and  Peninsular  also  traverses  the  western  part  of  the  county.  During 
the  year  1900  there  were  received  at  Darien  and  shipped  from  that  port 
1,000  barrels  of  rosin. 

The  area  of  Mcintosh  county  is  429  square  miles,  or  274,560  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  6,537,  an  increase  of  67  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$4,639.52. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  75,599;  of  wild  land,  112,824;  average  price  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $3.19;  of  wild  land,  $0.51;  city  property,  $155,812; 
shares  in  bank,  19,000;  money,  etc.,  $28,513;  merchandise,  $52,105; 
invested  in  shipping,  $40,000;  cotton  factories,  $8,600;  household  furni- 
ture, $32,957;  farm  animals,  $54,599;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$6,255;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,472;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$40,320;  real  estate,  $454,796;  personal  estate,  $288,849.  Aggregate 
value  of  property,  $961,019. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  13,022; 
value,  $41,016;  city  property,  $50,087;  merchandise,  $2,430;  money, 
$2,069;  household  furniture,  $3,506;  farm  and  other  animals,  $17,736; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,807;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$1,844.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $123,151. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $4,486  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

The  people  enjoy  good  school  and  church  privileges.    The  average  at- 


748  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

tendance  is  161  in  the  9  schools  for  whites,  and  564  in  the  15  for  colored 
pupils. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Darien,  Brunswick  and 
Savannah.. 

Population  of  Mcintosh  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  767;  white  females,  6S9;  total  white, 
1,456;  colored  males,  2,549;  colored  females,  2,532;  total  colored,  5,081. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  213  calves,  125  steers,  10  bulls,  222  dairy  cows,  1G2 
horses,  83  mules,  25  sheep,  313  swine    and  40  goats. 

MACON  COUNTY. 

Macon  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Hon.  Nathaniel  Macon,  of 
North  Carolina,  w^ho  served  through  the  war  of  the  Kevolution  as  a 
private,  refusing  promotion;  served  as  a  representative  in  the  legislature 
of  his  native  State;  next  as  a  representative  in  Congress  for  three  terms, 
part  of  which  time  he  was  Speaker  of  the  House;  then  a  Senator  in 
Congress  and  president  pro  tern,  of  the  Senate. 

This  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  north  by  Taylor  and  Crawford, 
east  by  Houston,  south  by  Dooly,  Sumter  and  Schley,  and  west  by  Schley 
and  Taylor. 

The  Flint  river  flows  through  the  county  and  has  the  foUov/ing  tribu- 
taries: Beaver,  Juniper,  Horse,  White  Water,  Buck's,  Buck  Head  and 
Spring.     Considerable  quantities  of  fish  are  taken  from  these  streams. 

The  soil  is  of  the  tertiary  formation,  mainly  a  gray,  sandy  loam,  with 
"red  level"  outcrop  in  the  eastern  part.  The  lands,  according  to  loca- 
tion and  cultivation,  give  as  an  average  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  7  to  10 
bushels;  wheat,  6  to  8;  oats,  9  to  10;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  15; 
Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  50  to  75  bushels;  seed  cotton,  600  pounds; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  100  to  200  gallons;  hay,  3,000  pounds.  Vegetabies 
of  all  kinds,  berries  and  melons  are  plentiful.  The  amount  of  truck  sold 
amounts  to  about  $12,000  a  year. 

This  is  the  second  largest  peach-growing  county  in  the  State,  shipping 
in  one  season  from  Marshallville  alone  450  car-loads  or  240,000  crates. 
At  this  town  is  the  home  of  Mr.  Samuel  B.  Eumph,  the  originator  of  the 
celebrated  Elberta  peach.  In  easy  sight  of  the  veranda  of  his  home  are 
80,000  peach  trees.  He  also  raises  grapes  and  makes  wine  of  fine  quality. 
The  whole  number  of  peach-trees  in  the  county  is  1,500,000.  There  are 
also  in  Macon  county  11,330  plum-trees,  9,800  apple-trees  and  6,000 
pear-trees.    Macon  county  produces  also  large  melons  of  excellent  flavor. 

Hay  is  made  to  only  a  small  extent.  Some  farmers  have  thorough- 
bred cattle,  but  the  great  majority  have  only  the  ordinary  stock. 

In  1890  there  were  in  the  county  173  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  306 
pounds;  3,624  cattle,  176  working  oxen,  1,469  milch-cows  producing 
226,683  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  51,152  pounds  of  butter. 
The  eggs  from  31,236  poultry  of  all  kinds  amounted  to  55,473  dozens. 
The  honey  produced  was  7,563  pounds.  There  were  572  horses,  1,512 
mules,  1  donkey  and  11,280  swine. 


GEORGIA:  HhSToRICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  751 

The  timber  products  are  slight,  being  a  little  long-leaf  pine  and  some 
iardwoods,  mainly  used  in  making  crates  and  boxes  for  shipping  fruit. 
Six  grist-mills  on  tributaries  of  the  Flint  utilize  132  horse-powers. 

The  output  of  all  the  manufactories  of  the  county  is  about  $70,000. 
These  are  mostly  canning  and  packing  factories. 

Six  grist-mills  on  tributaries  of  the  Flint  river,  utilize  132  horse- 
powers. 

Oglethorpe,  the  county  seat,  is  located  on  the  west  side  of  the  Flint 
river.    The  court-houi«  is  ralued  at  $20,000. 

Montezuma,  on  the  right  side  of  the  same  river  and  only  a  few  miles 
from  Oglethoi-pe,  is  the  largest  town.  There  is  abundance  of  hardwood 
near  the  town. 

Marshall ville,  not  far  from  the  line  which  divides  Macon  and  Houston 
counties,  is  another  prosperous  toMTi.  At  each  of  these  towns  is  a  well- 
conducted  bank.  Each  of  them  is  located  on  one  of  the  arms  of  the 
Central  of  Georgia  system.    iN'o  other  railroad  passes  through  the  county. 

There  is  a  high  school  at  each  of  the  above  named  places,  and  through- 
out the  county  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia  prevails.  The  aver- 
age attendance  is  751  in  24  schools  for  whites,  and  1,357  in  the  28 
schools  for  colored.  In  the  Marshallville  high  school  for  whites  there 
are  95  pupils  and  in  the  schools  of  Montezuma  are  162  in  those  for 
whites,  and  245  in  those  for  colored.  The  Methodists  and  Baptists  are 
the  leading  Christian  denominations. 

Twenty  thousand  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  from  this  county,  12,- 
000  of  which  go  from  Montezuma.  According  to  the  census  of  1900 
there  were  ginned  in  this  county  16,713  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the 
crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Macon  county  is  392  square  miles,  or  250,880  acres.  Popu- 
lation in  1900,  14,093,  an  increase  of  910  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,482.83. 

By  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved lands,  211,281;  of  wild  land,  4,200;  average  value  of  improved 
land  per  acre  $4.01;  of  wild  land,  $1.13;  city  property,  $340,340; 
shares  in  bank,  $1,400;  money,  etc.,  $244,532;  merchandise,  $109,445; 
stocl-Ls  and  bonds,  $10,200;  shipping  and  tonnage,  $2,400;  cotton  manu- 
factories, $425;  household  furniture,  $113,204;  farm  animals,  $142, ()S9; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $34,366;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $7,252; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $34,009;  real  estate,  $1,192,768;  personal 
estate,  $709,029.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,901,797. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  7,016; 
value,  $20,856;  city  property,  $25,151;  money,  etc.,  $875;  merchan- 
dise, $1,215;  household  furniture,  $26,873;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$2,116;  plantation  and  meclianical  tools,  $4,396;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $2,532.     Aggrogato  of  whole  property,  $107,530. 

The  tax  retumji  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $191,862  in  tlie  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

The  population  of  the  districts  containing  the  three  largest  towns,  and 
of  their  towns  also   is  as  follows: 


752  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Montezuma  district  4,643,  Montezuma  town  903;  Marshallville  dis- 
trict 2,288,  Marshallville  town  879;  Oglethorpe  district  2,174,  Ogle- 
thorpe town  545. 

Population  of  Macon  county  by  sex  and  coIot,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,123;  white  females,  2,179;  total  white, 
4,302;  colored  males,  4,662;  colored  females;  5,129;  total  colored, 
9,791. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  63  calves,  6  steers,  126  dairy  cows,  131  horses,  17  mules, 
1  donkey,  256  swine  and  2  goats. 

MADISON  COmrXY. 

Madison  County  was  laid  out  from  Oglethorpe,  Clarke,  Jackson^ 
Franklin  and  Elbert  counties  in  1811.  Other  parts  were  afterwards  added 
to  it  as  follows:  from  Clarke  in  1813;  from  Elbert  and  Franklin  in 
1819;  from  Franklin  in  1823;  from  Clarke  in  1829;  and  from  Ogle- 
thorpe in  1831.  It  received  its  name  from  James  Madison,  of  Virginia, 
fourth  president  of  the  United  States,  and  often  styled  the  "Father  of 
.  the  Constitution." 

The  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Franklin  and  Banks 
on  the  north.  Hart  on  the  northeast,  Elbert  on  the  east,  Oglethorpe  on 
the  south,  Clarke  on  the  southwest  and  Jackson  on  the  west.  The  streams 
are  the  North  and  South  forks  of  Broad  river.  Mill  Shoal,  Brushy  and 
Holly  creeks.     The  lands  along  these  streams  are  fertile. 

The  average  production  to  the  acre  is:  com,  18  bushels;  wheat,  7; 
rye,  8;  oats,  10;  Irish  potatoes,  40;  sweet  potatoes,  50;  field-peas,  10; 
ground-peas,  20;  seed  cotton,  upland,  400  to  600  pounds;  crab-grass  hay, 
1,200  to  2,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  150  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75 
gallons.  Tobacco,  with  proper  attention,  does  well.  So  do  vegetables, 
fruits,  berries  and  melons.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of 
1900,  there  were  ginned  in  Madison  county  11,443  bales  of  upland  cot- 
ton during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

In  1890  there  were  2,085  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  2,830  pounds; 
5,097  cattle,  349  working  oxen,  1,878  milch-cows  producing  507,385  gal- 
lons of  milk  and  201,711  pounds  of  butter;  836  horses,  1,113  mules,  6 
donkeys,  8,585  swine,  72,588  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds,  producing 
77,671  dozens  of  eggs.  This  county  produced  also  16,616  pounds  of 
honey. 

The  timber  growth  is  some  short-leaf  pine  and  the  varieties  of  hard- 
wood common  to  that  section. 

The  many  natural  shoals  on  the  water  courses  afford  ample  power  for 
mills  and  factories. 

The  Seaboard  Air  Line  Eailroad  passes  through  the  southern  part  of 
the  county.  A  part  of  the  Smithonia,  Danielsville  and  Carnesville  Rail- 
road is  also  completed. 

Danielsville,  named  for  General  Allen  Daniel,  and  located  on  a  high, 
■uneven  ridge,  is  the  county  site.  The  railroad,  designed  to  connect  this 
town  with  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  and  Georgia  Eailroads,  is  in  process  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  755 

construction.    "When  it  is  completed  the  coimtv  will  have  good  facilities 
for  trade  and  travel. 

Carlton,  Mediciis,  Comer,  Five  Forks  and  Dowdy,  are  stations  on  the 
Seaboard  Air  Line. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  common  school  system  of  the  State.  The 
average  attendance  is  1,255  in  the  -iO  schools  for  whites  and  370  in  the 
17  schools  for  colored.  Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  prevailing  de- 
nominations of  the  county,  and  have  good  churches. 

The  area  of  Madison  coimty  is  278  square  miles,  or  177,920  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,224,  an  increase  of  2,200  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $8,834.60. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  170,243;  value  per  acre,  $3.64;  city  property,  $67,655; 
money,  etc.,  $123,446;  merchandise,  $31,667;  stocks  and  bonds,  $4,200; 
household  furniture,  $67,678;  farm  and  other  animals,  $131,521;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $35,931;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,971;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $27,630;  real  estate,  $687,962;  personal  estate, 
$432,430.     Aggregate  value  of  property,  $1,120,392. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  3,214; 
value,  $9,860;  city  property,  $775;  money,  etc.,  $53;  household  furni- 
ture, $4,248;  farm  animals,  $11,047;  watches,  etc.,  $52;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $2,318;  value  of  all  other  property,  $269.00.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $28,622. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $8,176  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

Some  gold  has  been  found  on  Broad  river,  and  iron  ore  in  considerable 
quantities ;  also  a  good  article  of  granite  and  quartz. 

Population  of  Madison  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,696;  white  females,  4,643;  total  white, 
9,339;  colored  males,  1,945;  colored  females,  1,940;  total  colored, 
3,885. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges. 
June  1,  1900:  53  calves,  8  steers,  3  bulls,  82  dairy  cows,  74  horses,  9 
mules,  and  156  swine. 

MAEION  COimTY. 

Marion  County  was  laid  out  from  Muscogee  and  Lee  in  1827.  Part 
of  it  was  given  to  Crawford  in  1827  and  part,  returned  to  Muscogee  in 
1829.  It  was  name<l  for  General  Francis  Marion,  of  South  Carolina,  who, 
because  of  his  rendezvous  in  the  swamps  of  the  Pedce,  from  which  he 
sallied  forth  to  his  sudden  attacks  upon  the  British,  received  the  title  of 
"Swamp  Fox." 

The  counties  l)ounding  it  are:  Talbot  on  the  north,  Taylor,  Schley  and 
Sumter  on  the  east,  Webster  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and  Chatta- 
hochee  and  Mu.>cogee  on  the  west. 

There  are  no  rivers  in  this  county,  but  some  large  creeks,  as  Juniper 
and  Pine  Knot,  tribntaries  of  the  Chattahoochee,  Muckalce  and  Kincha- 
foonee,  branches  of  the  Flint. 


756  GEORGIA:   UISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

The  soil  is  cretaceous,  tertiary  in  the  southern  portion.  The  land  is 
a  gray,  sandy  loam;  but,  like  most  cretaceous  soils,  productive.  The 
southern  part  of  the  county  was  originally  the  best,  but  the  lands  have 
been  injured  by  injudicious  cultivation.  With  scientific  farming  these 
lands  can  be  restored  to  their  original  fertility.  Under  proper  cultiva- 
tion there  is  no  better  farming  land  in  Georgia.  The  pine  belt  of  the 
county  is  now  attracting  attention,  and  is  being  settled  up  very  rapidly. 
Lands  in  the  pine  belt  sell  for  $1  an  acre;  in  the  middle  and  lower  sec- 
tion, on  an  average  of  $5.00  an  acre.  Cow-peas,  sown  after  stubble,  give 
fi.ne  hay.  Some  of  the  farmers  who  prepare  their  stubble  get  in  good 
seasons  an  excellent  yield  of  crab  and  crowfoot-grass  hay. 

According  to  location  and  culture  the  lands  average  to  the  acre:  corn, 
T  to  10  bushels;  oats,  8  to  25;  wheat,  5  to  18;  rye,  3  to  10;  Irish  pota- 
toes, 50  to  110;  sweet  potatoes,  50  to  150;  field-peas,  15;  ground-peas, 
25;  upland  seed  cotton,  300  to  600  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds; 
com  fodder,  450  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  50  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup, 
150  gallons.  Vegetables,  berries,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised,  but  al- 
most entirely  for  home  use.  The  total  truck  sold  will  amount  to  about 
$4,000.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  this  county  9,681  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899- 
1900. 

In  1890  there  were  73  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  195  pounds;  2,YT5 
cattle,  149  working  oxen,  889  milch-cows  producing  149,962  gallons  of 
milk,  and  42,319  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  also  455  horses,  832 
mules,  6,118  hogs,  25,355  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  producing  34,072 
dozens  of  eggs.    The  honey  gathered  amounted  to  7,833  pounds. 

The  timber  products  are  not  extensive,  but  there  is  a  little  long-leaf 
pine,  and  some  good  hardwoods  are  still  uncut  along  the  creeks.  There 
are  two  saw-mills  operated  by  steam,  and  at  Blueville  there  is  one  oper- 
ated by  water.     The  annual  output  of  timber  amounts  to  $4,000. 

On  the  streams  are  two  flour-mills  and  ten  grist-mills.  About  165 
water-powers  are  used.     There  are  also  two  grist-mills  operated  by  steam. 

There  is  a  coffin  factory  at  Juniper,  just  inside  the  county,  and  a 
short  distance  from  Juniper  Station  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  Eailroad 
in  Talbot  county. 

Buena  Yista,  the  county  seat,  named  for  one  of  the  famous  battles  of 
the  Mexican  war,  is  a  pleasant  and  prosperous  town  of  1,161  people, 
located  on  an  arm  of  the  Central  Railroad.  The  entire  Buena  Vista  dis- 
trict has  2,725  inhabitants.  This  town  has  one  bank  with  a  capital  of 
$38,000,  and  several  good  mercantile  establishments.  There  are  small 
Stores  in  every  part  of  the  county.  There  is  in  the  neighborhood  a  white 
kind  of  chalk.  There  are  some  remarkable  Indian  mounds  on  a  planta- 
tion formerly  owned  by  Colonel  "Wm.  M.  Brown. 

Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  strongest  Christian  denominations  in 
the  county,  and  there  are  also  many  Presbyterians  and  Episcopalians. 

The  schools  of  the  town  and  county  belong  to  the  public  school  sys- 
tem of  Georgia.  The  average  attendance  is  698  in  the  28  schools  for 
whites,  and  749  in  the  22  schools  for  colored. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  75.7 

The  receipts  of  cotton  from  the  entire  county  are  about  10,000  bales, 
-which  are  shipped  from  Buena  Vista. 

The  area  of  Marion  county  is  344  square  miles,  or  220,160  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  10,080,  an  increase  of  2,352  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $6,157.12. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proyed  land,  216,755;  of  wild  land,  13,056;  ayerage  yalue  per  acre  of 
improyed  land,  $2.58;  of  wild  land,  $0.27;  city  property,  $102,020; 
shares  in  bank,  $30,000;  money,  etc.,  $57,839;  merchandise,  $34,641; 
stocks  and  bonds,  no  report:  household  furniture,  $65,855;  farm  animals, 
$115,316;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $21,341;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $2,878;  yalue  of  all  other  property,  $14,518;  real  estate,  $666,644; 
,  personal  estate,  $356,367;  aggregate  yalue  of  whole  property,  $1,023,- 
'011. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  !N'umber  of  acres,  4,301; 
yalue,  $9,120;  city  property,  $12,235;  money,  $125;  household  furni- 
ture, $4,248;  farm  animals,  $11,047;  watches,  etc.,  $52;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $2,318;  yalue  of  all  other  property,  $376.  AggTe- 
gate  yalue  of  property,  $46,525. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $139,845  in  the  yalue 
of  all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Marion  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,142;  white  females,  2,089;  total  white,  4,231; 
colored  males,  2,865;  colored  females,  2,984;  total  colored,  5,849. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  24  calyes,  1  bull,  64  dairy  cows,  34  horses,  8  mules,  143 
swine,  13  goats. 

MERIWETHER  COUNTY. 

Meriwether  County  was  laid  out  from  Troup,  and  organized  Decem- 
ber, 1827.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  General  David  Meriwether,  who 
came  from  Virginia  and  settled  in  Wilkes  county  in  1785.  It  is  bound- 
ed by  the  following  counties:  Coweta  on  the  north,  Spalding,  Pike  and 
Upson  on  the  east,  Talbot  and  Harris  on  the  south,  and  Troup  on  the 
west. 

Line  creek  forms  its  eastern  boundary  for  a  few  miles,  and  empties 
into  the  Flint  riyer,  which  flows  along  the  balance  of  its  eastern  border. 
Other  streams  are  Red  Oak,  White  Oak,  Pigeon,  Cane,  AValnut  and 
Boar  creeks.  The  surface  of  the  country  is  undulating.  The  Pine 
Mountains  rise  in  this  county  west  of  the  Flint  river  and  afford  much 
picturesque  scenery. 

Tlie  soil  is  metamorphic,  with  undulating  rod  lands,  intorsporsed  with 
gray,  gravelly  strips,  both  with  rod  clay  sul)soil.  The  water  is  pure  freo- 
stonc. 

The  lands  will  average  to  the  acre:  corn,  11  to  15  bushels;  oats,  10  to 
20;  wheat,  6  to  8;  rye,  10  to  25;  Irish  potatoes,  75;  sweet  potatoes,  100; 
field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  25;  seed  cotton,  600  to  750  pou-nds;  crab- 


758  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

grass  hay,  5,000  pounds;  sorghum  sjrap,  75  gallons;  sugar^sane  syrup, 
250  gallons. 

The  figures  for  the  yield  of  the  various  crops  represent  the  average 
production  of  all  lands,  rich  and  poor,  under  ordinary  cultivation;  but 
the  better  lands  under  improved  methods  yield  1,500  pounds  of  seed 
cotton  to  the  acre,  28  bushels  of  wheat,  and  other  crops  in  proportion. 

Vegetables  in  great  quantities,  berries,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised, 
mostly  for  home  use.  Some  of  these  products  are  marketed  and  bring 
about  $9,000  per  annum. 

Considerable  hay  is  raised  by  some  farmers.  The  number  of  pure 
bred  cattle  recorded  is  considerably  above  the  average. 

In  1890  there  were  610  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,307  pounds; 
6,454  cattle,  278  working  oxen,  2,720  milch-cows  giving  690,401  gal- 
lons of  milk,  from  which  were  made  219,798  pounds  of  butter.  There 
Avere  1,021  horses,  2,640  mules,  10,476  hogs  and  91,967  poultry,  whose 
eggs  amounted  to  157,334  dozens.  •  The  product  of  honey  was  30,928 
pounds. 

In  the  orchards  there  are  65,873  peach  trees,  7,000  apple  trees  and 
1,200  plum  trees. 

The  timber  products  consist  of  considerable  hardwoods  on  the  water 
courses.    The  output  is  small,  about  $6,000. 

The  water  powers  of  the  county  are  fine.  On  the  Flint  river  and  its 
tributaries  are  12  grist-mills,  using  223  horse-powers.  On  a  tributary 
of  the  Chattahoochee  is  one  mill  using  11  horse-powers.  On  the  Flint 
river  there  are  utilized  4,255  horse-powers,  which  are,  however,  partly 
in  Pike  county.  The  18  manufactories  of  the  county  have  an  output 
valued  at  $40,741. 

The  mineral  products  are  gold,  iron,  asbestos  and  granite.  The  gold 
mines,  with  primitive  methods,  have  yielded  handsomely  for  forty  years. 
Under  recent  development,  the  result  of  northeni  capital,  the  mines  have 
equalled  if  not  surpassed  any  in  the  State.  At  Chalybeate  Springs  iron 
ore  is  found  in  great  quantities,  which,  when  analyzed,  is  found  to 
equal  the  ores  of  Birmingham.  Only  capital  is  needed  for  their  devel- 
opment. The  recently  discovered  asbestos  deposits  are  found  to  be  very 
rich  in  their  yield  and  easily  worked.  Meriwether  granite  is  pronounced 
equal  to  that  of  the  famous  Quincy  granite  of  Massachusetts  and  is  sus- 
ceptible of  very  fine  polish.  The  elegant  church  of  St.  Luke,  in  Co- 
lumbus, Georgia,  used  this  granite  exclusively  in  all  the  granite  work 
and  granite  columns  employed  in  its  construction.  Immense  quantities 
have  been  shipped  to  Savannah  and  other  Atlantic  ports. 

The  county  is  famous  for  its  mineral  springs.  The  Chalybeate,  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  county,  is  as  strongly  impregnated  with  iron  as  any 
of  the  Spas  of  the  world.  The  Warm  Springs,  six  miles  west  of  the 
Chalybeate,  afford  the  most  delightful  baths  in  all  the  South  or  the 
Union.  The  temperature  of  the  water  is  92  degrees  and  the  swimming 
pool  is  most  luxurious  in  its  equipments  and  delights.  The  waters,  form- 
ing an  immense  stream,  gush  from  a  spur  of  the  Pine  Mountain  and  the 
great  hotel  on  the  hill  makes  this  one  of  the  coolest  summer  resorts  in 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  75^) 

the  State.  One  mile  east  of  AVarin  Springs  is  the  Cold  Spring.  Here 
the  United  States  fish  commission  has  established  a  hatchery  a  few  hun- 
dred yards  below  the  bold  spring,  which  furnishes  many  thousand  gal- 
lons of  water  per  minute. 

Six  miles  west  of  "Wai-m  Springs  are  the  White  Sulphur  Springs,  an- 
other popular  summer  resort.  The  water  is  very  strongly  impregnated 
with  sulphur,  its  analysis  being  the  same  as  the  Indian  Spring  in  Butts 
county. 

The  climate  is  delightful,  the  mean  temperature  being  63  degrees. 
The  extremes  in  temperature  range  from  20  to  98  degrees,  these  points 
being  rarely  ever  reached. 

The  county  enjoys  limited  railroad  facilities,  but  ^\dth  those  promised 
a  period  of  rich  development  may  be  anticipated,  its  mineral  wealth  and 
other  resources  having  then  a  rare  chance  of  securing  outside  invest- 
ment. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
Meriwether  county  22,452  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899- 
1900. 

Greenville,  named  in  honor  of  General  Nathaniel  Greene,  is  the  coun- 
ty site.  It  is  located  on  a  high  ridge  near  the  center  of  the  county,  ou 
a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway.  A  company  has  becu 
formed  to  erect  here  a  new  cotton  factory.  The  Methodists  and  Baptist;^ 
have  churches  and  academies  for  male  and  female.  Greenville  has  one 
bank  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  $25,000.  Its  population  is  815  in  the 
corporate  limits,  and  including  the  district  of  the  same  name  it  is  2,G30. 

The  county  has  good  schools  and  churches  of  every  denomination.  Tlie 
average  attendance  on  the  schools  is  1,699  in  the  52  for  white  pupils,  and 
1,604  in  the  38  schools  for  colored  pupils. 

Woodbury,  ten  miles  south  of  Greenville,  where  the  Macon  and  Bir- 
mingham Railroad  crosses  the  Central,  is  a  growing  town.  At  Fhit 
vShoals,  twelve  miles  from  Greenville  on  the  Flint  river,  are  some  of  the 
finest  water  powers  in  the  State.  Lutlierville,  Oakland,  Gay,  Raleigh, 
Bullochville,  Stinson,  Odessa,  St.  Mark's,  Oak  Ridge  and  Rocky  Mount 
are  flourishing  business  centers. 

The  area  of  Meriwether  county  is  544  square  miles,  or  348,160  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  23,339,  a  gain  of  2,599  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$22,427.16. 

By  tlie  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  295,396;  of  wild  land,  6,306;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $3.75;  of  wild  land,  $0.40;  city  "property,  $167,413; 
money,  etc.,  $109,425;  value  of  merchandise,  $68,080;  shares  in  bank, 
$25,000;  bank  stock  and  bonds,  $38,500;  household  furniture, 
$87,114;  farm  animals,  $174,763;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $43,690;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,197;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $37,976;  real  estate,  $1,277,774;  personal  estate,  $594,560;  ag- 
gregate value  of  property,  $1,872,334. 

Property  retume<l  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  5,413; 
ralue,  $20,258;  city  property,  $4,362-  household  furniture,  $14,834; 


7 GO  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

watches,,  etc.,  $110;  farm  animals,  $23,648;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $4,427;  value  of  all  other  property,  $490;  aggi-egate  value  of 
property,  $69,169. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $90,589  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Meriwether  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  4,7.15;  white  females,  4,807;  total  white, 
9,522;  colored  males,  6,858;  colored  females,  6,959;  total  colored, 
13,817. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  32  calves,  10  steers,  12  bulls,  86  dairy  cows,  78  horses,  13 
mules,  205  swine,  6  goats. 

MILLEE  COimXY. 

2filler  Comity  was  formed  in  1856  from  Early  and  Baker,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  Andi-ew  J.  Miller,  who  had  fi:equently  served  in  the 
State  legislature,  and  as  President  of  the  Senate  had  been  noted  for  his 
ability  and  the  fairness  with  which  he  treated  each  party. 

Miller  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Baker  and  Early  on  the 
north.  Baker  on  the  east,  Decatur  on  the  south  and  Early  on  the  west. 

Spring  creek,  running  from  north  to  south  through  the  center  of  the 
county,  is  the  principal  stream.  It  abounds  in  fish  of  the  varieties  gen- 
erally found  in  Georgia  streams.  This  creek  has  tributary  creeks  from 
the  east  and  west. 

Almost  the  entire  surface  of  the  county  is  level.  The  soil  is  light  with 
a  heavy  growth  of  pine  timber. 

The  lands  yield  to  the  acre:  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  10;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 150;  ground-peas,  15;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup, 
250  gallons.    Vegetables  and  melons  do  welL 

The  fine  pasturage  afforded  by  the  native  grasses  causes  the  farmers 
to  pay  no  attention  to  hay.  Their  stock  seem  to  take  care  of  themselves 
entirely. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  this  county  5,804  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  12,963  pounds;  8,776  cattle,  330  working  oxen,  3,005  milch- 
cows,  but  a  production  of  only  144,730  gallons  of  milk  and  1,770  pounds 
of  butter.  There  were  also  727  horses,  311  mules,  2  donkeys,  12,938 
swine  and  24,583  of  all  kinds  of  domestic  fowls.  The  production  of  eggs 
was  50,028  dozens  and  of  honey  820  pounds. 

Rosin,  turpentine  and  lumber  are  the  chief  articles  of  trade. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  2,025  bales  of  upland  and  50  of  sea-island  cotton  during  the 
season  of  1899-1900. 

Colquitt  is  the  county  site.  It  is  on  the  Georgia  Pine  Railway  which 
connects  Bainbridge,  in  Decatur  county,  on  the  Savannah,  Florida  and 
Western  of  the  Plant  System  with  Arlington,  in  Calhoun  county,  on 
one  of  the  arms  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  system. 

In  the  towns  and  county  are  churches  of  the  leading  Christian  denom- 
inations.   Methodists  and  Baptists  predominate. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL   AXD    IXDUSTRIAL.  761 

Other  postoffices  are  Bait,  Horn's  Cross  Roads,  Mayhaw,  Pond  Town, 
Spooner  and  Twilight. 

The  schools  of  the  coiintj  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Geor- 
gia and  are  in  good  condition.  The  average  attendance  is  510  in  the  23 
schools  for  white  pupils,  and  195  in  the  11  schools  for  negroes. 

The  area  of  Miller  county  is  275  square  miles,  or  17G,000  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  G,319,  an  increase  of  2,044  since  1S90;  school 
fund,  $3,976.11. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  145,875;  of  wild  land,  28,307;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.25;  of  wild  land,  $1.97;  city  property,  $31,480; 
money,  etc.,  $81,693;  value  of  merchandise,  $31,870;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$500;  household  furniture,  $42,441;  fann  and  other  animals,  $113,569; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $20,346;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,056; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $67,043;  real  estate,  $516,279;  personal  es- 
tate, $351,697;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $777,976. 

Returns  of  property  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  4,962; 
value,  $10,239;  city  property,  $330;  money,  etc.,  $142;  household  fur- 
niture, $4,982;  watches,  etc.,  $37;  farm  and  other  animals,  $912;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $1,688;  value  of  all  other  property,  $570; 
aggregate  value  of  property,  $27,100. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  in  the  value  of  all  property  over 
the  returns  of  1900  amounting  to  $61,935. 

Population  of  Miller  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,837;  white  females,  1,774:;  total  white,  3,611; 
colored  males,  1,436;  colored  females,  1,272;  total  colored,  2,708. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  56  calves,  36  steers,  14  bulls,  92  dairy  cows,  47  horses, 
111  mules,  3,100  sheep,  660  swine. 

MILTOX  COUN'TY. 

Milton  County  was  formed  in  1857  from  Cherokee,  Forsyth  and  Cobb, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  Milton,  Secretary  of  State  for 
Georgia  in  1789.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Cherokee 
on  the  north,  Forsyth  on  the  east  and  north,  Gwinnett  on  the  southeast 
and  south,  DeKal'b  and  Fulton  on  the  south,  Cobb  on  the  west  and 
Cherokee  on  the  west  and  northwest. 

The  Chattahoochee  river  flows  along  its  entire  southern  lioundary. 
Creeks  tributary  to  the  Etowah  and  the  Chattahoochee  flow  througli  the 
county.  The  lands  along  the  streams  arc  ])roduetive.  The  pcop^o  nre 
blessed  with  abundance  of  good  water  and  a  healthy  climate. 

The  lands  give  as  an  average  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  15  bushels; 
wheat  and  oats,  10  bushels  each;  rye  and  barley,  8  bushels  each;  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels  each:  field  peas,  15  bushels;  ground- 
]->eas,  50  bushels;  seed  cotton,  650  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4.000  pounds; 
clover  hay,  6,000;  corn  fodder  400  ix.niids;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons.. 
It  is  a  good  county  for  hay. 


762  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

In  1890  there  were  394  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  677  pounds;  3,329 
cattle,  165  working  oxen,  1,270  milch-cows  giving  386,522  gallons  of 
milk,  from  which  are  made  138,112  pounds  of  butter.  There  were  381 
horses,  778  mules,  2  donkeys,  3,826  hogs  and  63,113  domestic  fowls 
of  every  kind,  producing  81,372  dozens  of  eggs.  There  is  one  butter 
and  cheese  factory.    The  honey  production  was  13,925  pounds  in  1890. 

There  is  no  railway  passing  through  the  county,  but  the  Southern 
Kailway  runs  close  to  the  boundary  line. 

For  building  purposes  there  is  abundance  of  timber  and  stone. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  6,407  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

Alpharetta  is  the  county  site.  The  entire  Alpharetta  district  contains 
1,529  inhabitants,  310  of  whom  live  in  the  town.  Other  postoffices  are 
Arnold,  Coker,  Dinsmore,  Field's  Cross  Eoads,  Freemansville,  McClure, 
Mazeppa,  Ocee,  Skelton,  Stono,  Warsaw  and  Webb. 

Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  dominant  religious  sects.  Their 
churches  are  found  in  every  part  of  the  county. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia,  and  the 
average  attendance  is  914  in  the  30  schools  for  white  pupils,  and  83  in 
the  4  schools  for  colored  pupils. 

The  area  of  Milton  county  is  147  square  miles,  or  94,080  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  6,763,  an  increase  of  555  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$4,791.28. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  81,344;  of  wild  land,  590;  average  value  of  improved  land 
to  the  acre,  $6.22;  of  wild  land,  $2.25;  city  property,  $25,620;  money, 
etc.,  $81,413;  merchandise,  $23,565;  stocks  and  bonds,  $17,500; 
household  furniture,  $44,456;  farm  animals,  $95,715;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $26,419;  watches  and  jewelry,  $1,568; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $16,794;  real  estate,  $532,965;  personal  es- 
tate, $315,783;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $848,748. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Acres  of  land,  396;  value, 
$1,020;  city  property,  $375;  money,  etc.,  $92;  household  furniture,  $1,- 
332;  watches,  etc.,  $40;  farm  animals,  $2,240;  plantation  and  mechani- 
cal tools,  $457;  value  of  all  other  property,  $102;  aggregate  value  of 
property,  $5,560. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  in  the  value  of  all  property 
since  the  returns  of  1900  amounting  to  $7,710. 

Population  of  Milton  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,088;  white  females,  2,912;  total  white,  6,000; 
colored  males,  377;  colored  females,  386;  total  colored,  763. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  17  calves,  2  steers,  46  dairy  cows,  36  horses,  17  mules,  70 
sheep. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  753 

MITCHELL  COUXTY. 

MitcJiell  County  was  laid  out  from  Baker  iu  1S57,  and  was  named 
for  IIoTi.  David  B.  ^litcliell,  who  was  Govenior  of  Georgia  from 
November  9,  1809,  to  Xovember  9,  1813,  and  again  from  Xovember  9, 
1815,  to  March  4,  1817,  when  he  resigned.  The  following  counties 
bound  it:  Dougherty  on  the  north,  Worth  and  Colquitt  on  the  east, 
Thomas  and  Decatur  on  the  south,  Baker  on  the  west  and  northwest. 
Flint  river  runs  along  its  whole  western  boundary.  Turkey,  Walden's 
and  Tom's  creeks,  branches  of  the  Ocklockonee  river,  water  the  east- 
em  side  of  the  county.  Other  streams  are  Lost  and  Big  creeks.  In  the 
southern  part  is  a  pond  or  lake  about  10  miles  long;  near  the  center  is 
another  not  quite  so  large. 

A  branch  of  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western  Railway  of  the  Plant 
System  runs  through  the  county,  connecting  Camilla  with  two  growing 
cities,  Albany  on  the  north  and  Thomasville  on  the  south. 

The  pine  lands  of  this  county  are  very  productive,  those  of  some  sec- 
tions being  more  fertile,  of  course,  than  those  of  others.  According  to 
location  and  cultivation  they  ^\dll  produce  to  the  acre:  corn,  15  bushels; 
oats,  12  to  25  bushels;  rice,  25  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  75  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  150  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  30  bushels; 
seed  cotton,  from  500  to  1,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  450  pounds;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  200  to  250  gallons. 

Very  little  attention  is  paid  to  grasses,  because  the  wild  grasses  afford 
such  abundant  pasturage.  Bermuda  does  fairly  well.  Crab-grass  grows 
luxuriantly,  as  do  peavines  and  beggar  weed. 

There  are  4  dairy  farms.  On  them  the  Jersey  cow  is  the  favorite. 
Very  little  attention  is  paid  to  the  breeding  of  beef  cattle. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Mitchell  county  1,563  sheep, 
with  a  wool-clip  of  5,322  pounds,  11,588  cattle,  370  working  oxen,  3,718 
milch-cows  yielding  277,573  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  52,- 
097  pounds  of  butter  and  125  pounds  of  cheese.  There  were  at  the  same 
time,  1,102  horses,  1,120  mules,  3  donkeys,  13,971  hogs  and  49,182 
domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  producing  G0,S26  dozens  of  eggs.  The  pro- 
duction of  honey  was  about  803  pounds. 

Peaches,  grapes  and  watermelons  are  marketed  in  large  cities  east  and 
west.  The  value  of  these  products  last  year  was  about  $20,000.  The 
melon  business  last  year  was  almost  abandoned  on  account  of  high 
freights.  A  few  years  ago  1,500  carloads  were  shipped,  last  year  only  100. 

There  are  in  the  county  3  vineyards,  covering  in  all  200  aerct*.  About 
50  per  cent,  of  the  grapes  are  sold  in  the  markets,  and  from  30  per  cent, 
of  them  wine  is  made.  The  latter  i.>  for  domestic  use,  for  none  was  sold 
in  the  markets. 

About  20  per  cent,  of  the  forest  area  has  standing  timber  suitable  for 
the  market.  About  the  same  percentage  in  the  turpentine  bolt  is  dying 
from  boxing.  Smaller  trees  are  not  affected.  Th(»  annual  output  of 
lumber  in  superficial  feet  is  about  18,000,000  at  $8  a  thousand  feet. 


764  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

About  13  steam  sawmills  and  20  turpentine  stills  are  kept  actively  em- 
ployed. 

At  Camilla  are  tlie  works  of  the  Mitchell  County  Fertilizer  Com- 
pany; at  Pelham  are  the  Pelham  Guano  Works,  the  Pelham  Cotton  Seed 
Oil-Mill  and  the  Pelham  Manufacturing  Company.  The  latter  is  a  cot- 
ton-mill with  5,000  spindles,  160  looms  and  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000. 
It  will  employ  100  hands.  The  annual  consumption  will  be  3,000  bales, 
and  the  value  of  the  output  $180,000.  The  cotton  seed  oil-mill  is  valued 
at  $30,000,  and  its  annual  output  at  $50,000. 

Camilla  and  Pelham  are  each  on  the  Savannah,  Florida  and  Western 
Railway,  and  in  these  two  towns  the  products  of  the  county  are  chiefly 
marketed.  The  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  of  the  entire  county  are 
about  10,000  bales  of  upland  and  2,500  bales  of  sea-island  cotton,  of 
which  about  6,000  bales  of  upland  and  2,000  of  sea-island  cotton  are 
handled  at  Pelham.  Some  of  the  products  of  the  western  part  of  the 
county  are  shipped  by  steamboats  on  the  Flint  river.  According  to  th& 
United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  7,863 
bales  of  upland  cotton  and  2,180  bales  of  sea-island  cotton  of  the  crop  of 
1899-1900. 

At  Camilla,  the  county  seat,  is  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $25,000.  The 
©ourt-house  is  estimated  at  $30,000.  There  are  in  the  county  12  gi-ist- 
mills  and  1  small  flour-mill  at  Pelham.  All  except  2  or  3  gi'ist-mills  are 
©perated  by  steam. 

Other  postofiices  are  Apex,  Baconton,  Dewitt,  Faircloth,  Flint,  Mag- 
nolia, Eaiford,  Stubbs  and  Tuton. 

The  district  including  Camilla  has  4,668  inhabitants,  while  the  popu- 
lation of  Camilla  is  1,051.  The  Pelham  district  has  2,836  inhabitants, 
of  which  945  are  in  the  town  of  Pelham. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  Every 
neighborhood  of  the  county  has  its  school  and  church.  Methodists  and 
Baptists  are  the  leading  denominations,  but  there  are  also  Episcopalians, 
Presbyterians,  Roman  Catholics  and  others. 

The  area  of  Mitchell  county  is  542  square  miles,  or  346,880  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  14,767,  a  gain  of  3,861  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$10,677.40. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  291,481;  of  wild  land,  25,123;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $3.05;  of  wild  land,  $1.88;  city  property,  $207,441; 
shares  in  bank,  $7,000;  money,  etc.,  $264,509;  value  of  merchandise, 
$75,232;  stocks  and  bonds,  $17,075;  cotton  manufactories,  $102,000; 
household  furniture,  $108,176;  farm  and  other  animals,  $257,923; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $48,761;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $8,- 
844;  value  of  all  other  property,  $43,548;  real  estate,  $1,145,613;  per- 
sonal estate,  $941,802;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $2,087,415. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Kumber  of  acres  of  land, 
17,264;  value,  $50,033;  city  property,  $8,619;  money,  etc.,  $210;  mer- 
chandise, $230;  household  furniture,  $16,713;  watches,  etc.,  $433;  farm 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  765 

and  other  animals,  $35,411;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $7,291; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $3,018;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $122,- 
078. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $255,119  in  the  value  of 
all  property  in  the  county  since  1900. 

The  average  attendance  on  the  public  schools  of  Mitchell  county  is 
1,138  in  the  41  schools  for  white,  and  932  in  the  30  for  negroes. 

Population  of  Mitchell  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,442;  white  females,  3,330;  total  white,  6,778; 
colored  males,  4,011;  colored  females,  3,987;  total  colored,  7,989. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  32  horses,  1  mule,  943  sheep,  15  swine. 

MOKROE  COimTY. 

Monroe  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1821,  and  a  part  set 
off  to  Butts  in  1825.  It  was  named  after  James  Monrod,  of  Virginia, 
the  fifth  President  of  the  United  States.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  Butts  on  the  north,  Jasper  and  Jones  on  the  east,  Bibb  on  the 
southeast,  Crawford  on  the  south,  Upson  and  Pike  on  the  west.  Spald- 
ing also  touches  the  western  border  for  a  mile  or  more  in  the  exti-eme 
northwest.  The  Ocmulgee  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  There  are 
also  several  creeks:  Tobesofkee,  Echeconnee,  Phillipi,  Beaverdam,  Deer, 
Eum,  Cook's,  Walker,  Eight  Mile,  Beach,  Shoal  and  Crooked.  Tlie 
Towaliga  river,  or  creek  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  running  across  the 
northern  section,  empties  into  the  Ocmulgee  river.  The  soil  on  the  niT- 
merous  water  courses  is  of  a  dark  chocolate  color,  well  adapted  to  the 
production  of  com,  wheat  and  oats,  while  the  mulatto  and  gray  lands 
are  best  for  all  the  small  grains  and  grasses,  and  for  all  varieties  of  veg- 
etables. Peaches,  apples,  melons  and  all  kinds  of  berries  do  well.  The 
products  of  the  county  find  a  ready  market  in  Forsyth  and  Macon. 

The  lands  of  Monroe  county,  under  a  good  system  of  culture,  will 
yield  by  the  acre :  corn,  rye  and  barley,  20  bushels  each;  wheat,  10  to  40 
bushels;  oats,  25  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  50  to  100  bushels;  swoet  pota- 
tons,  100  to  250  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  30  bushels; 
seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  600 
pounds:  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  150  gallons. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this 
county  18,724  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1800-1000. 

There  is  considerable  improvement  from  year  to  year  in  the  breeds  of 
stork,  and  in  the  attention  given  to  the  care  of  milch-cows.  In  1800 
there  were  in  Monroe  county  341  sheep,  witli  a  wool  clip  of  647  pounds; 
5,.')38  cattle,  104  working  oxen,  2.380  milch-cows  prodnciiiir  ('»r)5,r>41 
gallons  of  milk,  from  which  194,827  pounds  of  butter  and  246  pounds 
of  cheese  were  made.  There  were  also  84,348  domestic  fowls  of  all 
kinds,  producing  137,100  dozens  of  egg^.  Tlio  lionoy  produced  was  24,- 
887  pounds.'  There  were  1,164  horses,  2,705  mules,  1  donkey  and  11,- 
690  hogs. 

3G  Ra 


-^gg  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

A  traveler  on  the  Central  Railroad,  viewing  tke  beautiful  town  of 
Forsyth  and  its  immediate  vicinity,  receives  the  impression  that  this  is  a 
progressive  county.  In  fact  all  the  large  towns  on  the  railroad  from 
Macon  to  Atlanta  make  the  same  favorable  impression. 

Both  the  Ocmulgee  and  Towaliga  have  water  falls  with  fine  locations 
for  factories  and  mills. 

At  Forsyth,  the  county  site,  a  town  of  1,172  inhabitants,  is  the  cotton 
mill  of  the  Forsyth  Manufacturing  Company  with  6,000  spindles  and  a 
home  capital  of  $50,000.  It  is  operated  by  steam.  A  company  has  been 
organized  to  build  another  factory.  There  is  also  at  this  town  a  cotton 
seed  oil-mill  and  guano  factory.  Forsyth  has  two  banks,  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $130,000.  The  district  of  Forsyth,  which  includes  th& 
town,  contains  2,429  inhabitants. 

At  Glover's,  near  Juliette,  is  a  grist  mill,  and  near  by  a  cotton  fac- 
tory. 

There  are  excellent  schools  at  Forsyth.     On  the  right  of  the  railroad 
going  toward  Atlanta  are  the  handsome  buildings  of  the  Monroe  Fe- 
male College,  the  property  of  the  Baptists  of  Georgia.     The  Methodists 
.  also  have  a  good  school  at  this  point.    This  is  a  town  of  good  schools  and 
pretty  church  edifices. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  leading  denominations 
of  the  county.  Every  neighborhood  has  its  school  and  a  church  of  one 
or  more  of  these  denominations. 

In  the  public  schools  the  enrollment  is  1,648  in  the  40  schools  for 
white  pupils  and  3,326  in  the  41  for  colored. 

The  area  of  Monroe  county  is  480  square  miles,  or  307,200  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  20,682,  a  gain  of  1,545  since,  1890;  school  fund, 
$13,942.40. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  294,557;  average    value  per  acre,  $4.30;  city    property, 
$269,754;  shares  in  bank,  $47,800;  money,  etc.,  $160,487;  merchan- 
dise, $100,525;  stocks  and  bonds,  $600;  cotton  factories,  $80,500;  min- 
ing,   $100;  household  furniture,    $128,105;  farm    and  other    animals, 
$179,883;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $52,327;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $8,003;  value  of  all  other  property,  $57,499;  real  estate,  $1,537,- 
817;  personal  estate,  $851,068;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $2,388,885. 
Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:     Number  of  acres,  12,408; 
value,  $62,580;  city  property,  $10,532;  money,  etc.,  $65;  merchandise, 
$310;  household  furniture,  $22,859;  watches,  etc.,  $192;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $36,325;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $10,833;  value  of  aU 
other  property,  $57,499;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $150,726. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $103,910  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Monroe  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,372;  white  females,  3,445;  total  whites, 
6,817;  colored  males,  6,7l7;  colored  females,  7,148;  total  colored, 
13,865.  ' 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  757 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  26  calves,  11  steers,  1  bull,  124  dairy  cows,  105  horses, 
18  mules,  196  swine,  5  goats. 

MOXTGOMEEY  COUNTY. 

Montgomery  County  was  laid  out  from  Washington  in  1793,  and 
named  in  honor  of  General  Richard  Montgomery,  who  on  the  31st  of 
December,  1775,  at  the  head  of  troops  from  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land, was  killed  in  an  attack  upon  the  fortifications  of  Quebec.  Part  oi 
the  county  was  set  off  to  Tattnall  in  1801.  In  1811,  while  a  part  was 
added  to  Laurens,  other  parts  were  taken  from  Telfair  and  Tattnall.  In 
1812  a  part  was  set  off  to  Emanuel.  A  part  was  added  to  it  from  Tatt- 
nall in  1814.  A  part  was  added  to  it  from  Telfair  in  1820,  and  another 
part  in  1833.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  boundaries  of  Montgomery  county 
have  undergone  many  changes. 

It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Emanuel  on  the  northeast, 
Tattnall  on  the  southeast,  Appling  on  the  south,  Telfair  on  the  south- 
west, Dodge  on  the  west,  and  Laurens  on  the  northwest  and  west. 

The  Oconee  river  flows  through  the  center  of  the  county.  The  Little 
Ocmulgee  flowing  along  its  southwestern  boundary  empties  into  the 
Ocmulgee,  which  continues  along  the  southern  border  until  it  unites 
mth  the  Oconee  to  form  the  Altamaha  river.  This  latter  stream  con- 
tinues a  few  miles  more  on  the  southern  border.  There  are  also  many 
creeks,  Lott's,  Limestone,  Flat,  Cypress,  Red  Bluff,  Alligator,  Tiger,  Lit- 
tle, Okewalkee,  Pendleton  and  Swift. 

The  soil  is  a  sandy  loam,  and  under  proper  tillage  will  yield  to  the 
acre:  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100 
bushels  each;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  30  bushels;  seed  cot- 
ton, 500  to  800  pounds;  com  fodder,  300  pounds;  rice,  10  bushels; 
sugar-cane  symp,  250  gallons.  Good  hay  can  be  made,  but  the  wnld 
grasses  afford  such  excellent  pasturage  that  little  attention  is  paid  to  it. 

In  1890  the  county  had  11,479  sheep,  from  which  29,185  pounds  of 
wool  were  clipped.  The  cattle  numbered  13,195,  of  which  3,806  were 
milch-cows,  giving  280,282  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  46,- 
304  pounds  of  butter;  38,055  domestic  fowls  of  every  kind  gave  47,529 
dozens  of  eggs.  There  were  668  horses,  615  mules  and  17,340  hogs. 
The  honey  produced  was  2,106  pounds.  There  were  in  the  county  575 
working  oxen. 

The  nsual  vegetables,  fruits,  berries,  grapes  and  melons  are  raised,  but 
only  for  home  consumption. 

A  large  per  cent,  of  the  original  forest  is  still  standing.  It  consists  of 
lon£r-l<^!if  pine,  cypress,  oak,  hickory  and  ash.  The  annnal  output  of 
Inmbor  in  superficial  feet  is  150,000,000,  at  an  average  price  of  $7  a 
thon=anfl  foot.  This  keeps  in  active  operation  50  sawTnills,  and  12  tur- 
pentine flii^tilletnes  propare  naval  stores  for  the  niarkot. 

The  Oconee  rivrr  furnishes  water  transportation  and  the  Georgia  and 
Alabama  Railroad,  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  affords  transpor- 
tation and  travel  by  land. 


768  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Fifty  grist-mills  supply  the  needs  of  the  citizens  and  the  hands  em- 
ployed in  the  numerous  lumber  mills. 

Mount  Vernon,  on  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  Eailroad,  is  the  county 
site.    There  are  about  25  other  postoffices. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  many  churches  and  a 
large  membership. 

The  schools  are  in  good  condition  and  belong  to  the  public  school 
system  of  the  State.  The  average  attendance  is  1,305  in  the  56  schools^ 
for  whites,  and  811  in  the  28  for  colored. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  in  Savannah. 

Five  thousand  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  from  this  county;  500  from 
Mount  Vernon.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there 
were  ginned  in  this  county  4,858  bales  of  upland  and  534  bales  of  sea- 
island  cotton  during  the  :season  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Montgomery  county  is  744  square  miles,  or  476,160  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  16,359,  a  gain  of  7,111  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,772.85. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved lands,  405,693;  of  wild  lands,  56,823;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  lands,  $2.24;  of  wild  lands,  $1.98;  city  property,  $97,580; 
money,  etc.,  $217,009;  merchandise,  $93,529;  iron  works,  $4,000;  ship- 
ping and  tonnage,  $1,000;  stocks  and  bonds,  $550;  cotton  manufacto- 
ries, $250;  household  furniture,  $106,601;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$269,887;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $38,892;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $5,149;  value  of  all  other  property,  $240,529;  real  estate,  $1,120,- 
917;  personal  estate,  $1,007,116;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $2,128,- 
033. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  !N'umber  of  acres,  13,000; 
value,  $36,590;  city  property,  $2,515;  money,  etc.,  $1,543;  merchan- 
dise, $15;  watches,  etc.,  $428;  household  furniture,  $13,516;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $2,317;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,971;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $2,310;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $84,018. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $84,646  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

The  largest  towns  of  the  county  are  Mount  Vernon  and  Vidalia. 

The  Mount  Vernon  district  includes  the  towns  of  Mount  Vernon  and 
Ailey  and  has  2,205  inhabitants,  of  whom  573  live  in  Mount  Vernon 
and  271  in  Ailey. 

The  Vidalia  district  has  2,342  inhabitants,  of  whom  503  live  in  the 
town  of  Vidalia. 

Population  of  Montgomery  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  5,055;  white  females,  4,598;  total  whites, 
9,653;  colored  males,  3,547;  colored  females,  3,159;  total  colored,  6.706. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1001:  181  calves,  156  steers,  19  bulls,  285  dairy  cows,  123 
horses,  168  mules,  21  sheep,  1,330  swine,  49  goats. 


I         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  7^9 

MORGAX  COUN"TY. 

Morgan  County  was  laid  out  from  Baldwin  in  1S07,  and  was  named 
in  honor  of  General  Daniel  Morgan,  who  was  born  in  New  Jersey,  but 
became  a  citizen  of  Virginia,  commanding  a  regiment  of  riflemen  from 
that  State  in  the  campaign  of  Saratoga,  and  afterwards  as  a  general  un- 
der Xathaniel  Greene  distinguished  for  his  brilliant  victory  at  the  battle 
of  Cowpens  in  South  Carolina,  January  I7th,  1781. 

Morgan  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Oconee  and  Greene 
on  the  northeast,  Greene  on  the  east,  Putnam  on  the  south,  Jasper  on  the 
southwest,  ISTewton  and  Walton  on  the  northwest.  The  Appalachee  river 
runs  along  its  whole  northeastern  border  and  empties  into  the  Oconee, 
which  from  -this  point  runs  do\\Ti  the  eastern  boundary.  Other  tribu- 
taries of  the  Oconee  are  Hard  Labor,  Indian  and  Sugar  creeks  and  Little 
(or  Little  Oconee)  river. 

The  general  character  of  the  soil  is  metamorphic,  undulating  red  clay 
and  mulatto  lands,  interspersed  with  gravelly  formations  and  alluvial 
bottoms.  This,  though  one  of  the  oldest,  is  one  of  the  best  agricultural 
counties  of  Georgia.  A  large  percentage  of  the  land  is  under  good  cul- 
tivation, and  their  average  production  to  the  acre  is:  corn,  15  bushels; 
oats,  25;  wheat,  8  to  10;  rye,  7;  barley,  20;  Irish  potatoes,  200;  sweet 
potatoes,  150;  field  peas,  10;  ground  peas,  50;  seed  cotton,,  1,000 
pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  4,000;  corn  fodder, 
stalk  and  blade,  6,000;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons;  sugar-cane  synip, 
105  gallons.  In  some  sections  of  the  county  com  produces  30  bushels 
to  the  acre,  wheat  25  and  oats  40.  The  land  is  strong  and  easily  worked. 
Much  of  it  is  permanently  set  in  Bermuda  grass.  Hay  is  made  from 
orchard  grass,  red  top,  Bermuda,  crab,  cowpeas  and  clover.  Three  mil- 
lion pounds  of  hay  are  made  in  Morgan  county. 

Of  the  milch-cows  nearly  one-third  are  of  improved  breeds.  In  1800 
the  county  had  3,844  cattle,  157  working  oxen,  1,714  milch-cows  yield- 
ing 426,124  gallons- of  milk,  from  which  were  made  138,419  pounds  of 
butter  and  3,000  pounds  of  cheese.  There  are  several  dairy  farms  near 
Madison.  The  various  kinds  of  poultry  aggregated  in  1890  60,115  and 
produced  110,258  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  gathered  was  l7,18l 
pounds.  There  were  507  sheep,  yielding  942  pounds  of  wool.  There 
wore  687  horses,  2,008  mules,  4  donkeys  and  6,555  hogs.  ]\ruch  atten- 
tion is  now  being  paid  to  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle. 

Vegetables  of  all  kinds,  berries  and  melons  are  raised.  The  truck  sold 
amounts  to  about  $8,000.  Tlio  county  has  2,500  apple  trees  and  20,758 
peach  trees.  The  largest  orchard  in  the  county  has  3,000  trees.  There 
is  a  canning  factory  where  many  farmers  can  their  peaches. 

Timber  products  are  small.  There  are  no  original  forests  left.  Along 
the  streams  second  growlli  pine  and  hardwoods  arc  found.  Tlie  com- 
mon growth  is  mostly  old-field  pino.  Hence  the  lumber  output  from  a 
few  portable  sa\vmills  is  small. 

On  tributaries  of  the  Oconee  arc  ten  grist-mills. 


Y70  QEOROIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

The  Georgia  Railroad  and  the  Macon  and  ISTorthem  branch  of  the 
Central  traverse  the  county,  the  former  from  east  to  west,  the  latter  from 
north  to  south.  They  cross  each  other  at  Madison,  the  county  site,  one 
of  the  most  beautiful  small  cities  of  Georgia,  with  a  population  of  1,992 
in  the  corporate  limits  and  2,888  in  its  entire  district,  located  on  the  ridge 
which  divides  the  waters  of  Sugar  and  Hard  Labor  creeks.  The  city  has 
electric  lights  and  water  works.  The  ladies  of  Madison  are  noted  for 
the  taste  displayed  by  them  in  the  cultivation  of  the  flower  gardens  which 
adorn  so  many  of  their  charming  homes.  The  court-house  and  jail  to- 
gether are  valued  at  $50,000.  A  company  has  been  formed  to  build 
a  cotton  factory,  and  $50,000  has  been  raised  for  that  purpose.  Other 
manufactories  are:  a  fertilizer  factory,  a  cotton  seed  oil-mill  valued  at 
$40,000,  a  cotton  compress,  a  soap  factory,  a  spoke  and  handle  factory 
valued  at  $10,000,  and  a  variety  works  establishment  for  furniture, 
chairs,  etc.,  valued  at  $10,000. 

The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  each  good  church 
buildings  and  good  schools.  There  are  a  Masonic  lodge  and  a  Sons  of 
Temperance  organization. 

All  the  schools  of 'the  county  are  either  wholly  or  in  part  connected 
with  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  They  are  in  every  militia  dis- 
trict for  white  and  colored  separately. 

At  Madison  are  two  banks  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $100,000. 
Besides  Madison  the  postoffices  are  Appalachee,  Austin,  Bostwick,  Buck- 
head,  Cowan,  Fair  Play,  Godfrey,  Mallory,  Maple,  Nolan,  PenningtoUy 
Reese,  Rehoboth  and  Rutledge,  at  which  ratter  place  the  sum  of  $50,000 
has  been  raised  to  erect  a  factory.  There  are  several  life  and  fire  insur- 
ance agencies. 

The  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  from  the  entire  county  amount  to 
25,000  bales,  of  which  the  greater  portion  is  handled  at  Madison.  Ac- 
cording to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county  16,453 
bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Morgan  county  is  346  square  miles,  or  221,440  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  15,813,    a   decrease  of  228  since  1890;    school 
fund,  $11,19T.Y2;  school  fund  of  Madison  City,  $1,391.85. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  218,839;  average  value  per  acre,  $5.19;  city  property, 
$499,435;  shares  in  bank,  $145,798;  cotton  manufactories,  $157,760; 
money,  etc.,  $233,770;  merchandise,  $103,450;  stocks  and  bonds,  $3,- 
200;  iron  works,  $35,384;  household  furniture,  $82,704;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $137,406;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $34,546;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $7,366;  value  of  all  other  property,  $9,282;  real  estate, 
$1,637,000;  personal  estate,  $976,698;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $2,- 
613,689. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres,  5,855; 
value,  $23,208;  city  property,  $27,295;  money,  etc.,  $220;  household 
furniture,  $8,832;  watches,  etc.,  $47;  farm  and  other  animals,  $19,601; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,346;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$4;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $92,553. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  771 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $149,893  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  1900. 

In  the  public  schools  of  Morgan  county  the  average  attendance  is  603 
in  the  24  schools  for  white  pupils,  and  984  in  the  26  for  colored.  In 
the  white  schools  of  the  city  of  Madison  there  ai'e  enrolled  200  pupils, 
and  in  the  colored  schools  137. 

Population  of  Morgan  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,620;  white  females,  2,587;  total  white, 
5,207;  colored  males,  5,261;  colored  females,  5,345;  total  colored, 
10,606. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  50  calves,  74  steers,  179  dairy  cows,  122  horses,  24  mules, 
344  swine,  18  goats. 

MUEEAY  COmSTTY. 
Murray  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  and  organized  in  1832. 
It  was  named  for  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Murray. 

Part  of  the  county  was  set  off  to  Walker  in  1833  and  a  part  to  Cass 
(now  Bartow)  county  in  1834.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State 
of  Tennessee,  on  the  east  by  Fannin  and  Gilmer  counties,  on  the  south 
by  Gordon,  and  on  the  west  by  Whitfield  county.  It  is  watered  by  the 
Connesauga  and  Coosawattee  rivers  with  their  numerous  tributary 
creeks.  The  former  of  these  rivers  flows  along  the  entire  western  bound- 
ary, while  the  latter  crosses  the  southeastern  part  of  the  county.  Their 
united  waters  form  the  Oostenaula,  which  joins  with  the  Etowah  at 
Kome  to  form  the  Coosa.  The  Coosawattee  being  navigable  nearly  all 
the  year  furnishes  water  transportation  to  Rome,  the  leading  market  of 
Xorthwest  Georgia.  No  railroad  traverses  the  county,  but  the  Western 
and  Atlantic  runs  close  to  its  southwestern  border.  Dalton,  in  Whit- 
field county,  where  this  road  crosses  the  Southern  Railway,  is  the  chief 
market  for  a  large  part  of  Murray  county. 

The  land  is  fertile  and  has  fine  pasturage  for  sheep  and  cattle.  The 
average  yield  of  crops  to  the  acre  is:  com,  25  bushels;  oats,  35;  wheat, 
25;  rye,  30;  Irish  potatoes,  150;  sweet  potatoes,  200;  cotton,  600  pounds; 
crab-grass  hay,  3,200;  clover,  4,000;  fodder,  600;  sorghum  symp,  150 
gallons.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  this  county  2,586  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

In  1890  there  were  2,506  sheep  in  the  county  yielding  4,557  pounds 
of  wool.  There  Avero  5,656  cattle,  378  working  oxen,  1,041  niiloh-cows, 
which  produce  513,110  gallons  of  milk,  from  whieli  were  made  135,139 
pounds  of  butter  and  97  pounds  of  cheese.  Tlie  domestic  fowls  of  all 
varieties  aggregated  68,021  and  prodncod  83,146  dozens  of  oc!:^:?:  Tlie 
honey  gathered  amounted  to  17,755  pounds.  There  were  1,026  horses, 
840  mules,  17  donkeys  and  8,511  hogs. 

This  county  is  rich  in  minerals.  The  Cohutta  !^^onnt:lin  range  crosses 
its  eastern  section.  On  these  mountains  profitable  mining  has  been  done. 
In  sholtorod  orchards  along  this  famous  raoge  some  of  the  most  luscious 
fruit  is  grown. 


772  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Spring  Place,  once  a  missionary  station  among  the  Clierokees,  now  a 
thriving  little  town,  is  the  county  site.  It  is  situated  in  the  midst  of 
charming  scenery  with  the  Cohutta  Mountains  in  full  view.  This  town 
has  a  handsome  court-house,  good  schools  and  churches.  The  whole 
county  is  well  provided  with  schools,  and  churches  of  the  Baptists  and 
Methodists  are  in  every  section.  The  average  attendance  of  pupils  in 
the  public  schools  is  1,005  in  the  38  schools  for  whites,  and  120  in  the  5 
schools  for  colored  pupils. 

The  area  of  Murray  county  is  352  square  miles,  or  225,280  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  8,623,  an  increase  of  162  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $6,499.66. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  188,267;  of  wild  land,  40,165;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $3.60;  of  wild  land,  $0.29;  city  property,  $14,400; 
money,  etc.,  $89,077;  merchandise,  $17,330;  household  furniture,  $43,- 
846;  farm  and  other  animals,  $153,523;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$38,950;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,293;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$17,178;  real  estate,  $704,316;  personal  estate,  $368,595;  aggregate 
value  property,  $1,072,911. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  !N"umber  of  acres  of  land, 
350;  value,  $635;  household  furniture,  $753;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$2,712;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $450;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $76;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $4,975. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $7,009  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900i 

Cohutta  Springs  are  10  miles  from  Spring  Place  on  the  waters  of 
Sumac  creek.  The  water  is  said  to  possess  splendid  medicinal  properties. 
There  are  fine  springs  in  almost  every  section  of  the  county. 

On  the  Cohutta  Mountains  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  fort,  for 
what  purpose  erected  none  can  tell. 

Population  of  Murray  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4^075;  white  females,  4,027;  total  white, 
8,102;  colored  males,  258;  colored  females,  263;  total  colored,  521. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900 :  1  calf,  4  dairy  cows,  3  horses,  2  mules,  12  swine. 

MUSCOGEE  COUNTY. 
Muscogee  County  was  laid  out  in  1826,  and  named  for  an  Indian 
tribe  which  once  inhabited  that  part  of  the  State.  In  1827  parts  were 
set  off  to  Harris,  Talbot  and  Marion  counties,  and  in  1829  parts  were 
taken  from  Marion  and  Harris.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  coun- 
ties: Harris  and  Talbot  on  the  north,  Talbot  and  Marion  on  the  east, 
and  Chattahoochee  on  the  south.  The  State  of  Alabama,  from  which  it 
is  separated  by  the  Chattahoochee  river,  bounds  it  on  the  west.  The 
Chattahoochee  affords  steamboat  navigation  from  the  city  of  Columbus 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  smaller  streams,  all  tributaries  of  this  river, 
are  Upatoi,  Randall's,  ISTocheefaloochee,  Bull,  Standing  Boy,  Juniper 
and  West  End  creeks. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^^D  INDUSTRIAL.  773 

The  soil  is  very  much  mixed.  Half  of  the  county  is  in  the  cretaceous 
and  half  in  the  metamorphic  region.  In  the  northeni  section  are  rolling, 
red  clay  lands;  in  the  southern,  sandy  loams;  on  the  Chattahoochee  river 
hummock  lands;  through  the  center  of  the  county,  a  mulatto  strip.  The 
timber  growth  is  just  as  varied;  from  yellow  pine  and  hummock  to  oak 
and  chestnut.  The  water  is  both  limestone  and  freestone.  A  great  deal 
of  the  land  along  the  Chattahoochee  river  is  unsurpassed  anywhere  in 
fertility.  In  the  portion  subject  to  overflows  so  great  is  the  yield  that  if 
only  one  crop  in  every  three  should  succeed,  the  river  lands  prove  very 
profitable  to  the  owners. 

Taking  the  average  of  all  lands  in  the  county  the  yield  to  the  acre  is: 
com,  10  to  12  bushels;  oats,  11  bushels;  seed  cotton,  520  pounds;  hay, 
3,600;  sugar-cane  syrup,  100  gallons.  The  hay  is  chiefly  made  from 
crab  and  Johnson  grasses.  On  the  best  lands  the  yield  to  the  acre  is: 
corn,  50  bushels;  oats,  40  bushels;  seed  cotton,  1,000  pounds. 

Fi-uits,  melons,  hemes  and  vegetables  of  every  description  are  raised, 
especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Columbus,  for  marketing  purposes,  and  are 
very  remunerative  to  those  engaged  in  this  industry.  Watermelons  and 
cantaloupes  are  very  fine  and  bring  good  profits  in  the  Columbus  market. 
There  are  25  market  gardens,  large  and  small,  and  the  value  of  truck 
sold  amounts  to  more  than  $30,000.  There  are  in  this  county  127,980 
acres  of  farm  lands,  cleared  and  uncleared,  divided  into  farms  averaging 
about  600  acres  each,  every  one  of  which  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
water  flowing  from  bold  springs.  Irrigation  is  practiced  to  some  extent. 
There  are  25  dairy  farms,  whose  capacity  is  600  gallons  of  milk  and 
500  pounds  of  butter  per  diem.  The  Jersey  is  the  favorite  cow.  The 
foods  preferred  as  giving  the  best  results  are  wheat  bran,  cotton  seed 
meal,  corn  meal,  ensilage  and  hay  from  the  peavine  and  from  crab  and 
Johnson  grasses. 

The  rearing  of  beef  cattle  for  the  market  is  attracting  more  attention 
than  ever  before.  It  is  estimated  that  the  interest  this  year — 1900 — has 
increased  50  per  cent.  In  1890  there  were  in  Muscogee  county  3,005 
cattle,  155  working  oxen,  1,484  milch-cows  yielding  375,664  gallons  of 
milk,  from  which  were  produced  96,604  pounds  of  butter.  There  were 
27,710  domestic  fowls,  producing  61,155  dozens  of  eggs.  The  consump- 
tion of  poultry  is  about  five  times  as  much  as  are  raised.  This  is  prob- 
ably true  also  of  butter  and  eggs,  all  of  which  are  brought  in  from  sur- 
rounding counties.  The  honey  produced  in  the  coimty  amounted  in 
1890  to  8,559  pounds. 

There  were  also  reported  in  1S90  148  shoep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  290 
pounds;  463  horses,  972  mules,  2  donkeys  and  3,338  swine.  These  sta- 
tistics do  not  inchulo  the  live  stock  in  the  city  of  Colnmbus. 

Many  fish  are  caught  in  the  river  and  creeks,  and  many  are  brought 
in  from  other  points.     Game  is  plentiful. 

Very  little  of  the  original  timber  is  left  in  the  county,  not  more  than 
20  per  cent.  About  40  per  cent,  of  the  county  is  under  cultivation  and! 
40  per  cent,  of  what  was  onco  cuUivntod  is  covorod  witli  n  second  gi-owt,h 
of  timber.     Pine  predominates,  but  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county 


774  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

there  is  considerable  oak,  hickory,  poplar,  chestnut  and  dogwood.     The 
products  are  slight.     Some  shingles,  staves,  etc.,  are  sawed,  perhaps  $8,- 

000  worth  in  all. 

Earm  lands  in  Muscogee  county  can  be  bought  at  from  $5  to  $40  an 
acre. 

There  are  in  Muscogee  county  five  florists'  establishments  doing  a 
good  business. 

Columbus,  the  fifth  city  of  the  State  in  population,  is  the  second  in  the 
south  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton  goods,  Augusta  alone  exceeding  it. 
Columbus  has  for  49  years  been  a  cotton  and  woolen  manufacturing 
point,  and  there  is  here  an  abundance  of  skilled  white  labor,  the  only 
kind  used  in  the  cotton  and  woolen  mills  of  Georgia.  The  Eagle  and 
Phoenix  Manufacturing  Company  has  three  mills  with  an  aggregate  of 
1,492  looms  and  50,000  spindles.  Their  mills  use  18,000  bales  of  cotton 
per  annum.  The  Muscogee  Mills  have  450  looms  and  16,000  spindles, 
and  use  7,500  bales  of  cotton.  The  Swift  Mills  have  400  looms  and 
13,000  spindles,  and  use  5,200  bales  of  cotton.  The  Hamburger  Mills 
have  210  looms  and  6,000  spindles,  and  use  2,800  bales.  The  Columbus 
Manufacturing  Company's  mill  has  800  looms  and  25,000  spindles,  and 
uses  6,500  bales  of  cotton.  The  grand  total  is  3,352  looms,  110,000 
spindles  and  40,000  bales  of  cotton.  The  Bibb  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, of  Macon,  is  putting  up  a  new  mill  which  will  have  600  looms  and 
20,000  spindles.  Some  of  the  mills  of  Columbus  gin  the  cotton  received 
from  the  farm  and  then  save  the  cost  of  baling.  The  total  receipts  of 
cotton  at  warehouses  and  compresses  are  150,000  bales  a  year.  The 
warehouse  receipts  alone  are  60,000  bales. 

Other  manufactories  at  Columbus  are:  a  sugar  refinery,  2  compresses, 
2  cotton  seed  oil-mills,  2  flour  and  grist-mills,  4  lumber  and  planing 
mill,  2  foundries  valued  at  $200,000,  1  plow  and  1  gin  factory,  1  barrel 
factory,  3  sash  and  blind  factories,  1  furniture  factory,  1  box  factory,  1 
showcase  manufactory,  1  ice  factory,  wagon,  broom  and  pants  factories, 

1  guano  factory,  cider  and  vinegar  works,  marble  yards  and  brick  yards, 
and  one  canning  factory  with  a  capacity  of  8,000  cans  daily.  The  num- 
ber of  hands  employed  in  all  these  manufactories  is  3,000,  receiving 
wages  amounting  to  $15,300  a  week. 

Five  cotton,  1  woolen  and  1  flour-mill  are  operated  by  water-power. 
There  are  two  falls  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city,  and  in  this 
county  are  17,000  horse-powers  yet  undeveloped.  Immediately  conticn-i- 
ous  to  the  city  and  extending  for  forty  miles  north  is  an  inexhaustible 
supply  of  water  power  yet  to  be  developed. 

Corporations  of  any  respectable  magnitude,  wishing  to  locate  in  Co- 
lumbus, can  obtain  free  and  ample  mill  sites,  well  located  for  steam 
mill  plants  with  railroad  front. 

Columbus  enjoys  a  fine  wholesale  trade,  and  the  present  jobbing 
trade  of  the  city  reaches  eleven  Southern  States. 

There  are  five  banks  in  the  city  with  a  combined  capital  of  $550,000. 

About  80  life  and  fire  insurance  companies  are  representel  by  20  agen- 
cies. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  ASD  INDUSTRIAL.  775 

The  city  has  gas  and  electric  lights,  water  works,  an  electric  street  rail- 
road and  two  power  houses. 

Seven  railroads  center  here,  and  two  of  them  have  shops  at  this  point. 

Four  lines  of  steamboats,  plying  on  the  river,  give  competition  in 

freight  bv  water.    The  court-house  cost  $105,000,  the  hospital,  eug'ino 

house  and  market  $40,000,  the  United  States  postoffice  $125,000.    Two 

bridges  spanning  the  Chattahoochee  cost  $25,000. 

There  are  18  churches  for  whites,  valued  at  $265,000,  and  11  for 
colored,  valued  at  $48,000.     All  denominations  are  represented. 

Columbus  was  the  first  city  in  the  south  to  adopt  the  graded  public 
school  system.  There  are  6  city  public  schools  for  white  and  4  for  col- 
ored children.  The  whole  county  is  well  provided  with  schools  and 
churches. 

The  average  attendance  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  of  Muscogee 
county  outside  of  the  city  of  Columbus  is  400  in  the  IS  schools  for 
whites,  and  678  in  the  19 'for  colored  pupils.  In  the  city  schools  of  Co- 
lumbus, which  also  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia,  there 
are  enrolled  1,222  in  the  schools  for  whites,  and  1,368  in  the  schools 
for  colored.  Besides  these  there  are  323  pupils  in  private  institutions 
for  whites,  and  160  in  the  industrial  school  for  colored  pupils. 

In  this  connection  the  important  work  done  by  the  Eagle  and  Phoenix 
Manufacturing  Company  for  its  operatives,  through  the  agency  of  its 
president,  G.  Gunby  Jordan,  is  worthy  of  all  praise.     The  Eagle  and 
Phoenix  Club  was  instituted  for  the  exclusive  benefit  of  the  1,800  oper- 
atives of  that  great  corporation.  It  has  a  large,  bell-built  brick  building, 
which  embraces  an  auditorium  capable  of  seating  about  800  people,  a 
gymnasium  and  a  free  circulating  library  of  over  a  thousand  volumes. 
Each  member  of  the  club  is  allowed  to  take  home  two  copies  from  this 
library  at  one  time,  and  thus  his  family  gets  as  much  benefit  from  it  as 
he  does  himself.    A  physical  instructor  is  constantly  employed  wlio  meets 
classes  in  gymnastics  and  athletics  three  times  a  week.  At  the  auditorium 
a  lyceum  course,  embracing  twelve  numbers,  is  regularly  given  during 
the  winter  months.     These  evening  entertainments  are  of  the  best  and 
include  illustrated  lectures  of  travel,  dramatic  entertainments  of  a  higli 
order,  experiments  in  electricity,  chemistry  and  liquid  air.     In  addition 
to  these  are  concerts  given  by  the  individual  members  of  the  club  or 
their  friends.     A  musical  class  is  tnuglit  by  capable  professors.     In  tlie 
library  much  of  the  current  literature  of  the  day  can  be  obtained.  ^ 

Other  manufacturing  establishments  in  Georgia  have  adopted  similar 
arranfrcmonts  for  the  benefit  of  their  operatives. 

According  to  the  census  of  1000  the  popiihition  in  the  corporate  limits 
of  Oobimbiis  was  17,617,  bnt,  including  suburban  resorts,  it  amounts  to 

about  25,000.  ,    i       r      i     4 

In  1000  there  were  ginnofl  in  Muscogee  county  7,042  bales  of  upland 

cotton,  which  amount  represents  nenriy  tlie  produftion  of  the  county. 
The  area  of  Muscogee  conntv  is  255  square  miles,  or  163,200  acres. 

The  population  in  1900  was  29,836,  a  gain  of  2,075  since  1890.     Tlie 

school  fund  for  the  county  was,  by  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of 


776  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Education,  $7,646.63  for  1900,  and  to  this  should  be  added  the  special 
assessment  for  the  local  system  of  Columbus,  amounting  to  $9,515.35. 

The  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  gives  the  property 
returned  for  taxation  as  follows:  Acres  of  improved  land,  139,597; 
value  per  acre,  $9.39;  city  and  town  property,  $6,046,665;  gas  and  elec- 
tric lights,  $92,600;  shares  in  bank,  $516,015;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$1,077,920;  building  and  loan  associations,  $216,190;  merchandise, 
$989,095;  shipping  and  mining,  $24,000;  stocks  and  bonds,  $453,790; 
cotton  manufactories,  $943,530;  iron  works,  $158,100;  household  furni- 
ture, $544,735;  farm  and  other  animals,  $119,875;  plantation  and  me- 
<;hanical  tools,  $42,455;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $51,030;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $138,205;  real  estate,  $7,457,615;  personal  estate,  $5,- 
497,540;  aggiTgate  value  of  whole  property,  $12,206,545. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,448;  value,  $91,175;  city  or  town  property,  $153,735;  money  and  sol- 
vent debts,  $1,815;  merchandise,  $695;  household  furniture,  $68,930; 
Avatches,  etc.,  $405;  farm  and  other  animals,  $12,580;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools  $1,990;  value  of  all  other  property,  $315;  aggregate 
value  of  all  property,  $331,640. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $1,043,285  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Muscogee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  6,813;  white  females,  7,416;  total  white, 
14,229;  colored  males,  7,026;  colored  females,  8,581;  total  colored, 
15,607. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Columbus  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  4,881;  white  females,  5,456;  total  white,' 
10,337;  colored  males,  3,009;  colored  females,  4,268;  total  colored, 
7,277. 

The  population  of  Columbus,  17,614. 

Domestic  animals  in  Muscogee  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  109  calves,  8  steers,  5  bulls,  383  dairy 
cows,  550  horses,  181  mules,  620  swine,  46  goats. 

NEWTON  COUNTY. 

Newton  County  was  laid  out  from  Jasper,  "Walton  and  Henry  in  1821. 
Part  of  it  was  given  back  to  Jasper  in  1822  and  again  in  1834.  A  part 
was  given  to  DeKalb  in  1826. 

This  county  was  named  in  honor  of  Sergeant  John  Newton,  a  com- 
panion of  Sergeant  Jasper,  and  a  sharer  with  his  friend  in  the  brilliant 
rescue  of  an  American  prisoner  from  a  British  guard,  consisting  of  a 
sergeant  and  eight  men,  at  a  spring  two  miles  from  Savannah,  just  within 
the  edge  of  a  forest  of  oaks  and  gums. 

Newton  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  Walton  county  on  the  north- 
east, Morgan  and  Jasper  on  the  southeast,  Butts  and  Henry  on  the  south- 
west, and  Rockdale  on  the  northwest.  Terminating  in  a  point  both  at 
the  north  and  south  Newton  county  has  no  strictly  northern  or  southern 
boundary. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  777 

The  streams  are  the  South,  Yellow  and  Alcovy  rivers,  all  tributaries 
of  the  Ocmulgee,  -which  bounds  it  for  a  short  distance  on  the  extreme 
south. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  metamorphic  formation.  The  surface  is  roll- 
ing, and  broken  in  the  southern  and  southeastern  parts  of  the  county. 
The  soil  is  a  stiff  red  claj,  with  some  gray  land  in  the  eastern  and  north- 
em  portions.  The  lands  under  proper  cultivation  will  yield  per  acre  ac- 
cording to  location  on  uplands  or  bottom  landi>:  corn,  12  to  20  bush- 
els; wheat,  T  to  10  bushels;  oats,  10  to  30  bushels;  rye,  8  to  10  bushels; 
barley,  20  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  125  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bush- 
els; tield-peas,  8  to  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  30  bushels;  seed  cotton,  500 
to  700  pounds;  crab-grass,  2,500  pounds;  Bermuda,  2,000  poimds;  corn 
fodder,  blade  and  stalk,  4,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  75  gallons;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  100  gallons. 

The  farmers  are  beginning  to  pay  considerable  attention  to  hay  from 
the  cow-pea  vines  and  such  grasses  as  Bermuda,  crab,  clover,  and  red-top. 
All  forage  crops  do  well. 

Attention  is  being  paid  to  the  improvement  of  dairy  cattle  and  the 
Jersey  is  the  favorite.  There  is  one  dairy  farm  with  a  capacity  of  50 
gallons  of  milk  a  day.  There  are  cows  owned  by  the  majority  of  farm- 
ers, and  butter  is  made  on  every  farm.  In  1890  there  were  in  Newton 
county  3,888  cattle,  of  which  1,568  were  milch-cows  producing  404,505 
gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  110,332  pounds  of  butter  and  108 
pounds  of  cheese.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  numbered  70,064 
and  produced  100,826  dozens  of  eggs.  There  was  also  a  product  of  14,- 
840  pounds  of  honey.  There  w^ere  299  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  482 
pounds,  686  horses,  1,596  mules,  5  donkeys  and  5,080  hoge. 

Vegetables,  berries,  melons  and  fruits  are  raised  in  sufficient  quantities 
for  home  consumption.  The  truck  sold  amounts  to  $8,000.  There  are 
39,672  peach-trees,  6,678  apple-trees,  4,100  plum-trees,  1,730  pear-trees, 
and  750  cherry  trees. 

The  hardwood  forest  growth,  except  in  the  southwesteini  and  south- 
eastern section  of  the  county,  is  almost  destroyed.  It  has  been  mainly 
succeeded  by  a  second  growth  of  short-leaf  pine.  The  timber  products 
are  inconsiderable,  perhaps  $4,500  worth  annually  in  "old-field"  pine 
lumber  and  some  oak  and  poplar. 

The  water-powers  utilized  are:  on  South  river,  3  mills,  47  horse-pow- 
ere;  on  Yellow  river,  8  mills,  267  horse-powers;  on  Alcovy  river,  4  mills, 
93  hor=e-powers.  The  water-powers  not  utilized  are:  On  Oemulgoe  river, 
1,614  gross  horse-power;  on  South  river,  1,418  gross  horse-power;  on 
Yellow  river,  4,395  gross  horse-power;  on  Alcovy  river,  531  gross  horse- 
power, 

Covington,  the  county  seat,  nanied  for  General  Covington,  is  located 
on  a  riflge  3^  miles  east  of  "^'cllow  river  and  3  miles  west  of  the  Alcovy. 
It  has  a  court-house  worth  $35,000.  A  street  railway  connects  the  busi- 
ness portion  of  the  city  with  the  railroad  stntion.  'Hie  (Joorgia  rnilrn.id 
connf'f'ts  it  with  Atlanta  and  Augnsta,  and  a  branch  of  thr;  Central  of 
Georma,  with  Macon  and  Savannah.     It  has  for  whites  3  iMcthodist 


778  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

churclies,  1  PresbTterian  and  one  Baptist,  and  for  colored  people  2  Bap- 
tist and  2  Methodist  churcheB.  Churches  for  white  and  colored  are  in 
every  village  in  the  county.  Covington  has  a  fine  system  of  public 
schools.  It  has  a  successful  bank  with  a  paid  up  capital  of  $80,000.  A 
new  cotton-mill  to  manufacture  sheetings  is  approaching  completion.  It 
will  have  320  looms  and  5,000  spindles.  The  capital  invested  is  $100,- 
000.  Connected  with  Covington  by  a  short  railroad  is  the  Porterdale 
Mill,  belonging  to  the  Bibb  Manufacturing  Company  of  Macon.  This 
mill  has  in  operation  80  looms  and  6,000  spindles,  and  a  capital  of  $125,- 
000.  There  are  altogether  in  JSTewton  county  10  sawmills.  Several  grist- 
mills on  the  water  courses  have  already  been  mentioned.  The  manu- 
factories of  every  sort  in  Newton  county  are  31,  with  an  annual  output 
of  $193,472.  This  will  be  greatly  increased  when  the  new  cotton-miU 
gets  into  operation.  The  mill  at  Porterdale  uses  12,000  bales  of  cotton 
annually. 

The  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  of  Covington  are  about  15,000 
bales.  The  population  of  this  city  is  2,062,  and  of  the  whole  district, 
3,083.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  Newton  county  14,373  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  sea- 
son of  1899-1900. 

About  two  miles  to  the  northwest  of  Covington  is  Oxford,  a  town  of 
800  inhabitants,  the  seat  of  Emory  College,  which  is  one  of  the  foremost 
educational  institutions  in  the  South,  and  the  property  of  the  North  and 
South  Georgia  and  Florida  conferences  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  South.  The  population  of  the  whole  district  of  Oxford  is  1,149. 
This  town  is  connected  with  Covington  by  a  street  railway.  Other  post- 
offices  are  Almand,  Cora,  King,  Sequin,  Newborn,  Newton  Factory, 
Snapping  Shoals,  Sarrsville,  Stewart  and  Winston. 

Newton  is  one  of  the  best  counties  in  Middle  Georgia  with  a  cultured 
and  refined  population,  enjoying  the  best  religious  and  educational  ad- 
vantages. 

This  county  has  brick  clay  and  gi-anite  of  excellent  quality.  One  gran- 
ite quarry  is  in  operation. 

The  area  of  Newton  county  is  259  square  miles,  or  165,760  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  16,734,  a  gain  of  2,424  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,773.34;  Covington  city  school  fund,  $1,266.11. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  166,673;  average  value  per  acre,  $5.88;  city  property,  $45,- 
241;  shares  in  bank,  $50,000;  money,  etc.,  $326,385;  merchandise, 
$115,520;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,350;  cotton  manufactories,  $549,270; 
household  furniture,  $116,015;  farm  and  other  animals,  $155,261; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $48,000;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $9,514; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $38,400;  real  estate,  $1,428,636;  personal 
estate,  $1,459,665.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,865,063. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
4,074;  value,  $24,303;  city  propertv,  $65,585;  money,  $1,385;  merchan- 
dise, $100;  household  furniture,  $12,239;  watches,  etc.,  $313;  farm  and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A.VD    INDUSTRIAL.  779 

other  animals,  $21,253;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $5,338;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $773.00.    Aggregate  value  of  property,  $104,693. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  of  $136,845  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

The  average  attendance  of  pupils  in  the  public  schools  is  920  in  the 
28  schools  for  whites,  and  689  in  the  27  schools  for  colored  pupils.  The 
city  of  Covington  has  an  enrollment  of  233  in  the  white  schools,  and  250 
in  the  colored  schools. 

Population  of  Xe^vton  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,348;  white  females,  4,241;  total  white, 
8,589;  colored  males,  3,955;  colored  females,  4,190;  total  colored,  8,145. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  92  calves,  34  steers,  3  bulls,  141  dairy  cows,  106  horses, 
21  mules,  33  sheep,  279  s\\ine  and  2  goats. 

OCOKEE  COimTY. 

Oconee  County  was  laid  out  from  Clarke,  and  derived  its  name 
from  the  Oconee  river.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Clarke 
on  the  northeast,  Oglethorpe  on  the  east,  Greene  on  the  south,  Morgan 
and  Walton  on  the  southwest,  and  Walton  and  Jackson  on  the  northwest. 
The  Oconee  river  is  on  its  eastern  boundary,  the  Appalachee  on  the  south- 
west boundary.  Barber  creek,  running  a  short  distance  on  its  north- 
eastern border,  empties  into  the  Oconee  river. 

The  surface  of  the  country  is  broken  and  hilly.  The  soil  is  meta- 
morphic,  with  red  and  gi-ay  lands.  According  to  culture  and  location  the 
lands  will  yield:  com,  10  to  15  bushels;  oats,  10  to  20;  wheat,  6  to  12; 
rye,  7  to  9;  barley,  20  to  30;  Irish  potatoes,  100  to  175;  sweet  potatoes, 
125  to  150;  field-peas,  8  to  15;  ground-peas,  20  to  40;  seed  cotton,  500 
to  600  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000  to  4,000  pounds;  clover,  3,750  to 
5,000  pounds;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  4,500  to  6,000  pounds;  corn  fodder, 
250  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  120  to  150  gallons;  sugar-cane  symp,  75  to 
100  gallons.  According  to  the  United  State  census  of  1900,  there  were 
ginned  in  this  county,  7,349  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

Some  attention  is  paid  to  the  improvement  of  dairy  cattle.  The  whole 
number  of  cattle  in  the  county  in  1890  was  3,102.  There  were  1,218 
milch-cows  yielding  330,490  gallons  of  milk  and  120,915  ponndss  of  hnt- 
ter.  All  kinds  of  poultry  aggregated  51,851,  and  yielded  52,056  dozens 
of  eggs.  The  production  of  honey  was  11,043  pounds.  There  were  595 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  894  pounds,  589  horses,  756  mules,  3  donkeyp 
and  4,409  hogs. 

In  addition  to  vegetablofs,  berries  and  melons  consumed  on  the  farms 
abont  $3,000  worth  are  sold  annually.  The  peach-trees  number  17,521, 
and  the  apple-trees,  5,993. 

Alone  the  streams  for  the  most  part  the  forest  growth  consists  of  svca- 
more,  poplar,  maple,  ash  and  gnm.  Other  sections  have  onk,  hickory, 
chestnut  and  walnut.  There  is  also  some  short-leaf  pine.  The  output  of 
the  sawmills  is  about  $5,000  worth. 


780  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  mineral  products  consist  of  some  mica,  feldspar,  hornblende  and 
gneiss.    The  water  is  pure  freestone. 

On  the  Oconee  and  tributaries  4  grist-mills  employ  360  horse-powers. 
The  gross  unutilized  horse-powers  of  the  Oconee  river  are  4,923.  There 
are  altogether  14  manufactories  with  an  output  valued  at  $46,836.  At 
High  Shoals,  on  the  Appalachee  river,  is  a  cotton  factory  with  150  looms, 
5,000  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $150,000. 

Watkinsville,  the  county  site,  is  located  within  a  belt  of  red  lands 
which  run  across  the  county  from  the  upper  portion  of  Clarke  southward 
into  Morgan  county.  It  is  on  the  Macon  and  northern  branch  of  the 
Central  of  Georgia  Kailroad,  which  traverses  the  county  from  north  to 
south.  The  Seaboard  Air  Line  Railroad  runs  across  the  northeast  cor- 
ner of  Oconee  county.  The  Watkinsville  district  contains,  1,535  inhabit- 
ants, of  whom  351  live  in  the  town. 

This  county  has  22  schools  for  whites,  and  16  for  colored,  and  the 
average  attendance  is  621  whites  and  739  colored.  Churches  for  both 
races  are  found  in  every  section  of  the  county.  The  Baptists  and  Method- 
ists are  the  leading  denominations. 

The  area  of  Oconee  county  is  184  square  miles,  or  117,760  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  8,602,  a  gain  of  889  since  1890:  school  fund, 
$6,102.92. 

By  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of 
improved  land,  112,614;  average  value  to  the  acre,  $5.95;  city  property, 
$18,980;  gas  and  electric  light  companies,  $596;  money,  $57,389;  mer- 
chandise, $17,095;  cotton  manufactories,  $65,000;  value  of  household 
furniture,  $57,851;  farm  and  other  animals,  $101,587;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $31,817;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,619;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $20,118;  real  estate,  $688,992;  personal  estate,  $360,- 
253.     Aggregate  value  of  property,  $1,049,245. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  2,667; 
value,  $17,045;  merchandise,  $50;  money,  $375;  household  furniture, 
$10,650;  farm  and  other  animals,  $15,546;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $4,097;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,193.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $48,979. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $26,890  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Oconee  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,083;  white  females,  2,106;  total  white, 
4,189;  colored  males,  2,199;  colored  females,  2,214;  total  colored,  4.413. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  16  calves,  1  steer,  38  dairy  cows,  20  horses,  3  mules,  41 
swine. 

OGLETHORPE  COimTY. 

Oglethorpe  County  was  laid  out  in  1793.  A  part  was  taken  from 
Greene  in  1794.  The  boundories  were  somewhat  ehnnsrprl  in  1799.  when 
parts  of  Oglethorpe  were  added  to  Greene,  and  parts  of  Greene  to  Ogle- 
thorpe.   A  part  was  set  off  to  Madison  county  in  1811,  and  a  portion  was 


VVICKSON. 

This  plum  stands  pre-eminent  amon^;  all  plums  in  its  rare  combination  of  y.ood  qualitii-s. 
color  of  the  fruit  is  dark  crimson  upon  a  yellow  ground.      Ripens  just  after  Burbank. 
Will  keep  two  weeks  or  more  after  ripening.      Don'  I  fail  to  try  ll'ickson. 


The 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  781 

taken  from  Clarke  in  1813.  Another  part  was  set  oS  to  Taliaferro  in 
1825,  and  a  part  added  to  Madison  county  in  1831.  This  county  was 
named  for  General  James  Edward  Oglethorpe,  one  of  the  founders  and 
the  lirst  governor  of  Georgia.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Madison 
county,  northeast  by  Elbert,  on  the  east  by  AVilkes,  on  the  southeast  by 
Wilkes  and  Taliaferro,  south  by  Greene  and  west  by  Clarke  and  Oconee. 
Broad  river  separates  the  county  from  Elbert,  and  the  Oconee  river 
forms  a  part  of  its  western  boundary.  Little  river  is  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  the  county.  Other  streams  are:  Long,  Clouds,  Dry  Fork,  Big, 
Buffalo,  Indian,  Beaver  Dam  and  Falling  creeks. 

Although  there  are  so  many  streams,  the  fish  have  nearly  all  been 
caught  out  of  them,  and  most  of  the  game  has  been  destroyed  by  the 
negroes. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  hilly.  The  soil  is  varied.  In  the  western 
part  it  is  red  or  mulatto,  in  the  central  portion  gray  sandy,  and  in  the 
eastern  a  mixture  of  both.  The  soils  result  from  decomposition  of  gran- 
ite, gneiss,  slates  and  hornblendic  slates.  According  to  location  and 
mode  of  cultivation  the  lands  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  10  to  15  bushels; 
wheat,  8  to  15  bushels;  oats,  12  to  15  bushels;  rye,  10  to  15  bushels; 
barley,  20  to  25  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  80  to  100;  sweet  potatoes,  50  to 
100  bushels;  field-peas,  10  to  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  25  to  50  bushels; 
seed  cotton,  500  to  700  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  3,000  pounds;  Bermuda, 
and  clover,  each  4,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  500  pounds;  sorghum  syrup, 
100  gallons.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were 
ginned  in  this  county  19,276  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  season  of 
1899-1900. 

This  county  is  well  adapted  to  the  grass  and  forage  crops.  Those  who 
make  hay  find  it  very  remunerative.  There  are  two  dairy  fanns  with 
100  or  more  pure  bred  cattle.  Some  other  farmers  in  the  county  have 
pure  bred  and  mixed  cattle.  There  is  also  improvement  in  the  breed  of 
beef  cattle.  The  dairy  cows  preferred  are  Jerseys,  Holsteins  and  Red 
Poll. 

In  1890  there  were  in  all  7,181  cattle.  Of  these  there  were  2,581 
milch-cows  producing  640,333  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  are  made 
194,134  pounds  of  butter.  There  are  in  the  county,  by  a  recent  count, 
6  Polled  Angus  bulls. 

In  1890  there  were  in  this  county  1,301  horses,  1,924  mules,  7 
donkeys,  8,497  hogs  and  1,000  goats.  The  sheep,  numbering  1,350, 
gave  a  wool-clip  of  2,087  pound.^i.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  num- 
bered 84,593,  and  produced  88,970  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  gathered 
amounted  to  20,736  pounds. 

Vegetables,  berries,  melons  and  fruits  are  raised  for  home  consumption 
exclusively.     No  section  produces  finer  fruits  and  melons. 

The  forest  growth  consists  of  the  various  kinds  of  oak,  pino,  hickory, 
poplar,  birch,  ash,  maple,  sweet-gum,  black-gum,  dogwood  and  cedar. 
The  annual  outpnt  of  timber  is  1,000,000  superficial  feet,  at  an  nverp^e 
price  of  $5.00  a  thousand  feet.  About  20  sawmills  are  engaged  In  t}i!3 
business. 

37  ga 


782  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  mineral  products  are  gold,  granite,  graphite  and  ochre.  The  gold 
is  now  being  mined  and  two  gold  mills  are  beginning  operations  with 
good  chances  of  success.  About  $30,000  is  invested  in  this  business. 
There  is  abundance  of  trap  rock  for  road  material,  and  granite  of  the 
£nest  quality  is  plentiful. 

There  are  valuable  water-powers  at  Watson's  and  Andrews  Shoals. 
There  are  in  the  county  20  grist-mills,  valued  at  $20,000. 

Smithonia  has  a  large  guano  and  cotton  seed  oil  manufactory,  and  is 
the  terminus  of  a  short  road  known  as  the  Smithonia  and  Dunlap.  A 
new  road  is  being  built  from  this  point  to  Danielsville  and  Carnesville, 
^he  county  sites  of  Madison  and  Franklin  counties. 

Lexington,  the  county  seat  of  Oglethorpe,  is  the  terminus  of  a  branch 
Toad  which  runs  to  Crawford,  on  the  Athens  branch  of  the  Georgia  Kail- 
road.  It  has  a  court-house,  valued  at  $35,000;  a  bank  with  a  capital  of 
$15,000,  and  several  prosperous  commercial  establishments.  The  Lexing- 
ton district  has  a  population  of  1,960,  of  whom  635  live  in  the  town. 
This  town  has  been  noted  for  its  refined  and  cultured  society.  Here 
some  of  the  most  distinguished  men  of  Georgia  have  resided^ — Wm.  H. 
Crawford,  Thomas  W.  Cobb,  Stephen  Upson,  George  E.  Gilmer  and  the 
Lumpkins.  Wm.  H.  Crawford  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1772,  and  came 
to  Georgia  with  his  father  in  1783.  As  a  young  man  he  taught  school 
in  Columbia  county  and  then  in  Augusta.  In  1799  he  began  the  practice 
of  law  in  Lexington.  For  four  years  he  represented  the  county  of  Ogle- 
thorpe in  the  Georgia  Legislature.  In  1806  he  was  elected  United  States 
Senator  and  again  in  1811.  He  was  afterwards  American  Minister  to 
Paris,  then  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Treasury,  and  in  1825  re- 
ceived a  flattering  vote  for  the  ofiice  of  President  of  the  United  States. 
In  1827,  upon  the  death  of  Judge  Dooly,  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
northern  circuit.  This  office  he  held  until  his  death,  September  15, 
1834. 

This  county  is  well  provided  with  churches  and  schools.  There  are 
nine  Baptist  and  eight  Methodist  churches  for  whites.  There  are  also 
many  for  colored  people.  There  are  a  few  members  of  other  denomina- 
tions. There  is  a  Disciples'  (Christian)  church.  There  are  72  schools,  33 
for  whites,  with  an  attendance  of  1,030,  and  39  for  colored  with  an  atr 
tendance  of  1,047. 

The  area  of  Oglethorpe  county  is  575  square  miles,  or  368,000  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  17,881,  a  gain  of  930  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$11,457.88. 

By  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900,  there  are:  acre©  of 
improved  land,  272,887;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.48;  city  property, 
$83,870;  shares  in  bank,  $12,000;  money,  etc.,  $196,235;  merchandise, 
$44,890;  stocks  and  bonds,  $18,050;  cotton  factories,  $5,075;  mining, 
$400;  household  furniture,  $59,352;  farm  and  other  animals,  $133,503; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools  ,$32,890;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,786; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $32,819;  real  estate,  $1,032,661;  personal 
estate,  $545,390.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,578,051. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,   9,036; 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  783 

value,  $30,579;  city  property,  $2,850;  money,  etc.,  $457;  household 
furniture,  $4,312;  watches,  etc.,  $55;  farm  and  other  animals,  $17,507; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,303;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$273.00.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $59,390. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $39,127  m  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Oglethoi'pe  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,820;  white  females,  2,812;  total  white, 
5,038;  colored  malee,  0,184;  colored  females,  0,059;  total  colored, 
12,243. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  8  calves,  12  steers,  19  dairy  cows,  11  horses,  30  swine,  1 
goat 

The  model  farm  of  Mr.  James  M.  Smith  in  Oglethorpe  county,  is  a 
good  illustration  of  what  can  be  accomplished  on  the  average  lauds  of 
Georgia.  * 

Returning  from  his  service  in  the  Confederate  army  at  the  close  of 
hostilities  in  1805,  Mr.  Smith  began  operations  on  a  few  acres  of  poor 
land,  wdth  one  mule  to  aid  him  in  his  work,  and  himself  holding  the 
plow  handles.  After  ''laying  by"  his  crop,  he  peddled  tinware  during 
the  summer,  driving  that  same  mule. 

A  wealthy  neighbor,  to  whom  he  displayed  his  wares,  not  only  refused 
to  purchase,  but  with  a  mistaken  idea  that  he  hadiugloriously  abandoned 
the  field  of  agriculture,  reproached  him  with  leaving  a  noble  calling  for 
the  inglorious  life  of  a  peddler.  , 

''Give  me  time,"  replied  Mr.  Smith,  "and  I  will  o\\ti  a  calf  pasture  as 
large  as  your  entire  farm." 

About  twenty  years  later  Mr.  Smith  gave  a  dining  to  his  neighbors,  and 
among  his  guests  was  his  former  critic.  In  the  afternoon  the  assembled 
friends  walked  with  him  over  his  fann,  looked  at  his  fields  with  theii- 
promise  of  plenty,  admired  his  dairy  herd  and  stopped  in  front  of  his 
calf  pasture.  Turning  to  his  friend  who  had  once  so  misunderstood  bis 
purpose,  he  said:  "I  believe  you  return  so  many  acres."  "Yes,"  answered 
the  friend.  "That  is  just  the  size  of  my  calf  pasture,"  replied  Mr. 
Smith. 

These  wonderful  results  had  been  accomplished  by  diligent  labor  in- 
telligently applied. 

A  man  of  education,  ho  had  not  disdained  to  study  writers  on  agricul- 
ture and  to  follow  their  advice,  wherever  it  appeared  suited  to  his  con- 
ditions. By  studying  the  nature  of  his  soil,  supplying  it  with  the  neces- 
sary plant-food,  and  divci"sifying  his  crops,  using  his  brains  as  well  as 
his  hands,  and  superintending  everything  himself,  he  has  year  by  year 
added  to  his  possessions,  until  his  one-mule  farm  has  become  one  of  the 
largest  in  Georgia,  covering  30  square  miles  of  land,  and  giving  employ- 
ment to  1,250  men,  women  and  children. 

For  years  ho  has  made  an  average  of  25  bushels  of  corn  t(»  I  he  acre; 
15  bushels  of  wheat  and  1,000  ])ound3  of  seed  cotton. 


784 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


For  a  number  of  years  he  has  kept  on  hand  500  head  of  cattle,  whicli 
he  pastures  in  the  summer,  and  feeds  in  the  winter  on  cotton-seed  hulls 
and  meal  together  with  forage.  His  milch-cows  number  from  75  to  100 
and  are  Jerseys,  Devons  and  Holsteins,  some  of  pure  blood  and  some 
mixed.  These  cows  have  produced  each  year  about  20,000  pounds  of 
butter,  bringing  from  18  to  25  cents  a  pound,  wholesale.  He  has  been 
able  to  sell  about  100  head  of  cattle  a  year  without  diminishing  his  herd. 

The  cattle  are  kept  in  an  inclosure  of  fifteen  acres,  being  moved  oc- 
casionally to  another  lot,  and  every  month  or  so  the  ground  is  turned. 

Thus  he  has  made  rich,  several  hundred  acres  of  land,  on  some  of 
which  he  has  made  from  30  to  35  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre;  on  other 
portions,  two  bales  of  cotton  to  the  acre,  and  on  some,  65  bushels  of  com 
to  the  acre. 

All  this  land,  which  at  first  was  not  worth  more  than  $10.00  an  acre 
he  considers  cheap  at  $50.00  an  acre. 

"With  agriculture  Mr.  Smith  combines  manufacturing,  and  the  raw  ma- 
terial produced  from  the  soil  is  turned  into  a  valuable  manufactured  ar- 
ticle by  means  of  the  steam  ginnery,  oil  mill  and  fertilizer  factory. 

Mr.  Smith  hires  negro  laborers,  and  by  his  care  for  their  comfort,  and 
skillful  direction  of  their  toil,  combined  with  the  guardianship  which  he 
exercises  over  their  affairs,  wisely  mingling  kindness  and  firmness,  has 
won  their  esteem  and  secured  their  loyal  service. 

On  his  large  estate,  a  sawmill  cuts  the  lumber  for  his  various  houses, 
a  brick-yard  turns  out  the  brick  and  his  wagons  are  made  in  his  own 
shop.  The  carpentry  work  is  done  by  men  who  learned  their  trade  on 
the  estate. 

Besides  all  these,  his  own  railroad,  17  miles  long,  hauls  material  to  his 
factories  and  takes  his  marketable  products  to  the  outside  world. 

Of  three  divisions  of  the  farm,  one  is  worked  by  convicts,  one  by  wage 
laborers,  and  one  by  tenants  and  croppers,  the  best  results  being  derived 
from  free  labor  working  for  wages.  Of  400  adult  male  laborers  usually 
75  or  100  have  been  convicts,  whom  he  did  not  use  previous  to  1880. 

The  average  annual  product  of  his  farm  is  2,200  bales  of  cotton;  120,- 
000  gallons  of  cotton  seed-oil;  3,000  tons  of  fertilizer;  20,000  bushels  of 
corn;  10,000  bushels  of  wheat;  1,000  of  rye;  5,000  of  oats;  6,000  of 
peas;  20,000  pounds  of  butter;  100,000  pounds  of  fat  cattle;  50  pounds 
of  bacon  and  hams,  besides  such  crops  as  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  water- 
melons, ground-peas,  sorghum,  etc. 

PAULDING  COUNTY. 

Paulding  County  and  nine  others  were  laid  out  from  Cherokee  and 
organized  in  1832.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Paulding,  of  New 
York,  one  of  the  captors  of  Major  Andre.  It  is  bounded  by  the  follow- 
ing counties:  Bartow  on  the  north,  Cobb  on  the  east,  Douglas  and  Car- 
roll on  the  south,  Haralson  and  Polk  on  the  west.  A  section  of  the 
county  on  the  middle  of  the  western  boundary  projects  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  have  Polk  on  both  the  northern  and  western  sides.     There  is  a  simi- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  785 

lar,  though  much  shorter  projection  into  Cobb  county  on  the  eastern 
side. 

The  Tallapoosa  river  has  its  source  in  this  county.  Pumpkin  Vine 
creek  flows  northward  into  the  Etowah  river,  and  Sweetwater  creek  east- 
ward and  southward  into  the  Chattahoochee.  Other  creeks  are  Little 
Cedar,  Day,  Floyd,  Hill's  Camp,  Euharlee  and  Raccoon. 

In  the  month  of  May,  1864,  the  Union  and  Confederate  armies  faced 
each  other  along  the  line  of  Pumpkin  Vine  creek  from  Dallas  to  Alla- 
toona.  For  ten  days  (May  25th  to  June  4th)  there  was  incessant  fight- 
ing, and  during  this  time  three  pitched  battles  were  fought,  viz. :  oSTew 
Hope  Church  (May  25),  Pickett's  Mill  (May  27),  and  Dallas  (May  28). 
The  first  two  were  favorable  to  the  Confederates,  the  last,  to  the  Feder- 
als. The  whole  series  of  battles  and  skirmishes  to  June  4th  are  classed  as 
one  engagement  by  both  Johnston  and  Sherman,  and  styled  by  each  the 
battle  of  Xew  Hope  Church.  Sherman  pronounced  it  a  drawn  battle  with 
decisive  succe«ss  to  neither. 

There  are  some  fine  bodies  of  land  in  this  county,  especially  on  the 
creeks  and  in  the  valleys.  The  lands,  from  the  best  to  the  poorest,  under 
fair  cultivation,  give  a  yield  to  the  acre  as  follows:  com,  20  bushels;  oats, 
15;  wheat,  12  to  15;  rye,  10;  barley,  12;  Irish  potatoes,  75;  sweet  pota- 
toes, 50;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  15;  seed  cotton,  700  pounds;  sor- 
ghum syrup,  75  gallons.  Some  of  the  best  lands  yield  double  these 
amounts  of  wheat  and  oats.  A  large  part  of  the  county  is  hilly  with 
some  ridges  that  rise  almost  to  the  dignity  of  mountains. 

Oak  and  hickory,  pine,  gum  and  maple  furnish  fine  timber.  There  is 
any  quantity  of  building  stone.  Gold  has  been  found  in  some  places,  and 
in  considerable  quantities  near  Burnt  Hickory. 

There  are  good  water-powers  on  some  of  the  streams,  and  some  of  them 
are  utilized  by  grist-mills.  Good  freestone  water  abounds,  and  the  cli- 
mate is  healthful. 

In  farm  products  this  county  shows  up  well.  In  1890  there  were 
1,289  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  2,016  pounds.  Of  the  6,025  cattle  there 
were  652  working  oxen  and  2,581  milch-cows.  These  2,581  milch-cows 
yielded  673,388  gallons  of  milk,from  which  were  made  213,806  pounds 
of  butter.  The  90,733  domestic  fowls  of  every  variety  produced  192,- 
367  dozens  of  eggs.  From  the  hives  were  gathered  22,103  pounds  of 
honey.  There  were  594  horses,  1,267  mules,  4  donkeys  and  8,644 
swine. 

Dallas,  the  county  site,  on  a  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway,  was 
named  in  honor  of  George  M.  Dallas  of  Pennsylvania,  vice-president 
under  James  K.  Polk.  The  first  county  site  was  Van  "Wert,  named  for 
a  companion  of  John  Paulding,  wlio  shared  with  liim  and  David  Wil- 
liams the  honor  of  capturing  Andre  and  thereby  discovering  the  treason 
of  Benedict  Arnold.  Dallas  has  a  good  court-house  and  a  bank.  It  has 
also  a  cotton-mill  with  70  looms,  3,500  spindles,  and  a  capit<il  of  $75,000. 
The  Dallas  district  has  1,866  inhabitants,  of  whom  644  live  in  the  town. 


786  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

According  to  tJie  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  9,154  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  prevailing  denominations. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  The  aver- 
age attendance  is  1,161  in  47  schools  for  whites  and  146  in  8  schools  for 
colored. 

The  area  of  Paulding  county  is  329  square  miles,  or  210,560  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  12,969,  an  increase  of  1,021  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $8,539.75. 

By  the  Comptroller-Gieneral's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  134,593;  of  wild  land,  21,006;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $4.31;  of  wild  land,  $0.68;  city  property,  $72,699;  money, 
etc.,  $118,101;  merchandise,  42,845;  stocks  and  bonds,  $130;  household 
furniture,  $68,736;  farm  and  other  animals,  $168,602;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $39,340;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,726;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $35,793;  real  estate,  $883,208;  personal  estate,  $524,791. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,407,999. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land^ 
3,189;  value,  $13,372;  city  property,  $1,380;  money,  etc.,  $207;  house- 
hold furniture,  $3,156;  watches,  etc.,  $87;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$6,517;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,165;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $105.00.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $27,169. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $79,047  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Populatiom  of  Paulding  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,846;  white  females,  5,778;  total  white, 
11,624;  colored  males,  729;  colored  females,  616;  total  colored,  1,345. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  44  calves,  38  steers,  1  bull,  80  dairy  cows,  21  horses,  17 
mules,  4  dorikeys,  4  sheep,  181  svtdne,  2  goats. 

PICKENS  cou:nty. 

PicJcens  County  was  formed  out  of  Gilmer  and  Cherokee  in  1853,  and 
was  named  for  General  Andrew  Pickens,  of  South  Carolina.  It  is 
bounded  by  the  following  counties :  Gilmer  on  the  north,  Dawson  on  the 
east,  Cherokee  on  the  south,  and  Gordon  on  the  west. 

Mountain  creek  runs  southward  into  the  Etowah  river,  Talking  Rock, 
northward  into  the  Coosawattee.  There  is  abundance  of  cool  freestone 
water  and  the  climate  is  bracing  and  healthy. 

Along  the  watercourses  and  in  the  valleys  the  soil  is  fertile.  The  lands 
under  good  cultivation  will  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  15  bushels;  wheat,  12 
bushels;  oats,  15  bushels;  rye,  10  bushels;  barley,  8  bushels;  Irish  pota- 
toes, 125  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds; 
com  fodder,  300  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons.  Tobacco  grows 
luxuriantly  and  to  perfection,  but  not  much  acreage  has  so  far  been  de- 
voted to  its  cultivation.  The  finest  cabbages  and  turnips  are  raised.  This 
is  true  of  evei-y  variety  of  vegetables.  Apples  do  well,  and  the  growing 
of  the  best  varieties  of  peaches  is  becoming  one  of  its  great  industries. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  787 

The  largest  orchards  are  those  of  Judge  Gober,  who  has  125,000  peaxih- 
trees  in  this  county. 

In  1890  there  were  2,527  sheep,  from  which  were  clipped  4,024 
pounds  of  wool.  Of  the  3,760  cattle,  692  were  working  oxen  and  1,254 
were  milch-cows  producing  335,979  gallons  of  milk.  The  butter  made 
on  the  farms  amounted  to  95,563  pounds,  and  the  cheese  to  50  pounds. 
Fifty-three  thousand  nine  hundred  and  ten  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds 
gave  83,781  dozens  of  eggs.  Sixteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty- 
eight  pounds  of  honey  were  gathered  from  the  hives.  There  were  428 
horses,  512  mules,  5  donkeys  and  7,327  s\vine. 

This  county  raised  in  1899  1,851  bales  of  upland  cotton. 
Pickens  county  is  noted  for  its  gi-eat  abundance  of  the  finest  marble,  of 
which  vast  quantities  are  blocked  out  in  the  quarries  and  conveyed  to 
Marietta  over  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Northern  Railroad.     Here  it 
is  put  into  shape  and  made  ready  for  the  market. 

Jasper,  the  county  site,  so  named  to  honor  the  memory  of  the  cele- 
brated Sergeant  Jasper,  is  located  on  the  Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  South- 
em  Railroad. 

Other  postoffices  are  Alice,  Blaine,  Burnt  Mountain,  Hinton,  Jerusa- 
lem, Jockey,  Ludville,  McDaniel,  Marble  Hill,  Mineral  Springs,  Nelson, 
Scare  Com,  Talking  Rock  and  Tate.  At  and  near  Tate  are  some 
of  the  richest  marble  quarries  to  be  found  in  the  United  States. 

At  Alice  is  a  cotton  factory,  the  Harmony  Mills,  with  800  spindles 
and  a  capital  of  $25,000. 

The  timber  growth  is  that  peculiar  to  this  section  of  Georgia,  viz. : 
the  various  kinds  of  oak,  ash,  poplar,  hickory,  chestnut  and  short-leaf 

pine. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  have  churches  throughout  the  county. 
Other  Christian  denominations  are  represented,  but  not  in  as  large  num- 
bers. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia,  and  num- 
ber 32  for  whites,  with  an  average  attendance  of  939  pupils,  and  3  for 
negroes  with  an  average  attendance  of  66  pupils.  _ 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  m 
this  county  in  1899  was  1,851  bales  (upland). 

The  area  of  Pickens  county  is  219  square  miles,  or  140,160  acres. 
The  population  in  1900  was  8,641,  an  increase  of  459  over  that  of  1890 

The  school  fund,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Education,  was  $6,109.32  in  1900.  , 

The  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  gives  the  following  valu- 
ations: acres  of  improved  land,  145,267;  of  wild  land,  14,120;  average 
price  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $2.44;  of  wild  land,  $0.32;  city  prop- 
erty, $47,555;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $143,633;  merchandise,  $36,- 
484;  cotton  manufactories,  $10,010;  iron  works,  $6,690;  amount  in- 
vested in  mining  by  citizens  of  the  county,  $50.00;  value  of  household 
furniture  $42,669;  farm  and  other  alimals,  $81,742;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $17,964;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,255;  value  of  all 


788  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Other  property,  $85,586;  real  estate,  $406,737;  personal  estate,  $433,- 
691.     Aggregate  value  of  all  property,  $840,428. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  992;  value, 
$1,986;  city  property,  $255;  money,  etc.,  $1,268;  household  furniture, 
$983;  farm  and  other  animals,  $968.00;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $134.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $62.00.  Aggregate  value 
of  whole  property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers,  $5,608. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  all  property 
since  the  returns  of  1900,  amounting  to  $21,222. 

Population  of  Pickens  coimty  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,058;  white  females,  4,168;  total  white, 
8,226;  colored  males,  197;  colored  females,  218;  total  colored,  415. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  90  calves,  13  steers,  4  bulls,  176  dairy  cows,  108  horses, 
30  mules,  448  swine,  6  goats. 

PIERCE  COUNTY. 

Pierce  County  was  formed  from  Appling  and  Ware  counties  in  1857, 
and  was  named  for  Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire,  the  fourteenth 
president  of  the  United  States.  The  counties  bounding  it  are:  Appling 
on  the  north,  Wayne  and  Charlton  on  the  east,  Charlton  on  the  south. 
Ware  on  the  west  and  Appling  for  a  very  short  distance  on  the  north- 
west comer.  Little  Satilla  river  flows  along  the  northern  and  half  of 
the  eastern  boundary.  Big  and  Little  Hurricane  creeks,  uniting  their 
waters,  empty  into  the  Satilla,  which  flows  from  west  to  east  through  the 
county.  It  is  a  well  watered  county  and  the  soil,  under  careful  cul- 
ture, can  make  per  acre:  corn,  25  bushels;  oats,  20;  Irish  and  sweet 
potatoes,  100  bushels  each;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  50;  seed  cotton, 
sea-island,  1,000  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  com  fodder, 
400  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  500  gallons. 

The  soil  is  especially  adapted  to  the  sugar-cane.  Crab-grass  produces 
good  hay  and  can  be  made  to  produce  far  more  than  the  average  given 
above.  As  there  is  hardly  any  need  for  housing  stock  in  the  winter  the 
grasisi  is  mostly  used  for  pasturage.  In  1890  the  5,772  sheep  of  this 
county  gave  a  wool-clip  of  10,202  pounds.  Of  10,863  cattle,  3,115 
milch-cows  yielded  149,837  gallons  of  milk.  The  amount  of  butter 
made  on  farms  was  small,  being  only  13,124  pounds.  There  was  of  all 
varieties  of  poultry  an  aggregate  of  33,733,  and  their  eggs  numbered 
53,150  dozens.  The  production  of  honey  was  17,723  pounds.  There 
were  819  horses,  274  working  oxen,  140  mules  and  13,162  hogs  in 
Pierce  county. 

There  is  an  abundant  supply  of  peaches,  pears  and  tomatoes  to  give 
employment  to  the  canning  factory.  There  is  a  guano  factory,  a  cotton 
seed  oil-mill  and  a  lumber  manufacturing  company,  which  finds  a  plenti- 
ful supply  of  material  to  work  upon  in  the  abundant  forest  growth  of 
the  county.  Rosin,  turpentine  and  lumber  are  shipped  from  this  county 
to  Savannah  in  great  quantities  every  year.    The  annual  output  of  sawn 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  789 

lumber  averages  15,000,000  feet,  and  the  turpentine  farms  produce 
15,000  barrels  of  naval  stores.  While  the  supply  of  hardwoods  is  by 
no  means  so  great  as  that  of  yellow  pine,  yet  there  is  a  considerable 
quantity  of  hickory,  oak,  black-gum,  cypress,  poplar  and  maple. 

Blackshear,  the  county  site,  on  the  Alabah,  the  middle  branch  of 
Satilla  river,  is  located  on  that  branch  of  the  Savannah,  Florida  and 
Western  (of  the  Plant  system),  which  runs  in  an  air  line  from  Waycross 
to  Savannah.  Another  branch  of  the  same  road  runs  across  the  middle 
of  the  county  to  Brunswick,  while  another  branch  of  the  same  system 
runs  through  the  southern  section  in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  Jack- 
sonville, Florida.  Thus  the  people  of  Pierce  county  are  well  provided 
mth  facilities  for  freight  and  travel.  Blackkshear  has  several  flourish- 
ing mercantile  establishments  and  good  banking  facilities.  The  entire 
Blackshear  district  has  a  population  of  2,802,  of  whom  876  live  in  the 
town.  Other  postoffices  are  Avant,  Coffee,  Exeter,  Hoboken,  Offerman, 
Mudge,  Patterson  and  Schlatterville. 

At  Offerman  the  Southern  Pine  Company  operates  a  circular  saw- 
mill which  turns  out  50,000  feet  of  merchantable  lumber  in  a  day.  The 
company  has  a  short  railroad  of  its  own. 

A^t  Patterson  there  is  -.  large  cotton  ginnery.  Though  but  a  small 
town,  it  sometimes  ships  1,000  bales  of  sea-island  or  long-staple  cotton, 
of  which  the  county  has  fine  crops. 

At  Blackshear  there  are  the  most  complete  cotton  ginnery  in  the 
State,  a  large  fertilizer  manufactory  and  a  sea-island  cotton  seed  oil-mill. 

Tmck-farming  is  carried  on  in  a  very  sfitisfactory  manner.  Two  and 
three  crops  are  gathered  from  the  same  land  in  a  single  year.  The 
oasv  railroad  connection  with  the  seaports  of  Savannah,  Bininswick  and 
Jacksonville,  make  it  possible  to  ship  vegetables,  fruits,  melons  and 
ben-ies  with  perfect  safety. 

As  an  illustration  of  what  can  be  done  in  Pierce  county  in  the  truck- 
ing business  may  be  mentioned  the  case  of  Mr.  Elijah  Aspinwall,  who 
cleared  from  one  and  a  quarter  acres  $151.95  in  twelve  months.  On 
February  5th  he  planted  Irish  potatoes,  using  four  barrels  of  seed. 
After  paying  for  these,  for  fertilizers,  for  labor,  cultivating  and  harvest- 
ing and  cost  of  barrels,  he  gathered  52  barrels  of  first-class  potato^es  and 
five  barrels  of  culls,  making  on  his  potatoes  a  net  profit  of  $93.85.  On 
May  3d  he  planted  com  and  gathered  50  bushels,  clearing  $39. GO.  Then 
on  the  same  land  he  planted  pea-vines  and  from  them  and  the  grass  hay 
cleared  $18.50,  a  total  on  1^  acres  $151.95. 

The  schools  belong  to  the  public  school  system  of  Georgia.  Method- 
ists and  Baptists  are  the  leading  denominations  among  both  white  and 

colored. 

The  area  of  Pierce  county  is  518  square  miles,  or  331,520  acres. 
Population  of  Pierce  county  in  1900,  8,100,  an  increase  of  1,721  since 
1890;  school  fund,  $G,40G.99. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of 
improved  land,  273,70G;  of  wild  land,  131,229;  average  value  per  acre 
of  improved  land,  $1.64;  of  wild  land,  $0.49;  city  property,  $160,085; 


790  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

shares  in  bank,  $25,000;  money,  etc.,  $188,854;  merchandise,  $67,178; 
household  furniture,  $76,392;  farm  and  other  animals,  $193,125;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $24,559;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,495;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $89,009;  real  estate,  $699,105;  personal  estate, 
$674,686.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,343,791. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
6,878;  value,  $23,011;  city  property,  $5,575;  money,  etc.,  $170;  mer- 
chandise, $53;  household  furniture,  $6,205;  watches,  etc.,  $221;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $7,234;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,234; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $520.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $45,319. 

In  Pierce  county,  according  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there 
were  ginned  3,657  bales  of  sea-island  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

The  average  attendance  in  the  public  schools  is  1,025  in  the  39 
schools  for  whites,  and  164  in  the  7  schools  for  colored  pupils. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $232,860  in  the  value  of  al^ 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Pierce  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  whit©  males,  3,058;  white  females,  2,858;  total  white,  5,916; 
colored  males,  1,232;  colored  females,  952;  total  colored,  2,184. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  9  calves,  31  steers,  5  bulls,  25  dairy  cows,  13  horses,  5 
mules,  184  swine,  18  goats. 

PIKE  COUNTY. 

Pike  County  was  laid  out  in  1822  and  received  itB  name  in  honor 
of  General  Zebulon  M.  Pike,  of  New  Jersey,  who,  in  a  victorious  assault 
upon  York  (now  Toronto)  in  Canada,  on  the  25th  of  April,  1813,  was 
mortally  wounded  by  the  explosion  of  a  British  mine. 

Pike  county  has  Spalding  county  on  the  north,  Monroe  on  the  east, 
Upson  on  the  south,  and  Meriwether  on  the  west.  The  Flint  river  runs 
along  its  whole  western  border.  Big  Potato  creek,  coming  down  from 
Spalding  county,  runs  from  north  to  south  through  the  eastern  part  of 
Pike,  and  entering  Upson  empties  into  Flint  river  on  the  southern 
boi'der  of  the  last  named  county.  Other  streams  are  Elkins,  Birch,  Flat 
Gap,  Honey  Bee,  Sunday,  Wasp,  Fly  and  Rose  creeks. 

The  general  character  of  the  soil  is  metamorphic,  with  rolling  red 
clay  lands,  interspersed  with  a  gi'ay,  gravelly  soil.  Taking  all  the  lands 
of  the  county,  the  average  production  to  the  acre  under  ordinary  meth- 
ods of  cultivation  is:  com,  10  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats,  12  bush- 
els; Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  75  bushels  each;  rye,  10  bushels;  field- 
peas,  7  bushels;  sugar-cane,  100  gallons;  sorghum,  75  gallons;  crab- 
grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  seed  cotton,  700  pounds.  But  among  those 
who  use  the  better  systems  of  cultivation  the  average  production  to  the 
acre  is:  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  30;  wheat,  15;  rye,  12;  field-peas,  15; 


GEORGIA :  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  791 

ground-peas,  40;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  125  each;  seed  cotton,  1,000 
pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  350  gallons; 
sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons.  Some  individual  farms  go  ahead  of  these 
results.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  Bermuda  and  crab-grass,  to  pea- 
vines,  to  all  varieties  of  millets,  and  swamp  grasses.  Bermuda  and 
swamp  grasses  are  used  for  summer  pasturage,  and  cane  for  winter. 

In  addition  to  milk  and  butter  produced  on  the  ordinary  farms  are 
the  products  of  two  successful  dairy  cows.  Jerseys  and  a  mixed  breed 
of  the  Jersey  and  the  common  stock  are  much  used  in  this  county.  Cot- 
ton seed  meal  and  hulls  wnth  native  forage  are  regarded  as  foods  pro- 
ducing the  best  results.  Much  more  attention  than  formerly  is  being 
paid  by  the  people  of  Pike  county  to  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle  and  im- 
provement of  the  breed,  and  their  stock  is  remarkably  free  from 
disease. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Pike  county  123  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  502 
pounds;  4,555  cattle,  183  working  oxen,  1,781  milch^ows,  732  horses, 
1,975  mules,  2  donkeys,  6,958  swine  and  72,320  of  all  the  varieties  of 
poultry.  Among  the  farm  products  are  521,807  gallons  of  milk,  172,- 
197  pounds  of  butter,  114  pounds  of  cheese,  104,074  dozens  of  eggs, 
and  24,281  poimds  of  honey.  Of  course,  there  are  the  usual  garden 
products,  and  of  these  some  $6,000  worth  are  sold  over  and  above  the 
home  consumption.  There  are  67,120  peach-trees  and  7,203  apple- 
trees.  About  500  acres  were  devoted  in  1900  to  the  raising  of  melons, 
but  the  people  complain  that  their  profits  were  much  reduced  by  high 
freight  rates.  There  are  500  vineyards,  covering  in  all  2,000  acres. 
Twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  grapes  are  sold,  and  from  40  per  cent,  of 
them  wine  is  made. 

The  timber  products  are  the  usual  hardwood  growths  and  some  short- 
leaf  pine.  About  8  steam  sawmills  are  busy  cutting  out  the  timber  and 
preparing  it  for  use  in  building  and  general  woodwork.  The  annual 
output  of  the  timber  products  is  about  $6,000.  From  the  Pine  Mount- 
ains in  the  southern  part  of  the  county  have  come  great  quantities  of 
lumber  and  shingles. 

There  are  good  water-powers  on  tributaries  of  the  Flint  and  Ocmulgee 
rivers.  On  the  former  288  horse-powers  are  used  by  flour  and  grist- 
mills, and  on  the  latter  56  horse-powers  are  utilized.  Four  thousand 
two  hundred  and  fifty-five  gross  unutilized  horse-powers  of  the  Flint 
river  are  shared  by  Pike  and  Meriwether  counties.  There  are  altogether 
7  flour-mills  and  about  25  grist-mills  for  corn.  Some  three  or  four 
use  steam. 

There  are  located  at  Bamesville  three  firms  manufacturing  wagons 
and  buggies,  and  turning  out  75  or  more  vehicles  every  month,  selling 
oven  as  far  west  as  Arizona  and  New  Mexico;  one  cotton-mill  for  spin- 
ning yarns,  having  12,416  spindles  and  capital  of  $120,000;  4  knitting- 
mills;  1  door,  sash  and  blind  factory  and  planing-mill,  valued  at  about 
$10,000;  one  shoe  manufacturing  company,  and  one  (leorgia  Medicine 
Company.  The  knitting-mills  make  cotton  and  silk  underwear  of  fine 
quality.     At  Williamson  there  is  a  cotton  seed  oil-mill. 


792  OEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Zebulon,  the  county  site,  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway, 
running  from  Fort  Valley  to  Atlanta.  It  has  a  court-house  and  jail,  a 
hotel,  2  churches.  Baptist  and  Methodist;  a  good  high  school  and  several 
stores. 

Barnes ville,  with  a  population  of  3,036  in  the  corporate  limits,  or 
4,917  in  the  whole  district,  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  of  the  many 
thiiving  small  cities  of  Georgia,  located  on  the  main  line  of  the  Central 
of  Georgia,  between  Macon  and  Atlanta.  It  has  a  good  hotel,  2  banks 
with  a  capital  of  $60,000,  many  successful  mercantile  establishments 
and  Gordon  Institute,  one  of  the  best  high  schools  for  boys  and  girls  in 
the  State.  For  the  boys  the  military  feature  is  added,  and  the  Gordon 
Institute  cadets  have  won  many  prizes  for  their  good  drill  and  soldierly 
appearance.  The  Methodists  and  Baptists  have  good  churches  with 
full  membership.  A  branch  of  the  Central  connects  Barnesville  with 
Thomaston  in  Upson  county. 

Williamson  is  at  the  point  where  two  divisions  of  the  Southern  Rail- 
way cross  each  other,  the  one  running  from  Fort  Valley  to  Atlanta,  the 
other  from  Columbus  to  McDonough  and  thence  to  Atlanta. 

At  Molena,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county  on  the  branch  of 
the  Southern,  running  between  Columbus  and  McDonough,  is  a  bank 
with  a  capital  of  $25,000.  Other  postoffices  are  Milner,  Liberty  Hill, 
Concord,  Jordan's  Store,  Lifsey  and  Hollonville. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Barnesville,  Milner, 
Williamson,  Concord,  Molena,  ISTeal,  Meansville,  and  Zebulon,  each 
located  on  one  of  the  three  lines  of  railroad  traversing  the  county. 
About  20,000  bales  of  cotton  are  shipped  from  this  county,  the  receipts 
and  shipments  being  divided  between  these  different  points.  So  well 
supplied  is  the  county  with  the  very  best  railroad  facilities,  that  little 
attention  is  paid  to  the  county  roads  except  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Barnesville  and  some  of  the  larger  villages. 

Pure  freestone  water  is  abundant,  the  climate  delightful  and  the 
county  healthy. 

Public  schools  number  55.  Schools  for  white  and  colored  are  sepa- 
rate, as  is  the  case  in  every  county  of  Georgia.  The  average  attend- 
ance is  1,371  in  the  33  schools  for  whites,  and  879  in  the  20  schools  for 
colored  pupils.  Church  pirivileges  throughout  the  county  are  unsur- 
passed. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  14,281  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

The  area  of  Pike  county  is  294  square  miles,  or  188,160  acres.  Popu- 
lation in  1900,  18,761,  a  gain  of  2,461  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$11,624.81. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  182,371;  of  wild  land,  795;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $5.49;  of  wild  land,  $0.72;  city  property,  $422,382; 
shares  in  bank,  $37,150;  building  and  loan  associations.  $600;  money, 
etc.,  $146,102;  merchandise,  $95,540;  stocks  and  bonds,  $6,000;  cot- 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  793 

ton  manufacturing,  $208,050;  iron  works,  $70;  household  furniture, 
$127,394;  farm  and  other  animals,  $166,312;  plantation  and  mechan- 
ical tools,  $19,7-17;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $8,338;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $51,217;  real  estate,  $1,525,589;  personal  estate,  $820,736. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,346,325. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  3,421; 
value,  $19,256;  city  property,  $18,486;  watches,  etc.,  $141;  household 
furniture,  $12,504;  farm  and  other  animals,  $19,588;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $39,116;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,100.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $76,508. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  a  gain  of  $125,794  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Pike  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,551;  white  females,  4,607;  total  whites,  9,158; 
colored  males,  4,765;  colored  females,  4,838;  total  colored,  9,603, 

Population  of  the  city  of  Bamesville  by  sex  and  color,  according  to 
the  census  of  1900:  white  males,  738;  white  females,  857;  total  white, 
1,595;  colored  males,  680;  colored  females,  761;  total  colored,  1,441. 

Total  population  of  Bamesville,  3,036. 

Domestic  animals  in  Pike  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  91  calves,  9  steers,  1  bull,  189  dairy 
cowB,  229  horses,  56  mules,  404  swine  and  38  goats. 

POLK  COUNTY. 

Polh  County  was  formed  in  1851,  chiefly  from  Paulding,  and  was 
named  for  James  K.  Polk  of  Tennessee,  the  eleventh  president  of  the 
United  States.  Its  boundaries  are  as  follows:  Bartow  and  Floyd  coun- 
ties on  the  north,  Paulding  on  the  east  and  also  south  of  a  little  corner 
of  it,  Haralson  on  the  south,  and  the  State  of  Alabama  on  the  west. 
Euharlee,  Cedar,  Raccoon  and  Sweetwater  creeks  flow  through  the 
county,  and  the  lands  along  their  courses  are  very  productive.  The 
lands  in  Cedar  valley,  through  which  runs  Cedar  creek,  are  equal  to  the 
celebrated  blue-grass  lands  of  Kentucky.  In  many  places  this  valley 
has  the  appearance  of  a  river  bottom. 

The  lands  of  Polk  county,  well  cultivated,  will  yield  to  the  acre:  corn, 
20  bushels;  oats,  30;  wheat,  15;  rye,  10;  barley,  25;  Irish  potatoes, 
100;  sweet  potatoes,  50;  field-peas,  15;  ground-peas,  20;  seed  cotton, 
800  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  Bermuda  grass  hay,  4,000 
pounds;  com  fodder,  450  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons; 
Bugar-cane  symp,  50  gallons.  Some  of  the  lands  in  Cedar  Valley  wiU 
double  many  of  these  products  and  more  than  double  others.  They 
are  sufficiently  level  for  all  practical  purposes  and  are  well  watered  by 
springs  and  running  streams.  Even  some  of  the  hill-sides  are  equal  to 
the  valley  lands  in  the  production  of  clover  and  the  cereals. 

This  is  a  good  county  for  all  fai-m  stock.  In  1890  there  were  1,49» 
sheep  producing  2,848  pounds  of  wool.  Of  4,998  cattle  there  were 
1,958  milch-cows  yielding  562,836  gallons  of  milk,  from  which 
were  made  194,870   pounds  of  butter.     The  domestic  fowls  of   all 


794  GEORGIA :  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

kinds  were  78,476  in  number,  producing  127,534  dozens  of  eggs,  and 
from  the  hives  were  collected  19,730  pounds  of  honey.  There  were 
830  horses,  1,167  mules,  6  donkeys  and  7,914  hogs.  The  working  oxen 
numbered  378. 

The  forest  growth  is  chiefly  of  the  hardwoods  peculiar  to  this  section 
and  some  short-leaf  pine. 

Cedartown,  the  county  site,  is  so  named  on  account  of  the  extent  of 
the  cedar  growth  in  its  vicinity.  It  is  a  growing  little  city,  which  nearly 
doubled  in  population  between  1880  and  1890,  and  has,  by  the  census 
of  1900,  2,823  inhabitantBi.  The  Cedartown  district,  which  includes  the 
city,  contains  6,478  inhabitants.  It  is  on  the  former  Chattanooga, 
Home  and  Southern  Eailway,  now  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia system,  at  the  point  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  East  and  West  Kail- 
road.  The  city  has  graded  schools  and  good  church  buildings,  The 
Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  leading  denominations. 

There  are  two  cotton  factories  at  Cedartown:  the  Cedartown  Cotton 
Company,  with  23,600  spindles,  and  a  capital  of  $350,000,  and  the 
Standard  Cotton  Mills  with  10,000  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $100,000. 

There  are  also  the  Josephine  Mills,  knitting  and  spinnig,  with  3,000 
spindles,  and  the  Juanita  Knitting  Mills,  employing  60  operatives.  The 
sum  total  of  these  mills  is  36,662  spindles,  1,070  operatives  and  a  weekly 
pay-roll  of  $4,650.  A  new  company  has  been  established  with  $175,- 
000  in  hand  for  the  erection  of  a  new  mill  of  10,000  spindles.  There 
are  besides,  a  cotton  seed  oil-mill,  an  electric  power  cotton-gin,  and  an 
iron  furnace,  which  pays  out  annually  $200,000  for  ore,  wages  and 
everything  needed  for  mining  it. 

Other  postofHces  in  the  county  are  Bussy,  Daniels,  Davittes,  Esom 
Hill,  Etna,  Fish,  FuUwood  Springs,  Grady,  Greenway,  Hamlet,  Lake 
Creek,  Oreville,  Pasco,  Priors,  Rockmart,  Seney,  Young  and  Walthall. 

The  slate  quaiTy  near  Rockmart  yields  an  apparently  inexhaustible 
supply  of  excellent  slate  for  roofing.  There  is  at  Rockmart  the  Pied- 
mont Institute,  which  is  doing  a  splendid  work  for  the  boys  and  girls  of 
that  section  of  Georgia.  The  Rockmart  district  has  3,474  inhabitants, 
of  whom  575  live  in  the  town. 

The  public  schools  of  the  county  have  an  average  attendance  of  1,094 
in  the  31  schools  for  whites,  and  531  in  the  17  schools  for  colored  pupils. 
In  the  white  schools  of  Cedartown  are  350  pupils,  and  in  the  colored 
schools  35. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Polk  county 
8,852  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Polk  county  is  292  square  miles,  or  186,880  acreB.  Popu- 
lation in  1900,  17,856,  an  increase  of  2,911  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$10,408.56. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  178,317;  of  wild  land,  52,683;  average  price  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $6.49;  of  wild  land,  $0.75;  city  property,  $549,532; 
shares  in  bank,  $38,500;  money,  etc.,  $219,688;  stocks  and  bonds,  $300; 
merchandise,   $101,418;  cotton  manufactories,   $228,050;  iron  works, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  795 

$30,500 J  in  mining,  $14,100;  household  furniture,  $112,762;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $170,355;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $46,699; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $9,735;  value  of  all  other  property,  $53,810;  real 
estate,  $1,746,584;  pei-sonal  estate,  $1,240,147.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $2,986,731. 

Property  owned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  9,152; 
value,  $31,804;  city  property,  $10,722;  money,  etc.,  $296;  merchan- 
dise, $10;  household  furniture,  $8,402;  w^atches,  etc.,  $207;  fami  and 
other  animals,  $15,762;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,138;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $988.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property 
$71,023. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $463,630  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Polk  county,  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  6,642;  white  females,  6,295;  total  white,  12,937; 
colored  males,  2,556;  colored  females,  2,363;  total  colored,  4,919. 

Population  of  Cedartown  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census  of 
1900:  white  males,  1,044;  white  females,  1,023;  total  white,  2,067; 
colored  males,  362;  colored  females,  395;  total  colored,  756. 

Total  population  of  Cedartown,  2,823. 

Domestic  animals  in  Polk  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  111  calves,  57  steers,  2  bulls,  275  dairy 
cows,  184  hoi-ses,  2  donkeys,  392  swine,  225  goats. 

PULASKI  COUNTY. 

Pulaski  County  was  laid  out  from  Laurens  in  1808,  and  named  in 
honor  of  Count  Pulaski,  a  Polish  nobleman  who  lost  his  life  fighting 
for  American  liberty  at  Savannah  on  the  9th  of  October,  1779.  This 
county  is  so  shaped  that  it  cannot  be  bounded  in  the  usual  way.  The 
Ocmulgee  river,  entering  on  the  western  side,  flows  in  a  southeasterly 
direction,  dividing  the  county  into  a  northeastern  and  a  southern  sec- 
tion. The  following  counties  bound  it:  Laurens  on  the  northeast,  and 
Twiggs  on  the  northwest.  Dodge  on  the  southeast  and  east,  Wilcox  on 
the  south,  Dooly  on  the  west,  and  Houston  partly  west  and  partly  north- 
west. The  lower  part  of  the  county  is  generally  level;  the  upper  or 
northeastern  part,  rolling. 

About  ^  of  the  soil  is  red  clay,  the  remainder  a  sandy  loam.  Those 
lands  to  the  northeast  of  the  Ocmulgee  river  are  generally  the  best. 

Under  ordinary  methods  the  average  production  to  the  acre  for  the 
county  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  wheat,  8;  oats,  15;  field-peas,  8;  ground- 
peas,  50;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels  each;  upland  seed  cotton, 
500  pounds.  But  under  improved  methods  of  cultivation  the  produc- 
tion per  acre  will  average:  corn  and  oats,  20  bushels  each;  wheat,  12; 
rye,  6;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  150  bushels  each;  field-peas,  15; 
ground-peas,  75;  upland  seed  cotton,  600  pounds;  crab-graas  hay,  4,000 
pounds;  corn  fodder,  200  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  300  gallons. 

A  considerable  amount  of  hay  is  raised  from  native  grasses,  crab, 


796  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

crowfoot  and  Bermuda,  and  from  the  pea-vine  and  German  millet.  The 
native  grasses  are  used  for  summer  pasturage  and  rye  for  winter.  Milk 
and  butter  are  produced  on  all  the  farms,  and  there  is  one  special  dairy 
farm.  Hitherto  the  improvement  in  beef  cattle  has  been  very  limited,  but 
more  interest  is  now  being  manifested.  Considerable  improvement  in 
stock  is  reported. 

In  1890  there  were  in  this  county  928  sheep,  yielding  1,918  pounds 
of  wool;  6,146  cattle,  1,954  of  these  being  milch-cows  giving  257,707 
gallons  of  milk.  The  production  of  butter  was  57,727  pounds.  Of  all 
kinds  of  poultry  the  sum  was  60,026,  and  they  produced  86,938  dozens 
of  eggs.  The  honey  produced  was  5,860  pounds.  There  were  950 
horses,  1,594  mules,  1  donkey,  337  working  oxen  and  17,405  hogs. 

There  is  a  good  supply  of  such  game  as  quail  and  wild  turkeys. 

Several  tributaries  of  the  Ocmulgee,  viz. :  Little  Ocmulgee  river,  Big 
and  Reedy  creeks  water  the  county.  They  are  well  stocked  with  fish 
and  afford  good  water-powers.  In  the  neighborhood  of  Hawkinsville 
are  about  260  horse-powers,  some  of  which  are  utilized  by  grist-mills. 

There  are  some  25,000  acres  of  original  pine,  and  20,000  acres  in 
swamp  lands,  abounding  in  hardwoods  suitable  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  35,000,000  superficial  feet  at  an 
average  price  of  $8  a  thousand  feet. 

There  is  abundance  of  clay  suitable  for  making  brick.  There  is  also 
limestone,  but  neither  is  being  worked  to  any  great  extent. 

There  are  in  Pulaski  county  several  manufacturing  establishments, 
some  in  operation  and  others  in  process  of  construction.  In  Cochran 
are  two  variety  works,  and  at  Hawkinsville  one  barrel  factory,  with  a 
capacity  of  400  barrels  a  day,  one  carriage  factory  and  one  cotton  seed 
oil-mill.  There  is  one  flour-mill,  valued  at  $3,000,  also  12  grist-mills 
with  am  aggregate  value  of  $20,000;  13  sawmills  with  a  total  valua- 
tion of  $35,000.  All  these  are  operated  by  steam,  with  the  exception 
of  4  grist-mills.  There  are  also  2  turpentine  distilleries.  There  are  2 
cotton-mills,  1  at  Hawkinsville,  the  other  at  Cochran,  with  5,000  spin- 
dles and  a  capital  of  $100,000  each;  also  a  cotton  seed-oil  milll  in  Coch- 
ran. Near  Hawkinsville  is  a  vineyard!  of  30  acres,  producing  very  fine 
grapes,  which  are  used  for  the  manufacture  of  wine.  Twelve  artesian 
wells  add  greatly  to  the  healthfulness  of  Pulaski  county. 

On  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  piney  woods  to  the  south  and 
the  oak  and  hickory  lands  to  the  north,  is  Hawkinsville,  the  county  site, 
with  a  population  of  2,103,  located  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  Ocmul- 
gee river.  The  Hawkinsville  district,  which  includes  the  town,  has 
4,104  inhabitants.  A  short  branch  railroad  of  the  Southern  Railway 
connects  it  with  Cochran  on  the  main  line  of  that  system,  running  be- 
tween Macon  and  Brunswick.  The  Wrightsville  and  Tennille  Railroad 
gives  Hawkinsville  a  connection  at  Tennille  with  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia to  Savannah,  and  with  another  branch  of  the  Southern  to  Augusta. 
Still  another  road  connects  Hawkinsville  with  the  Georgia  Southern 
and  Florida  at  Worth.     Hawkinsville  has  besides,  a  line  of  steamboats 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  797 

on  the  Ocmulgee  and  Altamaha  rivers  to  Darien  and  thence  to  Bruns- 
wick. There  are  at  Hawkinsville  two  banks  with  a  capital  of  $50,000 
each,  a  court-house  worth  $30,000;  six  life  and  tire  insurance  agencies, 
an  ice  factory  and  an  electric  light  plant  in  full  operation.  There  are 
in  Hawkinsville  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Episcopal  churches.  The 
Presbyterians  also  are  well  represented.  Throughout  the  county  Meth- 
odists and  Baptists  predominate.  Public  and  private  schools  abound 
in  town  and  country.  The  average  attendance  in  the  public  schools  is 
812  in  the  36  schools  for  whites  and  776  in  the  21  for  colored.  In  the 
white  schools  of  Hawkinsville  are  enrolled  250  pupils,  and  in  the  col- 
ored schools  150. 

Cochran  has  a  bank  with  a  capital'of  $25,000  and  three  life  and  fire 
insurance  agencies.  The  Cochran  district  contains  2,385  inhabitants, 
1,531  of  this  number  are  in  the  corporate  limits  of  the  town. 

The  products  of  Pulaski  county  are  marketed  in  Hawkinsville,  Coch- 
ran and  Macon.  Of  the  25,000  bales  of  cotton  received  and  shipped 
from  the  county  11,000  are  handled  at  Hawkinsville.  According  to 
the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Pulaski  county 
16,431  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 
The  area  of  Pulaski  county  is  477  square  miles,  or  305,280  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  18,489,  an  increase  of  1,930  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $11,368.99. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  281,949;  of  wild  land,  11,199;  average  price  per  acre  of 

improved  land,  $3.12;  of  wild  land,  $1.87;  city  property,  $434,443; 
shares  in  bank,  $100,000;  money,  etc.,  $178,517;  merchandise,  $135,- 

847;  stocks  and  bonds,  $6,000;  shipping  and  tonnage,  $1,025;  cotton 

manufactories,  $8,200;  household  furniture,  $133,477;  farm  and  other 

animak,  $202,733;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $48,183;  watches, 

jewelry,  etc.,  $9,563;  real  estate,  $1,335,514;  personal  estate,  $991,- 

743;  value  of  all  other  property,  $52,952;  aggregate  value  of  property, 

$2,227,257. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:     Number  of  acres  of  land, 

13,205;  value,  $45,321;  city  property,   $28,306;  money,   etc.,  $762; 

merchandise,  $222;  household  furniture,  $24,027;  watches,  etc.,  $387; 

farm  and  other  animals,  $30,291;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $6,- 

991;  value  of  all  other  property,  $2,493;  aggregate  value  of  property, 

$138,800. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $151,726  in  the  value  of  all 

property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Pulaski  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 

of  1900:  white  males,  8,758;  "white  females,  3,702;  total  white,  7,460; 

colorofl  males,  5.480;  colored  females,  5.540;  total  colored,  11,029. 
Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 

June  1,  1900:  91  calves,  45  steers,  1  bull,  166  dairy  cows,  163  horses, 

94  mules,  1  donkey,  439  awin©,  8  goate. 

38  ga 


798  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  ? 

PUTNAM  COUI^TY. 

Putnam  Comity  was  laid  out  in  1807,  and  named  for  General  Israel 
Putnam,  of  Massachusetts,  one  of  the  New  England  Revolutionary 
heroes.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Morgan  county,  on  the  north- 
east by  Greene,  on  the  southeast  by  Hancock,  on  the  south  by  Baldwin 
and  Jones,  and  on  the  west  by  Jasper.  Along  its  whole  eastern  border 
flows  the  Oconee  river,  and  through  the  western  part  of  the  county  and 
along  several  miles  of  its  southern  boundary  flows  Little  (or  Little 
Oconee)  river.  Several  creeks  empty  into  these  streams,  viz.:  Indian, 
Murder,  Cedar,  Roody,  Crooked,  Sugar  and  Lick  creeks. 

The  character  of  the  soil  is  metamorphic,  red  clay,  rolling  land,  much 
of  it  mulatto  or  chocolate,  underlaid  by  stiff,  red  clay  subsoil.  Some  of 
it  is  a  gray  sandy  loam.  These  lands,  under  good  cultivation,  will  pro- 
duce to  the  acre:  com,  20  bushels;  oats,  25;  wheat,  12;  rye,  6;  barley, 
20;  Irish  potatoes,  T5;  sweet  potatoes,  100;  field  peas,  10;  ground  peas, 
2,5;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  crab-grass  and  Bermuda  grass  hay,  4,000 
pounds  each;  sorghum  syrup,  60  gallons;  sugar  cane  syrup,  100  gallons. 
Under  ordinary  methods  the  yields  of  all  crops  are  not  so  good  as  the 
above.  More  attention  is  paid  each  succeeding  year  to  forage  crops  and 
the  grasses. 

Bermuda  and  the  native  grasses  furnish  grazing  until  mid-winter, 
and,  if  that  season  does  not  prove  severe,  until  spring. 

Not  as  much  attention  as  formerly  is  given  to  the  raising  of  beef  cat- 
tle. The  introduction  of  the  Jersey  has  turned  the  attention  of  the 
farmers  to  dairy  cattle.  There  are  ten  dairy  farms  which  sell  50,000 
pounds  of  butter  annually  with  a  profit  of  $15,000.  In  1890  there  were 
in  the  county  4,793  cattle,  2,123  being  milch-cows,  of  which  about  300 
were  Jerseys  and  over  1,000  half  breed  and  higher.  There  was  a  pro- 
duction on  all  farms  of  610,247  gallons  of  milk  and  181,111  pounds  of 
butter.  The  honey  gathered  from  hives  amounted  to  13,927  pounds. 
There  were  46,031  domestic  fowls  and  their  eggs  numbered  104,954 
dozens.  There  were  864  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,928  pounds;  645 
horses,  1,975  mules,  2  donkeys,  117  working  oxen  and  7,935  swine.  By 
a  recent  estimate  there  are  500  goats  in  the  county. 

The  vegetables  and  melons  raised  are  for  home  consumption,  because 
other  crops,  being  considered  more  profitable,  receive  the  attention  of  the 
farmers. 

Peaches  and  plums  are  raised  for  the  markets,  also  some  apples.  The 
peach-trees  number  36,670,  the  apple-trees  3,815.  The  plum  and  pear- 
trees  number  each  about  3,000.  There  are  two  canning  factories  put- 
ting up  each  100  cases  a  day. 

There  are  ten  vineyards  aggregating  100  acres.  About  20  per  cent, 
of  the  grapes  are  sold  in  the  markets  and  from  50  per  cent,  of  them 
wine  is  made. 

There  remain  in  the  county  about  25,000  acres  of  original  forest,  the 
growth  of  which  is  short  leaf  pine,  oak,  hickory,  gum,  poplar  and  ash. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  799 

In  many  places  the  oaks  are  dying  from  bugs  or  worms  boring  into  the 
trees  near  the  roots.  The  annual  output  of  timber  products  does  not 
exceed  $4,000. 

There  are  several  varieties  of  granite,  pronounced  by  competent  au- 
thorities to  be  as  good  as  any  in  the  State. 

Twelve  miles  from  Eatonton  are  the  Oconee  Springs,  the  mineral 
properties  of  which  are  iron,  magnesia  and  arsenic,  considered  very 
fine  for  stomach  and  other  troubles. 

On  the  Oconee  and  tributaries  are  9  grist-mills,  using  433  horse-pow- 
ers. The  gross  hoi-se-powers  of  the  Oconee  are  726;  of  the  Little  river, 
237.    There  is  one  grist-mill  operated  by  steam. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
Putnam  county  9,609  bales  of  upland  cotton  for  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

Eatonton,  the  county  site,  is  a  beautiful  little  city  of  1,823  inhabi- 
tants, with  pretty  groves  and  nicely  shaded  streets.  The  Eatonton  dis- 
trict, which  includes  the  city,  contains  a  population  of  2,491.  It  has 
a  court-house  valued  at  $20,000,  two  banks  with  a  capital  of  $60,000 
each,  a  good  hotel,  several  prosperous  mercantile  establishments,  five  life 
and  fire  insurance  agencies,  good  church  buildings  of  Methodists,  Bap- 
tists and  Presbyterians,  graded  schools  and  an  elegant  public  school 
building,  and  water  works  owned  by  the  city.  There  is  at  Eatonton  a 
shoe  factory  with  a  capacity  of  500  pairs  of  shoes  in  a  day.  There  are 
now  being  constructed  in  the  vicinity  of  Eatonton  three  cotton-mills: 
The  Middle  Georgia,  valued  at  $125,000;  the  Electric  Cotton  Mill,  val- 
ued at  $65,000;  the  Quintet  Cotton  Mill,  valued  at  $25,000.  When 
these  mills  are  completed,  they  will  consume  6,500  bales  of  cotton  an- 
nually. The  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  from  Putnam  county  amount 
to  about  15,000  bales,  of  which  Eatonton  handles  12,000. 

There  are  in  Putnam  county  16  schoolhouses  for  whites,  with  an 
average  attendance  of  546  pupils,  and  25  for  colored,  with  an  average 
attendance  of  608  pupils. 

The  churches  of  the  county  for  the  whites  are  10  Methodist,  10  Bap- 
tist, 1  Presbyterian.  There  are  5  for  colored  Methodists  and  7  for  col- 
ored Baptists. 

A  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  passes  through  Eaton- 
ton, connecting  that  place  with  Atlanta,  Macon,  Covington,  Milledge- 
ville  and  Savannah.  The  public  roads  of  Putnam  county  are  among 
tho  best  in  all  that  section  of  Georgia. 

Eatonton  was  named  for  General  Wm.  Eaton,  of  Connecticut,  who 
was  greatly  distinguished  in  the  war  with  the  Tripolitan  pirates  in  1805. 
Other  postoffices  in  the  county  are:   Clopton,  Nona,  Note,   Spivey, 
Stanfordville  and  Willard. 

The  area  of  Putnam  county  is  348  square  miles,  or  222,720  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,436,  a  loss  of  1,406  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$11,368.99. 

By  the  Comptroller-Goneral's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  207,767;  average  value,  $4.51;  city  property,  $279,270; 


gQQ  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

shares  in  bank,  $109,800;  money,  etc.,  $202,106;  value  of  merchan- 
dise, $61,395;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,800;  household  furniture,  $60,562;. 
farm  and  other  animals,  $121,794;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools^ 
$37,005;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,958;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$3,178;  real  estate,  $1,214,483;  personal  estate,  $605,428;  aggregate 
property,  $1,819,911. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  5,446; 
value,  $24,590;  city  property,  $16,670;  money,  etc.,  $500;  merchan- 
dise, $65;  household  furniture,  $5,310;  farm  and  other  animals,  $23,- 
338;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,055;  aggregate  value  of  prop- 
erty, $74,528. 

Six  miles  southwest  of  Eatonton  is  a  mound  composed  of  quartz  rock 
of  different  varieties.  Upon  it  there  is  a  vestige  of  an  ancient  wall 
nearly  circular  and  embracing  110  feet. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $51,206  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Putnam  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus  of  1900:  white  males,  1,726;  white  females,  1,653;  total  white, 
3,379;  colored  males,  4,834;  colored  females,  5,223;  total  colored, 
10,057. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  80  calves,  10  steers,  59  dairy  cows,  42  horses,  5  mules, 
116  swine,  1  goat. 

QUITMAN  COUNTY. 

Quitman  County  was  formed  from  Kandolph  and  Stewart  in  1858, 
and  was  named  for  General  John  A.  Quitman,  of  Mississippi,  who  was 
distinguished  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
Stewart  and  a  comer  of  Eandolph,  on  the  east  by  Stewart  and  Ran- 
dolph, on  the  south  by  Clay  and  a  corner  of  Eandolph,  and  on  the  west 
by  the  State  of  Alabama,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  Chatta- 
hoochee river.  Two  large  creeks,  Big  Potato  and  Houchookee  and 
several  smaller  ones  empty  into  the  Chattahoochee. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  tertiary  formation,  and  is  in  the  main  a  gray, 
sandy  loam  and  clay  subsoil,  with  some  mulatto,  and  some  stiff  black 
bottom  and  hummock  land  on  the  river  and  creeks.  It  is  varied  in 
character  and  productiveness.  The  average  yield  by  the  acre  is:  corn, 
10  bushels;  wheat,  10;  oats,  12;  rye,  8;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  lOa 
each;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  50;  chufas,  50;  rice,  50;  seed  cotton, 
540  pounds;  hay  from  crab,  Bermuda  or  Johnson  grass,  5,000  pounds; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  186  gallons.  But  some  of  the  best  lands  report  yields 
as  "follows:  Com,  40  to  60  bushels  to  the  acre;  wheat,  anywhere  from 
20  to  75  bushels;  oats,  40  bushels;  rye,  50  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bush- 
els; ground-peas  and  chufas,  100  bushels  each;  rice,  60  bushels;  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  seed  cotton,  1,000  pounds;  hay  from 
crab,  Bermuda  or  Johnson  grass  on  river  and  creek  bottoms,  14,000  to 
16.000  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  315  gallons.  Some  report  the  largest 
yield  of  sweet  potatoes  as  high  as  300  bushels  to  the  acre.     Although 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AiYD   INDUSTRIAL.  801 

haj  docs  well,  it  is  reported  that  onlj  a  few  raise  it.  i^otwithstand- 
ing  the  great  possibilities  of  the  soil,  many  of  the  farmers  raise  all  cotton 
and  buy  their  com.  But  others  diversify  their  crops  and  find  it  much 
the  better  plan.  Some,  who  raise  cattle  on  a  large  scale,  find  it  very 
profitable. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Quitman  county  1,889  cattle, 
including  576  milch-cows,  over  half  of  the  cows  being  improved  breeds, 
and  a  fair  percentage  of  pure  breed.  There  was  a  production  of  131,- 
493  gallons  of  milk,  39,09-i  pounds  of  butter  and  30  pounds  of  cheese. 
The  production  of  honey  was  9,535  pounds.  The  number  of  all  kinds 
of  poultry  was  19,280,  and  their  eggs  numbered  37,049  dozens. 

There  were  270  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  380  pounds,  265  horses, 
557  mulets,  4  donkeys,  131  oxen  and  2,881  swine.  By  a  recent  estimate 
there  were  50  goats  in  the  county. 

There  is  very  little  game  in  the  county,  but  very  good  fishing  in  the 
river  and  creeks. 

The  timber  products  are  not  extensive;  about  one-fourth  of  the  orig- 
inal forest  still  standing.  There  is  about  2  per  cent,  of  yellow  pine, 
the  rest  being  the  various  kinds  of  oak,  hickory,  chestnut,  beech,  gum, 
etc.  Of  the  4  small  sawmills  2  are  run  by  water  and  2  by  steam.  The 
total  value  of  the  timber  products  is  about  $5,000  a  year.  There  are 
two  small  flour-mills  and  four  grist-mills  in  this  county.  The  total  of 
all  manufactories  is  10,  with  an  annual  output  of  about  $40,000.^  The 
unutilized  water-powers  of  the  Chattahoochee  river  and  tributaries  are 
117  horse-powers. 

Vegetables,  berries,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised  for  home  consump- 
tion.   Kot  more  than  $1,000  worth  are  sold  annually. 

The  county  site  is  Georgetown  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia Kailroad,  which  connects  it  with  Cuthbert,  Dawson,  Albany  and 
Americus.  The  Chattahoochee  river  affords  water  transportation,  and 
steamboats  run  all  the  year  from  Columbus  to  Apalachicola,  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

The  county  roads  are  in  good  condition.  The  products  of  the  county 
are  marketed  in  Georgetown,  Ga.,  and  in  Eufaula,  Ala.  Of  about  7,000 
bales  of  cotton  from  the  county  over  5,000  are  handled  at  Georgetown. 
According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  6,243  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

Other  stations  on  the  railroad  are  Hatcher  and  Morris,  each  doing  a 
fair  share  of  business. 

There  are  some  20  schools  in  the  county.  The  average  attendance 
is  150  in  9  schools  for  whites,  and  281  in  11  schools  for  colored. 

Baptists  and  IVfcthodists  are  the  prevailing  religious  denominations. 

The  area  of  Qnitman  county  is  152  square  miles,  or  97,280  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  4,701,  a  gain  of  230  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$2,903.65. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  arc:  acres  of  im- 


802  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

proved  land,  98,229;  value  per  acre,  $3.12;  city  property,  $21,315; 
money,  etc.,  $36,940;  merchandise,  $11,115;  household  furniture,  $26,- 
733;  farm  and  other  animals,  $54,898;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$9,028;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,664;  value  of  all  other  property,  $8,- 
818;  real  estate,  $327,747;  personal  estate,  $153,541;  aggregate  value 
of  property,  $481,288. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  1,907;. 
value,  $6,304;  city  property,  $880;  household  furniture,  $1,547; 
watches,  etc.,  $42;  farm  and  other  animals,  $7,505;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $1,462;  value  of  all  other  property,  $370;  aggregate  prop- 
erty, $21,110. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $23,490  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Quitman  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  601;  white  females,  653;  total  white,- 
1,254;  colored  males,  1,689;  colored  females,  1,758;  total  colored,  3,447. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,. 
June  1,  1900:  19  calves,  12  steers,  40  dairy  cows,  7  horses,  12  mules, 
55  swine. 

KABUN  COUNTY. 

Bdbun  County  was  laid  out  in  1819,  and  was  named  in  honor  of 
William  Rabun,  Governor  of  Georgia  from  November,  1817,  to  Oc- 
tober 25th,  1819,  when  he  died.  A  part  of  Habersham  was  added  to 
it  in  1828.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  east  and  southeast  by  the  State  of  South 
Carolina,  south  by  Habersham  county,  and  west  by  Towns  county.  The 
Chattooga  river  separates  it  from  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  The 
Little  Tennessee,  one  of  the  headwaters  of  the  great  river  of  that  name, 
rises  among  the  mountains  in  the  central  part  of  the  county  and  flows 
northward  into  North  Carolina.  The  Tallulah  river  rises  in  the  north- 
west of  the  county,  flows  southward,  then  turns  for  a  while  toward 
the  west,  then  to  the  southeast  until  it  unites  with  the  Chattooga  to  form 
the  Tugaloo,  one  of  the  headwaters  of  the  Savannah  river. 

About  ten  miles  above  the  junction  of  the  Tallulah  with  the  Chat- 
tooga are  the  noted  Falls  of  Tallulah,  a  description  of  which  can  be 
found  in  the  general  sketch.  The  Tallulah  river  runs  for  a  short  dis- 
tance along  the  southern  boundary  of  Rabun  county.  Other  streams 
are  War  Woman,  Tigertail,  Wild  Cat,  Stecoa,  Persimmon  and  Mud 
creeks.  This  is  a  county  of  mountains,  and  from  every  direction  thero 
are  presented  to  the  eye  ridges  of  mountains,  one  behind  the  other. 
Some  of  the  peaks  are  Bald  Mountain,  Screamer,  Pinnacle  and  Tallu- 
lah. On  the  mountains  are  found  wild  turkeys,  deer  and  some  bears. 
The  streams  abound  in  mountain  trout.  There  are  several  valleys,  Ten- 
nessee, War  Woman,  Persimmon,  Tigertail  and  Simpson.  On  all  the 
water  courses  are  bodies  of  fine  lands,  but  so  hemmed  in  that  one  trav- 
eling in  a  vehicle  can  reach  them  only  by  circuitous  routes. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  gQS 

The  soils  are  varied,  black  loam,  chocolate  and  alluvial,  all  producing 
good  crops  except  of  cotton.  The  average  yield  per  acre  of  the  various 
crops  is:  corn,  •20  bushels;  oats  and  rye,  15  each;  wheat,  10;  rice,  15; 
field-peas  and  ground-peas,  each  15;  Irish  potatoes,  200;  sweet  potatoes, 
150;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons.  Clover,  Bermuda  and  all  grasses 
do  well,  and  afford  good  pasturage  for  about  five  months  of  the  year. 
All  kinds  of  vegetables  do  well.  White  head  cabbages  grow  to  enor- 
mous size,  and  from  them  is  made  fine  sauerkraut.  The  apples  of  this 
county  are  very  fine,  and  keep  through  the  entire  winter. 

More  interest  is  taken  in  the  improvement  of  stock  than  at  any  pre- 
vious time.  Within  the  last  year  a  number  of  breeded  stock  have  been 
imported,  but  there  are  no  data  by  which  to  determine  the  number. 

By  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  the  county  5,671  sheep,  with  a 
wool-clip  of  9,209  pounds;  4,033  cattle,  785  working  oxen,  1,3GS  milch- 
cows,  474  horses,  435  mules,  9  donkeys  and  7.717  swine.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  there  are  in  the  county  100  goats.  o 

Among  the  farm  products  were  300,029  gallons  of  milk,  69.992  pounds 
of  butter,  110  pounds  of  cheese,  12,357  pounds  of  honey,  36,489  do- 
mestic fowls  of  every  kind  and  48,892  dozens  of  eggs. 

There  are  over  200,000  acres  of  original  forest,  hardwoods  of  all 
varieties  and  pine,  but  75  per  cent,  cannot  be  profitably  marketed  at 
present  for  lack  of  good  shipping  facilities.  There  are  5  sawmills,  but 
the  output  of  timber  is  small. 

The  county  has  25  flour  and  grist-mills.  The  water-powers  are  ex- 
tensive, but  exact  data  not  attainable. 

The  mineral  products  are  gold,  copper,  mica,  asbestos  and  sandstone. 
Iron,  carbonate  of  iron  and  alum  are  found.  On  Persimmon  creek 
Powell,  Stoneciphers  and  Smith  mines  have  been  operated  with  con- 
siderable profit.  There  are  now  (1900)  5  mines  and  quarries  in  ope- 
ration, employing  about  200  hands. 

Clayton,  situated  in  about  the  center  of  the  county  at  the  foot  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  is  the  county  site.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Judge  A.  S. 
Clayton. 

There  are  9  Methodist  and  20  Bnptist  churches  in  the  county. 

The  public  schools  number  39  and  have  an  average  attendance  of 
1,101  in  37  schools  for  whites,  and  30  in  the  2  schools  for  colored. 

There  is  one  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  telephone  and  tel- 
egraph pine. 

The  products  of  this  county  are  marketed  at  Tallulah  Falls,  Clayton 
and  Atlanta.  There  is  only  one-half  of  a  mile  of  railroad  in  this  coun- 
ty, the  Tallulah  Falls  Railroad,  which  runs  through  Habersham 
county  to  Cornelia  on  the  Southern  Railway. 

The  area  of  Rabun  county  is  344  square  miles,  or  220,160  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  6,285,  an  increase  of  679  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $4,453.07. 

By  tlie  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  tlicre  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  202,513;  of  wild  land,  59,688;  average  price  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.25;   of  wild  land,   $0.22;   city  property,    $33,510; 


gQ4  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

money,  etc.,  $55,684;  merchandise,  $10,965;  cotton  manufactories, 
$300;  household  furniture,  $23,637;  farm  and  other  animals,  $81,530; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $10,220;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,020; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $14,945;  real  estate,  $300,490;  personal  es- 
tate, $201,849;  aggregate  of  property,  $502,339. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  914; 
value,  $930;  money,  etc.,  $350;  household  furniture,  $253;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $766;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $109;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $35;  aggregate  property,  $2,449, 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $8,287  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Eabun  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,036;  white  females,  3,068;  total  white,  6,104; 
colored  males,  87;  colored  females,  94;  total  colored,  181, 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  3  calves,  1  steer,  9  dairy  cows,  4  horses,  18  swine,  8 


goats. 


RANDOLPH  COUNTY, 


Bandolph  County  was  laid  off  from  Lee  in  1828,  A  part  of  it  was 
given  to  Stewart  in  1830,  It  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Randolph,  of 
Virginia,  for  many  years  a  Representative  in  Congress  and  then  Sena- 
tor from  his  native  State.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Stewart  and 
Webster  counties.  An  eastern  projection  has  Terrell  on  the  north, 
while  a  western  projection  has  Quitman  on  the  north.  Terrell  county 
is  on  all  the  rest  of  its  eastern  border,  while  Clay  and  Quitman  counties 
bound  it  on  the  west.  It  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  Calhoun  and  Clay 
counties. 

It  is  watered  by  creeks  tributary  to  the  Chattahoochee  and  the  Plint. 
The  chief  one  flowing  into  the  Chattahoochee  is  Pataula.  The  Pachitla 
and  Fushachee  flow  south  from  the  Ichawaynochaway,  which  emp- 
ties into  the  Plint  river. 

This  is  an  excellent  county.  The  people  give  a  great  deal  of  atten- 
tion to  fruit.  Vegetables  of  every  variety  are  raised,  and  between  $7,000 
and  $8,000  worth  are  marketed  annually.  Almost  every  family  raises 
them  for  home  consumption.  Very  fine  melons  are  raised,  almost  ex- 
clusively for  home  use.  Only  a  few  farmers  pay  any  atten- 
tion to  the  cultivation  of  hay,  but  those  who  do,  find  it  very  profitable. 
They  generally  raise  the  crowfoot  and  crab  grasses  with  peas  and  har- 
vest them  together. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  tertiary  formation.  It  is  generally  gray  with 
a  red  clay  subsoil.  There  are  outcroppings  of  red  surface  subsoil  in  the 
northern  and  eastern  parts  of  the  county.  It  is  an  elevated  region,  with 
lands  for  the  most  part  slightly  rolling.  The  average  production  to  the 
acre  on  these  lands  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  oats,  12  bushels;  wheat,  8  bush- 
els; rye,  6  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  60  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bush- 
els; cow-peas,  5  bushels;  ground-peas,  10  bushels;  rice,  40  bushels  (up- 
land); sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons;  seed  cotton,  600  pounds;  hay  from 


ABUNDANCE. 

ICqualing  in  thrift  and  beauty  any  known  fruit  tree  ;  an  early  and  profuse  bearer  ;    llcsh  li)j;ht 
yellow,  tender  and  juicy,  with  a  rich  sweetness,  ripeninp;  early  in  the  season. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  807 

crowfoot  and  crab-grass  and  peavines,  harvested  together,  3,000  pounds. 
Under  the  best  methods  of  cultivation  the  average  of  nearly  all  these 
crops  is  greatly  increased. 

There  are  in  Randolph  comity  85,000  peach-trees,  6,000  plum-trees 
and  1,200  apple-trees. 

More  attention  than  ever  before  is  being  paid  to  the  improvement  of 
the  breeds  of  both  dairy  and  beef  cattle.  In  1890  the  county  had  4,829 
cattle,  of  which  1,860  were  milch-cows.  About  one-fifth  of  the  cows 
were  of  improved  breeds,  a  fair  percentage  being  of  pure  blood.  There 
were  258  working  oxen,  992  horses,  1,492  mules,  13  donkeys,  14,425 
swine  and  57,467  domestic  fowls  of  all  varieties. 

Among  the  farm  products  are  317,045  gallons  of  milk,  75,472 
pounds  of  butter,  180  pounds  of  cheese,  107,667  dozens  of  eggs  and 
28,623  pounds  of  honey;  185  sheep  gave  194  pounds  of  wool. 

About  60,000  acres  of  original  forest  trees  are  still  standing.  These 
embrace  ash,  maple,  poplar  and  yellow  pine,  all  available  for  the  mar- 
ket. Some  of  these  are  being  sawed  every  year,  and  the  annual  output 
is  about  $6,000  w^orth,  or  1,000,000  superficial  feet  at  $6  a  thousand 
feet. 

On  tributaries  of  the  Flint  river  are  6  grist-mills  using  84  horse-pow- 
ers, and  on  a  tributary  of  the  Chattahoochee  (Pataula  creek)  is  1  mill 
using  8  horse-powers.  The  unutilized  gross  horse-powers  are  on  Roaiing 
Branch,  14;  on  Wakefortsee  creek,  5. 

The  total  output  of  all  manufactories  in  the  county  is  $24,860. 

Two  establishments  are  engaged  in  cultivating  flowers  and  flowering 
plants  for  the  market. 

Cuthbert,  the  coimty  site,  was  named  for  Hon.  J.  A.  Cuthbert,  who 
had  represented  Georgia  in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  who  died  in 
Mobile,  Ala.,  at  a  very  advanced  age.  This  is  a  live  little  city  at  an 
elevation  of  446  feet  above  sea  level,  having  a  population  of  2,641.  The 
Cuthbert  district,  which  includes  the  town,  has  4,461  inhalutants.  It  is 
located  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad  running  between 
Smithville  and  Georgetown.  A  short  distance  from  Cuthbert  is  the 
junction  of  this  road  with  another  branch  of  the  same  system,  running 
to  Fort  Gaines.  The  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  have  good 
church  buildings  and  a  full  membership  at  Cuthbert.  There  is  here  a 
good  system  of  schools,  and  the  Methodists  have  a  fine  institution  for 
the  education  of  young  ladies,  Andrew  Female  College.  An  excellent 
Baptist  school  is  also  here,  Betlipl  Male  College. 

Shellman,  on  the  same  railroad,  has  also  good  schools  and  church 
buihlings.     There  are  also  many  Episcopalians  in  Randolph  county. 

The  public  schools  in  Randolph  county  number  27  for  whites  and  24 
for  colorofl  pupils.  The  average  attendance  of  white  children  is  1,000, 
of  colored  990. 

Cuthbert  has  one  bank  ^v^th  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Shellman  has  two 
banks  with  a  combined  capital  of  $85,000. 

The  court-house  at  Cuthbert  was  built  in  1885  at  a  cost  of  $23,000. 


808  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Cuthbert  has  a  good  system  of  water  works,  also  electric  lights,  two 
grist-mills  and  two  gins. 

Other  postoffices  are  Coleman,  Springvale  and  Benevolence, 

The  products  of  the  comitj  are  marketed  at  Cuthbert,  Shellman  and 
Coleman. 

The  total  receipts  and  shipments  of  cotton  are  22,000  bales,  of  which 
Cuthbert  handles  from  12,000  to  15,000  bales  annually,  Shellman  about 
8,000  and  Coleman  2,000.  According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  Randolph  county  18,558  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the 
season  of  1899-1900. 

Among  the  industries  of  Cuthbert  there  are:  the  Randolph  Cotton 
Mills,  a  carriage  factory,  machine  works,  ice  factory  and  factories  for 
making  spokes,  hoops,  handles,  barrels,  buckets,  brooms  and  soap. 

In  Shellman  and  neighborhood  are  three  sawmills,  and  the  town  has 
a  good  retail  business. 

The  area  of  Randolph  county  is  476  square  miles,  or  304,640  acres. 

Population  of  Randolph  county  in  1900,  16,847,  a  gain  of  1,580  since 
1890;  school  fund,  $12,963.80. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  261,253;  of  wild  land,  202;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $3.55;  of  wild  land,  $0.25;  city  property,  $349,185;  shares 
in  bank,  $39,500;  money,  etc.,  $178,475;  merchandise,  $94,305; 
iron  works,  $1,200;  household  furniture,  $97,165;  farm  and  other  ani- 
male,  $170,380;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $40,090;  watches,  jew- 
elry, etc.,  $6,940;  value  of  all  other  property,  $40,720;  real  estate,  $1,- 
277,830;  personal  estate,  $680,405;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $1,- 
958,235. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  dumber  of  acres,  8,777; 
value,  $30,955;  city  property,  $28,810;  money,  etc.,  $40;  merchandise, 
$310;  household  furniture,  $42,300;  watches,  etc.,  $210;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $16,985;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,355;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $1,045;  aggregate  property,  $95,010. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $61,480  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Randolph  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,699;  white  females,  2,851;  total  white, 
5,550;  colored  males,  5,458;  colored  females,  5,839;  total  colored 
11,297. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Cuthbert,  by  sex  and  color,  according  to 
the  census  of  1900:  white  males,  410;  white  females,  460;  total  white, 
870;  colored  males,  811;  colored  females,  960;  total  colored,  1,771. 

T^tal  population  of  Cuthbert,  2,641. 

Domestic  animals  in  Randolph  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not 
on  farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  37  calves,  7  steers,  1  bull,  81  dairy 
cows,  116  horses,  26  mules,  260  swine,  1  goat. 


GEORGIA:  niSTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  809 

RICIBIOXD  COUXTY. 

Bichmond  Couniy  was  known  in  the  old  colonial  da}^  as  St.  Paul's 
Parish.  The  first  settlement  was  at  Augusta,  which  was  named  by  Ogle- 
thorpe in  honor  of  one  of  the  royal  princesses.  It  was  laid  out  in  1735 
by  the  trustees  of  the  then  infant  colony  of  Georgia,  and  garrisoned  in 
173G.  Several  warehouses  were  built  here  for  the  Indian  trade.  The 
Savannah  river  furnished  water  transportation,  the  best  kno^-n  in  that 
day.  As  steamboats  were  unknown  at  that  time,  long  boats  propelled 
by  poles  made  four  or  five  voyages  a  year  to  Savannah,  from  whence 
their  contents  were  transferred  to  vessels  that  carried  them  to  Charles- 
ton. In  1777,  while  the  newly  proclaimed  States  were  fighting  for  in- 
dependence, St.  Paul's  Parish  was  made  the  county  of  Kichmond,  being 
so  called  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Eichmond,  who  in  Parliament  and  on 
all  occasions  championed  the  cause  of  American  independence.  In  1790 
a  part  of  Richmond  county  was  set  off  to  Columbia. 

Richmond  county  is  bounded  on  the  northeast  and  east  by  the  State 
of  South  Carolina,  on  the  south  by  Burke  and  Jefferson  counties,  on 
the  western  side  along  a  straight  line  running  from  northeast  to  south- 
west by  Columbia  and  McDufiie  counties.  The  Savannah  river  separates 
it  from  the  State  of  South  Carolina.  Brier  creek  runs  across  the  south- 
western part  of  the  county,  and  after  flowing  through  Burke  and  Screven 
empties  into  the  Savannah.  Butler's  creek,  about  seven  miles  below 
Augusta,  empties  into  the  Savannah  river.  Other  streams  tributary  to 
the  Savannah  are:  McBean's,  Spirit  and  Pae's  creeks. 

The  soil  over  three-fourths  of  the  county  belongs  to  the  tertiary  for- 
mation, and  is  of  a  light  sandy  loam,  easily  worked  and  "vvell  adapted 
to  truck  farming.  Along  the  streams  the  soil  consists  of  alluvial  and 
hummock  land.  In  the  western  part  of  the  county  it  is  dry  and  sandy, 
unproductive  and  covered  with  a  growth  of  "black  jack,"  oak  and  yellow 
pine.  The  northern  part  of  the  county  is  high  and  rolling,  with  red  clay 
and  gravelly  soil,  covered  with  hardwood  growth  and  short^leaf  and 
yellow  pine.  The  alluvial  lands  of  the  Savannah  river  are  of  imsur- 
passed  fertility,  and  are  especially  adapted  to  corn,  hay  and  the  small 
grains. 

The  average  production  to  the  acre  of  the  lands  in  this  county  is: 
com,  11  bushels;  oats,  17  bushels;  wheat,  6  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bush- 
els; ground-peas,  15  bushels;  seed  cotton,  57G  pounds  to  the  acre;  hay, 
made  from  Bermuda,  crab  and  Guinea  grasses,  peavines  and  vetch,  2,800 
pounds;  sugar  cane  syrup,  70  gallons;  Irish  potatoes,  180  bushels;  sweet 
potatoes,  300  bushels.  On  some  of  the  lands  there  are  yields  far  ahead 
of  these  averages.  There  have  been  produced  as  high  as  800  bushels  of 
sweet  pr)tatoes  to  the  acre  by  some  of  the  truck  farmers.  There  can  be 
grown  00  bushels  of  com  and  8,000  pounds  of  hay  to  the  aero  on  the 
alluvial  lands. 

The  truck  sold  in  the  county  amounts  to  $85,000. 

The  melons  are  celebrated  for  their  size  and  quality. 

Augusta  is  one  of  the  most  noted  melon  markets  in  the  United  States. 


810  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

This  county  has  38,607  peach-trees,  8,61Y  apple-trees,  5,032  plum- 
trees,  2,622  pear-trees  and  1,343  cherry-trees.  Pecans  of  superior 
quality  grow  in  Eichmond  county. 

The  timber  products  are  light.  Perhaps  the  annual  output  amounts  to 
$8,000. 

The  388  manufactories  of  this  county  have  an  output  worth  $10,069,- 
750. 

The  total  maximum  available  horse-power  of  the  Savannah  river  and 
the  Augusta  canal  is  34,090;  the  total  developed  is  14,000,  and  that  in 
actual  use  is  11,000.  On  the  tributaries  of  the  Savannah  river  504  horse- 
powers are  utilized  by  21  mills. 

The  mineral  products  are  sandstone  and  some  kaolin,  brick  and  pot- 
tery clay,  all  of  excellent  quality. 

Richmond  county  had  on  farms  in  1890:  277  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  278  pounds;  1,806  cattle,  of  which  93  were  working  oxen  and  912 
milch-cows;  625  horses,  678  mules,  4  donkeys,  27,227  of  all  kinds  of 
domestic  fowls  and  5,094  swine.  Among  farm  products  were  165,992 
gallons  of  milk,  18,923  pounds  of  butter,  25  pounds  of  cheese,  47,746 
dozens  of  eggs  and  7,930  pounds  of  honey.  These  statistics  do  not  in- 
clude live  stock  in  Augusta  and  other  towns. 

Augusta,  the  county  site,  is  located  on  the  Savannah  river  at  the  head 
of  steamboat  navigation.  By  the  census  of  1900  the  population  of  the 
city  was  39,441,  an  increase  of  6,141  over  that  of  1890.  If  we  add  to 
this  the  population  of  the  immediate  suburbs,  we  have  over  45,000  peo- 
ple. Augusta  is  the  third  city  in  size  in  Georgia,  and  ranks  first  in  the 
south  in  the  manufacture  of  textile  goods.  Appropriately  has  it  been 
called  the  "Lowell  of  the  South"  and  "Fall  River  of  the  South."  The 
great  water  power  canal,  nine  miles  long  and  150  feet  wide,  owned  by 
the  city,  develops  14,000  horse-powers,  of  which  11,000  are  now  in  use. 
This  immense  power  is  available  12  months  of  the  year  and  rents  for  only 
$5.50  a  horse-power  per  annum.  The  water  of  the  canal  is  taken  from 
the  Savannah  river  at  a  point  seven  miles  above  the  city,  where  a  lock 
and  dam  of  solid  masonry  are  constructed. 

There  are  mills  belonging  to  nine  different  companies,  having  6,188 
looms  and  220,166  spindles,  which  consume  over  70,000  bales  of  cotton 
annually.  Several  large  cotton-mills  located  across  the  river  in  South 
Carolina,  though  really  a  part  of  the  city's  industries  and  operated  by 
its  capital,  are  not  here  included.  If  they  were,  as  has  been  done  by 
persons  estimating  the  factories  of  Augusta,  the  aggregate  of  mills, 
spindles,  looms  and  capital  would  be  greatly  increased.  But  we  must 
confine  our  estimate  to  mills  situated  in  Richmond  county.  Two  of 
these  mills  have  a  capital  of  $1,000,000  each.  Their  products  are  sold 
in  America,  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa  in  successful  competition  with 
spinners  from  England  and  New  England. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Augusta  cotton-mills,  with  their  capital, 
number  of  looms  and  number  of  spindles;  also  Richmond  Factory  in 
Richmond  county: 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  311 

Name  of  Mill.  Capital. 

Augusta    $    000,000 

Enterprise    750,000 

Globe    25,000 

Isaetta    25,000 

John  P.  King 1,000,000 

Sibley 1,000,000 

Sutherland 35,000 

Warwick    25,000 

Eiverside  (Batting  Mill)   ...      150,000 
Richmond  Factory  (not  running). 


Looms. 

Spindles. 

1,000 

33,2(34 

928 

33,000 

114 

1,728 

150 

4,410 

1,812 

60,384- 

1,409 

43,200 

9,152 

224 

4,100 

or 


$3,010,000       5,037       189,238 

The  mills  of  Augusta  manufacture  brown  goods,  shirting,  sheeting, 
checks,  cheviots,  plaids,  drills,  duck,  yarns,  waste  and  batting.  All  use 
water-power  except  the  Riverside  Mill. 

Augusta  capital  is  also  largely  invested  in  the  following  South  Caro- 
lina mills: 

Name  of  Mill.  Capital.  Looms.  Spindl.  s. 

Aiken $  400,000  766  27,500 

Graniteville 000,000  1,106  34,990 

Warren 500,000  1,000  35,000 

Langley 700,000  1,300  43,000 

$2,200,000         4,172       140,490 

The  Clear  Water  Bleachery  and  Manufacturing  Company,  whose 
plant  is  at  Clear  Water,  S.  C,  three  and  one-half  miles  from  Augusta 
and  largely  under  the  control  of  the  manufacturers  of  that  city,  was  or- 
ganized in  1900  with  Mr.  Thomas  Barrett,  Jr.,  as  president,  and  Arthur 
C.  Freeman  as  superintendent.  Here  the  manufactured  goods  of  Au- 
gusta and  vicinity  can  be  bleached.  This  company  will  also  print  cali- 
cos, shirting,  etc. 

Among  the  manufactories  of  Augusta  and  vicinity  are  fertilizer  and 
cotton  seed-oil  factories,  planing  and  lumber  mills,  brick  yards,  terra 
cotta  works,  foundries,  machine  manufactories,  wagon,  buggy  and  car- 
riage factories,  broom  factories  and  hay  presses,  shirt  factories  and 
manufactories  of  medicines,  clothing  and  minor  articles. 

Cotton  is  one  of  the  greatset  factors  in  the  business  of  the  city. 

The  annual  receipts  of  cotton  are  from  200,000  to  275,000  bales.  Of 
this  large  amount  of  cotton  only  3,764  bales  (upland)  were  ginned  in 
Richmond  county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

Augusta  has  railroad  connection  Avith  five  seaports  and  water  trans- 
portation to  Savannah  besides.  The  great  trunk  lines  centering  there  are 
the  Southern,  Georgia  and  Central  systems  in  Georgia,  and  tlie  South 
Carolina  and  Charleston  and  Western  Railways  of  Carolina.  The  lively 
competition  gives  to  the  city  great  r.dvantagos  in  freights.     A  line  of 


§12  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

steamboats  to  Savannah  also  helps  to  secure  lower  freight  charges  to  the 
sea. 

The  trade  transactions  of  all  kinds  amount  to  $65,000,000  a  year. 
The  life  and  fire  insurance  agencies  do  an  immense  business. 

The  banking  capital  of  Augusta  amounts  to  $1,846,186.  The  total 
bank  clearances  of  Augusta  in  1900  were  $68,142,465.04,  an  increase 
of  $20,056,946.12  over  those  of  1899. 

Few  cities  present  a  more  attractive  appearance  than  Augusta.  Broad- 
way, the  principal  business  thoroughfare,  is  about  three  miles  long  and 
180  feet  wide.  It  is  paved  with  asphalt  and  has  a  double  track  electric 
railway  in  the  center.  The  upper  and  lower  portions  have  four  rows  of 
magnificent  shade  trees  with  a  carriage  way  on  each  side  of  the  two 
middle  rows,  while  the  space  between  these  two  rows  forms  a  beautiful 
promenade  in  front  of  each  man's  door.  There  is  a  similar  arrangement 
throughout  the  whole  length  of  Greene  street,  which  is  about  two  and 
one-half  miles  long  and  180  feet  broad.  On  Broadway,  formerly  called 
Broad  street,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  Confederate  monuments  in  the 
whole  south,  and  on  Greene  street  is  a  cenotaph  erected  to  the  Confed- 
erate dead  of  Augusta  and  Richmond  county,  on  which  are  engraved 
the  names  of  all  the  soldiers  from  the  city  and  county  who  died  from 
disease  or  wounds  while  serving  in  the  Confederate  army.  A  monu- 
ment of  granite  stands  in  front  of  the  city  hall  erected  to  the  memory 
of  Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall  and  George  Walton,  signers  of  the 
declaration  of  independence  on  behalf  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  The 
city  hall  is  a  handsome  building  which  cost  $100,000,  and  the  postoffice 
is  another  elegant  structure. 

Beautiful  churches  of  all  the  Christian  denominations  adorn  the  city. 
The  school  buildings  also  are  commodious  and  elegant.  The  Academy 
of  Richmond  County,  on  Telfair  street,  dates  back  to  the  colonial  days. 
On  the  adjoining  lot  is  the  Augusta  Medical  College,  a  department  of  the 
State  University. 

On  the  Augusta  canal  stands  the  Confederate  Obelisk,  the  tall  chim- 
ney of  the  great  powder  mill  that  stood  there  during  the  war  between 
the  States.  An  electric  railway  connects  the  city  with  the  beautiful  town 
of  Summerville,  where  stands  the  large  United  States  arsenal,  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  buildings  of  which  is  the  armory  built  by  the  Con- 
federate government.  Summerville  contains  in  its  corporate  limits  a 
population  of  3,245. 

Another  line  of  electric  railway  connects  the  city  with  Lake  Olmstead, 
a  favorite  evening  resort  of  the  citizens  of  Augusta.     And  yet  another 
line  over  a  handsome  bridge  across  the  Savannah  river  leads  to  l^orth,. 
Augusta,  a  beautiful  suburb  on  the  Carolina  hills. 

The  sanitary  condition  of  the  city  is  unexcelled  by  reason  of  its  splen- 
did sewerage  and  excellent  system  of  water  works.  There  is  not  a  more 
charming  scene  in  the  State  than  that  of  Augusta  at  night  with  its  my- 
riad electric  lights,  as  viewed  from  the  Bon  Air  hotel  at  Summerville, 
or  from  Schultz's  Hill  and  the  heights  of  ISTorth  Augusta  on  the  Caro- 
line side  of  the  Savannah  river. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  813 

In  the  public  school  system  of  Richmond  county,  which  includes  the 
schools  of  Augusta,  there  is  an  average  attendance  of  4,786  in  the  30 
schools  for  whites,  and  3,499  in  the  24  schools  for  colored  pupils.  Every 
county  district  and  city  ward  enjoys  the  privilege  of  a  nine-months' 
school   term. 

The  area  of  Richmond  county  is  272  square  miles,  or  174,080  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  53,735,  an  increase  of  8,541  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $36,671.72. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  192,850;  average  value  per  acre,  $14.28;  city  property, 
$10,290,895;  shares  in  bank,  $1,014,280;  merchandise,  $1,276,936;  gas 
and  electric  light  companies,  $183,350;  invested  in  shipping,  $1,510; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $483,090;  building  and  loan  associations,  $474,556; 
cotton  manufactories,  $3,093,737;  money,  etc.,  $2,071,531;  house- 
hold furniture,  $809,110;  farm  and  other  animals,  $206,172;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $97,880;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$75,030;  value  of  all  other  property,  $247,553;  real  estate,  $13,042,- 
765;  personal  estate,  $10,712,070;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $23,- 
754,835. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Number  of  acres,  6,739; 
value,  $160,940;  city  property,  $566,990;  stocks  and  bonds,  $300; 
money,  etc.,  $10,750;  merchandise,  $8,275;  household  furniture,  $123,- 
185;  farm  and  other  animals,  $16,120;  watches,  etc.,  $230;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $4,730;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,825;  ag- 
gregate of  all  property,  $1,046,760. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  apparent  decrease  of  $751,720  in  the 
value  of  all  property  in  Richmond  county  since  the  returns  of  1900. 
This  is  plainly  an  error,  for  there  has  been  no  cause  for  a  decrease,  but 
for  an  increase  in  values. 

Population  of  Richmond  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  13,280;  white  females,  14,159;  total  white, 
27,439;  colored  males,  11,949;  colored  females,  14,347;  total  colored, 
26,296. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Augusta  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  10,066;  white  females,  10,847;  total  whit«, 
20,913;  colored  males,  8,159;  colored  females,  10,369;  total  colored, 
18,528. 

Total  population  of  Augusta,  39,441. 

Population  of  Summerville  town,  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  tlie 
census  of  1000:  white  males,  916;  white  females,  1,025;  total  white, 
1,941;  colored  males,  585;  colored  females,  719;  total  colored,  1,304. 
Total  population  of  Summerville,  3,245. 

Domestic  animals  in  Richmond  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not 
on  farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  37  calves,  21  steers,  4  bulls,  764  dairy 
cows,  1,409  horses,  309  mules,  6  donkeys,  12  sheep,  148  swine,  47  goats. 
Domestic  animals  in  the  city  of  Augusta  in  bams  and  inclosurcs,  June 
1,  1900:  30  calves,  16  steers,'4  bulls,  618  dairy  cows,  1,197  horses,  294 
mules,  6  donkeys,  10  sheep,  4  swine,  31  goats. 


814  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

SOME  DISTINGUISHED  CITIZENS  OF  RICHMOND  COUNTY. 

John  Forsyth,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  Americans,  and  the  man 
who  conducted  the  negotiations  with  Spain  for  the  cession  of  Florida 
to  the  United  States;  Governor  George  W.  Crawford;  Governor  John 
Milledge;  George  Walton,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence; Governor  Charles  J.  Jenkins;  Eichard  Henry  Wilde,  a 
native  of  Ireland,  a  famous  writer  of  prose  and  verse;  Hon.  Alfred 
Gumming,  at  one  time  Governor  of  Utah;  Judge  Augustus  B.  Long- 
street,  author  of  Georgia  Scenes;  General  Joseph  Wheeler,  the  celebrated 
Confederate  cavalry  leader  and  subsequently  in  the  Spanish-American 
war  commander  of  the  cavalry  division  of  the  United  States  army  in  the 
campaign  of  Santiago,  Cuba,  and  who  was  born  at  the  Wheeler  place, 
on  Rae's  creek;  General  W.  H.  T.  Walker,  who  fell  in  defense  of  his  na- 
tive State  at  the  battle  of  Atlanta  (July  22nd,  1864,),  and  who  was 
buried  in  the  United  States  arsenal  cemetery  at  Summerville;  General 
Thomas  Flournoy,  a  hero  of  the  war  of  1812.  Madame  Octavia  Walton 
LeVert  long  resided  at  Summerville. 

Camp  McKenzie,  where  8,000  troops  were  stationed  during  the  Span- 
ish-American war,  extended  from  Monte  Sano,  on  the  outskirts  of  Sum- 
merville, to.Wheeless  Station  on  the  Georgia  Railroad. 

HISTORICAL  INCIDENTS. 

After  the  fall  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  May,  1Y80,  the  British  overran 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  and  a  British  garrison,  under  Colonel 
Thomas  Browne,  occupied  Augusta.  This  Colonel  Browne  had  been 
very  roughly  handled  by  the  patriots  at  Augusta  in  1774,  and  the  desire 
for  revenge  prompted  him  to  many  acts  of  cruelty. 

In  September,  1780,  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke,  the  great  Georgia  par- 
tisan leader,  laid  siege  to  Augusta,  and  was  on  the  point  of  effecting  its 
capture,  when  the  arrival  of  reinforcements  to  the  enemy  caused  Clarke 
to  raise  the  siege  and  retire.  Colo-nel  Henry  Lee,  familiarly  known  as 
"Light  Horse  Harry,"  and  the  father  of  General  Robert  E.  Lee,  says  in 
his  memoirs  that  Clarke's  expedition  against  Augusta  was  the  primary 
cause  of  the  assembling  of  the  mountain  riflemen  of  North  Carolina 
and  Kentucky  (the  latter  State  being  at  that  time  the  western  district  of 
Virginia),  who,  assisted  by  some  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  militia, 
attacked  and  defeated  the  British  and  Tories  under  Ferguson  at  King's 
Mountain,  thereby  checking  the  tide  of  British  conquest  i-n  the  south. 

In  the  spring  of  1781  Colonel  Elijah  Clarke  again  attacked  the  Brit- 
ish at  Augusta,  where  he  was  soon  joined  by  the  South  Carolinians  un- 
der General  Andrew  Pickens.  Being  soon  after  reinforced  by  Colonel 
Henry  Lee  with  his  legion  of  Continentals  from  Greene's  army,  the 
Americans,  by  the  15th  of  May,  had  the  British  completely  shut  in,  and, 
on  the  5th  of  June,  received  the  surrender  of  the  British  forts  and  gar- 
risons. This  splendid  victory  was  soon  followed  by  the  recovery  of  all 
Georgia  from  the  enemy,  with  the  exception  of  Savannah,  which  was 
finally  surrendered  to  the  Americans  July  11th,  1782. 

St.  Paul's  Episcopal  church  stands  on  part  of  the  ground  occupied  by 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   INDUSTRIAL.  glo 

Fort  Cornwallis,  where  the  British  garrison  made  its  stout,  but  unavail- 
ing defense. 

In  1791  Augusta,  at  that  time  the  capital  of  Georgia,  was  visited  by 
President  Washington,  who  was  met  five  miles  down  the  Savannah  road 
by  Governor  Edward  Telfair  and  a  military  escort.  He  was  entertained 
at  Meadow  Garden  by  Chief  Justice  George  "Walton. 

The  first  bridge  across  the  Savannah  at  Augusta  was  built  by  Wade 
Hampton,  father  of  General  Wade  Hampton,  the  gallant  Confederate. 
Being  washed  away  by  the  Yazoo  freshet  of  1796,  another  was  com- 
menced in  1S12,  and  completed  in  1815,  on  the  day  when  the  news 
reached  Augusta  of  the  victoiy  of  General  Andrew  Jackson  at  IsTew 
Orleans,  in  honor  of  which  event  the  new  bridge  was  decorated  and  at 
night  brilliantly  illuminated. 

The  first  steamboat  on  the  Savannah  river,  called  the  Enterprise,  ap- 
peared at  Augusta  in  1817,  on  which  occasion  the  stores  were  closed  and 
hundreds  from  the  city  and  surrounding  country  flocked  to  see  it.  It 
is  said  that  many  paid  a  dollar  for  the  privilege  of  inspecting  its  works. 

In  1825  Augusta  was  honored  by  a  visit  from  the  Marquis  de  Lii. 
Fayette. 

It  is  claimed  that  Eli  Whitney  perfected  his  cotton  gin  on  the  plan- 
tation of  the  widow  of  General  ISTathaniel  Greene,  in  Richmond  county^ 
subsequently  owned  by  Mr.  John  Phinizy.  Whitney  received  his  patent 
from  the  State  of  Georgia  in  1793.  The  first  gin  practically  operated 
was  owned  by  Patrick  Moore,  and  was  located  on  the  west  side  of  Wash- 
ington street,  between  Greene  and  Telfair  streets.  By  a  strange  coinci- 
dence, Mr.  Joseph  Eve,  father  of  the  celebrated  physician  of  that  name, 
and  grandfather  of  Judge  W.  F.  Eve,  of  Richmond  county,  wrote  a 
letter  from  Xassau,  dated  November  24th,  1794,  in  which  he  stated  that 
he  had  invented  a  machine  for  separating  the  seed  from  the  cotton  which 
had  been  for  several  years  used  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  and  for  which  he 
requested  a  patent.  It  is  not  known  what  principle  was  involved  in  his 
device. 

As  early  as  1834  the  Richmond  Factory  was  built  on  Spirit  creek. 

During  the  four  years  of  the  civil  war  thirty  companies  were  raised  in 
Augusta  and  Richmond  county,  and  not  less  than  2,000  men  out  of  a 
total  white  population  of  about  10,000  people  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
army.  Of  these  292  were  killed  or  died  in  service.  The  following  gen- 
eral officers  of  the  Confederate  army  lived  in  Augusta,  or  vicinity  in 
Richmond  county,  at  one  time  or  another:  Lieutcnant-Generals  James 
A.  Longstreet  and  Joseph  Wheeler;  Major-Generals  W.  H.  T.  Walker, 
A.  R.  Wright  and  LaFayette  McLaws;  Brigadier-Generals  Montgomery 
Gardner,  M.  A.  StovaH, .  John_K.  Jackjon^  Goode  Bryan  and  Alfred 
Gumming.  " 

When  Sherman  was  marching  through  Georgia  in  December,  1SG4, 
and  again  when  in  the  spring  of  1805  he  was  making  his  advance 
through  South  Carolina,  General  Joseph  Wheeler,  by  the  defeat  of  the 
Federal  cavalry  under  Kilpatrick,  saved  Augusta  from  the  fate  which 
befell  Atlanta  and  Columbia. 

39  ga 


316  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   IXDUSTRIAL. 

EOCKDALE  COUNTY. 

Hockdah  County  received  its  name  on  account  of  the  immense  ledge 
of  rock  running  through  it.  The  following  counties  bound  it:  Walton 
on  the  northeast,  Newton  on  the  southeast,  Henry  on  the  southwest,  De- 
Kalb  and  Gwinnett  on  the  northwest.  DeKalb  also  lies  north  of  a  nar- 
row projection  of  Eockdale  county  in  the  southwest.  This  county  is 
nearly  rectangular  in  shape,  the  general  direction  of  its  two  longest  sides 
being  from  northeast  to  southwest. 

It  is  watered  by  Yellow  and  South  rivers,  both  tributaries  of  the  Oc- 

mulgee.     There  are  also  several  smaller  streams  m  the  county.     There 

-are  natural  falls  sufficient  for  operating  mills  or  factories,  some  of  them 

possessing  100  horse-powers.     The  aggregate  water-power  of  the  county 

is  about  1,000  horse-powers. 

The  lands  on  the  ridges  are  gray;  on  the  rivers  and  creeks,  dark  and 
very  productive.  Under  ordinary  cultivation  the  average  production  to 
the  acre  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  wheat,  8  bushels;  oats,  15  bushels;  rye,  5 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  60  bushels;  field 
peas,  5  bushels;  ground-peas,  10  bushels;  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  crab- 
grass  hay,  1^000  pounds;  corn  fodder  hay,  200  pounds;  sorghum  syrup, 
100  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  75  gallons.  Under  improved  methods, 
much  better  results  are  recorded,  as  for  instance:  corn  and  oats,  20 
bushels  each;  wheat,  10  bushels;  rye,  8  bushels;  barley,  20  bushels; 
sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  20 
bushels;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  crab-grass  and  Bermuda  grass  hay, 
2,000  to  3,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup, 
300  gallons.  Mr.  W.  L.  Peek  made  600  gallons  of  syrup  from  one  acre 
of  sugar-cane.  Bermuda  grass  is  extensively  cultivated  and  is  becoming 
quite  popular.  All  kinds  of  forage,  such  as  sorghum,  peavine  and  the 
different  species  of  millet,  do  well  and  are  being  cultivated  more  and 
more. 

Much  more  attention  is  being  paid  than  ever  before  to  the  improve- 
ment of  the  breeds  of  milch-cows  and  beef  cattle.  There  is  one  dairy 
farm,  but  all  farmers  keep  cows  and  have  milk  and  butter  for  home  use, 
and  many  of  them  have  a  surplus  for  sale.  In  1890  there  were  2,141 
cattle,  of  which  there  were  72  working  oxen  and  973  milch-cows.  The 
production  of  milk  amounted  to  315,791  gallons,  and  of  butter  to  119,- 
437  pounds.  The  poultry  amounted  to  45,417  of  all  kinds  and  their 
eggs  numbered  65,402  dozens.  There  were  also  gathered  7,337  pounds 
of  honey. 

Rockdale  county  had  353  horses,  691  mules  and  2,727  swine;  also  78 
sheep,  yielding  15  pounds  of  wool. 

There  is  abundance  of  game  in  the  county,  but  fish  are  scarce. 

Vegetables,  berries,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised  for  home  consunip- 
tion.  About  1,500  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  100  each  to  cherries 
and  apples. 

There  are  still  about  10,000  acres  of  forest  timber.  Most  of  the  large 
trees  have  been  cut  off.    A  few  steam  sawmills  are  in  operation. 


UEOUUIA:    illaroii'ICAL   A.\D    1.\DL\ST1UAL.  817 

Granite  is  found  in  this  county  in  great  quantities.  There  are  four 
quarries  kept  busy  in  preparing  the  granite  ior  paving  and  building  ma- 
terial. 

The  manufactories  of  the  county  are:  one  paper  mill,  one  cotton  seed 
oil-miil,  one  fertilizer  manufactory,  one  roller  llour-mill,  one  furniture 
factory  and  five  flour  and  grist-mills.  The  paper  mill  and  four  of  the 
flour  and  grist-mills  are  operated  by  water,  the  rest  by  steam.  There  are 
10  cotton  gins  in  the  county. 

Conyers,  the  county  site,  with  a  population  of  1,605  people,  is  located 
in  the  center  of  the  county,  on  the  Georgia  Eailroad.  in  the  district  in 
which  it  is  situated  there  are  3,880  people.  The  court-house  cost  about 
$5,000  and  the  jail  about  $3,000.  It  contains  most  of  the  manufactur- 
ing establishments  mentioned  above,  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $100,000, 
several  fine  mercantile  establishments,  good  schools,  and  churches  of  the 
Methodist,  Baptist,  Presbyterian  and  Bible  Christian  denominations. 
The  public  schools  of  the  w^hole  county  number  34,  and  churches  are 
convenient  to  every  neighborhood. 

The  annual  shipments  of  cotton,  mostly  from  Conyers,  amount  to 
about  10,000  bales.  According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900 
there  were  ginned  in  this  county  7,368  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the 
crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  proximity  of  this  county  to  the  great  city  of  Atlanta  adds  to  its 
advantages.  It  has  for  a  market  not  only  its  home  to\vn,  Conyers,  but 
in  Atlanta  there  will  always  be  a  ready  sale  for  all  the  products  that  it 
•can  raise  above  home  consumption. 

The  area  of  Rockdale  county  is  121  square  miles,  or  77,440  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  7,515,  a  gain  of  702  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$2,933.30;  school  fund  of  Conyers,  $982.10. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  83,696;  average  value  per  acre,  $6.44;  city  property,  $231,- 
129;  money,  etc.,  $199,521;  merchandise,  $42,469;  cotton  mauu- 
factories,  $50;  household  furniture,  $70,454;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $85,236;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $28,246;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $4,862;  value  of  all  other  property,  $19,240;  real 
estate,  $812,537;  personal  estate,  $458,671;  aggregate  value  of  prop- 
erty, $1,271,208. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres,  2,373; 
value,  $15,621;  city  property,  $9,447;  merchandise,  $112;  house- 
hold furniture,  $6,869;  farm  and  other  animals,  $9,821;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $2,368;  watches,  etc.,  $81;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $416;  aggregate  value  of  property,  $42,139. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $41,000  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

There  is  an  average  attendance  of  486  pupils  in  the  19  schools  for 
whites,  and  550  m  the  15  schools  for  colored  j)upils. 

Population  of  Pockdale  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,183;  "white  females,  2,236;  total  white, 
4,419;  colored  males,  1,570;  colored  females,  1,526;  total  colored,  3,096. 


818  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  39  calves,  4  steers,  1  bull,  56  dairy  cows,  81  horses,  4 
mules,  86  swine,  1  goat. 

SCHLEY  COUNTY. 

Schley  County  was  formed  out  of  Macon,  Marion  and  Sumter  in  1857. 
It  was  named  for  Hon.  William  Schley,  Governor  of  Georgia  from  1835 
to  1837.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Taylor  on  the  north, 
Macon  and  Sumter  on  the  east,  Sumter  on  the  south,  and  Marion  on  the 
west.  Macon  county  is  also  on  the  north  of  the  southeastern  projection 
of  this  county. 

Buck  creek  runs  across  the  county  from  west  to  east  and  Muckalee 
creek  runs  across  the  southwestern  section,  its  course  being  southeast- 
erly. 

The  soil  belongs  mostly  to  the  tertiary  formation,  with  a  cretaceous 
belt  in  the  extreme  northern  portion  of  the  county.  The  land  in  this 
section  is  level,  sometimes  rolling,  its  soil  being  a  gray,  sandy  loam. 
In  the  southern  part  there  is  an  outcrop  of  red  clay.  The  water  is  both 
freestone  and  limestone. 

The  lands  average  to  the  acre:  corn,  9^  bushels;  oats,  9  bushels;  Irish 
potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  12  bushels; 
ground-peas,  40  bushels;  seed  cotton  500  pounds;  corn  fodder,  200 
pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  150  gallons.  Some  of  the  lands  under  the 
best  system  of  culture  produce  15  bushels  of  corn,  20  of  oats,  and  700 
pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre. 

The  forest  growth  consists  of  long-leaf  pine,  oak,  hickory,  ash,  maple 
and  the  usual  swamp  growth  on  the  creeks.  The  annual  output  of  tim- 
ber products  is  about  $8,000. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  5,760  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

Seventy  horse-powers  on  tributaries  of  the  Flint  are  utilized  by  six 
grist-mills,  which  supply  the  farmers  with  meal  ground  near  their 
homes.  There  are  five  manufactories  in  the  county  with  an  annual  out- 
put worth  about  $18,000. 

A  few  vegetables  and  fruits  are  raised  over  and  above  home  consump- 
tion. The  truck  sold  amounts  to  about  $2,500.  The  county  has  7,670 
peach-trees  and  600  apple-trees.  There  are  also  some  pears,  plums  and 
cherries. 

According  to  the  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Schley  county  2,386 
cattle,  of  which  164  were  working  oxen  and  829  milch-cows.  The  pro- 
duction of  milk  was  195,160  gallons,  and  of  butter  59,480  pounds.  The 
sheep  numbered  78  and  yielded  154  pounds  of  wool.  Of  domestic  fowls 
there  were  28,152  and  their  eggs  numbered  44,065  dozens.  There  were 
387  horses,  731  mules,  1  donkey  and  6,734  swine.  The  production  of 
honey  in  the  county  was  2,937  pounds. 

The  farmers  are  beginning  to  improve  their  cattle  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  higher  grades,  especially  of  dairy  cows.  .  . « ;!  '  j  i  , 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  819 

Ellaville,  the  county  site,  is  located  on  a  branch,  of  the  Central  of 
Georgia  Railroad,  21  miles  northwest  of  Americus.  Its  population  is 
474,  but  To^^^l  district,  which  includes  Ellaville,  contains  2,300  inhabi- 
tants. 

Other  postoffices  in  the  county  are  LaCrosse,  Murray's  Cross  Eoads, 
Poindexter,  Schley  and  Stewai't's  Mill. 

There  are  good  churches  and  schools  in  every  part  of  the  county. 
There  are  20  public  schools,  half  for  white  and  half  for  colored.  The 
attendance  is  291  white  and  357  colored. 

The  area  of  Schley  county  is  188  square  miles,  or  120,320  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  5,499,  a  gain  of  56  since  1890;  school  fund,  $3,- 
551.18. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  83,696;  average  value  per  acre,  $6.94;  city  property,  $58,- 
370;  money,  $51,838;  merchandise,  $33,659;  household  furniture,  $42,- 
455;  farm  and  other  animals,  $76,556;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$16,330;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,662;  value  of  all  other  property,  $10,- 
932;  real  estate,  $479,218;  personal  estate,  $241,834;  aggregate  value  of 
property,  $721,052. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  ISTumber  of  acres,  3,037; 
value,  $8,749;  city  property,  $2,430;  money,  etc.,  $629;  household  furni- 
ture, $9,464;  watches,  etc.,  $91;  farm  and  other  animals,  $9,920;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $1,977;  value  of  all  other  property,  $434; 
aggregate  value  of  property,  $34,717. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $62,681  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Schley  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  952;  white  females,  964;  total  white,  1,916;  col- 
ored males,  1,716;  colored  females,  1,867;  total  colored  3,583. 

Domestic  animals  in  Schley  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  4  calves,  1  steer,  1  bull,  16  dairy  cows, 
19  horses,  3  mules,  32  swine. 

SCREVEN  COUNTY. 

Screven  County  was  formed  from  Burke  and  Effingham  in  1793,  and 
a  part  was  set  off  to  Bulloch  in  1796.  It  was  named  for  General  James 
Screven. 

The  boundaries  are  as  follows:  Burke  county  on  the  northwest,  the 
State  of  South  Carolina  on  the  northeast  and  east,  Effingham  county  on 
the  southeast  and  Bulloch  and  Emanuel  counties  on  the  southwest. 
The  Savannah  river  separates  it  from  South  Carolina,  and  the  Ogeechee 
river  from  Bulloch  and  Emanuel  counties. 

Brier  and  Beaverdam  creeks  enter  the  county  from  the  northwest  and 
uniting  a  little  above  the  center,  flow  eastward  under  the  name  of  the 
former  and  empty  into  the  Savannah  river.  Horse  creek  and  Little 
Ogeechee  river  empty  into  the  Ogeechee  on  the  southwest. 

The  soil  is  siliceous.  The  uplands  are  gray  and  sandy,  with  hummock 
land  along  the  streams.  In  places  tlicre  are  outcrops  of  rod  clay  and  marl 


820  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

beds.  The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  varies  in  different 
sections,  but  taking  the  average  of  four  different  reports  we  have:  corn, 
12:^  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  oats,  15^  bushels;  rye,  11  bushels;  rice, 
27^  bushels;  field-peas,  8  bushels;  ground-peas;  25  bushels;  chufas,  50 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  65  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  seed 
cotton,  676  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  240 
gallons.  No  report  of  average  yield  of  hay,  but  sorghum  forage  is  high- 
ly esteemed  for  stock.  Field-peas  are  sowed  after  oats,  and  being  cut 
with  the  crab-grass  make  fine  hay.  One  report  gives  the  amount  of  hay 
for  the  county  as  262  tons,  or  524,000  pounds. 

The  introduction  of  better  cattle  has  greatly  increased  during  the  last 
ten  years,  but  very  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  rearing  of  beef 
cattle.  All  the  farmers  keep  cows,  but  there  is  only  one  dairy  farm 
and  this  has  a  capacity  of  25  pounds  of  butter  a  day.  In  1890  there  were 
12,091  cattle  in  the  county,  228  of  these  being  working  oxen.  The 
milch-cows,  which  numbered  3,657,  produced  326,779  gallons  of  milk. 
The  butter  made  on  farms  was  24,979  pounds.  From  the  hives  were 
gathered  12,936  pounds  of  honey.  The  poultry  numbered  70,122.  The 
production  of  eggs  amounted  to  113,382  dozens.  There  were  5,970 
sheep,  yielding  11,773  pounds  of  wool.  There  w^ere  978  horses,  1,431 
mules,  5  donkeys,  22,193  swine  and  (by  a  more  recent  estimate)  500 
goats. 

The  best  yield  reported  for  seed  cotton  is  800  pounds  to  the  acre;  for 
oats,  25  bushels;  for  sw^eet  potatoes,  150  bushels;  for  Irish  potatoes,  100 
busels;  for  rice,  40  bushels. 

The  rivers  and  creeks  are  very  well  stocked  with  fish,  but  game  is 
rather  scarce. 

Vegetables,  berries  and  fruits  are  raised,  mostly  for  home  consump- 
tion. A  great  many  melons  are  raised,  and  the  profits  on  them  vary 
from  $5  to  $15  an  acre,  according  to  size,  quality  and  difficulty  of  trans- 
poration.  The  county  has  29,495  peach  and  11,867  apple-trees.  The 
truck  sold  is  worth  about  $3,500. 

A  very  large  per  cent,  of  original  forest  is  still  standing,  consisting  of 
long  leaf  pine  and  cypress,  and  along  the  streams  white  oak,  ash,  maple 
and  poplar.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  about  1,000,000  superficial 
feet  at  from  $6  to  $10  a  thousand  feet.  The  total  output  of  all  timber 
products  is  about  $50,000. 

There  is  considerable  clay  in  the  county  useful  for  manufacturing 
purposes.    Buhrstone  of  splendid  quality  is  found. 

On  the  Ogeechee  river  two  small  mills  use  about  20  horse-powers. 
There  are  in  the  county  1  flour^mill,  20  or  more  small  grist-mills,  and  a 
dozen  sawmills.  A  new  cotton  factory  at  Millen,  having  5,000  spin- 
dles and  a  capital  of  $80,000,  is  rapidly  approaching  completion.  There- 
are  also  12  turpentine  distilleries. 

Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians  and  Lutherans  con- 
stitute the  religious  denomination's.  Churches  are  conveniently  located 
for  the  people.  The  public  schools  are  86  in  all.  The  average  attend- 
ance is  1,063  in  the  48  white  schools  and  1,294  in  the  38  colored  schools. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL.  821 

The  facilities  for  travel  and  transportation  are  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia and  a  branch  road  running  from  Rockyford  on  the  Central  to  Svl- 
vania.  There  is  also  the  Savannah  river,  on  which  there  are  lines  of 
steamboats  plying  between  Augusta  and  Savannah,  and  touching  at  land- 
ings in  the  county. 

Sylvania,  the  comity  site,  is  conveniently  located,  and  has  a  court- 
house and  jail  worth  $20,000.  The  Sylvania  district  has  a  population  of 
3,135,  of  whom  545  live  in  the  town. 

Millen,  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Eailroad,  is  a  growing  town  with 
several  successful  mercantile  establishments,  and  has  a  bank  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $100,000.  The  Millen  district  has  2,491  people,  of  whom  411 
live  in  the  town.  The  merchants  of  this  town  handle  about  10,000  of 
the  40,000  bales  of  cotton  shipped  from  this  county.  The  products  of 
this  county  are  marketed  in  Savannah  and  Augusta. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  17,666  bales  of  upland  and  297  of  sea-island  cotton  during 
the  season  of  1899-1900. 

Millen  has  a  cotton  and  yam  mill  with  5,000  spindles. 

The  area  of  Screven  county  is  734  square  miles,  or  467,760  acres. 

Population  of  Screven  county  in  1900,  19,252,  a  gain  of  4,828  since 
1890;  school  fund,  $13,051.36. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  404,080;  of  wild  land,  19,145;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.29;  of  wild  land,  $0.37;  city  property,  $108,357; 
money,  etc.,  $168,636;  merchandise,  $112,242;  stocks  and  bonds,  $33,- 
826;  cotton  manufactories,  $1,000;  household  furniture,  $80,989;  iron 
works,  $3,430;  farm  and  other  animals,  $221,680;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $47,379;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,613;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $79,758;  real  estate,  $639,295;  personal  estate,  $784,157; 
Aggregate  value  of  property,  $1,423,452. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  14,552; 
value,  $18,763;  city  property,  $2,360;  money,  etc.,  $1,028;  merchandise, 
$550;  household  furniture,  $11,453;  watches,  etc.,  $527;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $34,221;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $6,635;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $2,004.    Aggregate  value  of  property,  $78,645. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $166,186  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Screven  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,269*;  white  females,  4,037;  total  white, 
8,306;  colored  males,  5,582;  colored  females,  5,364;  total  colored, 
10,946. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1000:  59  calves,  30  steers,  4  bulls,  86  dairy  cows,  69  horses,  38 
mules,  328  swine,  47  goata. 


822  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

SPALDIIsTG  COUNTY. 

Spalding  County  was  formed  in  1851  from  the  counties  of  Pike  and 
Henry.  It  was  named  for  Hon.  Thomas  Spalding,  of  St.  Simon's  Island, 
Glynn  county,  a  member  of  the  Georgia  Legislature  and  a  representa- 
tive in  Congress.  The  following  counties  bound  it:  Clayton  and  Henry 
on  the  north,  Henry  on  the  northeast,  Butts  and  Monroe  on  the  east, 
Pike  on  the  south,  Fayette  on  the  northwest,  Fayette,  Coweta  and  Meri- 
wether on  the  west.  The  Flint  river  flows  along  its  northwestern  border 
and  then  through  the  western  section  of  the  county.  Line  creek  runs 
along  part  of  its  western  boundary  and  empties  into  the  Flint  river  at  its 
southwestern  point.  Towaliga  creek  (or  river,  as  it  is  sometimes  called), 
after  dividing  part  of  the  northeastern  section  of  Spalding  from  Henry 
county,  runs  through  Butts  and  Monroe  counties  and  empties  into  the 
Ocmulgee  river.  Big  Potato  creek,  rising  near  the  center  of  the  county, 
flows  southward  through  Pike  and  Upson  counties  and  empties  into  the 
Flint  river.  Other  streams  are  Cabin,  Grape  and  Head's  creeks.  The 
lands  on  and  adjoining  all  these  streams  are  generally  rich.  The  char- 
acter of  the  soil  is  metamorphic;  red  clay  or  mulatto  lands  in  the  east- 
em  part;  gi'ay,  gravelly  lands  in  \\e  western.  The  average  yield  of  the 
various  crops  varies  of  course  according  to  location  and  favorableness 
of  season.  Two  reports  made  in  different  years  show  averages  to  the  acre 
as  follows:  corn,  from  10  to  14  bushels;  oats,  from  10^  to  20  bushels; 
wheat,  10  bushels;  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  300  bushels  each;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  169  to  300  gallons;  seed  cotton,  428  to  714  pounds;  hay, 
2,816  to  4,000  pounds.  The  best  farmers  in  the  county  have  proved 
that  with  proper  cultivation  the  lands  can  be  made  to  produce  from  30 
to  60  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  In  1900  Mr.  W.  J.  Bridges,  on  four 
acres  of  ground,  raised  65  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  and  on  the  same 
number  of  acres  Mr,  W.  D.  Walker  raised  59^  bushels  to  the  acre. 
Each  of  these  gentlemen  received  a  prize  at  the  convention  of  the  Wheat 
Grower's  Association  of  Georgia,  held  in  Macon,  July  11,  1900.  Some 
years  ago  Mr.  Solomon  W.  Bloodworth  gathered  137  bushels  of  corn 
from  one  acre  near  Griffin,  and  received  the  first  premium  at  the  State 
Agricultural  Fair.  Another  well-authenticated  yield  is  10,720  pounds 
of  pea-vine  hay  to  the  acre.  These  things  show  what  can  be  done  by 
scientific  culture  in  Spalding  county.  Bermuda  is  considered  the  best 
pasture  for  cattle,  since  it  comes  in  early  in  the  spring  and  lasts  until 
late  in  the  fall.  Clover  and  vetches,  pea-vine  hay,  sorghum  and  millet 
are  cultivated  for  forage  crops.  The  cane  bottoms  afford  good  winter 
pasturage.  The  breeds  of  dairy  cattle  have  been  much  improved,  the 
Jersey  being  the  favorite.  All  the  farmers  have  milk  and  butter.  There 
are  10  dairy  farms  with  from  10  to  60  cows  each,  which  make  good 
profits  on  the  investment.  More  interest  is  being  taken  in  beef  cattle 
and  better  breeds  are  being  brought  in. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Spalding  county  2,711  cattle,  of  which  1,190 
were  milch-cows  producing  425,370  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  124,- 
721  pounds  of  butter    were  made.     One    thousand  and  two    hundred 


r--^ 


/ 


>  ■  \ 


THE  CHOICE   NEW  EARLY 
WHITE  GRAPE 

*'  moore's  Diamonl" 


t 


From  seed  of  Concord,  fertilized  wi 
lona,  by  Jacob  Moore,  Esq.,  of  lirig 
ion  N  Y.,  (the  Well-known  original 
of  the  "BriKliton"  Grape  iind  other  ne 
fruits),  who  considers  this  the  mo 
valuable  variety  he  has  ever  producei 
In  vigor  of  growth,  color  and  textur 
foliage  and  hardiness  of  vine,  it  partak 
of  the  nature  of  its  parent,  (.onajn 
while  in  qu;ility  the  fruit  is  equal 
many  oi  the  best  tender  sorts,  ai 
ripens  from  two  to  four  weeks  c.irii 
than  Concord. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  823 

pounds  of  cheese  were  made  in  1900.  The  working  oxen  of  the  county 
numbered  97.  Thej  are  being  rapidly  supphmted  by  horses  and  mules. 
The  creamery  at  Griffin  has  a  capacity  of  10,000  pounds  of  milk  a  day. 
The  present  output  of  the  creamery  (1900)  is  1,000  to  1,200  pounds  of 
milk,  and  50  pounds  of  butter  a  day.  More  milk  is  needed  to  work  the 
creamery  to  its  full  capacity. 

The  domestic  fowls  (poultry)  of  all  kinds  in  the  county  in  1890,  num- 
bered 20,475,  and  produced  69,939  dozens  of  eggs.  The  production  of 
honey  was  8,906  pounds.  This  county  had  514  horses,  1,288  mules,  1 
donkey  and  3,924  swine.  In  1890  the  sheep  numbered  287  and  yielded 
723  pounds  of  wool. 

The  supply  of  fish  from  the  streams  is  not  so  abundant  as  formerly. 
The  principal  game  birds  are  quail  and  doves. 

There  are  12  market  gardens  raising  all  varieties  of  vegetables.  Ber- 
ries and  plums  are  also  extensively  raised.  Melons  of  the  best  quality 
are  raised.  The  value  of  truck  sold  is  about  $16,000  annually,  most  of 
it  for  home  consumption. 

Of  the  acreage  given  to  fruits,  far  the  greater  portion  is  devoted  to 
peaches.  There  are  in  the  county  134,924  peach,  19,390  pear  and 
3,152  plum-trees. 

The  vineyards  of  the  coimty  are  not  as  numerous  as  formerly,  be- 
cause attention  has  been  directed  to  other  products. 

The  timber  products  are  small:  short-leaf  pine  and  hardwoods;  some 
ash,  maple  and  poplar.  The  output  is  about  $8,000  worth.  There  are 
four  sawmills. 

There  is  one  flour  and  grist-mill  in  the  limits  of  Griffin,  and  one  in 
the  Mount  Zion  district.     The  mills  are  operated  by  water-power. 

Griffin,  the  county  site,  is  situated  near  the  center  of  Spalding 
county  at  the  junction  of  two  branches  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Rail- 
road, and  that  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway  connecting  Columbus 
with  McDonough.  Its  population  by  the  census  of  1900  is  6,857.  That 
its  location  is  one  of  the  best  agricultural  and  horticultural  sections  of 
Georgia  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  the  State  of  Georgia  and  the 
United  States  government  unanimously  selected  the  vicinity  of  Griffin 
as  the  site  for  the  Experiment  Station. 

Within  the  last  decade  Griffin  has  become  a  factory  center,  having 
built  four  cotton-mills,  representing  almost  entirely  a  home  capital  of 
$1,000,000.  We  give  a  list  of  these  mills  and  the  class  of  goods  manu- 
factured by  them. 

The  Griffin  Manufacturing  Company  has  a  capital  of  $350,000,  and 
contains  15,000  spindles  and  593  looms.  It  manufactures  cottonades, 
ticking,  duck,  cheviots,  skirts,  hickory  shirting,  domestic  shirting.  It 
spins  450  bales  of  cotton  a  month,  employs  550  hands,  has  a  pay-roll  of 
$8,500  a  month  and  an  annnal  output  of  $600,000. 

The  Kincaid  Manufacturing  Company  has  a  capital  of  $250,000,  and 
contains  12,500  spindles  and  430  looms.  It  manufactures  Turkish 
towels,     table     damask,     a     fine     grade     of     ginghams,     ticking     and 


824  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

crashes.  It  spins  350  bales  of  cotton  a  month,  employing  425  hands, 
has  a  pay-roll  of  $7,000  a  month  and  an  annual  ontpiit  of  $500,000. 

The  Spalding  Cotton  Mills  have  a  capital  of  $200,000,  and  contain 
9,000  spindles  and  236  looms.  They  spin  208  bales  of  cotton  a  month 
and  manufacture  sheeting  and  cotton  diaper.  The  hands  employed  num- 
ber 175,  the  pay-roll  is  $2,000  a  month  and  the  value  of  the  annual  out- 
put is  $300,000. 

The  Rushton  Mills  have  a  capital  of  $100,000,  and  contain  5,000 
spindles  and  150  looms.  They  spin  125  bales  of  cotton  a  month  and 
manufacture  sheeting.  The  hands  employed  number  136,  the  pay-roll  is 
$2,000  a  month,  and  the  value  of  the  annual  output  is  $150,000. 

The  Griffin  Knitting  Mill  has  a  capital  of  $20,000;  manufactures 
men's  ribbed  underwear,  employs  40  hands,  and  has  an  annual  output 
of  $50,000. 

The  Griffin  Creamery  has  been  already  described.  There  is  also  a 
cotton  seed  oil-mill,  with  an  output  of  160,000  gallons  of  oil  and  1,450 
tons  of  cotton  seed-oil  meal.  There  are  also  an  ice  factory,  a  pants  fac- 
tory, a  sash,  blind  and  chair  factory,  a  small  foundry,  and  various  smaller 
enterprises.  There  is  one  establishment  which  cultivates  flowers  and 
flowering  plants  for  sale. 

Griffin  has  four  banks  with  a  combined  capital  of  $500,000.  It  has 
a  system  of  graded  schools  and  some  of  the  finest  public  buildings  of  the 
State.  The  value  of  the  court-house  is  $35,000.  Its  extensive  system  of 
water-works  gives  complete  protection  against  fire  and  furnishes  water 
everywhere.  By  its  electric  plant  the  streets  are  brilliantly  lighted. 
The  water-works  and  electric  plant  are  owned  by  the  city.  Griffin  has 
good  church  buildings  of  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians,  Episco- 
palians and  Bible  Christians. 

The  union  depot  of  Griffin  is  the  highest  point  between  Macon  and  At- 
lanta. 

The  public  roads  of  Spalding  county  are  worked  by  convict  labor,  and 
the  600  miles  of  roadway  are  kept  in  first-class  condition. 

In  addition  to  the  three  railroads  mentioned  as  crossing  each  other  at 
Griffin,  there  is  another  branch  of  the  Southern  Railway  from  Atlanta 
to  Fort  Valley,  running  through  the  western  section  of  the  county. 

Griffin  is  the  shipping  point  and  market  for  the  county.  The  number 
of  cotton  bales  received  is  18,500,  of  which  5,000  bales  are  exported  and 
13,500  are  used  by  the  cotton-mills  of  the  county. 

By  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  county 
11,390  bales  (upland)  of  the  cotton  crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  public  schools  of  the  county  are  22  for  the  whites  and  20  for  the 
colored  with  an  average  attendance  of  723  white  pupils  and  529  colored. 
In  the  Griffin  white  schools  are  542  pupils  and  in  the  colored  schools  119. 

With  unsurpassed  advantages  of  climate,  soil  and  various  enterprises 
Spalding  county  and  the  city  of  Griffin  offer  great  inducements  and  a 
hearty  welcome  to  new  citizens. 

Other  postoffices  are  Sumiyside,  Pomona,  Vineyard,  Orchard  Hill, 
Experiment,   DrewTyville,   Rover,    Zetella    and    Strickland. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL.  §25 

Simnyside  was  for  years  the  home  of  Colonel  John  Mcintosh  Kell, 
once  first  ofiicer  of  the  Confederate  crniser  Alabama. 

The  area  of  Spalding  county  is  203  square  miles,  or  129,420  acre^. 
Population  in  1900,  17,619,  an  increase  of  4,502  since  1S90;  school 
fund,  $6,519.17;  school  fund  of  Grifiin,  $3,065.55. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  i-eport  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  116,287;  average  value  per  acre,  $7.97;  city  property,. 
$879,347;  shares  in  bank,  $250,500;  money,  etc.,  $160,395;  value  of 
merchandise,  $124,360;  stocks  and  bonds,  $7,300;  cotton  manufactories, 
$718,150;  invested  in  iron  works,  $9,000;  household  furniture,  $150,- 
938;  farm  and  other  animals,  $121,301;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$41,460;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $10,467;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$58,569;  real  estate,  $1,806,409;  personal  estate,  $1,695,407.  Aggi-e- 
gate  value  of  property,  $3,501,816. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s:  number  of  acres,  3,891; 
value,  $40,251;  city  property,  $75,705;  money,  etc.,  $100;  merchandise, 
$1,245;  household  furniture,  $16,675;  watches,  etc.,  $104;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $18,325;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $5,348;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $425.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$159,310.  1     r      ., 

The  tax  returas  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $233,957  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Spalding  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,152;  whit^  females,  4.313;  total  white, 
8,465;  colored  males,  3,396;  colored  females,  4,758;  total  colored, 
9,154. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Grriffin  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,688;  white  females,  1,911;  total  white, 
3,599;  colored  males,  1,449;  colored  females,  1,809;  total  colored. 
3,258. 

Total  population  of  Griffiin,  6,857. 

Domestic  animals  in  Spalding  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  122  calves,  34  steers,  370  dairy  cox^-^ 
272  horses,  57  mules,  2  sheep,  328  swine,  1  goat. 

STEWAKT  COUNTY. 

Stewart  County  was  formed  from  Randolph  county  in  1830,  and 
was  named  for  General  Daniel  Stewart,  who  was  boni  in  Liberty  county 
in  1762;  joined  the  American  army  at  the  age  of  fifteen  and  served 
under  Generals  Sumter  and  Marion  and  Colonel  W.  R.  Harden,  proving 
himself  under  all  circumstances  a  brave  and  fairhful  soldier. 

Stewart  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Chaftnhoochoe  county,  on 
the  east  by  Webster  county,  on  the  south  by  Randolph  and  Quitman 
counties,  and  on  the  west  by  the  State  of  Alabama,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  tlif  r'hattahoochee  river.  Patanla  and  TTodchodkee 
creeks  flow  southward  from  near  the  center  of  the  countv.  Ifanna- 
hatcheo  erpok  flriws  from  east  to  west  across  the  countv,  n  little  north 


826  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  the  center.    These  streams  are  tributaries  of  the  Chattahoochee  river. 
Other  streams  are  Hitehite  and  Grass  creeks. 

The  soil  is  for  the  most  part  a  gray  sandy,  mixed  with  gravel.  There 
is  some  red  land  in  the  eastern  portion.  The  soil  is  well  adapted  to  co1> 
ton,  the  cereals,  sugar-cane,  fruits,  especially  peaches  and  melons,  and 
to  crab,  Bermuda,  Johnson  and  crowfoot-gi-asses.  The  average  yield 
to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  wheat,  8  bushels; 
oats,  25  bushels;  rye,  8  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  75  bushels;  field-peas, 
9  bushels;  ground-peas,  15  bushels;  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  hay, 
2,000  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  180  gallons.  Bermuda  grass  is  used 
for  summer  pasturage,  lasting  7  months,  and  rye  for  winter  pasturage. 
Com  and  field-peas  ground  together  are  used  a  great  deal  as  feed  for 
cattle.  The  best  lands  under  the  best  culture  can  be  made  to  yield 
as  much  as  20  bushels  of  com  to  the  acre;  200  of  potatoes,  800  pounds 
of  seed  cotton,  4,000  pounds  of  hay  and  300  gallons  of  symp. 

All  farmers  have  cows  for  the  production  of  milk  and  butter,  and  in 
the  vicinity  of  Lumpkin  there  is  one  regular  dairy  farm.  Some  farmers 
are  making  a  business  of  raising  beef  cattle  and  of  improving  the  breed 
of  both  beef  and  dairy  cattle.  In  1890  there  were  in  Stewart  county 
4,630  cattle,  of  which  there  were  295  working  oxen  and  1,543  milch- 
cows.  There  was  a  production  of  315,400  gallons  of  milk  and  107,456 
pounds  of  butter.  The  domestic  fowls  of  all  kinds  numbered  55,732 
and  produced  140,663  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  collected  from  the 
hives  was  12,607  pounds.  Stewart  county  had  in  1890  on  farms,  693 
horses,  1,976  mules,  4  donkeys  and  8,149  swine.  The  sheep  numbered 
331,  and  produced  520  pounds  of  wool. 

The  productions  of  the  gardens  and  orchards  are  for  the  most  part 
consumed  at  home.  About  500  acres  are  devoted  to  peaches,  25  to 
plums,  20  to  apples  and  10  to  pears. 

The  manufactures  of  the  county  are:  one  wagon  and  buggy  factory 
and  one  guano  factory  at  Richland;  a  large  brick  kiln  at  Omaha;  4 
flour  and  12  grist-mills,  and  10  steam  sawmills.  There  is  a  bank  at 
Eichland  and  one  at  Lumpkin,  each  having  a  capital  $50,000.  Rich- 
land, on  the  eastern  side  of  the  county,  is  at  the  junction  of  two  branches 
of  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  Railroad  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system. 
Lumpkin,  the  county  site,  is  on  the  main  stem  of  the  Georgia  and 
Alabama  Railroad.  This  town  is  beautifully  located.  The  court-house 
is  valued  at  $22,000  and  the  jail  at  $8,000. 

There  are  52  mercantile  establishments  in  the  county,  and  6  life  and 
fire  insurance  agencies. 

Fitzgerald's  mill,  on  Hannahatchee  creek,  has  a  side  track  running 
to  the  mill.  It  has  two  runners,  a  cotton  gin  and  sawmill.  "Within  a 
few  yards  of  the  railway  on  the  same  creek  there  is  a  fine  mill  site. 

In  addition  to  the  two  railroads  running  throngh  the  county,  the 
Chattahoochee  river  furnishes  fine  water  transportation. 

The  products  of  Stewart  county  are  marketed  in  Lumpkin  and  Rich- 
land, of  that  county;  in  Americus  and  Columbus,  Georgia,  and  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  827 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians  are  the  prevailing  religious 
sects.  Church  buildings  are  found  at  convenient  distances  throughout 
the  county. 

There  are  two  high  schools  and  many  schools  of  lower  grades  through 
the  county.  There  are  23  schools  for  whites  and  33  for  colored,  with 
an  average  attendance  of  733  white  pupils  and  1,130  colored. 

The  area  of  Stewart  county  is  440  square  miles,  or  281,600  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  15,856,  a  gain  of  174  since  1890;  school  fund,  $11,- 
986.87. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  283,323;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.06;  city  property, 
$234,015;  shares  in  bank,  $93,900;  money,  etc.,  $123,020;  merchan- 
dise, $88,645;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,850;  household  furniture,  $86,745; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $148,170;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$25,065;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,773;  value  of  all  other  property, 
$36,670;  real  estate,  $1,103,285;  personal  estate,  $619,055.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $1,688,235. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  10,704; 
value,  $26,760;  city  property,  $12,135;  money,  etc.,  $475;  merchan- 
dise, $200;  household  furniture,  $22,175;  watches,  etc.,  $100;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $31,690;  value  of  all  other  property,  $6,940.  Aggre- 
gate of  whole  property,  $100,475. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $99,280  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in 
Stewart  county  17,875  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900. 

The  town  of  Lumpkin  contains,  1,470  inhabitants,  while  the  district 
in  which  it  is  included  has  a  population  of  3,563. 

The  to-^vn  of  Richland  has  more  than  doubled  in  the  last  decade,  and 
has  a  population  of  1,014,  while  the  whole  district  of  Richland  includ- 
ing the  town  contains  2,746  inhabitants. 

Near  Omaha  town  are  some  mineral  springs,  from  which  the  district 
of  Mineral  Springs  derives  its  name. 

Population  of  Stewart  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,018;  white  females,  2,001;  total  white, 
4,019;  colored  males,  5,759;  colored  females,  6,078;  total  colored, 
11,837. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  24  calves,  67  dairy  cows,  63  horees,  7  mules,  1  sheep, 
177  swine,  2  goats. 

SUMTER  COUNTY. 
Sumter  County  was  formed  from  Lee  In  1831,  and  was  named  for 
General  Thomas  Sumter,  who  was  bom  in  Virginia  in  1734,  and  settled 
in  South  Carolina.  He  was  a  distinguished  commander  of  South  Caro- 
lina troops  in  the  Revolntion,  and  on  account  of  his  dashing  leadership 
was  styled  the  "game  cock." 

Schley  and  Macon  counties  bound  Sumter  on  the  north,  Dooly  bounds 


328  GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL   AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

it  on  tbe  east,  Lee  and  Terrell  on  the  sontli,  "Webster,  Marion  and  Schley 
on  the  west.  The  Flint  river  forms  its  eastern  boundary.  The  streams 
of  the  county  are  the  Muckalee,  Muckaloochee  and  Kinchafoonee 
creeks. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  tertiary  formation  and  is  a  gray,  sandy  loam 
with  red  outcrops  in  places.  The  lands  are  either  level  or  gently  rolling. 
The  water  is  mainly  freestone,  though  there  is  some  limestone.  The 
production  of  the  lands  to  the  acre  averages:  corn,  11  bushels;  oats, 
12;  wheat,  5^  bushels;  rye,  7  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bush- 
els; sweet  potatoes,  250  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  20 
bushels;  seed  cotton,  576  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  com 
fodder,  450  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons. 

Some  farmers  under  careful  culture,  make  much  larger  yields  of 
some  of  these  items,  as  for  instance:  corn,  20  bushels;  wheat,  10  bush- 
els; oats,  25;  rye,  10  bushels;  field-peas,  15  bushels;  ground-peas,  30 
bushels;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons.  Many 
use  Bermuda  grass  for  summer  pasturage  and  maiden  cane  for  winter. 
Others,  after  cutting  the  grain,  use  the  grain  field  in  summer,  and  in 
winter  the  com  and  pea  fields,  with  the  various  grasses  and  swamp 
cane.  All  the  farmers  keep  cows,  many  of  which  are  pure  breed  or  one 
half  and  more  pure  breed. 

In  1890  there  were  4,796  cattle,  of  which  266  were  working  oxen. 
The  milch-cows  numbered  1,782  and  produced  352,825  gallons  of  milk 
from  which  were  made  79,233  pounds  of  butter.  There  are  now  two 
dairy  farms  doing  a  good  business.  The  domestic  fowls  of  the  county 
numbered  51,972  and  produced  99,606  dozens  of  eggs.  The  amount 
of  honey  gathered  was  18,760  pounds  in  1890.  There  were  726 
horses,  2,361  mules,  5  donkeys  and  16,072  swine. 

In  addition  to  the  fact  that  most  farmers  raise  vegetables,  berries  and 
melons  in  quantities  sufficient  for  home  consumption,  there  are  four  mar- 
ket gardens  raising  these  things  for  sale.  Two  hundred  acres  are  devoted 
to  melons  and  the  average  net  profit  to  the  acre  is  $10.00.  The  truck 
sold  amounts  to  $20,000.  Sumter  county  has  54,691  peach-trees,  5,904 
appl^trees,  2,000  pear-trees  and  1,594  plum-trees.  There  are  two  small 
vineyards  raising  grapes  mostly  for  home  consumption. 

There  are  also  2  small  establishments  raising  flowers  and  flowering 
plants  for  the  market. 

The  forests  of  the  county  have  been  badly  cut  over;  but  there  is  still 
considerable  yellow  pine,  of  which  the  annual  output  is  worth  about 
$20,000.    There  are  7  sawmills  in  the  county. 

There  is  one  flour-mill  operated  by  water,  and  there  are  14  gnst-mills, 
11  of  which  use  water.  Other  manufactories  of  the  county  are  a  guano 
factory,  cotton  seed  oil-mill,  variety  works,  sash  and  blind  factory,  the 
Seaboard  Air  Line  Railroad  shops,  a  horse  collar  factory,  an  iron 
foundry,  two  wagon  and  buggy  factories,  all  the  above  bemg  located 
at  Americus;  one  boot  and  shoe  factory  at  Plains,  and  five  smaller  ones 
at  Americus;  one  tannery  at  Plains,  and  one  factory  for  repairing  gms. 

About  300  hands  are  employed  at  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  shops,  and 


GEORGIA:  UISTORICAL  AND   IXDiSTRIAL.  §29 

100  in  other  industries  of  the  city  of  Americus.  This  is  a  fine  location 
for  cotton-mills  and  canning,  and  men  of  enterprise  and  push  are  heart- 
ily welcomed  by  the  cultured  and  refined  society  of  this  thriving  South- 
west Georgia  citv. 

Americus  is  the  county  site  and  has  a  population  of  7,647, 
or,  including  its  surrounding  district,  10,552.  It  has  a  fine  sys- 
tem of  public  schools,  a  handsome  court-house  worth  $35,000, 
a  jail  valued  at  $15,000,  a  postoffice  three  stories  high  with  a  marble 
front,  a  building  containing  a  bank  and  several  offices  valued  at  $50,- 
000,  two  hotels,  one  valued  at  $130,000,  the  other  at  $25,000,  water, 
gas,  and  electric  works,  worth  $50,000,  four  banks  with  a  capital  of 
$300,000,  an  opera  house  and  many  elegant  private  residences,  a  hand- 
some passenger  depot,  belonging  to  the  Central  of  Georgia  and  Sea- 
board Air  Line  systems,  and  railroad  shops  valued  at  $75,000,  There 
are  in  the  city  10  churches  of  the  usual  Christian  denominations.  Three 
lines  of  railroad  center  here:  the  Central  of  Georgia  from  Macon  to  Al- 
bany; another  branch  of  the  Central  from  Americus  to  Columbus,  Geor- 
gia, and  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  from  Savannah,  Georgia,  to  Montgomery, 
Alabama. 

There  are  in  Americus  several  prosperous  business  firms:  five  life 
and  4  fire  insurance  companies. 

There  are  several  places  of  resort  near  the  city:  Magnolia  Dell, 
jMyrtle  Springs,  Pavilion  Bathing  Pools,  Holley  Springs  Bathing  Pool, 
Schute  Pavilion  and  Magnolia  Mineral  Springs. 

Plains,  on  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  Railroad  10  miles  west  from  Ameri- 
cus, is  a  good  business  point  with  a  population  of  346  in  its  corporate 
limits,  while  in  the  district  which  includes  it  are  2,521  inhabitants.  It 
has  fine  schools  and  churches. 

DeSoto,  on  the  same  railroad,  13  miles  east  of  Americus,  with  250 
inhabitants  in  its  corporate  limits,  does  a  good  business  and  is  well  sup- 
plied with  churches  and  schools. 

Leslie,  a  place  of  213  people,  has  similar  advantages.  The  district  in- 
cluding these  two  towns  has  3,131  inhabitants. 

Andersonville,  13  miles  north  of  Americus,  on  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia Railway  is  noted  as  the  point  where  a  large  Federal  prison  camp 
was  located  during  the  civil  war.  Here  there  is  a  well-kept  Federal 
cemetery.  It  contains  a  population  of  245  in  its  corj)orate  limits,  or 
1,386  in  its  entire  district. 

Sumter  is  one  of  the  best  counties  of  Southwest  Georgia.  It  has  ex- 
cellent facilities  for  travel  and  transportation,  several  busy  little  towns 
and  the  growing  city  of  Americus.  Its  schools  and  churches  are  first- 
class;  its  people  refined  and  cultivated.  The  sale  of  spirituous  liquors  is 
prohibited  through  the  county;  hence  Americus  and  the  other  towns 
are  quiet  and  orderly. 

The  excellent  character  of  the  schools  of  Americus  has  led  many  peo- 
ple to  settle  there  on  account  of  the  superior  educational  advantages  of 
that  city. 

The  area  of  Sumter  county  is  534  square  miles,  or  341,760  acres. 


830 


GEORGIA:   HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


Population  in  1900,  26,212,  a  gain  of  4,105  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$12,112.61;  Americus,  $4,452.74. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  294,768;  of  wild  land,  283;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $5.11;  of  wild  land,  $1.24;  city  property,  $1,529,380; 
shares  in  bank,  $187,665;  money,  etc.,  $260,366;  value  of  merchandise, 
$343,026;  stocks  and  bonds,  $2,298;  cotton  manufactories,  $29,730;  iron 
works,  $2,600;  household  furniture,  $260,201;  farm  and  other  animals, 
$250,638;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $64,439;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $26,313;  value  of  all  other  property,  $68,935;  real  estate,  $3,030,- 
066;  personal  estate,  $1,667,252.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$4,703,318. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
13,639;  value,  $90,902;  stocks  and  bonds,  $8.00;  city  property,  $190,- 
058;  money,  $1,960;  merchandise,  $3,945;  household  furniture,  $48,- 
252;  watches,  etc.,  $854;  farm  and  other  animals,  $47,902;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $10,755;  value  of  all  other .  property,  $4,060. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $464,463. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $236,144  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned 
an  Sumter  county  25,164  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of 
1899-1900. 

The  public  schools  of  the  county  number  23  for  white  pupils  and  33 
for  colored,  with  an  average  attendance  of  750  white  pupils  and  1,410 
colored. 

Population  of  Sumter  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,716;  white  females,  3,683;  total  white, 
7,399;  colored  males,  9,249;  colored  females,  9,564;  total  colored, 
18,813. 

Population  of  Americus  City  by  sex  and  color  by  the  census  of  1900: 
white  males,  1,490;  white  females,  1,523;  total  white,  3,013;  colored 
males,  2,117;  colored  females,  2,544;  total  colored,  4,661. 

Total  population  of  Americus,  7,674. 

Domestic  animals  in  Sumter  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  82  calves,  14  steers,  2  bulls,  238  dairy 
cows,  326  horses,  86  mules,  11  sheep,  558  swine,  7  goats. 

TALBOT  COimTY. 

Talhot  County  was  laid  out  in  1827  and  named  for  Hon.  Matthew 
Talbot,  who  represented  Oglethorpe  county  in  the  legislature  for  many 
years,  and  being  president  of  the  Senate  at  the  time  of  the  death  of 
Governor  Rabun  on  October  25,  1819,  succeeded  him  in  the  guber- 
natorial chair  until  the  election  of  John  Clark,  in  November,  1819. 

Talbot  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Meriwether,  on  the  north- 
east by  Upson,  on  the  east  by  Taylor,  on  the  south  by  Marion  and  Mus- 
cogee, and  on  the  west  by  Harris  and  Muscogee. 


w% 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  831 

The  Flint  river  flows  along  its  northeastern  boundary.  Other  streams 
are  Patisliga,  Hachasofkee  and  Lazer  creeks.  The  Oak  Mountains  ai-e 
in  the  northern  section  of  the  county. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  metamorphic  formation  in  the  northern  part, 
and  to  the  cretaceous  in  the  southern  section.  The  face  of  the  country 
is  broken.  There  are  brown  and  mulatto  lands  with  red  clay  subsoil, 
hardwood  growth  and  freestone  water  throughout  the  first  division; 
gray,  sandy  or  gravelly  soil,  with  long-leaf  pine  and  limestone  water 
throughout  the  second  division. 

Counting  all  lands,  the  average  production  is  as  follows:  corn,  11 
bushels;  oats,  9  bushels;  rye,  7  bushels:  barley,  10  bushels;  wheat,  7 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  field- 
peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  15  bushels;  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  corn 
fodder,  250  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,200  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  50 
gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  200  gallons.  But  with  careful  cultivation 
these  same  lands  produce  20  bushels  each  of  com  and  oats;  15  bushels 
of  field-peas  and  25  of  ground-peas,  and  600  pounds  of  seed  cotton. 

After  supplying  the  home  demand  for  vegetables,  berries,  fruits  and 
melons,  there  is  enough  surplus  to  make  the  truck  sales  amount  to  $4,- 
500.  There  are  in  Talbot  county  39,246  peach-trees,  5,896  apple-trees, 
2,640  plum-trees,  1,452  pear-trees  and  450  cherry-trees. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  Talbot  county  had 
453  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,232  pounds,  5,414  cattle,  of  which  204 
were  working  oxen  and  1,946  milch-cows,  596  horses,  1,684  mules,  4 
donkeys  and  8,138  swine.  Among  the  farm  products  were  60,373 
domestic  fowls,  86,016  dozens  of  eggs,  370,462  gallons  of  milk,  88,012 
pounds  of  butter  and  23,151  pounds  of  honey. 

The  timber  products  are  small,  with  an  annual  output  worth  about 
$4,000. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
Talbot  county  8,893  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

On  tributaries  of  the  Chattahochee  90  horse-powers  are  utilized  by 
4  grist-mills,  while  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Flint  river  9  mills  utilize 
169  horse-powers. 

All  the  manufactories  of  the  county  number  14  and  have  an  out- 
put worth  $32,474. 

The  largest  town  is  Talbotton,  with  a  population  of  1,131  in  its  cor- 
porate limits,  and  1,963  in  the  entire  district,  which  includes  it.  This 
town  is  the  county  seat,  and  is  located  on  Lazer  creek.  It  has  a  high 
situation  with  invigorating  air  and  good,  cool  water.  Talbotton  has  a 
bank  with  a  capital  of  $28,000;  a  court-house  worth  $20,000;  2  good 
schools,  the  Collinsworth  Institute  and  Le  Vert  College;  good  church 
buildings  of  the  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians,  and  a  Masonic 
hall.  It  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad  with  the  Southwestern 
branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railroad.  It  handles  6,000  bales  of 
cotton  annually.  The  county  has  54  schools  belonging  to  the  public 
school  system  of  Georgia,  and  is  well  provided  with  houses  of  worship, 
belonging  to  the  leading  Christian  denominations. 

40  ga 


832  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

Geneva,  on  the  Central  of  Georgia  Eailway,  has  three  sawmills  and 
does  a  good  mercantile  business. 

The  area  of  Talbot  county  is  407  square  miles,  or  260,480  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  12,197,  a  loss  of  1,061  since  1890:  school  fund, 
$10,042.17. 

Bj  the  Comptroller-Generars  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  229,990;  of  wild  land,  5,859;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.69;  of  wild  land,  $0.78;  city  property,  $106,520; 
shares  in  bank,  $17,065;  money,  etc.,  $53,721;  merchandise,  $40,760; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $75;  cotton  manufactories,  $11,000;  value  of  household 
furniture,  $51,166;  farm  and  other  animals,  $93,338;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $24,343;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $3,002;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $18,284;  real  estate,  $729,194;  personal  estate,  $314,269. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,043,463. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  8,441; 
value,  $19,980;  city  property,  $6,305;  merchandise,  $175;  household 
furniture,  $9,925;  watches,  etc.,  $133;  farm  and  other  animals,  $18,- 
204;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,402;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $2,023.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $60,147. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $53,533  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Of  the  54  schools  25  are  for  white  pupils  and  27  for  colored,  and  the 
average  attendance  is  737  white  pupils  and  1,467  colored. 

Population  of  Talbot  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,765;  white  females,  1,893;  total  white, 
3,658;  colored  males,  4,152;  colored  females,  4,378;  total  colored, 
8,539. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  in  closures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  38  calves,  5  steers,  78  dairy  cows,  51  horses,  15  mules, 
176  swine,  5  goats. 

TALIAFETIEO  COUNTY. 

Taliaferro  County  was  formed  in  1825  from  Wilkes,  Warren,  Han- 
cock, Greene  and  Oglethorpe.  An  additional  part  was  then  taken  from 
Hancock  in  1828,  and  parts  were  taken  from  Wilkes  in  1828  and  1835. 
It  was  named  for  Colonel  Benjamin  Taliaferro,  who  was  bom  in  Vir- 
ginia, joined  the  Continental  army  when  a  mere  youth,  rose  to  captain 
and  then  to  colonel,  winning  great  distinction,  and  in  1785  settled  in 
Georgia.  He  was  a  tmstee  of  Franklin  College  (then  the  nucleus  of 
the  State  University),  president  of  the  State  Senate,  and,  though  not  a 
lawyer,  was  elected  by  the  legislature  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Superior 
Court,  the  only  instance  of  the  kind  in  the  history  of  Georgia.  ^ 

Taliaferro  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Wilkes  on 
northeast  and  north,  Warren  on  the  east  and  southeast,  Hancock  on  tJie 
south,  Greene  on  the  west  and  southwest,  and  Oglethorpe  on  the  north- 
west. Little  river  runs  through  a  northwestem  projection  of  the  county 
and  then  along  the  north  border,  after  which,  turning^  to  the  east  and 
northeast  and  flowing  along  the  boundaries  of  five  counties,  it  enters  into 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  A^^D   INDUSTRIAL.  833 

the  Savannah  river.  Two  branches,  the  Xorth  and  South  Forks  of  the 
Ogeechee  river,  cross  the  southern  part  of  this  county,  running  in  a 
southeasterly  direction.  The  lands  on  the  streams,  and  especially  on  Lit- 
tle river,  are  excellent.  The  soils  are  partly  red,  partly  gray,  sandy  and 
in  some  places  a  mixture  of  both. 

With  careful  cultivation  the  lands  in  Taliaferro  produce  to  the  acre: 
corn,  15  bushels;  oats  and  barley,  each,  20  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels; 
rye,  5  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  80  bushels; 
field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas,  25  bushels;  seed  cotton,  750 
pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  300  pounds;  sor- 
ghum syrup,  60  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  75  gallons. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
this  county  6,487  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  usual  garden  vegetables,  berries,  melons  and  fruits  yield  well. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1890  there  were  in  Talia- 
ferro county  313  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  557  pounds;  2,668  cattle, 
of  which  193  were  working  oxen  and  1,117  milch-cows;  682  horses,  618 
mules,  3  donkeys  and  4,785  swine.  Some  of  the  farm  products  were  35,- 
529  domestic  fowls,  35,281  dozens  of  eggs,  7,703  pounds  of  honey,  249,- 
604  gallons  of  milk,  72,935  pounds  of  butter  and  130  pounds  of  cheese. 

The  public  schools  number  30,  one  half  for  white  pupils,  the  other 
half  for  colored.  Of  the  white  pupils  the  average  attendance  is  363,  and 
of  the  colored  pupils  503. 

The  prevailing  religious  sects  are  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Presby- 
terians. Churches  for  white  and  colored  at  convenient  distances  are 
scattered  over  the  county,  which  is  also  well  provided  with  schools. 

Crawfordville,  the  county  seat,  near  the  center  of  the  county  on  the 
Georgia  Railroad,  has  a  population  of  597  in  the  town,  and  900  in  the 
entire  district.  It  is  noted  as  having  been  the  home  of  Hon.  Alexander 
H.  Stephens,  who  was  bom  about  2^  miles  from  this  town.  His  grand- 
father, Alexander  Stephens,  emigrated  from  England  in  1750  and  was 
present  at  Braddock's  defeat.  He  took  an  early  and  active  part  on  the 
patriot  side  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  removing  to  Georgia  in 
1789  or  1790,  settled  on  the  plantation  afterwards  owned  by  his  son, 
Andrew  B.  Stephens,  and  his  grandson,  Alexander  Hamilton  Stephens. 
Mr.  Stephens'  mother  was  Margaret  Grier,  sister  of  Robert  Grier,  the 
celebrated  almanac  maker  in  Georgia,  and  a  distant  relative  of  Justice 
Grier,  one  of  the  present  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Liberty  Hall,  the  home  of  Mr.  Stephens,  is  in  full  view  of  the 
Georgia  Railroad. 

Other  postoffices  in  the  county  are  Hillman,  Lyneville,  Robinson  and 

Sharon. 

The  area  of  Taliaferro  county  is  198  square  miles,  or  126,720  acres. 
Population  in   1900,  7,912,  a  gain  of  621  since  1890;  school  fund, 

$5,255.23. 

Bv  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  115,872;  average  value  per  acre,  $3.02;  city  property, 
$70  205;  shares  in  bank,  $15,010;  money,  etc.,  $40,796;  value  of  mer- 


834  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

chandise,  $28,985;  stocks  and  bonds,  $7,353;  cotton  manufactories). 
$150;  household  furniture,  $31,474;  farm  and  other  animals,  $70,154;. 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $17,650;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,- 
970;  value  of  all  other  property,  $20,523;  real  estate,  $420,920;  per- 
sonal estate,  $245,913.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $666,833. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  7,099; 
value,  $22,009;  city  property,  $4,205;  money,  $483;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$10;  merchandise,  $528;  household  furniture,  $6,000;  watches,  $110; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $18,131;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$3,875;  value  of  all  other  property,  $841.00.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $56,192. 

The  tax  returns  of  1901  show  an  increase  of  $2,975  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Taliaferro  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,179;  white  females,  1,212;  total  white, 
2,391;  colored  males,  2,707;  colored  females,  2,814;  total  colored, 
5,521. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  21  calves,  53  dairy  cows,  19  horses,  1  mule,  76  swine,  11 
goats. 

TATTITALL  COU:^TY. 

Tattnall  County  was  formed  from  Montgomery  county  in  1801. 
Portions  were  given  back  to  Montgomery  county  in  1812.  It  was  named 
in  honor  of  Josiah  Tattnall,  a  man  very  influential  in  Georgia ;  a  senator 
from  Chatham  county  when  the  bill  rescinding  the  Yazoo  Act  was 
passed;  was  elected  to  Congress  and  chosen  governor  in  1801,  which 
office  he  resigned  in  1802  on  account  of  failing  health. 

Tattnall  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Bulloch  and  Bryan 
on  the  northeast.  Liberty  on  the  east  and  southeast,  Wayne  and  Appling 
on  the  south,  Montgomery  and  Emanuel  on  the  west.  The  whole  west- 
em  border  has  an  inclination  northward.  The  Cannouchee  river  runs 
along  the  whole  northeastern  border.  The  Ohoopee  river,  a  tributary 
of  the  Altamaha,  runs  from  north  to  south  almost  through  the  center  of 
the  county.  The  Altamaha  flows  along  the  whole  southern  border. 
Among  other  streams  are  Hound  and  Dry  creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Can- 
nouchee, itself  a  tributary  of  the  Ogeechee;  Pendleton's,  Rocky  and 
Battle  creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Ohoopee;  Cobb's  and  Beard's  creeks 
which  empty  into  the  Altamaha. 

The  upper  part  of  the  county  is  hilly,  the  lower  part  level.  The  soil 
is  sandy,  except  along  the  streams,  where  it  is  thick. 

Under  good  cultivation  the  average  production  to  the  acre  is:  corn, 
20  bushels;  oats,  15  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  field-peas,  20 
bushels;  ground-peas,  100  bushels;  seed  cotton,  1,200  pounds;  sea- 
island  seed  cotton,  700  pounds;  com  fodder,  400  pounds;  sugar-cane 
syrnp,  200  gallons.  Melons  and  every  variety  of  vegetables  are  pro- 
duced. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  835 

"Tattnall  county  952  bales  of  upland  and  6,357  bales  of  sea-island  cotton 
during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

In  1890  Tattnall  county  had  13,885  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  28,156 
pounds;  19,642  cattle,  305  being  working  oxen,  and  5,529  milch-cows, 
956  horses,  778  mules  and  23,437  swine.  Some  of  the  farm  products 
were  5-4,263  domestic  fowls,  73,398  dozens  of  eggs,  315,886  gallons  of 
milk,  11,167  pounds  of  butter,  140  pounds  of  cheese,  and  8,231  pounds 
of  honey. 

Lumber,  rosin  and  turpentine  give  occupation  to  many  of  the  people, 
who  get  their  products  into  the  markets  of  Darien  and  Savannah  over 
the  Seaboard  Air  Line. 

The  public  school  buildings  number  68  for  white  pupils  and  21  for 
the  colored,  with  an  average  attendance  of  1,976  white  pupils  and  621 
colored. 

Eeidsville,  situated  on  a  high,  sandy  hill,  four  miles  from  the  Ohoopee 
river,  is  the  county  site.  The  Collins  and  Reidsville  Railroad  connects 
it  with  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  while  the  Stillmore  Air  Line  connects  it 
with  Stillmore  in  Emanuel  county.  Reidsville  towm  has  257  inhabitr 
ants,  but  the  population  of  the  entire  Reidsville  district  is  2,446. 

Claxton  town  has  533  inhabitants,  while  the  district  including  it  con- 
tains a  population  of  3,085.  The  district  which  includes  Glenville  town 
has  2,423  inhabitants,  269  of  whom  are  in  the  town. 

The  Lyons  district  has  a  population  of  1,098,  of  whom  534  are  in  the 
town  of  that  name. 

Tattnall  is  considered  one  of  the  healthiest  counties  in  Georgia. 

The  area  of  Tattnall  county  is  1,102  square  miles,  or  705,280  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  20,419,  an  increase  of  10,166  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $12,043.24. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  509,964;  of  wild  land,  36,603;  average  price  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.02;  of  wild  land,  $1,08;  city  property,  $220,629; 
money,  etc.,  $556,069;  merchandise,  $166,888;  household  furniture, 
$202,351;  farm  and  other  animals,  $436,517;  plantation  and  mechanical- 
tools,  $87,523;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $12,920;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $322,103;  real  estate,  $1,750,481;  personal  estate,  $1,860,469. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $3,610,950. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  7,516; 
value,  $59,810;  city  property,  $7,510;' money,  etc.,  $2,926;  merchan- 
dise, $215;  household  furniture,  $17,609 ;  watches,  etc.,  $418;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $31,230;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $4,620;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $9,715.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$143,229. 

The  tax  returns  show  an  increase  of  $101,795  in  the  value  of  all  prop- 
erty over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Tattnall  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,917;  white  females,  6,389;  total  wliite, 
13,306;  colored  males,  3,921;  colored  females,  3,192;  total  colored, 
7,113. 


836  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  122  calves,  58  steers,  6  bulls,  168  dairy  cows,  156  horses, 
272  mules,  822  swine,  26  goats. 

TAYLOE  COimTY. 

Taylor  County  was  formed  from  Talbot,  Crawford,  Macon,  Monroe 
and  Marion  in  1852,  and  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Zachary 
Taylor,  of  Louisiana,  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  Mexican  war,  and 
twelfth  president  of  the  United  States.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following 
counties:  Upson  and  Crawford  on  the  northeast,  Macon  on  the  east, 
southeast  and  south,  Schley  on  the  south,  Marion  and  Talbot  on  the 
west  and  Talbot  on  the  northwest. 

The  Flint  river  flows  along  its  whole  northeastern  boundary.  Into 
the  Flint  river  empties  Parchelagee  creek,  after  traversing  the  northern 
section  of  the  county.  White  Water  creek,  after  flowing  in  a  south- 
easterly course,  turns  to  the  east  for  a  few  miles  and  then  making  an- 
other turn  flows  due  south  into  Royal  Cedar  creek,  which  latter  sepa- 
rates Taylor  on  the  south  from  Macon  and  Schley  counties. 

The  soil  of  Taylor  county  is  in  the  main  cretaceous,  with  irregular 
areas  of  the  tertiary  formation  extending  into  the  southern  portion  of 
the  county,  while  the  northern  portion  is  metamorphic  with  red  clay 
soil.  Vegetation  is  consequently  varied — hardwoods,  yellow  pine  and 
swamp  growth  prevailing,  according  to  location.  In  some  sections  the 
water  is  freestone,  in  others  limestone. 

These  lands  produce  an  average  to  the  acre  of  12  bushels  of  com,  20  of 
oats,  6  of  wheat,  5  of  rye,  75  of  Irish  potatoes,  100  of  sweet  potatoes, 
10  of  fleld-peas,  30  of  ground-peas,  from  535  to  700  pounds  of  seed  cot- 
ton, 4,000  pounds  of  crab-grass  hay,  300  of  com  fodder  and  200  gallons 
of  sugar-cane  syrup. 

The  gardens  and  orchards  produce  well.  Above  home  consumption 
there  are  sold  about  $2,500  worth  of  truck  annually.  There  are  37,320 
peach-trees,  6,607  apple-trees,  1,610  plum-trees,  and  1,203  pear-trees. 
While  the  peach  crop  is  not  so  large  as  that  of  some  of  the  neighboring 
counties,  the  fruit  is  especially  fine  and  brings  fancy  prices  in  the  north- 
em  and  eastern  markets. 

While  there  are  no  dairy  farms,  the  farmers  own  a  great  many  cattle, 
among  them  some  very  fine  cows.  In  1890  the  cattle  numbered  4,686, 
the  working  oxen  355,  and  the  milch-cows,  1,356.  The  yield  of  milk  was 
198,922  gallons,  and  the  butter  made  on  farms  was  59,228  pounds,  and 
the  cheese,  100  pounds.  All  kinds  of  poultry  aggregated  38,582,  and 
the  number  of  their  eggs  was  65,249  dozens.  The  honey  gathered  was 
16,691  pounds.  In  1890  Taylor  county  had  578  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  2,018  pounds;  484  horses,  925  mules,  2  donkeys  and  8,830  s^^dne. 
According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Taylor  county 
8,371  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  timber  products  are  small,  amounting  to  $6,000  annually. 
On  the  tributaries  of  the  Flint  river  17  grist-mills  utilize  264  horse- 
powers. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  837 

There  are  10  other  manufactories  in  the  county,  with  an  annual  output 

of  $97,078.  The  new  cotton-mill  at  Reynolds  will  add  materially  to  this. 

The  public  school  buildings  number  26  for  white  pupils  and  16  for 

colored,  and  have  an  average  attendance  of  680  white  pupils  and  543 

colored. 

The  Methodists  and  Baptists  with  numerous  churches  supply  the  peo- 
ple with  religious  advantages. 

Butler,  with  a  population  of  707,  on  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Geor- 
gia Railroad,  is  the  county  site.  The  Butler  district,  which  includes 
the  town,  contains  3,083  inhabitants. 

Reynolds,  on  the  same  railroad,  is  in  the  eastern  section  of  the  county. 
The  Reynolds  district  contains  a  population  of  2^199,  of  whom  436  are 
in  the  town. 

The  area  of  Taylor  county  is  338  square  miles,  or  216,320  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  9,846,  an  increase  of  1,180  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $6,451.96. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved lands,  216,384;  of  wild  lands,  17,943;  average  price  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.08;  of  wild  land,  $0.52;  city  property,  $72,730; 
shares  in  bank,  $16,000;  money,  etc.,  $50,242;  value  of  merchandise, 
$36,020;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,100;  cotton  manufactories,  $90,000; 
household  furniture,  $55,780;  farm  and  other  animals,  $93,212;  planta- 
tion and  mechanical  tools,  $21,116;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,488;  real 
estate,  $532,148;  personal  estate,  $398,268.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $930,416. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  7,385; 
value,  $12,074;  city  property,  $2,790;  money,  etc.,  $144;  merchandise, 
$40;  household  furniture,  $7,162;  watches,  etc.,  $54;  farm  and  other 
animals,  $8,949;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,833;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $344.00.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $35,525. 
The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $13,765  in  the  value  of 
all  property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Taylor  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,386;  white  females,  2,434;  total  white,  4,820; 
colored  males,  2,428;  colored  females,  2,598;  total  colored,  5,026. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  13  calves,  3  steers,  1  bull,  13  dairy  cows,  28  horses,  6 
mules,  2  sheep,  136  swine,  13  goats. 

TELFAIR  COUKTY. 

Telfair  County  was  laid  out  in  1807.  A  part  of  it  was  added  to 
Montgomery  in  1812  and  other  parts  to  Montgomery  in  1820.  A  part 
was  taken  from  Appling  and  added  to  Telfair  in  1819,  and  in  1854  a 
part  of  Telfair  was  given  to  help  form  Coffee  county.  The  county  of 
Telfair  was  named  in  honor  of  Hon.  Edward  Telfair,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land who  emigrated  to  Virginia  and  then  to  Georgia,  engaging  in  com- 
mercial pursuits  at  Savannah,  lie  was  conspicuous  throughout  the  Revo- 


838  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

lution  bj  his  patriotic  zeal;  represented  Georgia  in  the  Continental 
Congress,  and  in  behalf  of  his  State  signed  the  ratification  of  the 
Articles  of  Confederation;  after  the  war  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
appointed  by  the  governor  to  make  a  treaty  with  the  Cherokee  chiefs; 
was  governor  of  Georgia  from  the  9th  of  January,  1786,  to  the  9th  of 
January,  1787;  and  again  from  the  9th  of  November,  1790,  to  the  7th 
of  E'ovember,  1793.  While  governor  the  second  time  he  entertained 
General  Washington  at  the  Grove,  his  family  residence  near  Augusta,  on 
the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  his  Excellency  to  Georgia. 

Telfair  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Montgomery 
on  the  northeast,  Coffee  on  the  southeast,  Coffee  and  Irwin  on  the  south, 
Wilcox  on  the  southwest  and  Dodge  on  the  northwest.  Little  Ocmulgee 
river  separates  it  from  Montgomery  county,  the  Ocmulgee  from  Coffee, 
Irwin  and  Wilcox  counties,  Sugar,  Turnpike  and  Cedar  creeks  all  flow 
across  the  county  and  empty  into  the  Ocmulgee  river. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  level.  The  soil  is  sandy,  with  clay  subsoil. 
Under  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation  the  average  yield  of  the  various 
crops  to  the  acre  is:  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  15;  rye,  10;  Irish  potatoes, 
75;  sweet  potatoes,  200;  field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  15;  chufas,  30;  ricCj 
10;  millet,  10;  seed  cotton,  500  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  1,500  pounds; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  200  gallons.  The  best  lands  with  good  cultivation  will 
produce  to  the  acre:  corn,  25  bushels,  oats,  30;  rye,  20;  Irish  potatoes, 
100;  sweet  potatoes,  250;  field-peas,  15;  ground-peas,  25;  chufas,  50; 
rice,  20;  millet,  200;  upland  seed  cotton,  1,500  pounds;  sea-island  seed 
cotton,  800  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  500 
pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  375  gallons. 

Crab,  crowfoot  and  wire-grasses  furnish  good  hay  and  also  ample 
pasturage  for  stock.  Wheat  bran,  cotton  seed  meal  and  peas  are  also 
used  for  feeding  stock.  Fifty  per  cent,  of  the  fertilizers  used  is  produced 
on  the  farm,  while  80  per  cent,  of  the  cotton  seed  raised  is  returned  to 
the  land  as  a  fertilizer,  either  in  the  form  of  cotton  seed  meal  or  as 
green  seed. 

There  is  considerable  improvement  in  the  breeds  of  cattle,  and  yet 
only  a  few  beef  cattle  are  raised,  except  on  the  range.  In  1890  Telfair 
county  had  14,873  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  9,704  pounds,  5,349  cat- 
tle, 428  being  working  oxen  and  1,468  milch-cows;  355  horses,  267 
mules,  1  donkey,  7,659  swine,  14,343  domestic  fowls,  and  by  a  later 
estimate,  500  goats.  Some  of  the  products  of  the  farms  were  86,305  gal- 
lons of  milk,  4,978  pounds  of  butter,  985  pounds  of  honey  and  21,007 
dozens  of  eggs. 

There  are  about  25  market  gardens  in  the  county  selling  about 
$3,000  worth  of  truck  above  home  consumption.  About  500  acres  are 
devoted  to  melons,  the  net  profit  on  which  is  $15  to  the  acre.  The 
principal  fruits  are  peaches,  apples,  plums  and  pears. 

There  is  a  large  business  in  rosin,  turpentine,  lumber,  shingles,  etc. 
The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  about  100,000,000  superficial  feet,  at 
$10  a  thousand  feet.  About  15  sawmills  and  ten  turpentine  distilleries 
are  in  operation.     There  are  20  grist-mills,  3  operated  by  water  and  17 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  839 

bj  steam.     There  is  an  ice  factory  at  McRae,  also  a  wagon  and  buggy 
factory.     There  are  also  two  box  and  barrel  factories. 

The  county  site  is  McRae,  a  flourishing  little  town  on  the  Southern 
Railway.  McRae  district  has  a  population  of  1,678,  of  whom  1,020 
are  in  the  corporate  limits  of  the  town.  Here  is  the  South  Georgia  Col- 
lege, under  the  auspices  of  the  South  Georgia  Conference  of  the  M.  E. 
Church  (South),  a  flourishing  institution  with  about  300  pupils.  There 
are  altogether  in  the  county  about  100  schools,  public  and  private.  The 
public  schools  number  38  for  white  pupils  and  13  for  colored,  with  an 
average  attendance  of  653  in  the  white  and  600  in  the  colored  schools. 
There  are  several  small  towns  and  postoffices  in  the  county:  Clayville, 
China  Hill,  Cobbville,  Elmina,  Fentress,  Helena,  Jacksonville,  Lumber 
City,  Milan,  Neily,  Oswald,  Poplar  Hill,  Scotland,  Temperance  Town 
and  Wootten's  Mill. 

Lumber  City  district  has  1,326  inhabitants,  of  whom  760  live  in  the 
to\ra.  Helena  district  has  975  inhabitants,  604  of  whom  are  in  the 
town. 

About  5,000  cotton  bales  are  shipped  from  the  eoitire  county,  which 
enjoys  both  railroad  and  water  transportation.  According  to  the  United 
States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in  Telfair  county  2,324  bales 
of  upland  and  217  of  sea-island  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Telfair  county  is  412  square  miles,  or  263,680  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  10,083,  a  gain  of  4,406  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$6,213.15. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  143,525;  acres  of  wild  land,  136,258;  average  price  to  the 
acre  of  improved  land,  $2.16;  of  wild  land,  $1.15;  city  property,  $204,- 
002;  money,  etc.,  $67,973;  merchandise,  $78,180;  capital  invested  in 
shipping,  $7,002;  iron  works,  $915;  household  furaiture,  $64,726;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $111,107;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $14,632; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,420;  value  of  other  property,  $37,250;  real 
estate,  $673,318;  personal  estate,  $403,105.  Aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $1,076,423. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  10,401, 
value,  $20,286;  city  property,  $7,889;  money,  etc.,  $200;  merchandise, 
$65;  household  furaiture,  $5,760;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $117;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $9,662;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $1,132;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $1,483;.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$46,594. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $200,934  in  the  value 
of  all  property  over  the  returas  of  1900. 

Population  of  Telfair  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  ccn- 
ma  of  1900:  white  males,  3,054;  white  females,  2,903;  total  whites, 
5,957;    colored  males,    2,138;  colored   females,    1,988;    total    colored, 

4',  12  6.' 

Domestic  animals  in  baras  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  257  calves,  167  steers,  6  bulls,  331  dairy  cows,  110  horses, 
91  mules,  1  donkey,  74  sheep,  928  swine  and  40  goats. 


840  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

TERRELL  COUNTY. 

Terrell  County  was  formed  from  Lee  and  Randolph  in  1856,  and 
was  named  for  Dr.  Wm.  Terrell  of  Hancock  county,  who  at  one  time 
represented  his  county  in  the  legislature  and  was  a  member  from  Geor- 
gia of  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Washington  from  1817  to  1821. 
It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Webster  and  Sumter  on  the 
north,  Lee  on  the  east,  Dougherty  and  Calhoun  on  the  south  and  Ran- 
dolph on  the  west.  Kinchafoonee  creek  forms  a  part  of  its  northeaster-n 
and  eastern  boundary,  and  Ichawaynochaway  creek  part  of  the  western 
boundary.  Other  streams  are  Chickasawhatchee,  Turkey  and  Chenubee 
creeks.     The  water  is  in  some  parts  freestone,  in  others,  limestone. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  tertiary  formation,  and  is  a  gray,  sandy  loam 
with  red  outcrops  in  places.  The  face  of  the  country  is  level  or  slightly 
undulating.  The  forest  growth  is  yellow  pine  on  gray  lands;  oak  and 
hickory  on  red  lands,  with  the  usual  swamp  growth;  white  oak,  ash, 
maple,  sycamore,  poplar,  gum  and  magnolia  on  streams. 

The  average  yield  of  the  various  crops  to  the  acre  under  ordinary 
methods  of  production  is:  corn,  10  bushels;  oats,  13  bushels;  wheat  and 
rye,  8  bushels  each;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels  each;  sugar- 
cane syrup,  206  gallons;  sorghum  forage,  4,000  pounds;  seed  cotton, 
650  pounds.  But  many  of  the  farmers  under  more  scientific  culture  make 
as  an  average  to  the  acre:  corn,  15  bushels;  oats,  35  bushels;  wheat, 
13  bushels;  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds. 
Crab-grass  and  peavines  are  the  chief  reliance  for  hay,  and  frequently 
make  4,000  pounds  to  the  acre.  Amber  cane  is  extensively  used  for  a 
forage  crop.  Bermuda  grass  also  does  well,  and  so  does  the  velvet  bean, 
though  it  is  not  planted  to  any  great  extent.  Crab-grass  makes  good 
pasturage  for  seven  months  of  the  year  and  beraiuda  grass  for  nine. 
The  Jersey  is  the  favorite  milch-cow.  Near  Dawson  is  a  successful 
dairy  farm. 

In  1890  there  were  in  the  county  4,208  cattle,  of  which  134  were 
working  oxen,  and  1,304  were  milch-cows,  which  yielded  187,767  gal- 
lons of  milk,  from  which  were  made  64,944  pounds  of  butter.  The 
domestic  fowls  of  every  variety  numbered  54,641,  and  produced  103,- 
281  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  collected  amounted  to  17,100  pounds. 
In  1890  there  were  in  Terrell  county  365  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of 
459  pounds,  438  horses,  1,634  mules,  and  12,405  swine. 

There  are  no  regular  market  gardens,  but  some  of  the  farmers  make 
a  business  of  selling  vegetables,  ben-ies  and  small  fruits.  The  amount 
of  truck  sold  amounts  to  about  $5,000  worth. 

Fine  melons  are  raised.  The  acreage  for  the  past  season  was  about 
200  acres.    The  net  profit  to  the  acre  was  $35.00. 

The  peach  crop  pays  well.  Other  fruits  are  not  produced  in  suffi- 
cient quantities  to  warrant  a  statement  of  what  they  can  do.  There  are 
in  the  county  11,250  peach-trees  and  500  apple-trees.  Not  msuaj  grapes 
are  raised  for  the  market.  The  Concord  and  other  varieties  do  well.  The 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  841 

Scuppernong  is  indigenous  to  Terrell,  as  well  as  to  many  other  counties 
of  Georgia. 

There  are  about  50,000  acres  of  yellow  pine,  but  most  of  it  has  been 
sawed  over.  There  is  an  annual  output  of  7  or  8  million  superficial  feet 
at  about  $9.00  a  thousand  feet. 

There  is  some  sandstone,  but  none  of  it  is  being  quarried. 
There  are  in  TeiTell  county  12  grist-mills,  5  operated  by  water  and 
7  by  steam.  All  of  tlie  9  sawmills  use  steam.  Other  manufactories  ai-e: 
three  of  builder's  supplies,  two  of  coffins,  one  of  carriages  and  buggies, 
one  turpentine  distillery,  and  one  cotton  seed  oil-mill.  The  annual  out- 
put of  all  these  manufactories  is  $200,000.  The  tributaries  of 
Flint  river  furnish  56  horse-powers  utilized  by  5  grist-mills. 

Dawson,  the  county  site,  is  a  growing  city  of  2,920  inhabitants,  with 
excellent  schools  and  chiu'ches  of  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians 
and  Lutherans.  It  has  two  banks  with  a  combined  capital  of  $113,000; 
a  good  system  of  water-works,  and  electric  light  plant;  a  paid  lire  de- 
partment; a  court-house  and  other  public  buildings  worth  $54,000;  sev- 
eral flourishing  mercantile  establishments,  life  and  fire  insurance  agen- 
cies and  four  of  the  manufacturing  establishments  mentioned  above.  At 
Dawson  two  lines  of  railway,  one  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia, 
the  other  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  cross  each  other,  the  fonnci* 
traversing  the  county  from  northeast  to  southwest,  the  latter  from  north- 
west to  southeast.  In  the  district  which  includes  the  town  there  are 
6,036  inhabitants.  The  public  roads  of  the  county  are  in  fine  condition. 
Its  products  are  marketed  principally  at  Dawson,  but  a  small  percentage 
goes  to  Parrott,  Bronwood  and  Sasser. 

Other  post-offices  and  towns  besides  those  already  mentioned  are:  Cot- 
tondale,  Herod,  Duvall  and  Graves  Station.  There  is  a  free  mail  de- 
livery all  over  the  county. 

The  entire  receipts  and  shipments  of  cotton  from  the  county  are  26,- 
000  bales.  Of  these  Dawson  handles  17,000  bales.  According  to 
the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in  Terrell  county 
25,719  bales  of  upland  cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

The  area  of  Terrell  county  is  340  square  miles,  or  217,600  acres.. 
Population  in  1900,  19,023,  a  gain  of  4,520  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$12,215.35. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  206,617;  of  wild  land,  202;  average  price  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $4.80;  of  wild  land,  $0.40;  city  property,  $417,892;  shares 
in  bank,  $67,500;  money,  etc.,  $279,684;  merchandise,  $107,658; 
stocks  and  bonds,  $250;  cotton  manufactories,  $1,738;  iron  works, 
$100;  household  furniture,  $127,859;  farm  and  other  animals,  $191,- 
852;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $45,547;  watches,  jewelry,  etc., 
$8,507;  value  of  all  other  property,  $78,623;  real  estate,  $1,425,170; 
personal  estate,  $924,818.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,394,- 
988. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  10,518; 


S42  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

value,  $45,468;  city  property,  $18,082;  money,  $50;  merchandise,  $275; 
household  furniture,  $30,624;  watches,  etc.,  $404;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $32,040;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $7,051;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $2,439.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $136,433. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $245,853  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

The  public  schools  of  Terrell  county  number  24  for  white  pupils,  and 
24  for  colored,  with  an  average  attendance  of  689  white  pupils  and  851 
colored. 

Population  of  Terrell  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  2,913;  white  females,  2,761;  total  white, 
5,674;  colored  males,  6,536;  colored  females,  6,813;  total  colored, 
13,349. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Dawson  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  615;  white  females,  609;  total  white, 
1,224;  colored  males,  778;  colored  females,  924;  total  colored,  1,702. 

Total  population  of  Dawson,  2,926. 

Domestic  animals  in  Terrell  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  12  calves,  7  steers,  2  bulls,  204  dairy 
cows,  147  horees,  40  mules,  235  smne,  5  goats. 

THOMAS  COUNTY. 

Thomas  County  was  formed  from  Decatur  and  Irwin  in  1825,  and 
a  part  of  Lowndes  was  added  to  it  in  1826.  It  was  named  in  honor  of 
Jett  Thomas,  who  was  captain  of  artillery  in  the  army  of  General  Floyd 
at  the  battles  of  Antossee  and  Chalibbee.  He  was  bom  in  Virginia  in 
1777,  and  died  in  Milledgeville,  Georgia,  of  cancer  in  1815. 

Thomas  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mitchell  and  Colquitt, 
east  by  Brooks  county,  south  by  the  State  of  Florida,  and  west  by  De- 
catur county.  The  Ocklockonee  river,  from  the  northeast  to  the  southwest 
corner  is  the  principal  stream.  The  county  lies  on  the  backbone  of  an 
elevated  ridge,  which  extends  across  the  State  from  northeast  to  south- 
west. It  slopes  eastward  and  westward  and  from  the  watershed  thus 
formed  flow  numerous  creeks  and  smaller,  limpid  streams.  From  the  hill- 
sides burst  numerous  springs,  from  which  flow  branches  of  clear  water. 
In  every  part  of  the  county  wells  of  good  freestone  water  are  easily  dug. 
In  many  sections  the  surface  is  level,  in  others  undulating.  Some  parts 
of  the  county  are  rather  hilly.  The  soil  varies  greatly  and  some  close 
observers  say  that  no  fifty  acres  are  exactly  alike.  The  greater  part  of 
it  is  a  gray,  sandy  loam,  with  a  red  clay  subsoil,  while  some  of  it  is  of  a 
yellow,  sandy  clay  formation.  There  are  lands  of  black  muck,  very 
fertile,  as  well  as  lands  of  pure  sand,  that  are  nearly  useless  for  agricul- 
tural purposes.  The  prices  vary  from  $2  to  $10  an  acre,  according  to 
location,  quality  and  improvements.  An  average  farm  can  be  purchased 
at  from  $5  to  $6  an  acre.  The  principal  crops  are  cotton,  both  long  and 
short-staple,  sugar-cane,  sweet  and  Irish  potatoes,  peas  of  every  variety, 
all  the  common  vegetal3les,  and  many  kinds  of  grasses.     Crab  is  almost 


r: 

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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  '        845 

the  only  grass  cultivated  in  Thomas  county  for  hay,  being  cut  after 
other  crops,  especially  after  melons.  AVhen  cultivated  for  hay  exclu- 
sively it  produces  from  4,000  to  8,000  pounds  to  the  acre.  On  some  lands 
the  yield  to  the  acre  under  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation  is  as  follows: 
corn,  9  bushels;  oats,  10  to  12  bushels;  rye,  10  bushels;  sorghum-syrup, 
100  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons;  Irish  potatoes  100  bushels; 
sweet  potatoes,  150  bushels;  seed  cotton,  400  pounds.  On  other  lands 
under  a  proper  system  of  cultivation  the  }deld  to  the  acre  is  as  follows: 
com,  20  to  30  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  rye,  20  bushels;  barley,  40 
bushels;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels  each;  field-peas,  25  bush- 
els; groimd-peas,  40  bushels;  upland  seed  cotton,  600  pounds;  sorghum 
syrup,  250  gallons;  sugar-cane  cyrup,  400  gallons. 

The  native  grasses  (w4re  and  sedge),  burned  off  in  spring  and  growing 
up  luxuriantly  form  the  principal  summer  pasturage,  which  is  supple- 
mented by  the  cane  brakes.  In  winter  the  preferred  food  for  cattle  con- 
sists of  cotton  seed  meal  and  hulls  with  hay  made  from  the  native  grass- 
es. Some  attention  is  given  to  the  improvement  of  beef  cattle.  The 
improvement  in  milch-cows  is  marked,  the  Jersey  predominating.  There 
are  4  dairy  fanns  with  a  capacity  of  200  gallons  of  milk  a  day. 

In  1890  there  were  in  Thomas  county  16,354  cattle,  of  which  there 
were  694  working  oxen  and  4,584  milch-cows.  Of  the  cows,  672  w^ere 
of  improved  breeds.  The  milk  produced  amounted  to  442,092  gallons, 
the  butter  to  79,252  pounds,  and  the  cheese  to  1,018  pounds.  The  sheep 
numbered  3,511  and  yielded  7,545  pounds  of  wool.  There  were  84,309 
domestic  fowls  producing  138,793  dozens  of  eggs.  The  honey  gathered 
amounted  to  7,139  pounds.  There  were  1,916  hoi-ses,  1,482  mules,  8 
donkeys  and  25,720  swine. 

The  county  has  wild  turkeys  and  quail  for  those  who  fancy  hunting, 
and  the  many  streams  furnish  black  bass  and  perch  to  reward  the  labora 
of  the  fisherman. 

The  fruits  consist  principally  of  pears,  peaches,  apples,  plums,  straw- 
berries, figs,  grapes  and  watermelons. 

The  vegetables  are  all  the  varieties  common  to  this  country.  The 
products  of  the  market  gardens  over  and  above  home  consumption 
amount  to  somewhere  near  $3,000  worth.  About  200  acres  are  devoted 
to  grapes  cultivated  for  home  use. 

A  good  portion  of  the  county  is  still  covered  with  original  forest 
growth  and  consists  mainly  of  yellow  pine,  various  kinds  of  oak,  hickory, 
poplar,  magnolia,  gum,  beech  and  othei-s.  About  35  lumber  and  saw- 
mills, all  run  by  steam,  are  employed  in  sawing  the  timber  and  prepar- 
ing it  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

There  are  in  Thomasville  railroad  shops  of  the  Plant  System,  3  shops 
for  repairing  vehicles,  2  sash  and  blind  factories,  and  one  foundry.  In 
Thomasville  and  other  towns  are  10  or  12  shops  whore  shoes  are  repaired 
and  made.  In  the  county  arc  12  turpentine  distilleries.  There  are  3 
grist-mills  and  ginneries  run  by  water-power. 

Thomasville,  the  conntv  site,  is  a  flonri«hing  city  with  a  population  of 
5,322,  or,  including  the  district,  9,172.     It  has  three  banks  with  an  ag- 


«^46         *  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

gregate  capital  of  $250,000;  first-class  hotels,  a  fine  system  cf  public 
schools,  two  colleges,  and  churches  of  the  Methodist,  Baptist,  Presby- 
terian, Episcopalian,  Bible  Christian  and  Roman  Catholic  denomina- 
tions. It  is  well  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity  and  has  water-works  and 
a  system  of  sewerage.  The  natural  drainage  is  perfect,  the  water  run- 
ning off  in  every  direction.  The  streets  are  broad,  well-kept,  and  in 
many  places  shaded  with  native  trees.  It  is  noted  for  its  beautiful  flow- 
ers which  bloom  every  month  of  the  year.  There  are  2  florists  establish- 
ments, each  with  an  annual  sale  of  $1,000  worth  of  flowers  and  flower- 
ing plants.  Two  branches  of  the  Plant  System  cross  each  other  at 
Thomasville.  The  Tifton,  Thomasville  and  Gulf  Railroad  also  has  its 
southern  terminus  here. 

Other  growing  towns  of  the  county  are:  Boston,  with  a  bank  which 
has  a  capital  of  $25,000;  Cairo,  also  having  a  bank  with  a  capital  of 
$25,000;  Ocklockonee,  Metcalf,  Meigs,  Pavo  and  Pidcock. 

The  district  of  Boston  has  3,663  inhabitants,  of  whom  722  reside  in 
the  town.  Cairo  district  has  4,400  people,  of  xvhom  690  are  in  the  town. 
The  Meigs  district  contains  1,252  people,  of  whom  617  are  residents  of 
the  town. 

The  public  roads  of  the  county  are  in  good  condition,  and  there  are 
beautiful  drives  in  and  around  Thomasville. 

Thomas  and  Decatur  counties  are  extensively  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture of  syrup  from  the  sugar-cane. 

Cairo  has  become  the  center  of  the  syrup  trade  of  Georgia,  shipping  in 
one  year  10,000  barrels,  valued  at  somethi-ng  over  $100,000.  The  leaders 
in  this  industry  are  Mr.  J.  Byron  Wight  and  his  two  brothers.  While  the 
syrup  industry  was  still  in  its  infancy  Mr.  Wight,  at  that  time  a  school- 
teacher, was  forced  by  ill  health  to  seek  employment  in  the  open  air. 
He  began  to  study  the  best  methods  of  syrup  making  and  was  aided  in 
his  efforts  by  his  two  brothers,  who  were  merchants.  The  result  has 
been  a  vast  improvement  in  Georgia  syrup,  for  which  there  is  a  rapidly 
increasing  demand.  The  improvements  introduced  have  led  to  the  in- 
tention of  establishing  first-class  sugar  refineries,  which  would  bring 
Georgia  to  the  front  as  a  syrup  and  sugar-producing  State. 

Major  Purse  of  Savannah,  is  one  of  the  most  zealous  promoters  of 
this  great  industry.  He  and  Colonel  James,  with  Mr.  Wight  and  others, 
have  made  trips  to  Louisiana  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  information. 
The  great  railway  lines,  the  Central  of  Georgia,  the  Southern  and  the 
Plant  Systems,  are  taking  a  lively  interest  in  the  promotion  of  cane- 
growing. 

Many  of  the  best  farmers  of  this  section  think  600  gallons  of  good 
syrup  to  the  acre,  under  proper  care  and  cultivation,  a  conservative  esti- 
mate, while  some  have  made  as  high  as  750  gallons  to  the  acre  at  a  time 
when  there  was  no  market  for  it. 

A  large,  thoroughly  up-to-date  sugar  refinery  would  insure  an  enor- 
mous increase  in  cane  culture  with  an  accompanying  prosperity  such  as 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  847 

Georgia  has  never  known  before.  During  the  winter  of  1900-1901  there 
were  shipped  from  this  section  through  New  Ch-leans  to  Texas,  1,500 
barrels  of  Georgia  syrup. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Thomasville,  Boston, 
Cidro,  Ocklockonee,  Metcalf  and  Meigs.  Of  15,000  bales  of  cotton  ship- 
ped from  the  county,  2,500  are  handled  at  Thomasville. 

According  to  the  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  in  Thomas  county 
10,923  bales  of  upland  and  1,550  of  sea-island  cotton  in  the  season  of 
1S99-1900. 

The  whole  county  is  well  supplied  with  churches  and  schools.  Of 
110  public  school  buildings  63  are  for  white  and  47  for  colored,  and  the 
average  attendance  is  1,956  white  pupils,  and  1,980  colored. 

The  area  of  Thomas  county  is  713  square  miles,  or  456,320  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  31,076,  a  gain  of  4,922  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$19,923.92. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  444,471;  of  wild  land,  1,550;  average  value  of  improved 
land  per  acre,  $2.66;  of  wild  land,  $1.00;  city  property,  $1,335,146; 
shares  in  bank,  $92,500;  gas  and  electric  lights,  $13,000;  building  and 
loan  association,  $30,000;  money,  etc.,  $277,081;  merchandise,  $284,- 
995;  stocks  and  bonds,  $7,000;  cotton  manufactories,  $3,442;  household 
furniture,  $282,937;  farm  and  other  animals,  $302,448;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $75,597;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $18,770;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $116,047;  real  estate,  $2,521,871;  personal  estate, 
$1,635,728.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $4,157,599. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  24,620; 
value,  $65,754;  city  property,  $77,366;  money,  etc.,  $5,890;  merchan- 
dise, $1,830;  household  furniture,  $31,323;  watches,  etc.,  $558;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $42,883;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $9,326; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $5,357.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  prop- 
erty, $240,317. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $313,384  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Thomas  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,823;  white  females,  6,803;  total  white, 
13,626;  colored  males,  8,300;  colored  females,  9,150;  total  colored, 
17,450. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Thomasville  by  sex  and  color,  according  to 
the  census  of  1900:  white  males,  958;  white  females,  1,068;  total  white, 
2,026;  colored  males,  1,349;  colored  females,  1,947;  total  colored, 
3,296. 

Total  population  of  Thomasville,  5,322. 

Domestic  animals  in  Thomas  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranffos.  Tune  1,  1900:  252  calves,  206  steers,  16  bulls,  453 
dairy  cows,  382  horses,  252  mules,  10  sheep,  572  swine,  43  goats. 


848  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

TOWNS  COUNTY. 

Towns  County  was  formed  out  of  Union  and  Rabun  counties  in  1856^ 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  G.  W.  Towns,  who  represented  Georgia  in 
Congress  in  1834,  and  was  governor  from  1847  to  1849.  He  died  in 
the  citj  of  Macon  in  1854,  at  the  age  of  54  years. 

Towns  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina, 
on  the  east  and  southeast  by  Eabun  and  Habersham  counties,  on  the 
south  by  White  county,  on  the  west  and  southwest  by  Union  county. 
Hiawassee  river  flows  from  north  to  south  through  the  center  of  the 
county.  Other  streams  are  Hightower,  Fodder's,  Bell  and  Brasstown 
creeks. 

This  is  a  mountainous  country,  but  on  the  river  and  creeks  are  some 
very  rich  lands. 

The  climate  is  cool  and  bracing;  the  water,  freestone,  clear  and  cold. 
The  loamy  black  soil  along  the  mountain  streams  is  well  adapted  to 
corn,  rye,  oats,  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  clay,  mulatto  soil  of  the  up- 
lands is  well  adapted  to  all  crops.  Clover,  though  not  extensively  raised, 
gives  fine  yields  on  good  land.  Red  top  is  best  adapted  to  this  county. 
The  natural  grasses  that  grow  about  the  lowlands  are  the  chief  reliance 
for  hay.    Peavines,  wherever  planted,  give  an  abundance  of  hay. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  under  ordinary 
methods  of  cultivation  is:  corn,  25  bushels;  oats,  30  bushels;  wheat,  12 
bushels;  rye,  10  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  60  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  50 
bushels;  field-peas,  20  bushels;  ground-peas,  20  bushels;  crab-grass  hay, 
4,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  1,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons. 
With  scientific  farming  the  lands  do  even  better.  Towns  county  pro- 
duces the  very  best  quality  of  cabbages,  with  heads  firm  and  white, 
large  as  a  peck  measure,  and  weighing  15  or  20  pounds.  Turnips  of  im- 
mense size  and  excellent  flavor  are  raised  in  great  quantities.  Fruits, 
melons  and  berries  do  well,  but  remoteness  from  the  railroad  prevents 
the  raising  of  more  than  enough  for  home  consumption.  Apples  are  an 
exception,  however.  Large  numbers  of  them  are  sold  and  at  good  profits. 
Nearly  every  farmer  has  plenty  of  peaches  for  home  use.  Most  of  the 
chestnuts  found  in  the  markets  of  our  Georgia  cities  and  towns  in  the 
fall  of  the  year  come  from  Towns  and  other  counties  of  this  section. 

At  Osbom  there  is  a  small  vineyard  producing  the  best  varieties 
of  grapes. 

There  are  no  dairy  fanns  in  the  county,  but  there  is  a  considerable 
amount  of  butter  made  on  the  farms.  The  people  raise  some  cattle  for 
beef,  and  there  is  considerable  improvement  in  the  breeds  of  bolh 
dairy  and  beef  cattle.  Some  pure  breeds,  especially  bulls,  have  been 
lately  brought  into  the  county.  The  poultry  and  egg  industry  is  de- 
cidedly on  the  increase. 

The  stubble  fields  and  meadows  give  excellent  pasturage,  and  there 
is  good  mountain  range  for  cattle,  sheep  and  horses,  and  a  fair  supply 
of  mast  for  hogs,  which  grow  fat  on  acorns,  hickory-nuts  and  chestnuts. 
In  1890  Towns  county  hacl  4,242  sheep  with  a  wool-clip  of  7,093  pounds, 
2,998  cattle,  504  woridng  oxen,  980  milch-cows,  406  horses,  292  mules,  6 


YELLOW    TRANSPARENT. 

Of  Russian  origin,  but  now  largely  planted  East,  West,    North  and  South,  and  succeeds 
everywhere  as  a  very  hardy,  early  ripening,  excellent  variety. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  849 

donkejs,  4,731  swine  and  37,374  domestic  fowls  of  various  kinds. 
Among  the  products  were  268,033  gallons  of  milk,  61,673  pounds  of 
butter,  2U,91-1  dozens  of  eggs  and  9,590  pounds  of  liouej.  There  is 
abimdance  of  mountain  trout  in  the  streams,  and  in  the  mountains  some 
game,  such  as  bear,  deer,  turkey,  wolves  and  panthers. 

There  are  about  75,000  acres  of  forest  land,  mostly  in  hardwoods. 
The  most  valuable  species  are  oak,  hickoiy,  poplar,  walnut,  chestnut, 
cherry,  Lynn  birch,  maple,  ash  and  locust.  The  urice  of  the  timber  is 
from  $8  to  $10  a  thousand  feet.  There  m-e  3  sawmills  getting  out  tim- 
ber for  the  home  supply. 

The  mountain  streams  afford  abundance  of  water-power,  varying  at 
different  points  from  1  to  1,000  hoi-se-powers. 

There  ai*e  some  few  small  Hour-mills  and  gnst-mills  scattered  through 
the  county,  grinding  for  the  county  custom,  probably  about  30,  all  but 
3  of  which  are  operated  by  water. 

There  is  one  tannery.  The  people  are  aoixious  for  manufactories,  es-^ 
pecially  such  as  will  work  up  their  hai'dwoods,  which  are  very  valuable. 
There  is  abundance  of  granite  and  sei-pentine  gneiss  for  building  and 
otlier  uses.  Gold  is  mined  to  some  extent.  Iron,  chrome  and  magnetite^ 
manganese,  asbestos,  talc,  ochre,  yellow  and  red  plumbago,  buhr,  some 
gems  and  plenty  of  corundum  are  found.  A  very  large  plant  is  now 
being  constmcted  at  a  cost  of  $100,000  at  Tate  City,  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county  for  mining  coiimdum. 

•  Hiawassee,  the  county  site,  has  several  successful  mercantile  establish- 
ments.   A  n'ew  court-house  is  being  built  at  a  cost  of  $8,000. 

Other  post-offices  are  Mountain  Scene,  Osborn,  Visage,  Welch  and 
Young  Harris.  At  this  latter  place  is  a  fine  school  endowed  by  Young 
L.  G.  Harris,  of  Athens,  Georgia,  and  under  the  control  of  the  North 
Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South.  Here 
young  men  and  young  ladies  of  limited  means  can  obtain  an  education 
at  the  least  possible  expense.  There  is  also  at  Hiawassee  a  good  school 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Baptists.  Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the 
leading  Christian  sects.  Their  churches  are  scattered  at  convenient  dis- 
tances throughout  the  county.  There  are  some  26  schools  of  the  public 
school  system,  with  an  enrollment  of  1,350  pupils.  Of  these  23  are  for 
whites  and  one  for  colored.  The  average  attendance  is  790  white  pupils 
and  14  colored. 

Murphy,  jSTorth  Carolina,  Ls  the  nearest  railroad  town.  In  this  and 
several  Georgia  towns  the  products  of  the  county  are  marketed. 

The  area  of  Towns  county  is  168  square  miles,  or  107,520  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  4,748,  a  gain  of  684  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$3,210.80. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  arc:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  91,712;  of  wild  land,  23,241;  average  value  of  improved 
lands  to  the  acre,  $1.91;  of  wild  lands,  $0.45;  city  property,  $20,095; 
money,  etc.,  $40,815;  merchandise,  $16,450;  capital  invested  in  mining, 
$210;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $19,140;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $61,  099;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $9,641;  watches,  jew- 

41  ga 


850  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

elvy,  etc.,  $716;  value  of  all  other  property,  $4,716;  real  estate,  $219,- 
339;  personal  estate,  $163,754.  Aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$383,093. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
360;  value,  $125.00;  money,  $60.00;  household  furniture,  $55.00; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $169.00;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$5.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $4.00.  Aggi-egate  value  of  whole 
property,  $424.00. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $23,379  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  To^vns  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,341;  white  females,  2,336;  total  white,  4,677; 
colored  males,  38;  colored  females,  33;  total  colored,  71. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  1  dairy  cow,  14  horses,  11  mules. 

TKOUP  COUKTY. 

Troup  County  was  laid  out  in  1826.  A  part  was  set  off  to  Harris  in 
1827,  and  a  part  to  Heard  in  1830.  It  was  named  for  Hon.  George  M. 
Troup,  who  was  bom  at  Mcintosh's  Bluff  on  the  Tombigbee,  in  what 
w^as  at  that  time  a  part,  of  Georgia,  but  is  now  within  the  litmits  of  the 
State  of  Alabama.  He  attended  school  in  Mcintosh  county,  Georgia, 
and  then  in  Savannah,  later  still  at  a  celebrated  academy  on  Long  Island, 
New  York,  was  graduated  at  Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  and  re- 
turning to  Savannah  studied  law  in  that  city.  He  held  many  important 
offices,  viz. :  in  the  legislature,  in  Congress  as  representative  and  senator, 
and  as  governor  of  Georgia.  It  was  in  this  latter  capacity  that  he  suc- 
cessfully maintained  the  rights  and  honor  of  Georgia  in  a  controversy 
with  the  general  government  concerning  the  Creek  lands. 

Troup  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Coweta  county,  and  on  the 
northwest  by  Heard,  on  the  east  by  Meriwether,  on  the  south  by  Harris, 
and  on  the  west  by  the  State  of  Alabama.  The  Chattahoochee  river, 
entering  the  county  on  the  northwest,  flows  tow^ard  its  southwest  corner, 
from  which  point  it  becomes  the  boundary  line  between  Alabama  and 
Georgia.  There  are  also  numerous  creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Chatta- 
hoochee, among  the  chief  of  which  are  Yellow  Jacket  and  Wehadka. 

The  land  is  rolling,  well-watered  and  productive,  embracing  the  varie- 
ties of  soil  peculiar  to  most  of  the  counties  of  the  Middle  Georgia  belt. 
With  proper  tillage  much  of  it  will  yield  to  the  acre:  com,  15  bushels; 
oats,  20;  wheat,  from  10  to  15  bushels;  rye,  12  bushels;  barley,  20 
bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100,  and  sweet  potatoes,  125  bushels;  field-peas, 
20  bushels;  ground-peas,  25  bushels;  seed  cotton,  1,000  pounds;  hay 
made  from  bermuda,  or  crab-grass,  or  clover,  3,000  pounds;  com  fodder, 
300  pounds;  shredded  com,  3,000  pounds;  sorghum  forage,  about  the 
same;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons.  The  red  lands  of  the  county  are  fer- 
tile, producing,  besides  all  the  crops  named  above,  a  great  variety  of  gar- 
den vegetables.    Melons  and  berries  are  plentiful  and  of  the  best  quality. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  ^51 

Luscious  gi-apes  are  raised  for  home  consumption.  TLe  lands  are  also 
well  adapted  to  peucli-growing  and  to  peare,  plimis  and  cherries. 

Considerable  attention  is  paid  to  the  improvement  of  the  breeds  of 
cattle,  both  for  the  dairy  and  for  beef.  Kearly  one-fourth  of  the  cows 
belong  to  the  higher  grades.  In  1890  Troup  county  had  5,077  cattle, 
of  which  196  were  working  oxen  and  2,306  were  milch-<}ows,  producing 
695,265  gallons  of  milk,  from  which  were  made  224,192  pounds  of  but- 
ter. The  domestic  fowls  numbered  70,773,  and  produced,  162,055 
dozens  of  eggs.  From  the  bee-hives  were  collected  20,539  pounds  of 
honey.  The  county  had  879  horses,  2,152  mules,  4  donkeys,  and 
•8,526  swine.     There  were  223  sheep  yielding  462  pounds  of  wool. 

There  is  excellent  timber  available  for  manufacturing  purposes,  such 
as  yellow  pine,  oak,  niaplo,  hickory,  sweet-gum,  poplar,  etc. 

LaGrange,  the  county  site,  is  a  gro\\ang  city  seventy-one  miles  south- 
west of  Atlanta.  The  LaGrange  district,  which  includes  the  city,  con- 
tains 6,297  inhabitants,  and  in  the  coi-porate  limits  the  city  has  a  popula- 
tion of  4,274.  At  a  height  of  850  feet  above  sea  level  and  with  a  natural 
drainage  that  insures  freedom  from  malaria,  LaGrange  enjoys  an  ex- 
cellent reputation  for  healthfulness.  Beautiful  flower  gardens  are  found 
in  all  portions  of  the  city,  among  the  most  noted  being  "The  Terraces" 
or  Ferrell  Garden,  at  its  western  limit.  The  streets  are  wide  and  beau- 
tifully shaded  with  w^ater  oaks  and  elms.  It  is  a  place  of  great  culture 
and  refinement,  the  seat  of  two  noted  colleges  for  ladies;  the  Southern 
Female  (Baptist)  College  and  the  LeGrange  Female  College,  owned 
by  the  North  Georgia  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
South ;  also  of  the  Park  Iligh  school  for  boys,  and  several  other  private 
schools.    It  has  also  an  excellent  public  school  system. 

There  are  two  ]\Iethodist,  two  Baptist,  one  Episcopalian  and  two  Pres- 
byterian churches. 

An  excellent  system  of  water-worlcs  fumishee  abundance  of  water  for 
all  purposes.  The  streets  are  lighted  by  electricity.  There  are  two 
banks  with  a  combined  capital  and  surplus  of  $300,000. 

There  are  three  cotton-mills  owned  and  operated  by  home  people, 
Avith  an  aggregate  of  454  looms,  31,600  spindles  and  a  combined  capital 
of  $532,400.  They  manufacture  sheeting,  shirting,  drills,  o&naburgs, 
duck,  and  a  variety  of  white  cotton  goods.  These  factories  are  the  La- 
Grange Mills,  the  Dixie  Mill  and  the  Troup  Factory. 

Other  manufactories  are:  a  cotton  oil-mill,  of  large  capacity,  a  gin- 
nery, a  guano  factory,  a  foundry  and  machine  shop,  two  planing-mills 
and  variety  workshops,  two  buggy  and  wagon  factories,  a  grist-mill  and 
a  successful  creamery  and  cheese  factory. 

Through  the  work  of  the  creamery  there  are  now  (1901)  more  than 
300  Jersey  cows  in  the  vicinity  of  LaGrange.  More  than  fifty  farmers 
furnish  milk  to  this  creamery  and  some  of  them  make  as  much  as 
$165.00  a  month.  The  butter  from  this  creamery  took  the  World's 
Fair  prize  at  the  Paris  exposition  of  1900,  and  won  the  Biltmore  prize 
.at  the  dairy  exposition  held  the  sanio  year  in  Atlanta. 

Surrounding    La(ira;ngo    are   many    elegant   suburban  homes,  stock 


852  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

farms,  dairy  f arras,  orchards  and  vineyards.     The  farms  are  well  sup- 
plied with  wood  and  water. 

Bemiuda  grass  furnishes  pasturage  for  nine  months  of  the  year,  and 
on  some  of  the  farms  yields  from  three  to  six  tons  to  the  acre.  Well 
located  fann  lands  can  be  purchased  at  from  $10  to  $20  per  acre. 

Good  manufacturing  sites  aa-e  abundant. 

The  second  largest  place  in  Troup  County  is  the  thriving  city  of  West 
Point,  87  miles  from  Atlanta,  with  a  population  of  1,797  in  its  coa^orate 
limits  and  in  the  whole  West  Point  district,  3,086.  The  city  o^vns  its 
water-works  and  electric  light  plant,  and  has  an  excellent  public  school 
system.  It  is  well  supplied  with  churches  of  the  Methodist,  Baptist  and 
Presbyterians.  It  has  three  cotton-mills  with  an  aggi-egate  of  1,180 
looms  and  44,000  spiiiidles,  and  a  monthly  pay-a-oll  of  $20,000.  They 
manufacture  duck,  sateens,  sheetings,  drills  and  osmaburgs.  West  Point 
has  also  a  cotton  oil-mill,  a  brick  plant,  a  tannery,  an  iron  foundry  and 
machine  shops. 

The  town  of  Hogansville,  with  a  population  of  893  in  the  coi-porate 
limits,  or  2,663  in  the  Hogansville  district,  which  includes  the  town,  has 
a  cotton  factory,  a  cotton  oil-mill,  a  brick  plant,  a  guano  factory,  a  har- 
ness factory,  gri3t>mill  and  ginnery.  There  are  good  schools  and  Method- 
ist, Baptist  and  Presbyterian  churches. 

Other  postoffices  in  Troup  county  are  Antioch,  Long  Cane,  Asbury, 
Troup  Factory,  Vernon  and  Mountville. 

The  Mountville  district  has  1,918  inhabitants,  of  whom  224  live  in 
the  town  of  Mountville. 

All  Troup  county  is  well  supplied  with  churches  and  schools. 

In  the  36  public  schools  for  white  children  there  is  an  average  attend- 
ance of  1,009  pupils,  and  in  the  40  for  colored,  1,314  pupils. 

The  two  colleges  in  LaGrange  and  the  Park  High  school  are  for  whites 
exclusively. 

The  white  and  colored  races  in  every  county  of  Georgia  attend  sepa- 
rate schools. 

The  county  is  traversed  from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Atlanta 
and  West  Point  Railroad,  and  from  east  to  west  by  the  Macon  and 
Birmingham  Railroad.     These  two  roads  cross  each  other  at  LaGrange. 

On  the  first  named  are  Hogansville  and  West  Point,  on  the  latter, 
Mountville. 

According  to  the  United  States  census  for  1900  there  were  ginned  in 
Troup  county  21,550  bales  of  upland  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899- 
1900. 

The  area  of  Troup  county  is  434  square  miles,  or  277,760  acres. 
The  population  by  the  census  of  1900  was  24,002,  a  gain  of  3,279  over 
1890.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Education  for 
1900,  the  school  fund  was  $15,672.47. 

By  the  Comptrollei-General's  report  for  1900  the  property  returned 
was:  acres  of  improved  land,  268,983;  average  value  per  acre, 
$4.06;  city  property,  $922,459;  shares  in  bank,  $275,000;  money 
and    solvent'  debts, '  $268,800;    merchandise,    $237,071;    stocks    and 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  853 

bonds,  $105,965;  cotton  manufactories,  $329,800;  household  and  kitch- 
en furniture,  $151,535;  farm  and  other  animals,  $178,240;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $40,997;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $14,131;  value  of 
all  other  p:-operty,  $146,817;  real  estate,  $2,013,788;  pereonal  estate, 
$1,894,328.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $3,908,116. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei*s:  number  of  acres,  8,659; 
value  of  land,  $35,491;  city  property,  $38,996;  money,  etc.,  $865;  mer- 
chandise, $280;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $15,129;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $301;  fami  and  other  animals,  $29,108;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $6,255;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,401.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $131,871. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $273,980  in  the  value  of 
all  property  as  compared  with  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Troup  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  4,267;  white  females,  4,401;  total  white, 
8,668;  colored  males,  7,445;  colored  females,  7,889;  total  colored, 
15,334. 

Population  of  the  city  of  LaGrange  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,179;  white  females,  1,368;  total  white, 
2,547;  colored  males,  767;  colored  females,  960;  total  colored,  1,727. 
Total  population  of  LaGrange,  4,274. 

Domestic  animals  in  Troup  county  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on 
fanns  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  116  calves,  8  steers,  2  bulls,  298  dairy 
co^\'s,  324  horses,  33  mules,  3  donkeys,  6  sheep,  567  swine,  10  goats. 

About  six  or  eight  miles  west  of  LaGrange,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Chattahoochee  river,  where  the  Wehadka  creek  empties  into  that 
stream,  there  once  stood  a  village  belonging  to  the  Muscogees,  a  tribe 
of  the  Creek  Indians.  This  was  the  meeting  point  where  the  marauding 
parties  met  to  plan  some  murdeix)us  foray  upon  the  unprotected  settlei's 
of  the  frontier.  It  was  after  one  of  these  predatory  excursions  that  the 
warriors  of  the  nation  had  assembled  to  celebrate  the  Gmen  Com  Dance 
preparatory  to  another  bloody  raid. 

A  few  hundred  men  under  the  command  of  Major  Adams,  who  had 
volunteered  to  strike. a  blow  at  the  savages,  had  arrived  one  evening  in 
1793,  within  a  few  miles  of  the  river. 

While  they  were  in  waiting  for  nnght,  so  that  under  cover  of  tlie  dark- 
ness, they  might  surprise  the  enemy,  Major  Adams,  accompanied  by  a 
private  soldier  named  Hill,  started  to  swim  the  Chattahoochee  in  order 
to  reconnoiter  the  position  of  the  enemy.  Hill,  who  came  near  being 
drowned,  was  rescued  by  the  Major,  who  then,  after  encountering  many 
perils,  gained  the  desired  information  and  returned  to  his  command. 
Leading  his  men  across  the  river  at  a  favorable  point,  lie  completely  sur- 
prised the  Indians,  of  whom  scarcely  a  warrior  escaped.  As  far  as 
possible  the  women  and  children  were  spared.  The  Indian  town 
was  completely  destroyed.  For  many  years  posts  still  standing  in 
the  midst  of  the  saplings  that  had  gro\\'Ti  up  among  tlie  ruins  pointed 
out  to  the  traveler  the  place  where  formerly  stood  the  Bunit  Village. 


354  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

TWIGGS  COUNTY. 

Twiggs  County  was  formed  from  Wilkinson  in  1809,  and  a  part  of  it 
was  added  tO'  Bibb  in  1833.  It  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John 
Twiggs,  who  during  the  Revolutionaiy  war  won  distinction  in  battles 
with  the  British,  and  subsequently  with  the  Indians.  It  is  bounded  by 
the  following  counties:  Bibb  and  Jones  on  the  north  and  northwest. 
Wilkinson  on  the  east,  Pulaski  on  the  south,  Houston  and  Bibb  on  the 
west.  The  Ocmulgee  river  is  on  its  western  boundaiy.  Into  it  empty 
Shellstone,  Crooked,  Flat  and  Savage  creeks.  The  northern  part  of  tlie 
county  is  generally  broken,  with  gray  soil.  The  lands  on  Ocmulgee  river 
and  Turkey  creek  are  about  the  best,  having  a  good  clay  soih 

Taking  the  general  average  of  all  the  lands  in  the  county,  the  yield  to 
the  acre  under  ordinary  methods  of  culture  is:  com,  9  bushels;  vv^heat, 
from  8  to  10  bushels;  oats,  12  bushels;  rye,  5  bushels;  peas,  8  bushels; 
ground-peas,  30  bushels;  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes,  each  about  100  bush- 
els; seed  cotton,  500  pounds.  There  are  many  acres  of  the  best  land 
which  greatly  exceed  most  of  the  above  yields,  giving  as  an  average 
production  to  the  acre:  com,  20  bushels;  oats,  25;  wheat,  12;  rye,  7; 
field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  40;  sweet  potatoes,  125;  seed  cotton,  800 
pounds;  bermuda  and  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds  each;  corn  fodder, 
450  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  300  gallons. 

Vegetables  of  great  variety  and  excellent  quality  are  raised  in  great 
abundance.    Fruits,  melons  and  berries  do  well. 

There  is  a  growing  interest  in  the  improvement  of  the  breeds  of  cat- 
tle. Jerseys  and  Holsteins  are  favorite  cows  for  milk.  Steps  are  being 
taken  to  raise  more  beef  cattle  and  from  better  breeds.  In  1890  Twiggs 
county  had  2,766  cattle,  204  of  which  were  working  oxen,  and  9(33 
milch-cows,  464  horses,  1,163  mules,  8,960  swine  and  42,034  domestic 
fowls.  Among  its  products  were  150,744  gallons  of  milk,  38,243 
pounds  of  butter,  63,237  dozens  of  eggs  and  4,986  pounds  of  honey. 
There  were  also  55  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  152  pounds. 

There  are  still  standing  about  40,000  acres  of  pine,  hickory,  oak  and 
poplar.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  about  250,000  superficial  feet, 
valued  at  $8.00  a  thousand  feet. 

Bluestone  of  good  quality  is  found.  There  are  good  veins  of  pottery 
clay,  which  is  being  worked  by  a  small  plant  valued  at  about  $2,000. 

The  Ocmulgee  river  and  its  tributaries  abound  in  fish.  The  game  con- 
sists chiefly  of  quails  and  rabbits  (or  hares). 

There  are  in  Twiggs  county  8  grist-mills  and  one  sawmill.  About  half 
the  grist-mills  are  operated  by  water,  and  the  rest  by  steam. 

The  Southern  Railway  traverses  the  western  part  of  the  county,  and 
the  Macon,  Dublin  and  Savannah  the  eastern  section.  Jeffersonville  on 
the  latter  road  is  the  county  site.  Other  postofiices  are  Big  Sandy,  Bnl- 
lards,  Bums  and  Fitzpatrick. 

The  cotton  receipts  and  shipments  amount  to  7,000  bales.  Most  of 
the  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  in  Macon.     According  to  the 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  855 

United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  in  this  county,  9,484 
bales  of  upland  cotton  in  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

T\nggs  county  has  about  3G  public  schools,  19  for  whites  and  17  for 
negroes.     The  average  attendance  is:  whites  401,  colored,  539. 

Churches  of  the  ]\Ie.thodist  and  Baptist  denominations  are  in  every  sec- 
tion of  the  county. 

The  ai-ea  of  Twiggs  county  is  423  square  niiles,  or  270,720  acres. 
Population  of  Twiggs  county  in  1900,  8,716;  a  gain  of  521  since  1890; 
school  fund,  $6,840.33. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  216,089;  of  wild  laud,  9,709;  average  value  per  acre  of  im- 
proved land,  $1.95;  of  w^ld  land,  $0.60;  city  property,  $19,944;  money, 
etc.,  $24,666;  merchandise,  $11,825;  houeshold  furniture,  $30,556; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $83,487;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $17,- 
766;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $2,582;  value  of  all  other  property,  $30,801; 
real  estate,  $447,440;  personal  estate,  $219,288.  Aggregate  value  of 
whole  property,  $666,728. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
6,917;  value,  $14,150;  city  property,  $525;  household  furniture,  $7,- 
755;  watches,  etc.,  $144;  farm  and  other  animals,  $22,316;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $4,217;  value  of  all  other  property,  $849.00.  Ag- 
gregate value  of  whole  property,  $56,238. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $77,704  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Twiggs  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,435;  white  females,  1,476;  total  white, 
2,911;  colored  males,  2,912;  colored  females,  2,893;  total  colored, 
5,805. 

Domestic  animals  in  Twiggs  county  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  No  report. 

UNIOI^  COUNTY. 

Union  County  was  laid  out  from  Cherokee  and  organized  in  1832. 
At  the  time  of  its  organization  there  was  a  gi*eat  deal  of  discussion  in 
Georgia  over  Union  and  States'  rights.  John  Thomas,  who  had  been 
chosen  by  the  people  a  representative  fi'om  the  new  county,  being  asked 
by  the  legislature  to  suggest  a  name  for  it  replied,  ''Union!  for  none 
but  Union  men  live  in  the  county."  The  legislature  was  strongly  of 
the  same  sentiment  and  accepted  the  name. 

This  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  on  the  north  by  Nortli  Carolina, 
on  the  northeast  and  east  by  Towns  county,  on  tlio  southeast  by  AVliite 
and  Lumpkin,  on  the  south  by  Lumpkin,  and  on  the  west  by  Fannin. 

Notley  creek  and  Tcccoa  river  are  the  principal  streams.  From  them 
are  caught  mountain  trout  and  horny-heads.  The  pheasant  summer  cli- 
mate, bracing  atmosphere  and  cold,  freestone  water,  render  this  a 
healthy  and  delightful  section  of  the  State. 

The  southern  part  of  the  county  is  traversed  by  the  Blue  Ridgo  with 


856  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

many  peaks,  among  the  most  noted  of  which  are  Ivy  Log,  Cooper's, 
Creek  Blood,  Track  Rock,  Ball  and  Round  Top  Moimtain.  Track 
Rock,  which  is  seven  miles  east  of  Blairsville,  is  in  a  gap  of  the  En- 
chanted Mountain.  This  rock  is  so  called,  because,  at  the  headwaters  of 
Brass  Town  creek,  where  dt  is  a  species  of  soapstone,  it  is  marked  by 
tracks  of  turkeys,  deer,  horses,  bears,  and  by  what  are  supposed  to  be 
the  footprints  of  Indians, 

On  I^otely  river,  or  creek,  as  it  is  also  called,  about  one  and  a  half 
miles  from  Blairsville,  there  once  occurred  a  battle  between  the  Chero- 
kee and  Creek  Indians  over  some  disputed  territoiy,  and  these  images 
are  said  to  be  hieroglyphics  made  to  commemorate  the  event. 

The  oak  and  hickory  table-lands  are  good,  and  those  of  the  creeks  and 
river  bottoms  are  excellent.  The  chief  productions  are  com,  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  tobacco,  potatoes,  cabbage  of  the  finest  kind,  turnips,  peaches  and 
apples. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  of  the  various  crops  is:  com,  20  bushels; 
oats,  from  15  to  30  bushels,  according  to  location;  wheat,  from  6  to  12 
bushels;  rye  from  5,  on  ordinary  lands,  to  15  bushels,  and  more  on  the 
best  soils;  Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  from  100  to  200 
bushels;  peas,  25  bushels;  groimd-peas,  50  bushels;  hay  from  crab  and 
herds-grass,  1.500  pounds,  and  from  clover,  between  2,000  and  3,000 
pounds;  com  fodder,  450  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons. 

With  proper  attention  this  is  a  great  country  for  grass.  Red  top  and 
clover  do  well,  and  can  be  made  to  yield  abundantly.  Cattle  and  sheep 
run  in  the  woods  in  summer  and  thrive  on  the  pasturage  afforded  by  the 
native  grasses.  In  winter  they  are  fed  on  com  fodder,  hay,  cotton  seed 
meal,  hulls  and  bran. 

Beef  cattle  constitute  the  chief  reliance  of  the  people  for  money,  and 
renewed  interest  is  being  shown  in  the  improvement  of  breeds.  In  1890 
Union  county  had  720  horses,  606  mules,  9  donkeys,  8,623  emne,  5,796 
cattle,  1,074  of  which  were  working  oxen,  1,830  were  milch-cows,  8,984 
sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  12,253  pounds,  and  67,843  domestic  fowls. 
Some  of  the  productions  of  the  county  were  420,397  gallons  of  milk, 
91,880  pounds  of  butter,  20  pounds  of  cheese,  15,541  pounds  of  honey, 
and  68,512  dozens  of  eggs. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  county  are  found  iron  ore,  alum,  sulphate 
of  iron  and  granite  quartz.  There  are  large  quarries  of  millstone  of  ex- 
cellent quality  on  Ivy  Log  and  Brass  Town  creeks,  on  which  same 
streams  and  on  Coosa  creek  gold  has  been  found.  There  is  in  this  same 
section  of  the  county  variegated  marble. 

Blairs^dlle,  the  county  site,  was  named  for  James  Blair  of  Habersham, 
which  county  he  represented  in  the  legislature  for  many  years.  It  has  a 
new  court-house  just  completed  which  cost  $14,000. 

The  forest  timbers  which  cover  about  100,000  acres,  are  oak  of  vari- 
ous kinds,  hickory,  poplar,  white  and  spmoe  pine,  gum,  walnut,  black 
locust,  maple  and  laurel.  A  few  sawmills  are  engaged  in  cutting  out 
lumber,  but  the  output  is  small. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  857 

The  religious  denominations  are  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Pi-esbyterian, 
and  their  churches  ai-e  scattered  throughout  the  county. 

There  are  45  schools  belonging  to  the  State  public  school  system.  Of 
these  44  are  for  white  and  1  for  colored.  The  average  attendance  is 
1,128  white  and  22  colored. 

The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  for  the  most  part  in  Gaines- 
ville and  Atlanta. 

The  area  of  Union  county  is  325  square  miles,  or  208,000  acres. 
Population  by  census  of  1900,  8,481,  a  gain  of  732  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $5,777.72. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  202,356;  of  ^^dld  land,  33,573;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $1.44;  of  vnld  land,  $0.26;  city  property,  $12,800; 
money,  etc.,  $65,999;  merchandise,  $16,416;  household  furniture,  $27,- 
043;  farm  and  other  animals,  $102,046;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$14,571;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $874;  value  of  all  other  property,  $9,- 
159;  real  estate,  $314,961;  personal  estate,  $238,943.  Aggregate  value 
of  property,  $553,904. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres,  157;  value, 
$325;  household  furniture,  $196;  fann  and  other  animals,  $292.00; 
plantation  tools,  $24.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $5.00.  Aggi*egate 
value  of  whole  property,  $842.00. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $5,803  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Union  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,130;  white  females,  4,223;  total  white,  8,353; 
colored  males,  66;  colored  females,  62;  total  colored,  128. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fai-ms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  iSTo  report. 

UPSON  COmTTY. 

Upson  County  was  laid  out  from  Crawford  and  Pike  in  1824.  A 
part  was  taken  from  it  arul  added  to  Pike  in  1825.  It  was  named  in 
honor  of  Stephen  Upson,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  Oglethorpe  county. 
The  following  counties  bound  it:  Pike  on  the  north,  Monroe  and  Craw- 
ford on  the  east,  Taylor  and  Talbot  on  the  south  and  southwest,  and 
Meriwether  on  the  west. 

The  Thomaston  branch  of  the  Central  Pailroad  nms  from  the  north- 
east southward  to  the  center  of  the  county.  The  Macon  and  Binning- 
ham  Pailroad  enters  the  county  about  tlie  middle  of  the  eastern  bound- 
ary, and  runs  northwestward,  crossing  the  Central  at  Tlioniaston.  One 
of  the  main  lines  of  the  Southern  system  from  Atlanta  to  Fort  Valley 
runs  across  the  northeastern  section  of  the  county,  while  another  branch 
from  McDonough  to  Columbus  passes  for  a  few  miles  through  the  north- 
west comer.     Thus  this  county  enjoys  the  very  bc^t  railroad  facilities. 

The  best  lands  arc  in  the  southcastciiin  part  of  the  county  on  the  Flint 
river,  and  on  Potat-o  and  Noble's  creeks.    The  soil  belongs  to  the  meta- 


858  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

morpliic  formation,  having  red,  undulating  lands,  interspei-sed  with  gray 
gravel,  both  underlaid  with  an  impervious  red  clay  subsoil.  There  is 
abundance  of  freestone  water. 

"While  the  average  yield  per  acre  of  all  classes  of  land  is  12  bushels 
of  com,  8  of  oats,  7  of  wheat  and  550  pounds  of  seed  cotton,  the  better 
lands,  with  good  culture,  produce  per  acre:  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  30; 
barley,  40;  wheat,  12;  rye,  10;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes,  150; 
field-peas,  10;  ground-peas,  20;  seed  cotton,  700  pounds;  crab-grass  hay, 
3,000  pounds;  bermuda  grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  with 
stalks,  4,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  150  gallons;  sugar-cane  syrup,  100 
gallons. 

In  the  gardens  are  raised  all  the  varieties  of  vegetables,  berries  and 
melons.  Over  and  above  home  consumption  there  is  sold  about  $4,000 
worth  of  truck  annually.  There  are  81,151  peach-trees,  and  4,241  ap- 
ple-trees. The  fruit  trees  bear  abundantly  on  the  lighter  soils,  which  are 
not  so  well  suited  to  cotton,  corn,  w^heat,  etc. 

The  native  grasses  give  such  good  feed  for  stock  that  dairying  pay? 
well.  The  total  number  of  cattle  in  Upson  county  in  1890  was  4,220, 
of  which  154  were  working  oxen,  and  1,702  were  milch-cows,  many  of 
-them  being  of  improved  breeds.  There  was  a  production  of  358,403 
gallons  of  milk  and  103,683  pounds  of  butter.  The  county  had  487 
horses,  1,525  mules,  2  donkeys,  8,045  swine,  and  54,154  domestic  fowls 
of  all  kinds.  There  were  139  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  215  pounds. 
There  was  also  a  product  of  17,482  pounds  of  honey  and  80,292  dozens 
of  eggs.  _ 

The  timber  products  are  small,  but  there  is  yet  on  hand  a  consider- 
able amount  of  swamp  timber  and  hardwoods,  among  the  latter  the  most 
prominent  being  oak,  hickory  and  elm.  The  total  value  of  these  prod- 
ucts is  about  $9,000. 

The  utilized  water-powers  are:  on  tributaries  of  the  Flint  river,  595 
horse-powers  running  23  mills;  on  Big  Potato  creek,  60  horse-powere 
operating  2  mills.  This  creek  is  estimated  to  have  2,550  horse-powers, 
unused  as  yet.     Some  of  the  mills  are  sawmills,  the  majority  grist-mills, 

The  various  manufactories  of  all  other  kinds  number  18,  and  have  an 
annual  output  worth  $146,813. 

Thomaston,  the  county  seat,  is  a  place  of  1,714  inhabitants,  or, 
including  the  entire  district,  3,098.  It  has  good  church  buildings,  be- 
longing to  the  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians.  It  also  has  ex- 
cellent schools.  The  Thomaston  cotton-mill  has  175  looms  and  6,600 
spindles  and  a  capital  of  $100,000.  By  the  census  of  1900  there  were 
ginned  in  Upson  county  9,765  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  the  season  of 
1899-1900. 

Other  postoffices  are  Waynmanville,  Swifton  and  the  Rock,  At 
Waynmanville  is  a  cotton  factory  having  76  looms,  3,408  spindles,  and 
a  capital  of  $63,000. 

The  whole  county  is  well  supplied  with  churches,  and  has  47  public 
schools,  28  for  Avhite  pupils,  and  19  for  colored.  The  average  attend- 
ance is  990  in  the  schools  for  whites  and  893  in  those  for  colored. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  85C> 

The  Flint  river  runs  along  the  whole  western  boundary.  On  the  east 
side  of  this  river  begins  the  Pine  Mountain,  the  highest  summits  of 
which  are  800  feet  above  the  river.  Among  these  are  some  fine  spring's, 
and  upon  the  highest  point  is  an  Indian  mound. 

The  area  of  L'pson  county  is  310  square  miles,  or  198,400  acres. 
Population  of  Upson  county  by  the  census  of  1900,  13,670,  a  gain  of 
1,482  since  1890;  school  fimd,  $10,184.77. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved lands,  173,538;  of  wild  lands,  3,628;  value  of  improved  lands  per 
acre,  $3.66;  of  wild  lands,  $0.79;  city  property,  $236,841;  shares  in 
bank,  $31,000;  money,  etc.,  $179,947;  value  of  merchandise,  $84,- 
726;  stocks  and  bonds,  $11,000;  cotton  factories,  $73,229;  household 
furniture,  $67,826;  fai-m  and  other  animals,  $107,708;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $31,526;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,270;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $28,548;  real  estate,  $876,860;  pei-sonal  estate,  $623,- 
700.     Aggregate  value  of  whole,  $1,500,560. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayei-s :  number  of  acres  of  land, 
8,690;  value  of  same,  $26,854;  city  property,  $9,746;  money,  $55; 
merchandise,  $80;  household  furniture,  $5,635;  watches,  etc.,  $131; 
faiTQi  and  other  animals,  $12,111;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$2,903 ;  value  of  all  other  property,  $349.00.  Aggi-egate  value  of  whole, 
$57,894. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $230,189  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Upson  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,146;  white  females,  3,043;  total  white,  6,189; 
colored  males,  3,689;  colored  females,  3,792;  total  colored,  7,481. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  12  calves,  11  steers,  3  bulls,  83  dairy  cows,  109  horses, 
24  mules,  2  sheep,  109  swine,  1  goat. 

WALKER  COUNTY. 

Walker  County  was  laid  out  from  Murray  and  organized  in  1833.  It 
was  named  in  honor  of  Major  Freeman  Walker  of  Richmond  county, 
for  many  years  a  member  of  the  Georgia  legislature  and  a  representative 
in  Congress.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
Catoosa  and  Whitefield  counties,  east  by  Catoosa  and  AVhitefield  coun- 
ties, south  by  Chattooga  county,  west  by  Dade  county  and  the  State  of 
Alabama. 

The  Chickamauga  creek  (or  river,  as  it  is  often  called),  is  the  largest 
stream  in  the  county.  Other  water  courses  are:  Chattooga  river.  Pea- 
vine,  Duck,  Rocky  and  Snake  creeks.  The  dark,  chocolate  lands  along 
the  rivers  produce  abundantly  of  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  clover 
and  potatoes,  while  the  dark  and  gray  soils  of  the  valleys  and  table-lands 
yield  fine  crops  of  cotton.  McLemoro's  Cove,  Peavine,  Anuuchcc  and 
Chickamauga  Valleys,  cannot  be  surpassed  in  fertility  by  any  lands  in 
the  State.     With  proper  cultivation  the  lands  of  Walker  county  will 


860  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

yield  to  the  acre:  com,  wheat  and  rye,  20  bushels  each;  barley,  30  bush- 
els; Irish  potatoes,  200  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  50  bushels-^  field-peas, 
15  bushels;  ground-peas,  25  bushels;  seed  cotton,  1,000  pounds;  crab- 
grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  clover,  6,000  pounds;  corn  fodder,  700  pounds; 
sorghum  symp,  250  gallons.  Clover  does  splendidly  in  this  county.  So 
do  all  the  grasses,  which  furnish  good  summer  pasturage.  The  vacant 
lands  and  woods  afford  excellent  range  for  cattle  and  sheep.  There  is 
improvement  in  the  breeds  of  cattle,  for  either  beef  or  the  daiiy.  The 
Jersey  and  Durham  are  the  preferred  types.  During  four  or  five  months 
the  cattle  must  be  fed  in  order  to  give  the  best  results.  Cotton  seed 
meail  and  hulls  are  used  extensively  for  feeding  stock.  The  most  ex- 
tensive sheep  ranges  of  Georgia  are  found  in  the  extreme  northern  and 
southern  sections  of  the  State. 

In  1890  Walker  county  had  5,116  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  10,074 
pounds;  8,511  cattle,  of  which  254  were  working  oxen,  and  2,692  were 
milch-cows  with  a  fair  proportion  of  improved  breeds;  1,658  horses, 
1,549  mules,  12,549  swine,  and  115,819  domestic  fowls  of  all  sorts. 
Among  the  productions  were  912,098  gallons  of  milk,  249,919  pounds  of 
butter,  325  pounds  of  cheese,  19,922  pounds  of  honey  and  185,288 
dozens  of  eggs.  Among  the  garden  vegetables  are  fine  specimens  of  cab- 
bages. Strawberries,  raspberries,  blackberries  and  whortleberries 
abound.  Some  200  acres  are  devoted  to  the  raising  of  melons  for  the 
markets.    There  are  1,500  acres  of  peach  and  1,600  of  apple-trees. 

There  are  extensive  mines  of  iron  and  bituminous  coal,  employing 
some  700  hands,  and  representing  a  capital  of  $400,000.  Granite,  mar- 
ble and  limestone  of  superior  quality  abound.  There  is  also  a  good 
supply  of  fine  timber,  mostly  hardwoods.  The  timber  lands  are  worth 
about  $1.50  an  acre,  the  uplands,  $10.00,  and  the  lowlands  or  bottom 
lands  from  $20.00  to  $50.00  an  acre. 

On  Chickamauga  creek  and  Chattooga  river  are  excellent  water- 
powers,  some  of  which  are  utilized  in  operating  a  number  of  flour  and 
grist-mills.  The  largest  of  these,  known  as  Lee  and  Gordon's  mills,  re- 
ceived frequent  mention  in  the  reports  of  the  battle  of  Chickamauga, 
fought  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September,  1863. 

About  20  sawmills  in  the  county  are  employed  in  utilizing  its  tim- 
ber products. 

At  LaPayette  is  a  cotton  factory,  known  as  the  Union  Cotton  Mills, 
mth  a  capital  of  more  than  $100,000,  having  212  looms  and.  near  7,000 
spindles.  "Walker  county  has  also  a  woolen  mill,  valued  at  $6,000,  a 
tannery  valued  at  $100,000  and  another  establishment  known  as  the 
Chickamauga  Manufacturing  Company.  In  this  county,  according  to 
the  United  States  census  of  1900,  there  were  ginned  3,631  bales  of  up- 
land cotton  of  the  crop  of  1899-1900. 

LaFayette,  the  county  site,  named  in  honor  of  General  LaFayette,  is 
beautifully  situated  on  the  former  Chattanooga,  Home  and  Southern, 
now  a  branch  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway.  It  has  a  court-house, 
valued  at  $10,000;  a  bank  with  a  capital  of  $20,000,  several  flourishing 
mercantile  establishments,  and  fire  and  life  insurance  agencies.     The 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  gfil 

population  of  tliis  town  i^  491,  and  of  tlie  entiie  district  of  LaFayette, 
2,357. 

In  Walker  county,  as  already  mentioned  was  fought  the  great  battle 
of  Chickamauga.  The  United  States  government  has  made  of  this  bat- 
tle-field a  great  national  park,  in  which  the  positions  of  the  various  com- 
mands of  the  opposing  ai-mies  are  marked  by  monuments  and  tablets 
with  appropriate  inscriptions.  The  positions  of  the  opposing  batteries 
-are  marked  by  cannons  arranged  as  if  in  action.  The  Georgia  monu- 
ment is  among  the  most  imposing  on  this  historic  field.  Besides  the 
steam  railroads,  an  electric  car  line  connects  Chickamauga  park  with 
Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

Xear  LaFayette  is  AVilson's  Cave,  a  curiosity  worth  visiting,  with  its 
flight  of  natural  stairs  and  spacious  apai'tments,  in  which  an  almost  in- 
finite number  of  stalactites,  formed  from  the  drippings  of  water,  re- 
semble in  size  and  appearance  various  animals  and  also  inanimate  objects 
such  as  cones,  pyramids,  altars,  tables,  candle-stands,  etc. 

Crawfish  Spring,  fifteen  feet  deep  and  two  hundred  feet  wide,  will 
well  repay  the  curiosity  of  the  visitor. 

Round  Pond,  whose  waters  never  become  stagnant,  is  a  beautiful  ex- 
panse of  water  of  a  sea-green  color,  forty  eight  feet  deep  and  embracing 
four  or  five  acres.  It  has  no  visible  outlet.  Like  most  of  the  othei- 
streams  of  the  county,  it  contains  excellent  fish. 

The  gTeater  part  of  the  products  of  Walker  county  are  marketed  in 
Chattanooga,  Tennessee. 

Two  railroads,  the  Chattanooga  Southern,  and  the  Chattanooga,  Rome 
and  Southern,  a  branch  of  the  Central,  traverse  the  county  from  north 
to  south.  There  are  85  miles  of  railroad  and  60  miles  of  macadamized 
road.  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians  and  some  other  denominations 
Ijave  churches  scattered  all  over  the  county.  There  are  04  schools  for 
white  pupils,  with  an  average  attendance  of  2,096,  and  9  for  colored, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  593. 

The  area  of  Walker  county  is  433  square  miles,  or  277,120  acres. 
Population  by  the  census  of  1900,  15,661,  a  gain  of  2,379  since  1890; 
school  fund,  $9,680.12. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  243,764;  of  wild  land,  32,442;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $4.94;  of  wild  land,  $0.93;  city  property,  $77,981; 
shaii^sin  bank,  $20,000;  money,  etc.,  $259,710;  merchandise,  $69,012; 
cotton  manufactories,  $167,800;  household  furniture,  $118,688;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $173,763;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$50,670;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,800;  value  of  all  other  pro]K'rty, 
$31,235;  real  estate,  $1,313,621;  personal  estiite,  $1,306,196.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $2,319,937. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayer:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
2,936;  value  of  same, '$8,150;  city  property,  $1,695;  money,  $183; 
household  fm-niture,  $2,620;  watches,  etc.,  $61;  fanu  and  other  ani- 
mals, $7,704;  plantation  and  mechanical  t/^ols,  $1,154;  value  of  all  other 
property',  $289.00.    Aggregate  value  of  whole,  $21,856. 


SQ2  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $91,557  in  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Walker  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,838;  white  females,  6,359;  total  white, 
13,197;  colored  males,  1,445;  colored  females,  1,019;  total  colored, 
2,464. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  90  calves,  154  steers,  1  bull,  205  daii-y  cows,  136  horses, 
29  mules,  2  donkeys,  51  sheep,  526  swine,  137  goats. 

WALTON  COUNTY. 

Walion  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1818,  a.  part  being 
taken  from  Jackson  in  that  year.  A  portion  of  the  county  was  added  to 
Jasper  in  1820.  A  part  was  given  to  Newton  county  in  1821,  and  dur- 
ing the  same  year  a  part  was  added  to,  and  taken  from  Henry  county. 
It  was  named  in  honor  of  George  Walton,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  and  afterwards  Governor  of  Georgia. 

AValton  county  is  bounded  as  follows:  Jackson  and  Oconee  counties  on 
the  northeast,  Morgan  county  on  the  southeast,  Newton  and  Rockdale 
counties  on  the  southwest,  and  Gwinnett  county  on  the  northwest. 

The  principal  streams  are  the  Appalachee,  Alcovey  and  Yellow  rivers. 
The  creeks  are  Hard  Labor,  Jack's  and  Flat.  Along  these  streams  the 
lands  are  productive. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  undulating.  The  larger  part  of  the  soil  is 
gray.  There  is  also  considerable  red  and  some  black  soil,  which  last 
two  give  the  largest  yields.  The  productions  are  cotton,  com,  wheat, 
rye,  oats,  potatoes,  vegetables,  fruits  and  forage  crops,  which  latter  in- 
clude crab-grass  hay,  fodder  and  peavines.  It  is  the  habit  of  the  farm- 
ers to  plant  peas  and  cut  hay  and  peavines  on  wheat  fields  after  the 
wheat  is  harvested.  Com  land  is  extensively  planted  in  peas.  The 
average  yield  to  the  acre,  taking  all  lands  together,  is:  com,  12  bushels; 
wheat,  10  bushels;  rye,  6  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground-peas, 
100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  75  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  80  bushels;  seed 
cotton,  500  pounds;  surghum  symp,  75  gallons. 

But  taking  the  best  lands  and  those  most  carefully  cultivated,  there  is 
a  great  advance  on  some  of  these  figures  in  the  average  yields  to  the  acre, 
viz.:  com  and  oats,  20  bushels;  rye,  15  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  208  bush- 
els; sweet  potatoes,  200  bushels;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gallons,  sugar- 
cane symp,  150  gallons;  bermuda  (h-  crab-grass  hay,  4,000  pounds;  com 
fodder,  450  pounds;  shredded  com,  4,000  pounds;  seed  cotton,  900 
pounds.  Vegetables,  apples,  peaches,  melons  and  strawberries  do  well, 
as  do  also  plums,  cherries  and  blackberries.  Some  of  these  are  sold  m 
the  markets  of  the  coimty  towns.  The  game  and  fish  are  hardly  suffi- 
cient to  supply  the  home  demand. 

Grass  for  summer  pasturage  is  abundant.  For  winter  cattle  food 
cotton  seed  meal  and  hulls,  and  hay  from  grass,  peavines  and  sor- 
ghum forage  are  used. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  863 

In  1890  Walton  county  bad  830  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,221 
pounds,  6,202  cattle,  of  which  414  were  working  oxen  and  2,568  milch- 
cows,  of  which  many  were  improved  breeds,  1,269  horses,  2,157  mules, 
3  donkeys,  12,858  swine  and  95,708  domestic  fowls.  There  are  four 
dairy  farms,  all  doing  well.     The  Jei*sey  is  the  preferred  dairy  breed. 

Among  the  farm  products  were  789,559  gallons  of  milk,  276,703 
pounds  of  butter,  12,542  pounds  of  honey  and  90,767  dozens  of  eggs. 

More  attention  than  fomierly  is  being  paid  to  the  raising  of  beef 
cattle. 

The  Bethlehem  Cider  Company  manufactures  about  15,000  or  20,- 
000  gallons  of  gTape  cider  every  season,  making  from  $5,000  to  $10,- 
000  clear  on  the  investment. 

Of  original  forests  there  remain  about  5,000  acres;  of  second  gi'0"wi:h 
pines,  about  25,000  acres.  About  five  sawmills  work  this  timber  and 
prepare  it  for  the  market.  It  sells  at  an  average  of  $8.00  a  thousand 
feet. 

There  are  two  cotton-mills  in  the  county,  one  at  High  Shoals,  oppo- 
site the  town  of  that  name  in  Oconee  county,  having  150  looms  and 
5,000  spindles;  the  other  at  Monroe,  with  534  looms  and  5,200  spindles. 
Er>ch  has  a  capital  of  over  $100,000.  Two  other  cotton  factories  are 
being  built  in  the  county.  There  are  20  flour  and  grist-mills,  of  which 
one  half  are  operated  by  water.  There  are  two  cotton  seed  oil-mills,  one 
at  Monroe,  the  other  at  Social  Circle.  In  the  Social  Circle  district  are 
2,879  people,  of  whom  1,229  are  in  the  town  of  Social  Circle. 

The  county  has  three  banks:  one  at  Felker  with  a  capital  of  $50,000; 
the  Bank  of  Social  Circle,  with  a  capital  of  $55,125;  the  Bank  of  Mon- 
roe, with  a  capital  of  $81,500. 

Monroe,  the  county  site,  has  a  population  of  1,846  in  its  corporate 
limits,  or  3,241  including  Monroe  district.  It  is  on  an  elevated  location 
vnth.  a  fine  view  of  Stone  Mountain  in  the  distance,  and  has  public  build- 
ings valued  at  $40,000.     These  include  court-house,  jail  and  halls. 

In  the  towns  already  named  are  successful  mercantile  establishments, 
fire  and  life  insurance  agencies  and  some  small  manufactories.  This 
county  is  credited  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  with  having 
ginned  19,665  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

Eeligious  and  educational  advantages  are  excellent.  There  are  61 
church  edifices  in  the  county  belonging  to  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Pres- 
b}'terians. 

^  There  are  66  public  schools,  42  for  white  and  24  for  negroes,  with 
an  average  attendance  of  1,973  white  and  1,047  colored. 
The  public  roads  are  for  the  most  part  good. 

The  Gainesville,  Jefferson  and  Southern  Railroad  nins  from  north  to 
fiouth  through  the  county.  On  it  are  the  towns  of  Monroe  and  Social 
Circle.  Through  this  bitter  iovm  also  pa>^^es  the  doorgia  Railroad.  Tust 
across  the  northern  border  of  the  county  mns  the  Seaboard  Air  Line,  a 
branch  of  which  also  connects  Loganville  with  Lawrenceville  in  Owin- 
ne+t  county. 

There  is  good  granite  near  Loganville,  but  it  is  not  being  quarried. 


364  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  area  of  Walton  county  is  366  square  miles,  or  234,240  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  20,942,  a  gain  of  3,475  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$13,773.30. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  229,548;  average  value  per  acre,  $5.02;  shares  in  bank, 
$175,500;  gas  and  electric  light  companies,  $1,000;  city  property,  $311,- 
560;  money,  $291,707;  merchandise,  $124,821;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$3,000;  cotton  manufactories,  $251,000;  household  furniture,  $118,- 
668;  farm  and  other  animals,  $173,763;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $50,670;  v^atches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,651;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $79,291;  real  estate,  $1,466,716;  personal  estate,  $1,306,196. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole,  $2,772,912. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
5,143;  value  of  same,  $22,780;  city  property,  $7,860;  money,  etc.,  $358; 
household  furniture,  $9,934;  farm  and  other  animals,  $15,039;  watches, 
etc.,  $75;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $3,292;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $731.00.     aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $60,075. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $91,557  in  the  value 
of  all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Walton  county  by  sex  and  color,  ac<3ording  to  the  .cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  6,261;  white  females,  6,340;  total  white, 
12,601;  colored  males,  4,149;  colored  females,  4,192;  total  colored, 
8,341. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  53  calves,  5  bulls,  99  dairy  cows,  136  horses,  16  mules,  1 
sheep,  246  swine,  4  goats. 

Jack's  creek  in  Walton  county  is  noted  for  a  battle  with  the  Indians 
fought  by  General  Elijah  Clarke  at  the  head  of  130  men  on  the  21st  of 
September,  1787. 

The  Indians  had  committed  several  murders  in  numerous  predatory 
raids.  General  Clarke,  distinguished  as  Georgia's  great  partisan  leader 
in  the  war  for  independence,  gathered  a  party  of  volunteers  and  in  the 
fight  at  Jack's  creek  gave  the  savage^  a  salutary  lesson,  which  greatly  pro- 
moted the  future  security  of  the  county. 

WAEE  COUNTY. 

Ware  County  was  laid  out  from  Irwin  in  1824,  and  was  named  in 
honor  of  Hon.  Nicholas  Ware  of  Richmond  county,  who  had  served  in 
the  Geoigia  Legislature,  was  elected  United  States  Senator  in  1821,  and 
died  in  Ntw  York  in  1824.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties: 
Appling  on  the  north.  Pierce  en  the  east,  Charlton  on  the  south  and 
also  on  the  east  for  some  distance;  Plorida  on  the  south. 
Clinch  on  the  southwest  and  Coffee  on  the  west.  It  is  a 
well-watered  county.  Several  miles  north  of  the  center  Satilla 
river  crosses  it  from  west  to  east  and  into  it  flow  from  north  to 
south  several  creeks.  Long  and  Deep  creeks  traverse  its  cen- 
tral  section   from   northwest  to   southeast,    where   they   mingle   their 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  865 

waters  with  Okefinokee  Swamp,  which  covers  the  greater  part  of  the  ex- 
treme southern  section.  The  lands  are  level  and  interspersed  with  many 
swamps.  The  soil  is  light  but  productive  in  sugar-cane,  cotton,  com, 
potatoes,  tobacco,  peaches,  melons,  figs  and  oranges.  All  the  fruits  here 
mentioned  grow  well. 

It  is  a  splendid  county  for  stock-raising.  Cattle  and  sheep  have  a 
fine  range  over  the  uncultivated  lands,  where  the  grass  affords  excellent 
grazing  the  year  round.  The  mild  winters  malce  shelter  unnecessary. 
With  the  exception  of  sheep-shearing  and  milking  the  cows  almost  no 
attention  beyond  marking  and  branding  is  required. 

The  pine  and  cypress  timber  is  very  valuable,  and  rosin,  turpentine 
and  lumber  are  obtained  in  large  quantities.  The  annual  output  of  lum- 
ber is  50,000,000  superficial  feet  at  an  average  price  of  $10.00  a  thou- 
sand feet.  Seven  steam  sawmills  are  kept  busy  getting  it  ready  for 
market.  There  are  ten  turpentine  distilleries.  A  sash,  door  and  blind 
factory,  worth  $20,000  and  two  manufactories  of  iron,  worth  $10,000, 
are  among  the  industries.  The  shops  of  the  Plant  System  are  valued  at 
$100,000  and  employ  a  great  many  hands. 

Three  dairy  farms  are  evidence  of  the  advance  being  made  by  the 
county  in  the  line  of  improved  milk  breeds,  and  much  interest  is  being 
manifested  now  in  the  rearing  of  beef  cattle.  The  United  States  census, 
for  1900  reports  344  dairy  cow^s  kept  in  baras  and  inclosures. 

With  careful  cultivation  the  lands  wnll  produce  to  the  acre:  com,  15 
bushels;  oats,  20;  rice,  10;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes,  200; 
field-peas,  15;  ground-peas,  30;  sea-island  cotton,  800  pounds;  crab- 
grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  200  poimds;  sugar-cane  syinip 
from  300  to  400  gallons. 

In  1890  Ware  county  had  3,098  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  4,859 
pounds;  7,Y21  cattle,  137  being  working  oxen,  and  2,056  cows,  364 
horses,  131  mules,  1  donkey,  7,482  swine  and  16,176  fowls. 

Among  the  products  were  142,905  gallons  of  milk,  710  pounds  of 
butter,  7,297  pounds  of  honey  and  31,232  dozens  of  eggs.  Accord- 
ing to  the  United  States  census  of  1900  there  were  ginned  for  the  sea- 
son of  1899-1900,  only  123  bales  of  sea-island  cotton. 

Game  and  fish  are  plentiful.  Deea-  and  wild  turkeys  afford  fine  sport 
to  the  huntsman. 

Three  branches  of  the  Plant  System  and  the  Waycross  Air  Line  give 
ample  railroad  facilities.  All  these  center  at  Waycross,  the  county  site, 
a  rapidly  growing  town  with  electric  plant,  for  lighting  and  street  rail- 
way, valued  at  $15,000,  gas  and  water-worlvs  worth  $30,000,  a  court- 
house which  cost  $30,000,  seven  white  and  nine  colored  churches,  and 
a  good  public  school  system.  It  has  three  banks  with  an  aggregate  cap- 
ital of  $175,000.  Waycross  had  in  1880  a  population  of  028;  in  1890 
a  population  of  3,364,  and,  by  tlio  census  of  1900,  a  population  of  5,919. 
The  district  which  includes  Waycross  contains  7,771   inhabitants. 

Waresboro,  the  former  county  site,  is  the  next  town  of  inijiortance, 
but  has  only  269  inhabitants.  The  whole  Waresboro  district  contains 
1,239  people. 

42  ga 


866  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  county  is  well  supplied  with  schools  and  with  churches  of  the 
Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians.  There  are  32  schools  for  whites 
and  8  for  colored,  belonging  to  the  public  school  system.  The  average 
attendance  is  933  white  and  600  colored  pupils. 

There  are  several  small  pecan  groves  in  Ware  county,  and  some 
veiy  fine  trees  are  at  Waycross.  The  nuts  are  mostly  of  the  paper  shell 
■variety.  Many  of  them  have  been  shipped  to  Jacksonville,  Florida, 
where  there  is  a  good  demand  for  them. 

The  land  area  of  Ware  county  is  676  square  miles,  or  432,640  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  13,761,  a  gain  of  4,950  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$5,008.08;  school  fund  for  Waycross,  $2,668.80. 

According  to  the  Comptroller-Geneiral's  report  for  1900  there  are: 
-acres  of  improved  lands,  182,937;  wild  lands,  588,966;  average  value  of 
improved  lands  per  acre,  $1.86;  of  wild  lands,  $0.18;  city  property, 
$942,494;  shares  in  bank,  $89,000;  gas  and  electric  light  companies, 
$3,000;  money,  etc.,  $36,131;  merchandise,  $244,813;  cotton  manufact- 
ories, $2,720;  iron  works,  $400;  household  furniture,  $180,108;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $190,211;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $30,898; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $13,880;  value  of  all  other  pa-operty,  $113,448; 
real  estate,  $1,379,332;  personal  estate,  $1,625,996.  Aggregate  value 
of  whole  property,  $2,605,328. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  numiber  of  acres  of  land, 
5,802;  value  of  same,  $14,110;  city  property,  $53,269;  money,  etc., 
$90;  household  furniture,  $13,036;  watches,  $635;  farm  and  other  ani- 
mals, $8,510;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,805;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $767.00.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $98,222. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $278,841  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Ware  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  4,485;  white  females,  4,167;  total  white,  8,652; 
colored  males,  2,715;  colored  females,  2,394;  total  colored,  5,109. 

Population  of  Waycross  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census  of 
1900:  white  males,  1,539;  white  females,  1,481;  total  white,  3,020; 
colored  males,  1,448;  colored  females,  1,451;  total  colored,  2,899. 

Total  population  of  Waycross,  5,919. 

Domestic  animals  in  Ware  county  in  bams  and  inclosua'es,  not  on 
farms  or  ranges,  June  1,  1900:  214  calves,  121  steers,  18  buUs,  344  dairy 
cows,  190  horses,  167  mules,  12  sheep,  752  swine,  86  goats. 

WAREEN  COUNTY. 

Warren  County  was  laid  out  in  1793  and  named  in  honor  of  Major 
General  Joseph  Warren  of  Massachusetts,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of 
Bunker  or  Breed's  Hill,  near  Boston,  on  the  I7th  of  June,  1775.  Por- 
tions of  this  couTity  were  set  off  to  Jefferson  in  1796,  and  to  Taliaferro 
in  1825.  It  has  the  following  counties  on  its  borders:  Wilkes  and  Talia- 
ierro  on  the  north,  McDuffie  on  the  east  (or  slightly  northeast),  Glas^ 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  867 

cock  and  Jeffei-son  on  the  south,  Hancock  and  Taliaferro  on  the  west, 
and  TaliafeiTo  on  the  northwest. 

The  North  Fork  of  the  Ogeechee  is  on  the  western  boundary.  Brier 
creek  rises  on  the  southeastern  border,  runs  southeast  for  100  miles 
throug-h  other  counties,  and  empties  into  the  Savannah  river.  Long 
and  Rocky  creeks  flow  from  the  center  of  the  county  southward  into 
the  Ogeechee  river,  which  abounds  in  fish. 

The  best  lands  of  the  county  are  those  where  oak  and  hickory  are 
the  prevailing  growth.  These  are  well  adapted  to  com  and  cotton. 
Other  lands  containing  some  oak  and  hickory,  but  with  pine  predomi- 
nating, are  suited  to  the  small  grains,  vegetables,  potatoes,  melons  and 
fruits.  Some  hay  is  made  from  crab  and  bermuda  grasses,  which  also 
give  good  pasturage  for  stock. 

The  average  production  of  all  the  lands  to  the  acre  is:  Com,  10 
bushels;  oats,  12;  wheat,  9  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes, 
75;  field-peas,  8;  ground-peas,  50;  seed  cotton,  600  pounds;  com  fodder, 
200  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  200  gallons; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  100  gallons.  Some  of  the  best  lands  make  20  bushels 
of  com  and  oats  to  the  acre,  wheat,  12  bushels,  and  10  to  12  bushels  of 
peas.    Peavines  are  used  extensively  for  hay. 

In  1890  Warren  county  had  770  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,562 
pounds;  4,022  cattle,  333  being  working  oxen;  and  1,425  milch-cows; 
975  horses,  1,041  mules,  5  donkeys,  51,486  domestic  fowls,  and  9,615 
hogs.  In  1890  there  were  101  dairy  cows  kept  in  bams  or  inclosures. 
Among  the  farm  products,  according  to  the  census  of  1890,  were  333,315 
gallons  of  milk,  98,  786  pounds  of  butter,  9,589  pounds  of  honey,  and 
55,909  dozens  of  eggs. 

Vegetables,  fruits  and  melons  are  raised  on  farms  and  in  gardens  in 
the  towns  and  villages.  The  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at 
"Warrenton,  Camack  and  Bamett. 

The  Georgia  railroad  from  Augusta  to  Atlanta,  entering  the  county 
on  the  east,  crosses  it,  turning  a  little  to  the  northwest.  Another 
branch  of  this  road  turns  off  at  Camak,  and  going  through  Warrenton, 
turning  to  the  southwest,  traverses  the  central  section  on  its  course  to 
Macon.  Another  road  runs  from  Bamett  to  Washington,  in  Wilkes 
county.     Thus  AVarren  county  enjoys  excellent  railroad  facilities. 

Every  section  of  the  comity  has  good  educational  and  religions  advan- 
tages. The  prevailing  sects  are  Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyterians. 
Warrenton,  the  county  site,  is  a  pretty  town,  with  a  cultured  and 
moral  population  of  1,115  inhal)itants,  while  the  district  in  which  it  is  in- 
cluded, has  a  population  of  2,842.  A  company  has  been  organized  to 
build  a  cotton  factory  at  AVarrenton.  Other  towns  are  Camak,  Bar- 
nett,  Norwood  and  Mesena. 

Warren  county  is  credited  by  the  United  States  census  of  1900  as 
having  ginned  9,659  bales  of  upland  cotton  in  the  season  of  1899-1900. 
Gold  has  l>cen  found  in  tlie  upper  part  of  the  county. 

There  are  in  the  county  27  schools  for  white  and  24  for  col- 
ored pupils,  with  an  a  vertigo  attendance  of  632  white  pupils  and  815 


868  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

colored.  The  area  of  Warren  county  is  298  square  miles,  (A-  190,720 
acres.  Population  in  1900,  11,463,  a  gain  of  506  since  1890.  School 
fund,  $8,108.32.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General 
for  1900  there  ai'e  176,246  acres  of  improved  land;  average  value  per 
acre,  $3.80;  city  property,  $147,974;  shares  in  bank,  $27,700;  money, 
etc.,  $132,206;  merchandise,  $53,510;  stocks  and  bonds,  $125;  cotton 
manufactories,  $32,725;  household  furniture,  $75,863;  farm  and  othe»r 
animals,  $128,514;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $27,829; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,651;  value  of  all  other  property,  $27,456;  real 
estate,  $818,469;  peirsonal  estate,  $527,835;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $1,346,304 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax  payers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
2,254;  value  of  same,  $8,065;  city  property,  $14,260;  money,  etc.,  $200; 
merchandise,  $2,015;  household  furniture,  $13,948;  watches,  etc.,  $231; 
farm  and  other  animals,  $18,927;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$4,881;  value  of  all  other  property,  $960.00;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $63,487. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  decrease  of  $25,612  in  the  value  of 
all  propeity  since  1900. 

Population  of  Warren  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  1,918;  white  females,  1,924;  total  white, 
3,842;  colored  males,  3,613;  colored  females,  4,008;  total  colored, 
7,621, 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900,  70  calves,  100  steers,  2  bulls,  92  dairy  cows,  104  horses, 
2  mules,  308  swine,  3  goats. 

WASHINGTOlSr  COUNTY. 

Washington  County  was  established  in  1784,  and  named  in  honor  of 
George  Washington.  It  at  that  time  included  all  the  territory  "from  the 
Cherokee  comer  north,  extending  from  the  Ogeechee  to  the  Oconee 
south  to  Liberty  county."  In  1786  a  portion  of  it  was  added  to  Greene 
county;  in  1793,  a  part  to  Hancock;  in  1807,  a  part  to  Baldwin;  and  in 
1826  another  part  to  Baldwin.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  coun- 
ties: Glascock  and  Jefferson  on  the  northeast,  Jefferson  on  the  east,  John- 
son on  the  South,  Wilkinson  on  the  southwest,  Wilkinson  and  Bald-win 
on  the  west,  and  Hancock  on  the  northwest. 

The  Ogeechee  river  is  on  its  northeastern  boundary,  the  Oconee  on  its 
western  and  southwestern  border,  the  Ohoopee  river  and  its  tributary, 
Dyer  creek  in  the  south  central  portion.  Swamp  creek,  rising  in  the 
north,  flows  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  finally  emptying  into  the  Ogee- 
chee river  at  the  southeastern  edge  of  Jefferson  county.  Buffalo  and 
Keg  creeks,  entei-ing  the  county  on  the  no^rthwest,  unite  their  waters 
near  the  west-central  section  and  turning  southwest,  enter  the  Oconee  on 
the  southw^est  border.  Town  creek  fonns  part  of  the  western  boundary 
between  Washington  and  Baldwin  counties.  This  is,  therefore,  a  well- 
watered  county.     The  water  is  mainly  freestone. 

The  face  of  the  county  is  for  the  most  part  level,  but  in  some  places 


STtCMCM  LiTH.CO  ftOC 


GREENVILLE. 

The  berry  is  of  large  size,  good  quality,  very  productive  ;  season,  medium  to  late  ;  color 
very  fine  ;  plants  vigorous  and  free  from  rust. 


,         GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  869 

gently  rolling.  The  soil  is  of  the  tertiary  formation,  having  gray, 
sandy  lands  ^\nth  red  outcroppings  in  places.  It  is  also  mixed  \vii]i 
lime  in  some  parts  of  the  county. 

The  productions  are  the  same  as  in  most  of  the  counties  of  the  mid- 
dle Georgia  belt.  The  native  grasses  furnish  excellent  grazing.  Crab- 
grass,  sorghum  and  peavines  constitute  the  principal  hay  crop.  Talking 
all  the  lands  of  the  county  together,  the  average  production  to  the  acre 
is:  corn,  10  bushels;  oats,  12  bushels;  wheat,  6  bushels;  Irish  potatoes, 
50  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  120  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels;  ground- 
peas,  15  bushels;  seed-cotton,  600  pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds; 
sugar-cane  syrup,  150  gallons.  But  the  better  class  of  lands,  with  skillful 
cultivation,  will  produce  to  the  acre:  com,  20  bushels;  oats,  35;  rye,  10; 
wheat  12;  Irish  potatoes,  100;  sweet  potatoes,  200;  field-peas,  20  bushels; 
ground-peas,  25  to  30  bushels;  seed-cotton,  800  pounds,  and  with  inten- 
sive farming  on  the  best  lands,  3,000  pounds;  oi-ab-grass  hay,  4,000 
pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  350  gallons. 

By  the  census  of  1890  Washington  county  had  2,920  sheep,  ^vith  a 
wool-clip  of  6,603  pounds;  8,531  cattle,  571  being  working  oxen,  and 
2,892  milch-cows,  1,527  horses,  2,418  mules,  1  donkey,  26,563  hogs, 
and  117,307  domestic  fowls.  There  are  188  dairy  co^vs  kept  in  bams  or 
inclosures.  Among  the  farm  products  are  502,920  gallons  of  milk, 
101,092  pounds  of  butter,  50  pounds  of  cheese,  28,645  pounds  of  honey, 
and  172,583  dozens  of  egg^. 

Washington  expoi^ts  about  800  head  of  cattle  annually. 
The  timber  products  aa-e  valued  at  about  $18,000  annually,  and  are 
obtained  from  the  yellow  pine  and  hard-woods,  the  latter  including  white 
oak  and  other  swamp  timber  on  streams.  On  the  tributaries  of  the 
Ogeechee  river  about  33  horse-powers  are  utilized,  and  58  horse-powers 
on  the  tributaries  of  the  Oconee. 

The  value  of  truck  sold  in  tlie  county  amounts  to  $12,000  annually. 
The  output  of  the  manufactories  of  Wasliington  county  is  valued  at 
$252,969. 

Potter's  clay,  sandstone,  and  buhrstone  abound^  Opal,  homstone, 
jasper,  chalcedony  and  agate  have  been  found.  Xear  Sandersville  are 
sinks  or  caves  in  which  are  gathered  fossil  teeth,  and  a  great  variety  of 
ribs  and  shells.  Rare  mussels  are  found  in  the  streams.  Brick  and  jug 
ware  are  among  the  clay  products.  t     i     >    ^  -n      <■ 

At  Sandersville  are  Lang's  machine  works,  and  .Jordan  s  tlour-mill;  at 
Tennille,  a  cotton  factory  with  4,000  spindles  and  a  capital  of  $60,000, 
a  cotton  oil-mill,  and  Smith's  mineral  works;  at  Chalker,  Robert's  brick 
works;  at  Warthcn,  Warthcn's  flour-mill;  at  Thena,  Walker's 
flour-mill.  The  flour  and  grist-mills  of  the  county  number  10,  of  which 
four  use  water  power.  There  are  two  banks  at  Sandersville,  and  two  at 
Tennille.  At  these  places  are  several  prosperous  mercantile  establish- 
ments, and  life  and  fire  insurance  agencies. 

At  Tennille  there  arc  also  a  hard-wood  factory,  a  novelty  factory,  ma- 
chine works  and  an  electric  light  plant.  P.y  the  census  of  1900  the  cotton 
ginned  in  Washington  county  in  1899-1900  was  29,544  l.ak^  (upland). 


870  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Sandersville,  the  county  site  has  a  court-house  valued  at  $40,000,  and 
a  jail  worth  $20,000.  This  town  is  situated  on  a  ridge  between  the 
Oconee  and  Ogeechee  rivers,  480  feet  above  tide  water.  It  has  a  pop- 
ulation of  2,023,  according  to  the  census  of  1900,  while  its  whole  dis- 
trict contains  3,013  people.  It  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Southern  railway, 
three  miles  north  of  Tennille,  where  the  Southern  meets  the  Central  of 
Georgia  railway,  and  which  is  the  terminus  of  the  AVrightsville  and  Ten- 
nille railroad.  Tennille,  with  a  population  of  1,121,  is  the  second  most 
important  town  of  the  county.  The  whole  Tennille  district  contains 
3,195  people. 

Methodists  and  Baptists  are  the  prevailing  denominations.  There 
are  47  public  schools  for  white  pupils  in  the  county,  and  37  for  colored, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  1,576  whites  and  1,421  colored. 

The  area  of  Washington  county  is  680  square  miles,  or  435,200  acres. 

The  population  in  1900  was  28,227,  a  gain   of   2,900    since    1890. 
The  school  fund  is  $18,850.76. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved lands,  407,375;  of  wild  lands,  1,450;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  lands,  $4.29;  city  property,  $495,362;  shares  in  bank,  $20,500; 
money,  etc.,  $399,324;  merchandise,  $181,044;  stocks  and  bonds,  $27,- 
905;  cotton  manufactories,  $500;  mining,  $100;  iron  works,  $5,900; 
household  furniture,  $178,159;  farm  and  other  animals,  $295,213;  plan- 
tation and  mechanical  tools,  $68,513;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $12,763; 
value  of  all  other  property,  $105,962;  real  estate,  $2,241,217;  personal 
estate,  $1,370,893;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $3,481,014. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  number  of  acres  of  land, 
10,462;  value  of  same,  $42,928;  city  property,  $13,901;  money,  etc., 
$770;  merchandise,  $25;  household  furniture,  $25,565;  watches,  etc., 
$455;  farm  and  other  animals,  $43,686;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools, 
$11,243;  value  of  all  other  property,  $34,624;  aggli'egate  value  of  whole 
property,  $207,899. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $125,419  in  the  value  of 
all  property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Washington  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  Avhite  males,  5,485;  white  females,  5,320;  total  w^hite, 
10,805;  colored  males,  8,526;  colored  females,  8,896;  total  colored, 
17,422. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  fanns  or  ranges,  June 
1,  1900:  82  calves,  38  steers,  2  bulls,  174  dairy  cows,  167  horses,  56 
mules,  1  donkey,  22  sheep,  548  swine,  9  goats. 

WAYNE  COUNTY. 

Wayne  County,  which  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1803,  was 
organized  in  1805,  and  named  in  honor  of  Major-General  Anthony 
Wayne,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  among  the  heroes  of  the  Amer- 
ican revolution.  Pai-t  was  taken  from  it  in  1805  and  given  to  Camden. 
Parts  w^ere  added  to  it  from  Camden  in  1808  and  1812.  A  part  was 
added  to  it  from  Glynn  in  1820,  and  a  part  was  added  to  Glynn  in  1822. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  871 

"Wayne  county  is  bounded  on  tlie  northeast  by  Tattnall,  Liberty  and 
Mcintosh  counties;  on  the  east  by  Glynn  county,  which  is  also  south  of 
a  small  portion  of  it,  on  the  south  by  Camden,  Charlton  and  Pierce,  and 
on  the  west  by  Pierce  and  Appling.  Along  the  whole  northeastern  border 
runs  the  Altamaha  river.  The  Satilla  river,  after  fonning  part  of  its 
western  border,  turns  to  the  southeast,  and  passing  through  the  lower 
section  of  the  county,  enters  Camden  at  about  the  center  of  the  south- 
em  boundary.  Each  of  these  rivers  abounds  in  fish.  The  central  por- 
tions of  the  county  are  watefed  by  tributaries  of  the  Altamaha  and  Sa- 
tilla, the  most  important  of  which  is  the  Finoholloway,  or  Phennohal- 
oway  river  (an  Indian  name  meaning  turkey),  which  flows  northeast- 
ward into  the  Altamaha. 

The  soil,  when  fertilized,  is  productive  of  sugar-cane,  potatoes,  rice, 
com,  a  variety  of  vegetables,  melons  and  long-staple  cotton.  A  great 
part  of  the  county  is  wild  land,  which,  being  covered  with  grass,  affords 
a  splendid  range  for  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs.  The  mild  winter  saves  the 
expense  of  housing,  and  but  little  outlay  is  required  to  carry  them 
through  the  cold  season.  In  the  spring  they  are  marked  and  branded,  and 
in  the  fall  are  in  good  condition  for  the  market,  which  is  in  the  main  a 
home  one. 

By  the  census  of  1890  Wayne  county  had  3,642  sheep,  with  a  wool- 
clip  of  8,762  pounds;  10,667  cattle,  396  being  working  oxen,  and  2,794 
milch-cows;  690  horses,  104  mules,  1  donkey,  12,858  hogs  and  24,102 
domestic  fowls. 

Among  the  fan-m  products  were  108,632  gallons  of  milk,  36,035  doz- 
ens of  eggs,  4,754  pounds  of  honey,  and  2,638  pounds  of  butter. 

The  land,  with  proper  fertilization  and  culture,  will  produce  to  the 
acre:  com,  15  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  75;  sweet-pota- 
toes, 200;  field  peas,  16;  ground-peas,  30;  sea-island  cotton,  500  pounds; 
crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  250  pounds;  sugar-cane 
symp,  200  gallons. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Southern  railway,  and  the  Savannah, 
Florida  and  Western,  of  the  Plant  System.  The  Florida,  Central  and 
Peninsular,  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system,  touches  a  comer  of  the 
county  on  the  east.  The  Altamaha  and  Satilla  rivers  also  furnish  water 
transportation. 

Jesup,  the  county  site,  is  a  growing  town  at  the  point  where  the  Plant 
and  Southa.'n  railway  lines  cross  each  other. 

The  timbers  are  pine  and  cypress.  There  is  a  large  trade  in  rosin, 
turpentine  and  lumber.  There  are  many  sawmills  and  turpentine  dis- 
tilleries. 

On  lands  that  have  been  cleaiii'd,  enterprising  men  have  found  profit 
in  raising  sugar-cane,  vegetables,  peaches  and  grapes.  A  few  yeara  ago 
Mr.  Alexander  Hum,  an  Englishman,  came  to  Georgia,  and  at  Gardi,  on 
the  line  of  the  Southern  railway,  planted  a  vineyard,  and  also  engaged 
m  peach  culture  with  gratifying  results.  His  vincyaird  is  one  of  the  most 
attractive  sights  on  the  line  of  the  Southern  railway  in  Wayne  county. 

In  response  to  a  request  from  Colonel  Wade,  of  the  Southern,  Mr. 


872  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Hum  planted  on©  acre  in  cassava,  and  he  reports  great  success.  The 
result  of  many  other  recent  experiments  go  to  show  that  this  new  crop  is 
destined  to  be  a  great  source  of  profit  to  the  farmers  of  Southern  Georgia. 

Wayne  county  is  reported  in  the  United  States  census  of  1900  to  have 
ginned  110  bales  of  upland  cotton  and  855  of  sea-island  cotton  in  the 
season  of  1899-1900. 

The  Jesup  district,  including  the  town,  contains  1,713  inhabitants, 
and  in  the  town  proper  are  805  people. 

The  area  of  Wayne  county  is  766  square  miles,  or  490,240  acres. 

The  population  in  1900  was  9,449,  a  gain  of  1,964  since  1890. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900 
for  the  following  items:  Acres  of  improved  land,  270,147;  of  wild  land, 
267,531;  average  value  per  acre  of  improved  land,  $1.39;  of  wild  land, 
$0.57;  city  property,  $144,593;  shares  in  bank,  $5,000;  money,  etc., 
$178,633;  merchandise,  $61,216;  cotton  manufactories,  $20,000;  house- 
hold furniture,  $69,068;  farm  and  other  aminals,  $198,504;  plantation 
and  mechanical  tools,  $22,863;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $6,239;  value  of 
all  other  property,  $64,878;  real  estate,  $675,419;  personal  estate,  $622,- 
733;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,298,152. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  Ac-res  of  land,  11,179;  value 
of  same,  $13,465;  city  property,  $12,320;  money,  etc.,  $120;  merchan- 
dise, $225;  household  furniture,  $4,501;  watches,  etc.,  $241;  farm  and 
other  animals,  $6,954;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $820.00;  value 
of  all  other  property,  $1,896;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property, 
$41,105. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $213,036  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

The  public  school  system  has  59  schools  for  white,  and  13  for  colored, 
with  an  average  attendance  of  1,258  white  pupils,  and  318  colored. 

Population  of  Wayne  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,670;  white  females,  3,552;  total  white, 
7,222;  colored  males,  1,176;  colored  females,  1,051;  total  colored,  2,227. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  faims  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  30  calves,  31  steers,  5  bulls,  65  dairy  cows,  26  horses, 
14  mules,  240  swine. 

WEBSTER  COUNTY. 

Webster  County  was  laid  out  in  1854,  and  named  in  honor  of  Daniel 
Webster,  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  and  for  many  yeare  a  United 
States  Senator  from  Massachusetts.  This  county  is  bounded,  north  by 
Marion  and  Chattahoochee,  east  by  Marion  and  Sumter,  south  by  Terrell 
and  Randolph,  and  west  by  Stewart. 

The  principal  streams  in  Webster  county  are  Kinchafoonee,  Chootaw- 
hatchee,  Tanahapee,  Ichawaynochaway,  Bear  and  Slaughter  creeks. 

Webster  county  is  traversed  by  two  branches  of  the  Seaboard  Air 
Line  system  of  railways,  one  of  which  passes  from  east  to  west  through 
the  center,  the  other  passing  from  southeast  to  northwest  through  the 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  873 

southwestern  section  of  the  county.     On  the  fonner  of  these  is  Preston, 
the  county  site. 

The  surface  of  the  county  is  generally  level,  having  a  gray,  sandy  top- 
soil,  with  red  clay  subsoil.  Under  the  ordinary  methods  of  cultivation 
the  average  yield  of  the  vai-ious  crops  to  the  acre  is:  corn,  8  bushels; 
wheat,  7  bushels;  oats,  1-1  bushels;  rye,  5  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  100 
bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  150  bushels;  field-peas,  5  bushels;  ground-peas 
and  chufas,  25  bushels,  each;  crab-grass  or  crow-foot  hay,  3,000  pounds; 
seed-cotton,  400  pounds.  But  under  improved  methods  the  yields  to  the 
acre  are  greatly  increased  in  several  of  these  crops,  as  for  instance:  com, 
15  bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  wheat,  12  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels; 
ground-peas,  30  bushels;  hay  from  crow-foot  or  crab-grass,  6,000  pounds. 
The  sugar-cane  syrup  averages  200  gallons  to  the  acre. 

The  native  grasses  already  mentioned  are  the  chief  reliance  for  hay 
and  pasturage.  These,  with  smut  and  swamp-grass,  give  good  grazing 
for  eight  months  of  the  year.  For  four  months,  at  least,  cattle  should 
be  carefully  tended  and  fed  on  bran,  cottoii-seed  meal  and  hulls,  with  a 
fair  mixture  of  hay. 

While  there  are  no  dairy  farms  in  the  county,  several  Jerseys  are  found 
on  farms.  Of  pure  breeds  and  those  of  half  grade  or  higher  there  a^re 
about  200.  Very  little  attention  has  so  far  been  paid  to  the  improve- 
ment of  beef  cattle. 

In  1890  Webster  county  had  239  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  471 
pounds;  2,492  cattle,  143  being  working  oxen,  and  838  milch-cows;  398 
horses,  794  mules,  1  donkey,  7,972  hogs,  28,480  domestic  fowls.  Some 
of  the  farm  products  were  139,035  gallons  of  milk,  36,444  pounds  of 
butter,  58,569  dozens  of  eggs,  and  12,879  pounds  of  honey. 

Fish  are  plentiful  in  the  streams.     There  are  also  a  few  private  ponds. 
Vegetables,  melons  and  fruits  are  produced  in  sufficient  quantities  for 
home  consumption  and  for  sale  in  the  towns  of  the  county. 

About  300  acres  are  devoted  to  peach-trees,  150  to  apples,  100  each 
to  pears  and  plums,  and  10  to  cherries.  About  71  acres  are  devoted  to 
grapes,  of  which  choice  varieties  are  raised  in  large  quantities. 

The  forest  growth  consists  of  pine,  poplar,  ash,  birch,  tupelo,  sweet 
and  black  gum,  hickoiy,  black-jack,  red,  white  and  Spanish  oaks.  The 
standing  timber  is  worth  $7.00  per  acre  for  soft-wood,  and  $8.00  to 
$10.00  per  acre  for  hard-wood.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  in  super- 
ficial feet  is  800,000,  averaging  $7.50  per  1,000  feet  at  the  mill.  There 
are  two  sawmills  operated  by  steam,  worth  in  the  aggregate  $3,800. 

The  streams  already  mentioned  afford  considerable  water-power,  some 
of  which  is  utilized  in  the  running  of  five  flour  and  grist-mills,  worth 
$0,500  in  all. 

The  mineral  products  are  inconsiderable,  consisting  of  iron,  clay, 
limestone,  manganese  and  mica  in  small  quantities,  none  of  which  is 
mined  or  quarried. 

Tho  products  of  the  county  are  marketed  at  Preston  and  Weston,  the 
former  of  which  is  tho  county  site.  The  receipts  and  shipments  of  cot- 
ton for  the  entire  county  are  5,260  bales.     The  cotton  ginned  for  the 


874  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

season  of  1899-1900  is  stated  hj  the  United  States  census  report  for 
1900  to  be  4,116  bales  (upland). 

The  leading  denominations  in  the  county  are  Baptists,  Methodists  and 
Presbyterians,  the  two  former  being  the  more  numerous. 

There  are  in  the  county  14  schools  for  whites,  and  17  for  colored.  The 
average  daily  attendance  of  the  former  is  390;  of  the  latter,  448. 

The  area  of  Webster  county  is  227  square  miles  or  145,280  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  6,618,  a  gain  of  923  since  1890;  school  fund 
$4,695.88.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for 
1900  there  are:  acres.of  improved  land,  125,844;  value  of  improved  land 
per  acre,  about  $3.16;  city  and  town  property,  $19,504;  money  and  sol- 
vent debts,  $54,552;  merchandise,  $16,640;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,242; 
household  furniture,  $39,075;  value  of  farm  and  other  animals,  $85,670; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $20,328;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,772; 
value  of  all  other  pi-operty,  $20,578;  real  estate,  $415,250;  personal  es- 
tate, $242,709;  aggregate  value  of  whole,  $657,959. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  5,048;  value 
of  land,  $14,068;  city  or  to^vn  property,  $595;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $8,648;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,_$130;  fann  and  other  animals, 
$13,156;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $2,704;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $805.00;  aggregate  value  of  whole  property  $40,116. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $66,478  in  the  value  of 
all  property  since  1900. 

Population  of  Webster  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  1,244;  white  females,  1,260;  total  white,  2,504; 
colored  males,  2,086;  colored  females,  2,028;  total  colored,  4,114. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,. 
June  1,  1900:  no  report, 

WHITE  COUNTY. 

White  County  was  formed  from  Lumpkin  and  Habersham  in  1857, 
and  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  White,  of  Chatham  county, 
who,  as  an  officer  of  the  Georgia  line  distinguished  himself  during  the 
siege  of  Savannah  by  the  Americans  and  French  in  October,  1779,  by  a 
stratagem,  by  which  with  only  seven  men  he  captured  Captain  French 
and  one  hundred  and  eleven  British  soldiei-s,  and  five  vessels  on  the  Ogee- 
chee  river.  He  did  this  by  building  large  fires  in  the  forest  around  their 
camp,  thus  causing  them  to  suppose  that  they  were  surrounded  by  a 
greatly  superior  force. 

White  county  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Towns  on  the 
north,  Habersham  on  the  east  and  southeast.  Hall  on  the  south,  Lumpkin 
on  the  west,  and  Union  on  the  northwest. 

It  is  watered  by  the  Chattahoochee  and  Teeentee  rivers,  and  by 
Duke's,  Smith's,  Sautee,  Shoal,  Blue  and  Mossy  cceeks.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  generally  hilly  and  in  many  places  mountainous.  The  Blue 
Ridge  mountains  traveree  the  northern  section.  The  most  noted  peaks 
are  Tray  and  Yonah.  From  the  summit  of  the  latter  Stone  Mountain 
can  be  distinctly  seen  with  the  naked  eye. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  875 

The  lands  suitable  for  cultivation  are  generally  in  the  valleys.  AVhen 
skillfully  cultivated  they  will  yield  to  the  acre:  corn,  25  bushels;  oats, 
20  bushels;  wheat  and  rye,  15  bushels;  Irish  potatoes,  150  bushels; 
sweet,  or  Spanish  potatoes,  150;  field-peas,  30  bushels;  ground-peas,  GO 
bushels;  rice,  75  bushels;  seed-cotton,  600  pounds;  crab-gTass  hay,  1,500 
pounds;  bermuda  grass  and  clover  hay,  each  2,000  pounds;  herdVgi-ass 
hay,  3,000  pounds;  sorghum  syi-up,  100  gallons. 

All  the  above  named  grasses  do  well,  and  so  do  orchard-grass,  blue- 
grass  and  millet. 

The  various  grasses  give  an  abundance  of  the  best  summer  pastureage. 
There  is  much  improvement  in  all  kinds  of  stock.  In  1890  White 
county  had  2,830  sheep,  with  a  wool-<ilip  of  5,696  pounds;  3,517  cattle, 
594  being  working  oxen,  and  1,151  milch-cows;  465  hoi-ses,  460  mules, 
7  donkeys,  5,197  hogs,  and  47,796  of  all  kinds  of  domestic  fowls.  It  is 
estimated  that  there  are  200  goats  in  the  county. 

Among  the  fann  products  in  1890,  were  281,301  gallons  of  milk, 
85,063  pounds  of  butter,  105  pounds  of  cheese,  10,329  pounds  of  honey, 
and  55,662  dozens  of  eggs. 

In  this  county  there  are  500  acres  devoted  to  apples,  200  to  peaches, 
100  to  pears,  and  40  to  plums  and  chen-ies.  Some  fine  grapes  are  raised. 
About  10  per  cent,  of  these  are  sold  in  the  markets  and  from  20  per 
cent,  wine  is  made. 

Many  vegetables  are  raised.  In  mid-winter  there  are  shipped  from 
this  county  large  white,  crisp  cabbage  heads,  barrels  of  sauerkj-aut,  and 
many  wagon  loads  of  luscious  apples. 

jSTacoochee  Valley,  which  has  already  been  described  in  the  general 
sketch,  is  about  eight  miles  long,  and  from  one-fourth  to  three-fourths  of 
a  mile  wdde. 

Of  original  forests  about  100,000  acres  remain,  on  which  the  timbers 
are  pine,  white,  red,  Spanish  and  post-oak,  chestnut,  hickory,  cherry  and 
walnut.     Four  sawmills  are  employed  in  getting  out  lumber. 

The  water  powei-s  of  the  county  are  utilized  to  some  extent  in  op- 
erating 15  grist-mills.     In  a  few  of  these  flour  also  is  made. 

In  this  county  the  fii-st  gold  mines  in  Georgia  were  discovered.  Gold 
and  asbestos  are  still  mined  to  a  considerable  extent.  There  are  five  suc- 
cessful gold  mills  and  several  placeu-  mines.  There  are  some  20  mines 
and  quarries  employing  150  hands  at  wages  of  80  cents  a  day. 

The  Baptists  and  Methodists  are  very  numerous,  and  their  churches  are 
scattered  over  the  county. 

There  are  25  schools  for  whit^,  and  3  for  colored,  Avith  an  av- 
erage attendance  of  591  whites  and  65  colored. 

Most  of  the  products  are  marketed  at  Gainesville   in    Hall    county. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  Unit<?d  States  census  of  1900  there 
were  ginned  in  this  county  in  the  season  of  1899-1900,  only  150  bales  of 
upland  cotton. 

Cleveland,  the  county  site,  was  named  for  lion.  Benjamin  Cleveland, 
for  many  years  a  rcpresetative  in  the  Georgia  Legislature. 

In  1834  a  subterranean  village  was  discovered  in  Nachoochec  Valley 
by  some  miners.     It  was  covered  to  a  d('j)tli  of  from  7  to  9  feet.     Some 


376  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

of  the  houses  were  embedded  in  a  stratum  of  auriferous  gravel.  They 
are  34  in  number,  built  of  logs  six  to  ten  inches  in  diameter,  and  from 
ten  to  twelve  feet  long.  In  the  rooms  were  found  cane  baskets,  fragments 
of  earthenware,  and  specimens  of  curious  workmanship,  such  as  crucibles 
and  mortars. 

The  area  of  White  county  is  243  square  miles,  or  155,520  acres. 

Population  of  White  county  in  1900,  5,912,  a  decrease  of  239  since 
1890. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  were:  acres  of 
improved  land,  142,915;  acres  of  wild  land,  29,439;  average  value  of 
improved  land,  $2.79;  of  wild  land,  $0.17;  school  fund,  $4,160.39;  city 
and  town  property,  $10,565;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $66,210;  value  of 
merchandise,  $14,077;  cotton  manufactories,  $600;  capital  invested  in 
mining,  $10;  value  of  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $21,124;  farm 
and  other  animals,  $63,382;  plantation  and  mechanical  tools,,  $13,309; 
watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $1,544;  value  of  all  other  property,  $6,012;  real 
estate,  $415,055;  personal  estate,  $190,479;  aggregate  value  of  whole 
property,  $605,534. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  835;  value  of 
land,  $1,995;  city  or  town  property,  $100.00;  money  and  solvent  debts, 
$155.00;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $797.00;  watches,  jewelry, 
etc.,  $55.00;  farm  and  other  animals,  $2,602;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $416.00;  value  of  all  other  property,  $107.00;  aggregate  value  of 
whole  pi'operty,  $6,227. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $15,535  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  White  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  2,626;  white  females,  2,686;  total  white,  5,312; 
colored  males,  304;  colored  females,  296;  total  colored,  600. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges,  June 
1,  1900:  2  calves,  6  dairy  cows,  5  horses,  10  mules,  3  smne. 

WHITFIELD  COUNTY. 

Whitfield  County  was  laid  out  from  Murray  in  1851,  and  named  in 
honor  of  the  celebrated  George  Whitefield,  the  most  renowned  pulpit 
orator  of  his  day,  a  companion  of  the  Wesleys,  and  founder  of  the  Beth- 
esda  Orphan  Home  near  Savannah.  He  was  a  man  of  unbounded  influence 
for  good,  both  in  England  and  America. 

Whitfield  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
on  the  east  by  Murray  county,  on  the  south  by  Gordon  county,  on  the 
west  by  Catoosa  and  Walker  counties,  the  latter  of  which  also  bounds  a 
portion  of  it  on  the  south. 

The  Connesauga  river  divides  it  from  Murray  county  on  the  east. 
Other  streams  are  Chickamauga,  Sugar,  Swamp,  McCoy,  Tiger,  Cooa- 
hulla  and  Mill  creeks. 

Two  great  railway  systems  traverse  the  county,  crossing  each  other  di- 
agonally at  Dalton.  These  are  the  Southern  and  the  Louisville  and  Nash- 
ville, through  the  latter's  control  of  the  Western  and  Atlantic,  or  State 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  877 


road.  The  soils  are  varied.  Agriculture  is  much  diversified,  and  ex- 
cellent opportunities  are  afforded  for  the  marketing  of  fruits  and  vegreta- 
bles. 

The  average  yield  of  the  various  crops  to  the  acre  under  fair  cultiva- 
tion is:  corn,  20  bushels;  oats,  30  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels;  rye,  12  bush- 
els; Irish  potatoes,  100  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  50  bushels;  field-peas, 
15  bushels;  seed-cotton,  550  poimds;  crab-grass  hay,  2,000  pounds;  clo- 
ver hay,  2,500  pounds;  fodder,  1,000  pounds;  sorghum  syrup,  100  gal- 
lons. Some  of  the  best  lands  yield  30  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  aci'e  and 
from  3,000  to  6,000  pounds  of  hay  from  clover,  the  various  grasses  and 
peavines. 

The  summer  pasturage  is  excellent  and  the  best  of  cattle  feed  is  sup- 
plied by  cotton-seed  meal,  hulls,  peas,  and  the  nourishing  hay  from  the 
grasses  already  named. 

The  12  dairy  faims  of  the  county  have  about  200  Jersey  cows  and  100 
more  of  improved  breeds.  People  are  also  taking  great  interest  in  im- 
proving the  breeds  of  the  cattle.  In  1890  there  were  in  Whitfield 
county  6,061  cattle,  222  being  working  oxen,  and  2,343  milch-cows; 
1,417  horses,  980  mules,  11  donkeys,  8,047  hogs,  76,023  domestic  fowls 
and  3,846  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  6,155  pomids. 

Among  the  farm  products  were  724,048  gallons  of  milk,  236,412 
pounds  of  butter,  161,932  dozens  of  eggs,  and  12,719  pounds  of  honey. 

Grame  and  fish  are  both  on  the  increase. 

There  are  many  market  gardens  supplying  every  kind  of  vegetable, 
melons,  berries,  grapes  and  plums. 

There  are  1,000  acres  devoted  to  peaches,  500  to  apples,  100  to  plums, 
50  to  cherries  and  pears,  and  10  to  quinces.  To  grapes  100  acres  are  de- 
voted. About  one-fourth  of  tliose  raised  are  sold  in  the  mai'kets.  Wine 
is  made  from  about  75  per  cent,  of  the  remainder. 

There  is  near  Dalton  one  florist  establishment. 

The  forest  growth  is  pine,  the  various  kinds  of  oak,  maple,  cherr}^,  pop- 
lar, etc.     The  average  price  is  about  $10  a  thousand  feet. 

There  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  iron,  bauxite,  manganese,  silica, 
marble,  sandstone,  limestone  and  clay. 

The  county  has  good  water-powers,  of  which  about  130  hoi*3e-powere 
are  utilized. 

Dalton,  the  county  site,  a  city  of  4,315  inhabitants,  is  situated  in  a 
fertile  valley  and  surrounded  by  mountain  ranges.  It  has  a  handsome 
court-house,  valued  at  $33,000,  2  banks  with  a  capital  of  $165,000,  a 
gas  plant  valued  at  $15,000,  and  water-works  at  $50,000,  many  flourish- 
ing commercial  and  manufacturing  establishments,  houses  of  woi-ship  be- 
longing to  the  Methodists,  Baptists,  Prcsb>i:erians  and  Roman  Catholics, 
a  Methodist  female  college,  a  high  school  and  public  schools  of  lower 
grades  for  white  and  colored. 

At  the  Crown  Cotton  Mills,  built  by  home  capital  and  whose  capacity 
has  been  doubled  in  the  last  two  yeai-s,  are  20,000  spindles  and  500 
looms.  Their  capital  is  valued  at  $500,000,  and  they  consume  annually 
13,000  bales  of  cotton.  The  three  flouring-mills  turn  out  about  500  bar- 
rels of  flour  in  a  day  during  the  busy  season.     These  mills  have  an  ag- 


S78  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

gregate  value  of  $100,000.  There  are  two  lumber  and  machine  facto- 
ries, two  foundries,  one  canning  factory,  and  a  sausage  factory  with  cold- 
storage  for  summer  slaughtering. 

There  is  also  at  Dalton  the  Showalter  Publishing  Company,  one  of  the 
best  establishments  of  the  kind  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 

The  Dalton  district,  which  includes  the  cdty,  has  a  population  of 
6,400 

There  are  in  the  whole  county  some  40  lumber  or  sawmills.  Most  of 
these  are  operated  by  steam. 

Besides  the  13,000  bales  of  cotton  used  by  the  mills  of  Dalton,  8,000 
bales  are  shipped  from  that  enterprising  little  city.  1,947  bales  of  up- 
land cotton  were  ginned  in  this  county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

In  Whitfield  county  there  are  42  schools  for  whites,  and  six  for  col- 
ored belonging  to  the  public  school  system  of  the  State,  The  total  av- 
erage attendance  is  1,148  white  pupils,  and  129  colored. 

The  smaller  towns  in  Whitfield  county  are  Tilton,  Tunnel  Hill  and 
Cohutta. 

The  area  of  Whitfield  county  is  285  square  miles,  or  182,400  acres. 

Population  in  1900,  14,509,  a  gain  of  1,593  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$9,441.64. 

By  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of 
improved  land,  167,580;  of  wild  land,  7,708;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.15;  of  wild  land,  $1.09;  city  and  town  property, 
$767,784;  shares  in  bank,  $50,000;  sinking  fund  or  surplus,  $26,000; 
gas  company,  $15,000;  building  and  loan  association,  $12,000;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $365,970;  merchandise,  $177,803;  cotton  manufacto- 
ries, $338,892;  iron  works,  $13,800;  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
^159,071;  farm  and  other  animals,  $194,076;  plantation  and  mechan- 
ical tools,  $55,117;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $11,066;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $91,498;  real  estate,  $1,552,258;  personal  estate,  $1,540,664. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $3,092,922. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  2,572;  value 
of  same,  $7,511;  city  or  town  property,  $31,505;  money  and  solvent 
debts,  $464;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $5,945;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $54;  farm  and  other  animals,  $6,377;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $1,159;  value  of  all  other  property,  $840.00.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $56,897. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $89,675  in  the  value 
of  all  property  over  the  retui'ns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Whitfield  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  6,257;  white  females,  6,426;  total  white, 
12,683;  colored  males,  878;  colored  females,  948;  total  colored,  1,826. 

Population  of  the  city  of  Dalton  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  1,583;  white  females,  1,773;  total  white, 
3,356;  colored  males,  434;  colored  females,  525;  total  colored,  959. 

Total  population  of  Dalton,  4,315. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fa,rms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  54  calves,  17  steers,  1  bull,  290  dairy  cows,  227  horses, 
41  mules,  5  donkeys,  402  swine,  2  goats. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  879 

WILCOX  COUNTY, 

Wilcox  County  was  formed  from  Doolj,  Ir\%dii  and  Pulaski  in  1857, 
and  named  for  General  Mark  Wilcox,  of  Telfair  county,  who  was  for 
many  years  a  representative  in  the  State  Legislature.  It  is  bounded 
north  by  Pulaski,  east  by  Dodge  and  Telfair,  south  by  Invin  and  west 
by  Dooly. 

The  Ocmulgee  river  runs  along  its  whole  eastern  boundary,  the  Alla- 
paha  river  is  on  the  southwest.  It  is  also  watered  by  Bluff,  Cedar, 
House  and  Otter  creeks,  all  tributaries  of  the  Ocmulgee,  and  in  the 
southwest  are  two  tributaries  of  the  Allapaha. 

The  Ocmulgee  gives  river  transportation.  On  its  western  bank  is 
Abbeville,  tlie  county  site,  which  is  also  furnished  ^vitll  railroad  facili- 
ties by  two  branches  of  the  Georgia  and  Alabama  Railroad,  itself  a 
part  of  the  Seaboard  Air  Line  system.  Two  branches  of  the  Hawkins- 
ville  and  Florida  Southern  connecting  \rith  this  system,  give  railroad 
advantages  to  the  western  side  of  the  county.  The  Abbeville  district 
has  a  population  of  2,090,  of  which  1,152  are  in  the  town. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  generally  level.  The  soil  is  mostly 
gray  in  the  piny  woods;  on  the  bottom  lands  along  the  creeks 
and  rivers,  dark,  alluvial  and  more  productive.  The  average  yield 
to  the  acre  with  good  cultui-e  and  favorable  seasons  is:  corn,  15 
bushels;  oats,  20  bushels;  wheat,  7  bushels;  rye,  5  bushels;  Irish  pota- 
toes, 75  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  100  bushels;  field-peas,  10  bushels; 
ground-peas,  40  bushels;  upland  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  crab-grass 
hay,  2,000  pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons. 

In  1890  Wilcox  county  had  7,498  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  12,110 
pounds;  5,103  cattle,  375  being  working  oxen,  and  1,659  mUch-cows 
"v\ath  a  fair  number  of  pure  breeds  recorded;  525  horses,  329  mules,  2 
donkeys,  11,390  hogs  and  24,552  domestic  fowls.  Among  the  farm 
products  are  109,152  gallons  of  milk,  14,438  pounds  of  butter,  18,081 
dozens  of  eggs  and  722  pounds  of  honey. 

Vegetables  of  all  kinds  do  well.  This  county  is  in  one  of  the  finest 
peach  and  grape  sections  of  the  south,  and  the  people  are  showing  com- 
mendable energy  in  utilizing  these  advantages.  Lands  and  labor  are 
cheap  and  capital  well  invested  will  pay  fijie  dividends. 

The  rivers  and  creeks  afford  fine  fish  and  such  game  as  quail  and 
doves  are  plentiful. 

Rosin,  lumber  and  turpentine  give  steady  and  profitable  employ- 
ment to  many  of  the  citizens. 

This  county  is  growing  steadily  in  population. 

Abbeville,  the  county  site,  which,  in  1880,  had  61  inhabitants,  had  in 
1890  a  population  of  057,  which  had  increased  by  1900  to  1,152,  while 
the  whole  Abbeville  district  contained  2,090  inhabitants. 

Seville,  on  the  western  side  of  the  county  and  connected  with  Abbe- 
ville by  rail,  has  a  population  of  1,277,  while  Rochollo,  half  way  be- 
tween them,  has  793  inhabitants,  and  the  whole  district  of  Rochelle 
has  1,960  people. 


830  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

There  are  36  white  schools  and  11  colored.  The  average  attendance 
is  829  white  pupils  and  357  colored. 

Methodists,  Baptists  and  Presbyteaians  are  the  leading  denominations. 
Churches  are  located  in  every  section  of  the  county. 

Area  of  Wilcox  county  544  square  miles,  or  348,160  acres.  Popula- 
tion in  1900,  11,097,  again  of  3,117  since  1890;  school  fund  $6,931.09. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  252,210;  of  wild  land,  80,370;  average  value  to  the  acre 
of  improved  land,  $2.15;  of  wild  land,  $1.09;  city  and  town  property, 
$145,364;  money  and  solvent  dehts,  $92,048;  merchandise,  $55,781; 
capital  invested  in  shipping  and  tonnage,  $25;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $84,731;  farm  and  other  animals,  $165,143;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $30,213;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $4,388;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $113,859;  real  estate,  $778,695;  personal  estate,  $548,- 
771.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $1,327,466. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  8,730;  value 
of  same,  $16,756;  city  and  town  property,  $4,591;  money,  etc.,  $357; 
merchandise,  $100;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $8,000;  watches, 
jewelry,  etc.,  $221;  farm  and  other  animals,  $9,189;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $1,298;  value  of  all  other  property,  $1,963.  Aggregate 
value  of  whole  property,  $42,475. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $124,600  in  the  value  of  all 
property  since  1900. 

By  the  census  of  1900  the  cotton  ginned  in  this  county  in  the  season 
of  1899-1900,  was  3,820  bales  of  upland  and  65  of  sea-island  cotton. 

Population  of  Wilcox  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  3,568;  white  females,  3,325;  total  white, 
6,893;  colored  males,  2,272;  colored  females,  1,932;  total  colored,  4,204. 

Domestic  animals  in  barns  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  134  calves,  74  steers,  16  bulls,  186  dairy  cows,  49  horses, 
45  mules,  879  swine,  54  goats. 

WILKES  COUlsTTY. 

Wilkes  County  was  laid  out  in  1777,  and  named  in  honor  of  John 
Wilkes,  the  great  champion  of  American  liberty.  In  1790  a  part  of  it 
was  set  off  to  Elbert  county;  part  to  Warren  in  1793;  a  part  to  Lincoln 
in  1796;  part  to  Greene  in  1802,  and  other  parts  to  Teliaferro  in  1825 
and  1828.  It  is  bounded  by  the  following  counties:  Elbert  on  the  north, 
Lincoln  on  the  east,  McDuffie,  Warren  and  Taliaferro  on  the  south, 
Taliaferro  on  the  southwest,  Oglethorpe  on  the  west  and  northwest. 

Broad  river  is  on  its  northern  and  Little  river  on  its  southern  border. 
The  creeks  are  Beaverdam,  Fishing  and  Kettle  creeks. 

The  surface  of  the  country  in  undulating  and  the  soil  varied.  The 
light  sandy  lands  produce  well  for  a  few  years.  By  careful  cultivation 
and  judicious  fertilizing  they  can  be  built  up  and  enabled  to  retain 
their  productiveness.  The  best  lands  are  on  Broad  and  Little  rivers 
and  their  tributary  creeks.  The  a-verage  yield  to  the  acre  is,  according 
to  location  and  culture,  as  follows:  corn,  15  to  25  bushels;  oats,  20  to  30; 


MILLER  RASPBERRY. 

Canes  of  strong  growth  with  heavy  rich  fohaKe.     Very  prolific  and  so  hardy  as  to  have 

endured  a  temperature  of  25  degrees  below  zero  unharmed.     Berries  large,  very 

bright  in  color,  of  excellent  flavor  and  the  firmest  of  all  Kaspberries. 

It  never  fails  to  produce  a  heavy  crop  and  picks  for  a  long  season. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  881 

wheat,  10  to  15;  rye,  10  to  12;  Irish  potatoes,  50  to  75;  sweet  potatoes, 
80  to  120;  field-peas,  12;  gi-ound-peas,50;  seed  cotton,  800  pounds;  coru 
fodder,  400  pounds;  crab  and  bermuda  grass  hay,  3,000  pounds  each; 
sorghum  syrup,  80  gallons;  sugai'-cane  syrup,  90  gallons.  Nearly  every 
part  of  the  county  is  well  adapted  to  the  grasses  and  clover.  Ber- 
muda and  crab-grass  furnish  good  pasturage  for  six  month  of  the  year; 
for  the  other  six,  rye,  clover,  barley  and  the  stubble  fields,  aided  by 
swamp  cane. 

Dairying  is  carried  on  to  some  extent,  and  more  attention  is  being 
given  to  beef  cattle.  In  1890  Wilkes  county  had  5,525  cattle,  282  being 
working  oxen,  and  2,369  railch-co\vs;  1,153  horses,  1,977  mules,  2  don- 
keys, 7,906  hogs,  85,815  domestic  fowls,  1,578  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip 
of  3,186  pounds.  Among  the  farm  products  were  512,912  gallons  of 
milk,  131,905  pounds  of  butter,  60  pounds  of  cheese,  77,025  dozens  of 
eggs  and  13,685  pounds  of  honey. 

Vegetables,  melons,  berries  and  small  fruits  are  raised  in  quantities 
sufficient  for  home  consumption.  The  area  given  to  peaches  is  6,000 
acres;  to  apples,  5,000;  to  chei-ries,  200. 

There  are  about  50,000  acres  of  original  forest  still  standing,  tne 
timbers  being  hickory,  white  oak,  maple,  dogwood,  gum,  post  oak  and 
ash. 

There  are  fine  water-powera  in  the  county,  those  at  Anchovy  Shoals 
being  75,000  horse-powers. 

Granite,  quartz,  and  some  iron,  gold  and  soapstone,  are  found. 

In  July,  1901,  the  presence  of  gold  on  the  farm  of  Hon.  L.  W.  Lati- 
mer, in  the  northern  portion  of  Wilkes,  was  proven  by  the  collection 
of  a  thousand  pounds  of  dirt,  which  was  sent  to  the  stamping  machines  at 
the  Columbia  gold  mines  in  an  adjoining  county.  The  1,000  pounds 
yielded  a  lump  of  gold  which  was  estimated  to  be  worth  from  $1,500  to 
$1,750. 

On  the  southern  border  of  the  county  the  Seminole  Mining  Com- 
pany, backed  by  western  capital,  have  just  sunk  a  new  shaft  at  the  Ma- 
gruder  mines  with  satisfactory  results. 

The  Columbia  Mining  Company,  also  on  the  southern  border,  is  a 
well-paying  piece  of  property,  claiming  to  be  worth,  $300,000. 

The  manufacturing  establishments  are  a  knitting-mill,  a  stove  factory, 
a  cotton  seed  oil-mill  worth  $50,000,  ten  flour  and  grist-mills  whose 
aggregate  value  is  $20,000;  six  lumber  and  sawmills,  oaie  wagon,  car- 
riage and  buggy  factory,  one  plow  and  cotton-gin  factory,  two  box 
and  barrel  factories. 

The  cotton  ginned  in  Wilkes  county  during  the  season  of  1899-1900 
is  given  in  the  United  States  census  repeat  for  1900  as  17,405  bales 
(upland). 

Wa.shington,  the  county  site,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towTis  in 
the  State.  It  has  a  population  of  3,300  in  the  coi-porate  limits,  and 
4,436,  counting  the  whole  Washington  district;  a  court-house  worth 
$40,000,  two  banks  with  an  aggix'gate  capital  of  $100,000,  about  30 
mercantile  establishments,  four  life  and  fire  insurance  agencies,  a  water- 

43  ga 


382  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

works  plant,  amd  cliurciies  of  tlie  Methodists,  Baptists,  Presbyterians, 
Episcopalians,  Koman  Catholics  and  Christian  Scientists.  The  two  first 
named  are  in  the  lead. 

There  are  also  good  schools  in  Washington  and  in  the^  county.  There 
are  42  schools  foi'  whites  and  30  for  colored  pupils.  The  average  at- 
tendance is  916  white  and  861  colored. 

Wilkes  county  has  been  the  home  of  many  of  the  most  distinguished 
men  of  Georgia.  Among  them  are  General  Elijah  Clarke,  a  native  of 
North  Carolina,  who  settled  in  Wilkes  county  and  for  his  services  to 
Georgia  and  the  cause  of  freedom  deserves  as  high  a  niche  in  the  temple 
of  fame  as  do  Marion  and  Sumter  for  similar  but  not  greater  service 
in  South  Carolina;  Colonel  John  Dooly,  who  with  his  friend  Elijah 
Clarke  and  with  General  Andrew  Pickens,  of  South  Carolina,  won  great 
praise  by  the  magnificent  victory  over  the  Tories  at  Kettle  creek  in 
Wilkes  county,  and  who,  after  the  fall  of  Augusta  in  1780,  was  murdered 
in  the  presence  of  his  family  by  a  marauding  band  of  Tories;  Peter 
Early  and  Matthew  Talbot,  each  a  governor  of  Georgia  and  both  natives 
of  Virginia;  Benjamin  Taliaferro,  a  gallant  soldier  of  the  Virginia  line 
during  the  Revolution,  who  moved  to  Georgia  in  1785  and  became  a 
trustee  of  Franklin  College,  President  of  the  Georgia  Senate,  and  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  being  elected  to  that  position  by 
the  Legislature,  the  only  man  in  the  history  of  the  State  to  be  elected 
to  such  a  position  without  being  a  la^vyer;  Stephen  Heard,  who  came 
from  Virginia  to  Georgia  before  the  Revolution,  was  one  of  the  govern- 
ors of  the  State  during  that  stormy  period,  and  for  a  while  had  his  cap- 
ital at  Heard's  Port,  in  Wilkes  county;  Duncan  G.  Campbell,  a  distin- 
guished lawyer  and  great  friend  of  female  education,  who  for  several 
yeans  represented  Wilkes  county  in  the  legislature;  John  A.  Campbell, 
Justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  later  one  of  the  Con- 
federate Commissioners  to  the  Peace  Conference  at  Portress  Monroe,  in 
1865;  Rev.  Jesse  Mercer,  who  was  bom  in  Halifax  county,  ISTorth  Caro- 
lina December  16,  1769,  was  ordained  a  ministeir  of  the  Baptist  Church 
before  he  was  20  years  of  age,  removed  to  Georgia,  was  a  member  of 
the  convention  which  framed  the  Constitution  of  1798,  and  at  his  death 
in  1841,  was  buried  in  Penfield,  at  that  time  the  site  of  Mercer  Uni- 
versity; Robert  Toombs,  who  was  bom  in  Wilkes  county,  July  2,  1810, 
was  one  of  the  grandest  oratoiis  that  America  ever  produced,  represented 
Georgia  for  many  years  in  the  United  States  Senate,  was  the  first  secre- 
tary of  State  of  the  Confederate  States,  went  to  the  field  as  a  brigadier- 
general,  was  distinguished  in  Georgia  politics  after  the  war  and  died  in 
Washington  in  his  native  county  December  15,  1885. 

In  this  county  lived  Mrs.  Hannah  Clarke,  wife  of  General  Elijah 
Clarke,  and  one  of  the  noted  heroines  of  the  Revolution,  who  died  on 
the  26th  of  August,  1827,  aged,  90  years. 

In  the  town  of  Washington  lived  Mi-s.  Hillhouse,  widow  of  David 
Hillhouse,  who  took  charge  of  and  conducted  a  newspaper,  styled  the 
Monitor  and  Observer,  wrote  editorials,  set  type,  did  the  State  printing, 
raised  and  educated  her  three  children,  and  at  her  death  left  to  each  a 
legacy  of  ten  thousand  dollars.    While  John  Milledge  was  governor  of 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  883 

Georgia  he  gave  to  this  noble  woman,  as  far  as  he  could,  the  patronage  of 
the  State. 

Colonel  John  Graves,  a  native  of  Virginia,  distingnished  in  the  araiies 
of  "^"ashington  and  Greene,  who  settled  in  Georgia  after  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  was  another  distinguished  citizen  of  Wilkes,  as  was  also 
Colonel  Nicholas  Long,  distinguished  for  his  services  in  the  war  for  in- 
dependence and  in  the  second  war  with  Great  Britain. 

The  area  of  Wilkes  county  is  501  square  miles,  or  320, G40  acre?. 
Population  in  1900,  20,866,  a  gain  of  2,785  since  1890;  school  f\md, 
$11,550.10. 

-Bv  the  report  of  the  Comptroller-General  there  are:  acres  of  improved 
land,  294,796;  average  value  per  acre,  $2.84;  city  and  to^vn  property, 
561,045;  shares  in  bank,  $124,380;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $285,410; 
merchandise,  $124,520;  stocks  and  bonds,  $51,875;  cotton  manufacto- 
ries, $36,400;  capital  invested  in  mining,  $400;  household  and  kitchen 
furniture,  $111,445;  farm  and  other  animals,  $172,720;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $45,095;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $8,960;  value  of  all 
other  property,  $47,008;  real  estate,  $1,664,754;  personal  estate,  $1,- 
037,533.     Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,702,287. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayer:  acres  of  land,  13,621;  value- 
of  land,  $52,040;  city  and  town  property,  $58,315;  money,  etc.,  $935;, 
merchandise,  $600;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $16,185;  watches^ 
jewelry,  etc.,  $115;  farm  and  other  animals,  $37,430;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $7,075;  value  of  all  other  property,  $3,105.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  wdiole  property,  $179,430. 

Population  of  Wilkes  county  by  sex  and  color,  acco:-ding  to  the  census 
of  1900:  white  males,  3,218;  white  females,  3,205;  total  white,  6,423; 
colored  males,  7,074;  colored  females,  7,369;  total  colored,  14,443. 

Population  of  the  town  of  Washington  by  sex  and  color,  according 
to  the  census  of  1900;  white  males,  528;  white  females,  608;  total  white, 
1,136;  colored  males,  1,000;  colored  females,  1,164;  total  colored,  2,164, 

Total  population  of  Washington,  3,300. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  30  calves,  12  steers,  4  bulls,  105  dairy  cows,  142  hoi-ses, 
27  mules,  1  donkey,  156  swine. 

WILKINSON  COUNTY. 

WilJcinson  County  was  laid  out  by  the  lottery  act  of  1803,  and  organ- 
ized in  1805.  A  part  of  it  was  added  to  Baldwan  in  1807,  and  a  part 
BCt  off  to  Twiggs  in  1S09.  It  was  named  for  Cenoral  Jamrw  Wilkinson, 
an  active  participant  in  the  war  of  tho  Kevolution,  and  afterwards  in 
that  of  1812.  It  is  bounded  by  the  follo^ving  counties:  Baldwin  on  the 
north,  Baldwin,  Washington  and  Johnpon  on  tho  northeast,  Laurens  on 
tho  southeast,  Twiggs  on  the  southwest,  and  Jones  on  the  northwest. 

The  Oconee  rivor  flows  along  the  northeastern  l)oundai'y.  It  is  also 
watered  by  Big  Sandy  and  Commissioner's  creeks,  tributaries  of  the  Oco- 
nee. The  streams  abound  in  fish.  There  is  a  considerable  pond  or  small 
lake  in  the  northeastern  section  of  the  county. 


334  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  main  line  of  the  Central  of  Georgia  Railway  traverses  the  county, 
while  a  branch  road  of  the  same  great  system,  starting  from  the  town 
of  Gordon  and  passing  through  Milledgeville  and  Eatonton,  terminates 
at  Covington  on  the  Georgia  Railroad. 

The  soil  belongs  to  the  tertiary  formation,  and  consists  of  gray,  sandy 
'lands,  level  or  slightly  rolling  with  red  outcrops  in  the  central  portion 
•of  the  comity.  The  lands  on  an  average  make  the  following  yield  to 
the  acre:  com,  9  bushels;  oats,  8  2-3  bushels;  wheat,  4  bushels;  Irish 
.potatoes,  50  bushels;  sweet  potatoes,  75  bushels;  field-peas,  12  bushels; 
t ground-peas,  30  bushels;  seed  cotton,  550  pounds;  crab-gra^  hay,  2,000 
pounds;  sugar-cane  syrup,  250  gallons.  But  the  best  lands  go  far  ahead 
^of  these  figures  on  com,  oats  and  wheat,  averaging  as  follows:  corn,  15 
\)ushels  to  the  acre;  oats,  25  bushels;  wheat,  10  bushels. 

In  1890  Wilkinson  county  had  881  sheep,  with  a  wool-clip  of  1,483 
pounds,  4,952  cattle,  363  being  working  oxen  and  1,757  milch-cows; 
754  horses,  1,246  mules,  9  donkeys,  16,780  hogs  and  50,474  domestic 
fowls.  Among  the  farm  products  were  251,209  gallons  of  milk,  64,239 
pounds  of  butter,  18,717  pounds  of  honey  and  95,355  dozens  of  eggs. 

Vegetables,  berries,  melons  and  fmits  are  raised  for  home  consump- 
tion.   The  amount  of  tmck  sold  is  less  than  $1,500  worth. 

Rotten  limestone  abounds  in  this  county.  Near  Irwinton  is  a  quarry 
of  the  soft  kind,  which,  upon  exposure  to  the  air,  becomes  hard.  It  has 
been  found  useful  in  the  constraction  of  chimneys. 

On  the  tributaries  of  the  Oconee  are  21  grist-mills,  using  246  horse- 
powers. 

The  forest  growth  is  long-leaf  pine  on  gray  lands,  oak  and  hickory  on 
red  lands  and  swamp  timber  along  the  creeks.  The  timber  products  are 
considerable,  the  annual  output  being  about  $30,000. 

Of  all  manufactories  in  the  county  the  annual  output  is  about  $91,310. 
Irwinton,  the  county  seat,  has  a  population  of  227,  though  Irwinton 
district  contains,  1,993  people. 

The  largest  town  in  the  county  is  Gordon,  with  509  inhabitants  in 
the  town,  while  the  whole  of  Ramah  district,  which  includes  Gordon, 
contains  1,597  people. 

Baptists  and  Methodists  are  the  leading  denominations. 
There  are  in  the  county  41  schools  for  whites  and  23  for  colored.    The 
average  attendance  for  the  former  is  830,  for  the  latter  848. 

The  area  of  Wilkinson  county  is  431  square  miles,  or  275,840  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  11,440,  a  gain  of  659  since  1890;  school  fund, 
$7,319.16. 

According  to  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900,  there  are: 
acres  of  improved  land,  275,464;  average  value  per  a&re,  $2.13;  city 
and  town  property,  $44,677;  building  and  loan  association,  $10;  money 
and  solvent  debts,  $116,576;  merchandise,  $27,614;  stocks  and  bonds, 
$0,350;  cotton  manufactories,  $1,255;  household  and  kitchen  furniture, 
$76,535;  farm  and  other  animals,  $154,152;  plantation  and  mechanical 
tools,  $36,551;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $5,223;  value  of  all  other  prop- 
erty, $38,015;  real  estate,  $631,179;  personal  estate,  $498,008.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $1,128,187. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  INDUSTRIAL.  885 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  7,508;  value 
of  land,  $18,196;  city  and  to^m  property,  $2,895;  money,  etc.,  $317; 
merchandise,  $120;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $15,689;  watches, 
jeweliy,  etc.,  $438;  farm  and  other  animals,  $25,672;  plantation  and 
mechanical  tools,  $6,012;  value  of  all  other  property,  $4,249.  Aggre- 
gate value  of  whole  property,  $78,663. 

According  to  the  report  of  the  United  States  census  for  1900  there 
were  ginned  in  Wilkinson  county  11,037  bales  of  upland  cotton  during 
the  season  of  1899-1900. 

The  tajc  returns  for  1901  show  a  gain  of  $13,401  in  the  value  of  all 
property  over  the  returns  of  1900. 

Population  of  Wilkinson  county  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the 
census  of  1900:  white  males,  2,726;  white  females,  2,683;  total  white, 
6,409;  colored  males,  2,981;  colored  females,  3,050;  total  colored, 
6,031. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  farms  or  ranges, 
June  1,  1900:  15  calves,  5  steers,  3  bulls,  36  dairy  cows,  26  hoi-ses,  9 
mules,  125  swine. 

WOKTH  COUNTY. 

Worth  County  was  laid  out  in  1856  from  Ir\Adn  and  Dooly,  and  was 
named  in  honor  of  General  William  Worth,  of  New  York,  a  son-in-law 
of  General  Zachary  Taylor,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  Mexican 
war,  while  fighting  under  Taylor  in  northern  Mexico,  and  latea'  under 
Scott  in  the  valley  of  the  city  of  Mexico.  This  county  is  bounded 
by  the  following  counties:  Dooly  on  the  north,  Irwin  and  Berrien 
on  the  east,  Colquitt  on  the  south,  Mitchell,  Dougherty  and  Lee  on  the 
west,  and  Lee  on  the  northwest. 

The  Flint  river  flows  along  its  northwestern  border,  and  Little  river 
on  the  eastern  side.  On  its  northeastern  side  is  Smft  creek,  and  a  little 
south  of  that,  Jones  creek.  Other  streams  are  Indian,  Warrior,  Ty  Ty, 
Abi-am's  and  Mill  creeks. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  the  Brunswick  and  Western  Railway  of 
the  Plant  System  and  by  the  Tifton,  Thomasville  and  Gulf  Railway. 
The  Georgia  Northern  penetrates  the  county  as  far  as  Carlisle  on  the 
southwest. 

The  face  of  the  country  is  le^^el,  having  a  light,  sandy  soil  with  clay 
subsoil.     On  the  creek  bottoms  the  soil  is  alluvial  and  very  productive. 

The  cultivating  of  grass  for  hay  is  yet  in  its  incipiency;  but  experi- 
ments have  proved  very  satisfactory.  Crab-grass,  which  grows  to  per- 
fection, is  harvested  with  a  mixture  of  peavine  after  oats.  About  4,000 
acres  have  given  a  yield  of  5  tons  (10,000  pounds)  to  the  acre  of  this 
mixed  hay. 

The  average  yield  to  the  acre  for  the  wliole  county,  according  to  loca- 
tion and  culture,  is:  com,  10  to  18  b)ishels  to  the  acre;  oats,  10  to  25 
bushels;  rye  and  wheat,  10  bushels  each;  upland  rice,  10  bushels;  Irish 
and  sweet  potatoes  from  125  to  300  bushels  each;  field-poas,  from  10  to 
20  bushels;  ground-peas,  from  10  to  60  bushels;  chufas,  20  bushels; 


ggg  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

"upland  seed  cotton,  from  ^50  to  1,000  pounds;  sea-island  cotton,  800 
pounds;  crab-grass  hay,  5,000  pounds,  but  10,000  on  the  best  lands;  sor- 
ghum forage,  10,000  pounds;  com  fodder,  200  pounds;  sugar-cane 
sjrup,  250  to  300  gallons. 

There  is  an  increased  interest  in  beef  cattle  and  in  better  milk  breeds, 
the  Jersey  being  the  favorite  milch-cow.  The  pasturage  is  excellent, 
besides  which,  cattle  are  fed  on  hay,  bran  and  cotton  seed  meal. 

In  1890  Worth  county  had  15,026  cattle,  269  being  working  oxen 
and  3,897  milch-cows,  of  which  there  were  115  from  pure  breed  to  one 
half  bred  and  higher.  The  production  of  milk  was  313,918  gallons, 
and  of  butter,  68,184  pounds.  The  14,294  sheep  gave  a  wool-clip  of 
32,629  pounds.  There  were  703  horses,  1,118  mules,  20,557  hogs  and 
51,310  domestic  fowls  of  all  varieties.  The  production  of  eggs  was  79,219 
dozens,  and  of  honey,  3,899  pounds. 

Quail  and  doves  constitute  the  game  of  the  county. 

Vegetables,  berries  and  melons  in  suificient  quantities  for  home  con- 
sumption are  raised.  The  people  raised  fewer  melons  than  usual  in 
1900,  alleging  as  a  reason  the  freight  rates,  which  ate  up  all  the  profits. 

The  acreage  devoted  to  peaches  is  1,000;  to  apples,  200;  to  pears,  400; 
to  plums  and  cherries,  50  each.  There  are  4  vineyards,  embracing  in 
all  150  acri-es.  About  half  of  the  grapes  are  sold  in  the  markets,  and 
from  25  per  cent,  of  the  whole  number  raised  wine  is  made.  From 
Poulan,  thousands  of  grapes  are  shipped. 

About  5,000  acres  of  woodland  consist  of  pine,  and  5,000  of  cypress, 
hickory  and  gum.  The  annual  output  of  lumber  is  6,000,000  superficial 
feet,  selling  at  an  average  price  of  $8.00  a  thousand  feet. 

The  minerals  are  clay,  limestone  and  sandstone,  but  none  of  them  are 
at  this  time  being  mined. 

There  are  excellent  water-powers  in  the  county.  Two  hundred  horse- 
powers are  used  by  Mercer's  flour  and  grist-mill.  At  Sylvester  are  two 
such  mills,  of  which  Haine's  Mill  is  operated  by  water  and  Welch's  by 
steam.  At  Willingham  there  is  a  large  lumber  and  shingle  mill;  also 
large  planing-mills  with  a  di-ying  capacity  of  20,000  feet  a  day.  At 
Ashbum  are  mills  with  a  capacity  of  50,000  feet  of  rough  lumber  and 
60,000  shingles  a  day;  also  planing-mills  with  a  capacity  of  25,000  to  30,- 
000  feet  in  a  day.  There  are  in  the  county  several  smaller  mills  with  a 
capacity  of  from  5,000  to  6,000  feet  a  day. 

There  are  in  operation  12  turpentine  stills.  There  is  a  fertilizer  manu- 
factory in  course  of  construction  at  Sylvester,  and  a  cotton  factory  being 
built  at  Poulan. 

There  are  in  the  county  two  wagon  and  carriage  factories,  valued  at 
$1,000  each. 

Isabella,  the  county  seat,  has  a  court-house  worth  $20,000.  There  are 
in  the  county  three  banks,  one  at  Sylvester  with  a  capital  of  $15,000,  one 
at  Poulan,  $15,000,  and  one  at  Ashbum,  $20,000.  There  are  2  life  and 
fire  insurance  agencies  at  Sylvester,  one  at  Ty  Ty,  and  2  at  Ashburn.  In 
each  of  these  towns  are  several  successful  mercantile  establishments. 

Ashbum,  with  a  population  of  1,301,  is  the  largest  town  in  the  county. 
The  district  including  Ashburn  has  3,025  inhabitants.    Next  is  Sylvester, 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD  IXDUSTRIAL.  887 

^vitIl  552  inhabitants.  The  whole  distaict  which  includes  it  has  a  popu- 
lation of  1,612. 

The  recedpts  and  shipments  of  cotton  from  the  entire  county  are  7,500 
bales.  Of  these  3,000  are  handled  at  Sylvester.  By  the  census  report  of 
1900  there  were  ginned  in  this  couuty  9,290  bales  of  upland  and  1,189 
bales  of  sea-island  cotton  during  the  season  of  1899-1900. 

Baptists  and  Methodists  are  the  leading  denominations,  and  their 
churches  are  scattered  all  over  the  county. 

Worth  county  has  51  schools  for  white  pupils  and  23  for  colored, 
with  an  average  attendance  in  the  white  schools  of  1,54-1  and  in  the 
colored  schools  of  762. 

The  area  of  Worth  county  is  778  square  miles,  or  497,920  acres. 
Population  in  1900,  18,064,  an  increase  of  8,616  since  1890;  school 
fund,  $10,421.57. 

By  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1900  there  are:  acres  of  im- 
proved land,  372,328;  of  wild  land,  80,351;  average  value  per  acre  of 
improved  land,  $2.53;  of  wild  land,  $1.29;  city  and  town  property,  $175,- 
131;  shares  in  bank,  $18,261;  money  and  solvent  debts,  $198,347;  mer- 
chandise, $110,879;  stocks  and  bonds,  $1,718;  cotton  manufactories, 
$7,162;  iron  works,  $5,025;  mining,  $135;  household  and  kitchen  furni- 
ture, $134,151;  farm  and  other  animals,  $274,382;  plantation  and  me- 
chanical tools,  $52,862;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $7,610;  value  of  all  other 
property,  $183,512;  real  estate,  $1,197,840;  pei-sonal  estate,  $998,043. 
Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $2,196,783. 

Property  returned  by  colored  taxpayers:  acres  of  land,  10,806;  value 
of  same,  $26,210;  city  and  town  property,  $6,499;  merchandise,  $717; 
money  and  solvent  debts,  $900;  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  $18,- 
409;  watches,  jewelry,  etc.,  $287;  farm  and  other  animals,  $26,312; 
plantation  and  mechanical  tools,  $5,627;  value  of  all  other  piroperty, 
$1,395.    Aggregate  value  of  whole  property,  $86,356. 

The  tax  returns  for  1901  show  an  increase  of  $240,561  in  the  value 
of  all  property,  as  compared  with  the  returns  for  1900. 

Population  of  Worth  County  by  sex  and  color,  according  to  the  cen- 
sus of  1900:  white  males,  5,286;  white  females,  4,966;  total  white, 
10,252;  colored  males,  4,584;  colored  females,  3,828;  total  colored, 
8,412. 

Domestic  animals  in  bams  and  inclosures,  not  on  fann  or  ranges,  June 
1,  1900:  221  calves,  204  stcci^,  11  bulls,  260  dairy  cows,  163  horses,  275 
mules,  1,601  swine,  12  eroats. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


From  the  Comptroller-General's  report  for  1901  we  take  the  follow- 
ing : 

STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  ASSESSED  VALUE  OF  THE  WHOLE  TAX- 
ABLE PROPERTY  OF  THE  STATE   AND  THE  STATE  TAX 
LEVY  FOR  EA(^H  OF  THE  YEARS,  BEGIN- 
NING WITH  1879. 


YEAR. 


Property 
on  Digest. 


Railroad 
Property. 


Total. 


State  Tax 
Rate. 


]879 
1880. 
1881. 
1882. 
18s3 
1884, 
18S5 
1886 
1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 


$  225,993,419 
238,934,126 
254,252,630 
268,519,976 
284,881,951 
294,885.370 
299,146,798 
306,507,578 
316,605,328 
327,863,331 
345,938,837 
377,366,784 
402,586,468 
421,149,509 
410,644,753 
388,428,748 
37u,739,521 
370,526,638 
370,034,912 
369,118,403 
372,927,077 
388,154,413 
404,792,137 


9,866,129 
12,490,525 
16,741,258 
18,729,427 
22,030,404 
22,188,901 
22,548,818 
22,981,927 
24,899,592 
29,304,127 
34,250,477 
38,462,161 
42,383,287 
42,604,025 
42,000,154 
40,584,775 
39,952,572 
42,780,835 
42,286,457 
42,695,508 
43,933,411 
46,181,721 
51,554,897 


234,959,548 
251,424,651 
270,993,888 
287,249,408 
306,921,355 
317,074,271 
321,695,616 
329,489,655 
341,504,021 
357,167,458 
380,189,314 
415,828,945 
444,969,755 
463,753,534 
452,644,907 
429,012,923 
410,692,093 
413.307,473 
412,321,369 
411,813,911 
414,860,488 
434,33-5,134 
456,347,034 


3K  mills. 

31^  " 

3"  " 
3 

91,/  " 

3  "  " 

3.77  " 

3.56  " 

4  " 
3.96  " 
5.08  " 
4.85  " 
4.61  " 
4.37  " 
4.56  " 
4.56  " 
5.21  " 
6.21  " 
5.36  " 
5.20  " 
5.44  " 


To  the  railroad  assessments  m.iist  be  added  tiie  estimated  value  of  tke 
property  of  the  roads  having  charter  exemptions  from  ad  valorem  taxa- 
tion, which,  at  a  conservative  valuation,  is  worth  $20,000,000,  which 
would  make  the  total  value  of  this  property  $71,554,897. 

In  order  to  show  in  detail  to  what  extent  some  of  the  chief  classes  of 
our  property  have  increased,  the  following  interesting  statement  is 
taken  from  the  Comptroller-Greneral's  report: 


1879 


1899 


1900 


1901 


City  and  town  real  estate.. . 

Lands 

Live  stock 

Farm  implements 

Household  furniture 

Merchandise 

Money,  etc 

Cotton  factories 

Iron  works,  etc 

Bank  capital 

Rnilroad  property 


$49,007,286 

90,493,822 

21,017,634 

2,971,372 

9,156,404 

12,012.755 

25,113,005 

1,640,000 

295,640 

4,667,567 

9,866,129 


116,258,563 

119.152,188 

19,968,359 

4,903,739 

15,534.560 

19,211,726 

33,198,332 

11,359,993 

566,064 

13,389,612 

43,933,411 


116,945,650 

120,602,233 

22,418,392 

5,:-04,719 

16,296,369 

20,425,362 

34,730,595 

13,217,736 

440,655 

13,892,281 

46,181,721 


119,042,742 

124,425,643 

25,241,891 

6,730  743 

16,666,166 

23,879,854 

34,380,514 

18,999,964 

938,629 

14,264,306 

51,554,897 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  ^"89 

From  the  same  report  is  taken  the  subjoined. 

STATEMENT   OF    PROPERTY    RETURNED    BY  COLORED   TAX-PAYERS 

FROM  1879  TO  1901. 

1879 $  5,182,398 

1880 5,764,293 

18S1 6,478,951 

1882 6,589,876 

1883  7,582,395 

1884  8,0l'1  ,525 

1885 8,153,390 

1886 8,655,298 

1887 8,936,479 

1888 9,631 ,271 

1889 10.415,330 

1890 12,322,003 

1891 14,196,735 

1892 14,869,575 

1893 14,960,675 

1894 14,387,730 

1895 12,9-11,230 

1896 13,292,816 

1897 13.619,690 

1898 13,719,200 

1899 13,560, 179 

1900 14.1 18,720 

1901 15,629,811 

The  following  is  the  school  fund  estimate,  1901  : 

Direct  levy $  800,000 

Poll  tax     250,014 

Half  rental  W.  and  A.  railroad 210,206 

Liquor  tax 132,343 

Hire  of  convicts  (net) 81 ,297 

Fees  from  fertilizers  (net) 16,592 

Oil  fees  (net) 8,193 

Show  tax 4,636 

Dividends  from  Georgia  railroad  stock 2,046 

$  1,505,127 


APPENDIX. 


IMPOKTAiS^T  INFORMATIOX  FEOM  THE  UNITED  STATES 

CENSUS  OF  1900. 

The  total  area  of  Georgia  is  59,475  square  miles.  Of  tliis  area  the 
water  surface  embraces  495  squai-e  miles,  leaving  a  land  surface  of  58,- 
980  square  miles. 

The  tables  of  population  were  prepared  bj  Mr.  Wm.  C.  Hunt,  chief 
statistican  for  population.  The  director  of  the  United  States  cen- 
sus is  Hon.  William  E.  Merriam. 

The  population  of  the  State  in  1900  is  2,216,331  as  against  1,837,353 
in  1890,  representing  an  increase  since  1890  of  378,978,  or  20.6  per  cent. 
This  rate  of  increase  is  only  a  little  more  than  that  for  the  decade  from 
1880  to  1890,  when  it  was  19.1  per  cent.,  and  is  a  little  more  than  two- 
thirds  that  for  the  decade  from  1870  to  1880,  when  it  was  30.2  per  cent. 
Georgia  had  a  population  at  the  first  census,  in  1790,  of  82,548,  but  it 
increased  by  1830  to  516,823,  and  by  1860  to  1,057,286,  having  more 
than  doubled  during  the  30  years  from  1830  to  1860.  Since  1860  its 
population  has  again  more  than  doubled,  and  is  now  considerably  in  ex- 
cess of  two  millions. 

The  population  of  Georgia  in  1900  is  very  nearly  twenty-seven  times 
as  large  as  the  population  given  for  1790,  when  it  was  only  82,548. 

The  total  land  surface  of  Georgia  is,  approximately,  58,980  square 
miles,  the  av0i*age  number  of  persons  to  the  square  mile  at  the  censuses 
of  1890  and  1900  being  as  follows:  1890,  31.1;  1900,  37.5.  Table  1 
shows  the  land  area  of  each  of  the  counties  of  Georgia  in  square  miles. 

Table  2  shows  the  population  of  Georgia  at  each  census  from  1790  to 
1900,  inclusive,  while  table  3,  which  immediately  follows,  shows  the 
population  of  each  county  during  the  same  period. 

There  have  been  no  territorial  changes  in  the  counties  of  Georgia 
since  1890. 

Of  the  137  counties  in  the  State  all  but  9  have  increased  in  popula- 
tion during  the  decade,  the  counties  showing  the  largest  percentages  of 
increase  being  Colquitt,  184.4  per  cent.;  Invin,  116.0  per  cent.;  Tattnall, 
99.1  per  cent;  Laurens,  88.4  per  cent.;  Johnson,  86.1  per  cent.;  Worth, 
85.7  per  cent;  Telfair,  84.0.  pcir  cent;  Berrien,  81.7  per  cent;  and 
Montgomery',  76.8    per  cent. 

The  9  counties  showing  a  decrease  in  population  Sve  Cherokee,  Colitm- 
bia,  Dade,  Dawson,  Greene,  Morgan,  Pntnam,  Talbot,  and  White. 

Of  the  372  incorporated  places  tlicre  are  40  tliat  have  a  population  in 
1900  of  more  than  2,000,  and  of  these  13  have  a  population  in  excess  of 
5,000. 

(891) 


892  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

Atlanta.,  Augusta,  and  Savannah,  are  the  only  cities  in  Georgia  that 
have  a  population  in  1900  of  more  than  25,000,  and  for  these  cities  a 
summary  is  presented  in  table  4,  showing  the  population  of  each  from 
the  first  year  in  which  it  is  separately  stated  in  the  census  report,  to 
1900,  inclusive,  together  with  the  increase  by  number  and  per  cent,  dur- 
ing each  of  the  ten-year  periods. 

As  shown  by  this  summary,  Atlanta,  the  largest  city  in  the  State,  has 
a  population  in  1900  of  89,872  as  compared  with  a  population  of  only 
2,572  in  1850;  in  1890  it  had  a  population  of  65,533,  representing  an 
increase  during  the  past  ten  years  of  24,339,  or  37.1  per  cent.,  as  com- 
pared with  an  increase  of  75.1  per  cent,  during  the  preceding  ten  years. 
Savannah,  the  second  largest  city  in  the  State,  shows  an  increase  of  25.5 
per  cent,  from  1890  to  1900,  its  present  population  being,  54,244  afi 
against  43,189  in  1890;  it  had  a  population  of  5,166  in  1800,  or  less  than 
one-tenth  of  its  population  in  1900.  Augusta,  the  third  largest  city  in 
the  State,  has  a  population  in  1900  of  39,441,  showing  an  increase  of 
6,141,  or  18.4  per  cent.,  since  1890  as  compared  with  an  increase  of  52.1 
per  cent,  from  1880  to  1890. 

Mr.  Daniel  C.  Roper,  who  made  the  report  on  the  quantity  of  cotton 
ginned  in  the  United  States  in  1899,  says:  "As  the  statistics  of  this  bul- 
letin are  based  exclusively  upon  the  report  secured  from  cotton  ginners, 
it  may  be  that  in  some  counties  the  amount  of  cotton  reported  as  ginned 
will  vary  slightly  from  the  amount  of  cotton  reported  as  grown,  and  tab- 
ulated by  the  Agricultural  Division  of  this  office.  This  condition  will 
certainly  occur  where  large  and  important  ginneries,  located  near  State 
or  county  lines,  attract  cotton  from  an  adjoining  county,  or  where  cotton 
is  grown  only  to  a  limited  extent  in  one  county  and  its  entire  production 
is  ginned  and  reported  in  a  neighboring  county." 

Mr.  Roper  gives  the  following  interesting  bit  of  history,  showing  the 
immense  influence  of  the  cotton  gin  upon  cotton  production  in  the  United 
States: 

"Prior  to  the  invention  of  the  cotton  gin  by  Eli  Whitney  in  1794, 
the  separation  of  the  seed  from  the  lint  cotton  was  so  difficult  as  to  limit 
the  cultivation  of  cotton.  This  separation  of  the  seed  from  the  lint  had 
to  be  done  by  hand,  a  task  being  4  pounds  of  lint  cotton  per  week  for 
each  head  of  a  family,  working  at  night,  in  addition  to  the  usual  field 
work.  Thus  it  would  take  one  person  two  years  to  turn  out  the  quantity 
of  cotton  contained  in  one  average  standard  bale.  One  machine  will  gin 
from  three  to  fifteen  500-pound  bales  per  day,  dependent  upon  its  power 
and  saw  capacity. 

Possibly  no  invention  has  even'  caused  so  rapid  development  of  the 
industry  with  which  it  was  associated  as  that  brought  through  this  saw- 
cotton  gin.  In  1793,  the  exportation  of  cotton  from  the  United  States 
was  487,500  pounds,  or  975  bales  of  an  average  weight  of  500  pounds. 
In  1794,  the  year  in  which  the  Whitney  gin  was  patented,  the  number 
of  pounds  of  cotton  exported  from  the  United  State  was  1,600,000, 
equivalent  to  3,200  bales  of  a  500-pound  standard.  This  large  produc- 
tion so  frightened  the  cotton  farmera,  in  antioipation  of  an  over  produc- 
tion of  the  crop,  as  to  cause  them  to  pledge  themselves  to  desist  from 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  393 

its  production.  One  of  these  farmers,  looking  upon  his  crop  gathered 
for  that  year,  exclaimed,  "I  have  done  with  5ie  cultivation  of  cotton; 
There  is  enough  in  that  ginhouse  to  make  stockings  for  all  the  people 
in  America.'  And  yet  within  one  hundred  years,  1800  to  1900,  the 
production  of  cotton  in  the  United  States  has  increased  from  80,000, 
approximately,  to  9,345,391  bales,  500-pound  standard,  and  the  crop  of 
1899  is  generally  admitted  by  the  ginnei-s,  in  their  reports  to  this  office, 
to  have  been  small  compared  with  that  of  1898." 

Table  5  gives  the  quantity  of  cotton  ginned  in  Georgia  by  counties  in 
1899,  the  average  weight  of  bales,  and  the  average  cost  per  bale  for  gin- 
ning and  baling  the  crop.  y  j 


894 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


895 


Table  2.— POPULATION  OF  GEORGIA:   1790  TO  1900. 


CENSUS   YEARS. 


Population. 


INCREASE. 


Number. 


Per  cent. 


1900 
1890. 
1880. 
1870. 
1860. 
1850. 
1840. 
1830. 
1820, 
1810. 
1800, 
1790 


2,2:6,331 

l.S37,.S53 

1,542,180 

1,184,109 

1 ,0.i7,286 

906,185 

691,392 

516,823 

340,985 

252,438 

162,()86 

82,548 


378.978 

295,173 

3.58,071 

126,823 

151,101 

214,793 

174,-569 

175,838 

88,552 

89,747 

80,138 


20.6 
19.1 
30.2 
11  9 
16.6 
31.0 
33.7 
51.5 
35.0 
55  1 
97.0 


896 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 


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GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  IND08TRIAL.  907 

TEXTILE  MILLS  IX  GEORGIA. 

Those  not  designated  as  wooleu,  knitting,  carding  or  nig,  are  cotton 
mills. 

Aberdeen  Mills,  Poulan,  Ga.  (projected),  J,  H.  Broinlej,  President 

AJmand  &  Dyson  I\Jiitting  Mill,  Washingtoii,  Ga.,  D.  Hall,  Superin- 
tendent. 

*Anclior  Duck  Mills,  Rome,  Ga. 

Annestown  Cotton  Mills,  Stone  Mountain,  Ga.,  C.  J.  Haden,  Presi- 
dent. 

Aragon  Mills,  Aragon,  Ga.,  TV.  S.  Walcott,  President;  J.  P.  Camp- 
bell and  F.  C.  Walcott,  Managers. 

Athens  Manufacturing  Co.,  Athens,  Ga.  (cotton  and  wool),  AV.  S. 
Dootson,  Superintendent;  J.  H.  Dootson,  Agent. 

Atlanta  Cotton  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  R.  B.  Smitli  (X.  Y.),  President; 
H.  E.  Fisher,  Agent. 

Atlanta  Hosiery  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  S.  A.  Magill,  Proprietor. 

Atlanta  Knitting  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Jerome  Silvey,  President. 

Atlanta  Rug  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga. 

Atlanta  Woolen  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  W.  M.  Xixon,  President  and 
Manager. 

Atlantic  &  Gulf  Mills,  Quitman,  Ga.,  J.  F.  Spain,  President;  J.  W. 
Spain,  Superintendent. 

Augusta  Factory,  Augusta,  Ga.,  Stewart  Phinizy,  President;  A.  S. 
Morris,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Baldwdn  Cotton  Mills,  Bald^vin,  Ga.  (projected),  W.  A.  Shore,  Presi- 
dent. 

Barnesville  Manufacturing  Company,  Bamesville,  Ga,,  J.  W.  Rogers, 
President;  J.  W.  Hanson,  Agent. 

Battle  Manufacturing  Company  (knitting),  Warrenton,  Ga,,  J.  F. 
Allen,  President;  W.  F.  Wilhoit,  Secretary. 

Bibb  Manufacturing  Company,  Colimibus,  Ga.,  J.  F.  Hanson,  Presi- 
dent; J.  R.  White,  Secretary. 

Bibb  Manufacturing  Company,  Porterdale,  near  Covington,  Ga., 
J.  F.  Hanson,  President;  O.  S.  Porter,  Agent;  John  A.  Porter,  Superin- 
tendent. 

Bibb  Manufacturing  Company,  Macon,  Ga.,  J.  F.  Hanson,  President; 
J.  R.  AVhite,  Secretary. 

Bib!)  Manufacturing  Company,  Pottcrsvillc,  Ga.,  J.  F.  Hanson,  Presi- 
dent; J.  R.  White,  Secretary. 

Bowen,  Jewell  &:  C<)iii])aiiy's  Mill,  Jewells,  Ga.,  Bowen,  Jewell  &  Co. 

Brooks  Underwear  MaTuifacturing  Company  (knitting),  Molcna,  Ga. 

Bulloch  County  Cotton  Mill,  Statesboro,  Ga.,  F.  B.  Green,  President 
(not  running). 

*Canton  Cotton  :Mi]ls,  Canton,  Ga.,  R.  T.  Jones,  Prcsidefnt;  AV.  T. 
Brown,  Superintendent. 

Capps  Cotton  Mill,  Toccoa,  Ga.,  T.  A.  Capjw,  I*residcnt. 

*  New  Mills. 


908  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

*Carlton  Manufacturing  Company,  Carlton,  Ga. 

Cedartown  Cotton  Mills,  Cedartown,  Gra.,  Daniel  Baugk  (Phila.), 
President;  J.  H.  Hines,  Manager. 

Clegg  Manufacturing  Company,  Columbus,  Ga.,  J.  F.  Clegg,  Treas- 
urer   (not  in  operation). 

*Cochran  Cotton  Mills  Company,  Cochran,  Ga.,  J.  J.  Taylor,  Presi- 
dent; D.  E.  Duggan,  Superintendent. 

Columbus  Manufacturing  Company,  Columbus,  Ga.,  F.  B.  Gordon, 
President;  Charles  H.  Gordon,  Superintendent. 

Columbus  Wadding  Mills,  Columbus,  Ga.,  E.  P.  Dismukes,  President. 

Community  Cotton  Mills,  Geneva,  Ga.  (projected). 

Concord  Woolen  Mill,  Nicajack,  Ga.,  J.  W.  Rice,  Manager;  T.  S. 
Hudlow,  Superintendent. 

*Cordele  Cotton  Mills  Company,  Cordele,  Ga.,  J.  T.  Westbrook, 
President;  R.  L.  Wilson,  Agent. 

Cornelia  Cotton  Mills,  Cornelia,  Ga.  (projected). 

Covington  Cotton  Mills,  Covington,  Ga.,  T.  C.  Swann,  President; 
W.  C.  Clark,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Crown  Cotton  Mills,  Dalton,  Ga.,  George  W.  Hamilton,  President; 
J.  W.  Brown,  Superintendent. 

Dixie  Cotton  Mills,  LaGrange,  Ga.,  0.  A.  Dunson,  President  and 
Manager. 

*DubMn  Cotton  Mills,  Dublin,  Ga.,  Wm.  Pritchett,  President;  J. 
Wheeler  Mears,  Superintendent. 

Eagle  &  Phoenix  Manufacturing  Company  (cotton  and  wool),  Colum- 
bus, Ga,,  G.  Gunby  Jordan,  President;  W.  H.  Rankin,  Superintendent. 

Eastman  Cotton  Mills,  Eastman,  Ga. 

Eatonton  Electric  Company,  Eatonton,  Ga.,  J.  W.  Preston,  Presi- 
dent; A.  S.  Reid,  Secretary. 

Elizabeth  Cotton  Mills,  six  miles  from  Atlanta,  Ga.,  F.  I.  Stone, 
President. 

Enterprise  Manufacturing  Company,  Augusta,  Ga.,  J.  P.  Verdery, 
President;  Otis  G.  Lynch,  Superintendent. 

Exchange  Cotton  Mill,  Macon,  Ga.  (projected),  J.  W.  Cabaniss,  Presi- 
dent; C.  E.  Hams,  Superintendent. 

Exposition  Cotton  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  J.  D.  Turner,  President;  G.  P. 
Jeter,  Superintendent. 

Fincher  Cotton  Mill,  Toonigh,  Ga.,  E.  A.  Fincher,  Proprietor. 

Forsyth  Manufacturing  Company,  Forsyth,  Ga.,  J.  M.  Ponder,  Presi- 
dent; J.  C.  Kennett,  Superintendent. 

Fulton  Bag  &  Cotton  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  Jacob  Elsas,  President; 
J.  R.  Pearce,  Superintendent. 

Gainesville  Cotton  Mills,  Gainesville,  Ga. 

Gate  City  Hosiery  Mills  (knitting),  Atlanta,  Ga.,  J.  0.  Greenfield, 
President. 

Gate  City  Manufacturing  Company  (knitting),  East  Point,  Ga., 
Samuel  A.  Carter,  President. 

*  New  Mills. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  909 

Georgia  Manufacturing  Company  (cotton  and  knitting),  Columbus, 
Ga.,  C.  L.  Perkins,  President;  J.  W.  Boyd,  Superintendent. 

Georgia  Manufacturing  Company,  Gainesville,  Ga.,  Dr.  E.  E.  Green, 
President;  E.  E.  Green,  Jr.,  Secretary. 

Georgia   Manufacturing    Company,    Whitehall,    Ga.,  J.    R.  White, 
President;  Charles  F.  Smith,  Superintendent. 

Georgia  Underwear  Company  (knitting  mill),  Bamesville,  Ga.,  J.  J. 
Eogere,  President;  Floyd  M.  Murphey,  Superintendent. 

Globe  Cotton  Mills,  Augusta,  Ga.,  J.  A.  A.  W.  Clark,  President; 
J,  C.  F.  Clarke,  Superintendent. 

Glover  Manufacturing  Company,  Juliette,  Ga.,  J.  jST.  Birch,  Presi- 
dent; E.  Duggan,  Superintendent. 

Grantrille  Hosiery  Mills  (knitting),  Grantville,  Ga.,  N.  0.  Banks, 
President;  J.  P.  Brasche,  Superintendent. 

Griffin  Knitting  Mills,  Griffin,  Ga.,  Douglas  Boyd,  President. 

Griffin  Manufacturing  Company,  Griffin,  Ga.,  W.  J.  Kincaid,  Presi- 
dent; Charles  Wheeler,  Superintendent. 

*Gwinnett  Cotton  Mills,  La^vrenceville,  Ga.,  M.  S.  Cornett,  President; 
J.  H.  Duggan,  Secretary. 

Hamburger  Cotton  Mills,  Columbus,  Ga.,  Louis  Hamburger,  Presi- 
dent; Charles  Hancock,  Superintendent 

Hampton  Cotton  Mills,  Hampton,  Ga.,  A.  J.  Henderson,  President; 
W.  M.  Harris,  Secretary. 

Hanson  Crawley  Company's  Knitting  Mill,  Bamesville,  Ga.,  J.  L. 
Kennedy,  President. 

Harmony  Mills,  Alice,  Ga.,  P.  M.  Tate,  Proprietor;  J.  A.  Winter- 
bottom,  Superintendent. 

Harmony  Grove  Mills,  Harmony  Grove,  Ga.,  L.  G.  Hardman,  Presi- 
dent; M.  E.  Chrystal,  Superintendent. 

Hawkinsville  Cotton  Mills,  Hawkins^^lle,  Ga.,  T.  H.  Grace,  President. 

Henderson  Manufacturing  Co.  (knitting  mill),  Hampton,  Ga.,  A.  J. 
Henderson,  President;  A.  D.  Henderson,  Manager. 

High  Shoals  Manufacturing  Company,  High  Shoals,  Ga.,  J.  W.  Hin- 
ton,  President;  A.  J.  Baxter,  Superintendent. 

Hogansvdlle  Manufacturing  Company,  Hogansville,  Ga.,  E.  J.  Grif- 
fin, President;  G.  W.  Murphy,  Manager. 

Houston  Factory,  Dennard,  Ga.,  Dennard  &  Hughes  (not  running). 

Hutcheson  Manufacturing  Company,  Banning,  Ga.,  C.  S.  Eeid,  Presi- 
dent; W.  H.  Thomas,  Superintendent. 

*Irwin  Manufacturing  Company,   Fitzgerald,    Ga.,  W.   E.   Bowen, 
President  (projected). 

Isaetta  ilills,  Augusta,  Ga.,  James  Brotherton,  President;  H.  Ware, 
Superintendent. 

Iverson  and  Sterne  Manufacturing  Company,  Milner,  Ga.,  Iverson 
&  Sterne,  Proprietors. 

Jackson  &  Brother's  Carding  Mill,  Lawrenccville,  Ga.,  E.  P.  Jackson 
and  Brother,  Proprietxjrs. 

•  New  Mills. 


910  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 

*Jasper  Cotton  Mills,  Monticello,  Ga.  (projected),  L.  O.  Benton, 
President. 

Jefferson  Cotton  Mills,  Jefferson,  Ga.,  H.  W.  Bell,  President;  J.  C. 
Turner,  Manager. 

Jewells  Mills,  Jewells,  Ga.,  George  Bradley,  Superintendent. 

Josephine  Mills  (knitting),  Cedartown,  Ga.,  Daniel  Baugh,  Presi- 
dent; L.  D.  Wade,  Superintendent. 

Kincaid  Manufacturing  Company,  Griffin,  Ga.,  W.  J.  Kincaid,  Presi- 
dent; Charles  Wheeler,  Superintendent. 

King,  J.  P.,  Manufacturing  Company,  Augusta,  Ga.,  Charles  Estes, 
President;  Joel  Smith,  Superintendent. 

LaGrange  Mills,  La  Grange,  Ga.,  J.  M.  Barnard,  President;  G.  W. 
Carpenter,  Superintendent. 

Lanett  Cotton  Mills,  West  Point,  Ga.,  L.  Lanier,  President;  E.  Lang, 
Superintendent. 

Laurel  Mills  Manufacturing  Company  (woolen),  Eoswell,  Ga.,  S. 
Crowley,  President;  W.  B.  McGregor,  Superintendent. 

*Lavonia  Cotton  Mills,  Lavonia,  Ga.,  M.  Crawford,  President. 

Little  Kiver  Mill,  Waleska,  Ga. 

Louisville  Cotton  Mills,  Louisville,  Ga.,  W.  W.  Abbott,  President. 

Macon  Knitting  Company,  Macon,  Ga.,  D.  H.  Howes,  Agent;  Joseph 
Benner,  Superintendent. 

*McBae  Cotton  MUl  Company,  McKae,  Ga.  (projected). 

Mallison  Braided  Cord  Company,  Athens,  Ga.,  L.  F.  Edwards,  Presi- 
dent; W.  A.  Fowler,  Superintendent. 

Manchester  Manufacturing  Company,  Macon,  Ga.,  W.  A.  Crutch- 
field,  President;  J.  D.  Hough,  General  Manager. 

Mandeville  Cotton  Mills,  Carroll  ton,  Ga.,  L.  C.  Mandeville,  Presi- 
dent; E.  Montgomery,  Superintendent. 

Marietta  Knitting  Company,  Marietta,  Ga.,  R.  H.  ^orthcutt.  Presi- 
dent; J.  H.  Barnes,  Superintendent. 

Marietta  Paper  Manufacturing  Company  (cotton  batting  and  waste, 
32  cards),  Marietta,  Ga. 

Mary  Leila  Cotton  Mills,  Greensboro,  Ga.,  E.  A.  Copeland,  President; 
S.  T.  Buchanan,  Superintendent. 

Massach.usetts  Mills  in  Georgia,  Lindale,  Ga.,  Augustus  Lowell,  Presi- 
dent; Wm.  Audley  Marshall,  Superintendent. 

Middle  Georgia  Cotton  Mills,  Eatonton,  Ga.,  B.  W.  Hunt,  President; 
E.  B.  Ezell,  Superintendent. 

Millen  Cotton  Mills,  Millen,  Ga.,  J.  H.  Daniel,  President;  R.  G. 
Daniel,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Monroe  Cotton  Mills,  Monroe,  Ga.,  B.  S.  Walker,  President;  J. 
Wheeler  Mears,  Superintendent. 

Moultrie  Cotton  Mills,  Moultrie,  Ga.,  W.  C.  Yerreen,  President; 
Z.  H.  Clark,  Secretary. 

Muscogee  Manufacturing  Company,  Columbus,  Ga.,  E.  W.  Swift, 
President;  Jesse  Paine,  Superintendent. 

*  New  Mills. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  t)  i  [ 

*Xew  Century  Cotton  Mills,  Dougljisville,  Ga.,  J.  1).  Jiuues,  Presi- 
dent; Samuel  Hale,  Superintendeut  (not  miming), 

Xewnan  Cotton  Mills,  XeAraan,  Ga.,  II.  D.  Cole,  Sr.,  President;  John 
Florence,  Superintendent. 

Oxford  Knitting  Mills,  Barnesville,  Ga.,  J.  C.  Collier,  President; 
S.  H.  Langham,  Superintendent. 

Pacolet  Manufacturing  Company,  New  Holland,  near  Gainesville, 
Ga. 

Palmetto  Cotton  Mills,  Palmetto,  Ga.,  J.  K.  P.  Carlton,  President; 
W.  S.  Harbin,  Superintendent. 

Park  Mills,  LaG range,  Ga.,  L.  M.  Park  &  Soais,  Proprietors;  L.  ^I. 
Park,  President;  "Wm.  Houston,  Superintendent. 

Park  Woolen  Mills,  Kossville,  Ga,,  W.  A.  Campbell,  President; 
C.  A.  Taylor,  Superintendent. 

Paulding  County  Manufacturing  Company,  Dallas,  Ga.,  E.  Davis, 
President;  R  P.  Gann,  Secretary. 

Pa^Tie  Cotton  Mills,  Macon,  Ga.,  W.  S.  Payne,  President;  J.  H. 
Kane,  Superintendent. 

Pearle  Cotton  Mills,  Elberton,  Ga.,  T.  M.  Swift,  President;  R.  A. 
Field,  Superintendent. 

Pelham  Manufacturing  Company,  Pelliam,  Ga.,  J.  L.  Hand,Presi- 
dent;  B.  "\V.  Curry,  Treasurer. 

Penfield  Hosiery  Mill  (knitting),  Penfield,  Ga.,  T.  W.  Woodliam, 
Superintendent. 

Pepperton  Cotton  Mills,  Jackson,  Ga.,  J.  R.  Wright,  President;  J.  L. 
Asbel,  Superintendent. 

Phoenix  Cotton  Factory,  ten  miles  from  Augusta,  Ga.,  M.  B.  Hatcher, 
President;  W.  W.  Hack,  Superintendent. 

Piedmont  Cotton  Mills,  Atlanta,  Ga.,  B.  L.  Willingham,  President; 
Baynard  Willingham,  Superintendent. 

Porterdale  Mills,  Covangton,  Ga.,  O.  S.  Porter,  Agent. 

Porter  Manufacturing  Company  (cotton  and  wool),  Bert,  Ga.,  T.  L. 
Langston,  President;  S.  Crowley,  General  Manager. 

Princeton  Manufacturing  Company,  Athens,  Ga.,  James  White,  Pro- 
prietor; W.  W.  Duncan,  Superintendent. 

Quintette  Manufacturing  Company,  Eatonton,  Ga.,  Robert  A.  Roid, 
President;  E.  M.  Brown,  Treasurer. 

Raccoon  Manufacturing  Company,  Raccoon  Mills,  Ga.,  John  S.  Clcg- 
hom,  President;  R.  S.  WTiitc,  Superintendent. 

Richmond  Hosiery  Mills  (knitting),  Rossville,  Ga.,  E.  G.  Richmond, 
President;  Garnett  Andrews,  Jr.,  Manager. 

Riverdalo  Cotton  Mills,  West  I'oint,  Ga.,  James  Pierce,  President; 
Wm.  Brown,  Superintendent. 

Riverside  Cotton  Mills,  Augusta,  Ga.,  George  K.  Stearns,  President; 
John  Vivian,  Superintendent. 

Riverside  Mills,  Marietta,  Ga.  (branch  of  tlio  Augusta  Mill  of  same 
name). 

*  New  Mills. 


912  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

liome  Cotton  Factory,  Eome,  Ga.,  Henry  Han^ey,  President;  C.  E. 
McLin,  Superintendent. 

lioswell  Manufacturing  Company,  Roswell,    Ga.,    S.    Y.    Stribling, 
President. 

Rush  ton  Cotton  Mills,  Griffin,  Ga.,  B.  R  Blakely,  President;  George 
H.  Peckham,  Superintendent. 

Russell  Manufacturing  Company,  Winder,  Ga. 

Savannah  Cotton  Mills,  Savannah,  Ga.,  Walter  N.  Brown,  Superin- 
tendent. 

Schofield  Manufacturing    Company    (knitting),    Macon,    Ga.,  T.  O. 
Schofield,  President;  W.  P.  McQuillin,  Superintendent. 

Scottdale  Mills,  near  Atlanta,  Ga.,  George  W.  Scott,  President;  C.  M. 
Candler,  Treasurer. 

Shoal  Creek  Cotton  Mills,  Shoal  Creek,  Ga.,  J.  M.  Edwards,  Pro- 
prietor; A.  B.  Edwards,  Superintendent. 

Sibley  Manufacturing   Company,   Augusta,   Ga.,  John  W.   Chafee, 
President;  James  C.  Piatt,  Superintendent. 

Smith    Manufacturing    Company,    Thomson,    Ga,,  John    E.  Smith, 
President;  Mr.  Fielding,  Superintendent. 

Social  Circle  Cotton  Mills,  Social  Circle,  Ga.,  J.  B.  Robinson,  Presi- 
dent. 

Soque  Mills  (cotton  and  wool),  Bert,   8  miles  from  Cornelia,  Ga., 
T.  L.  Langston,  President;  F.  W.  Eamshaw,  Superintendent. 

Southern  Shoddy  Mills,  Rossville,  Ga.,  G.  A.  Rinker,  Manager;  H. 
Sheard,  Superintendent. 

Spalding  Cotton  Mills,  Griffin,  Ga.,  W.  J.  Kincaid,  President;  Allen 
Little,  Superintendent. 

Sparta  Cotton  Mills,  Sparta,  Ga.,  D.  P.  Ferguson,  Proprietor  (not 
running). 

Standard  Cotton  Mills,  Cedartown,  Ga.,  M.  0.  Berry,  President;  Wnu 
Parker,  Manager. 

Standard    Manufacturing    Company    (knitting   mill),    Athens,    Ga., 
Wm.  and  J.  H.  Dootson  and  A.  H.  Hodgson,  Proprietors. 

Star  Thread  Mills,  Barnett  Shoals,  10  Miles  from  Athens,  Ga.,  J.  W. 
Morton,  Agent;  J.  C.  Bone,  Superintendent. 

Strickland  Cotton  Mills,  Valdosta,  Ga.,  B.  F.  Strickland,  President; 
E.  W.  Lane,  Secretary. 

■^Strickland  Mills,  Concord,  Ga.,  G.  W  Strickland,  Proprietor    (in- 
coiporated,  1900,  but  not  yet  running). 

Sutherland  Manufacturing  Company,  Augusta,  Ga,,  Wm.  T.  David- 
son, President;  John  M.  Head,  Superintendent. 

Swift's  Cotton  Mills,  Elberton,  Ga.,  T.  M.  Swift,  President;  R.  A. 
Field,  Superintendent. 

Swift  Manufacturing  Company,  Columbus,  Ga.,  Louis  Hamburger, 
President;  John  T.  Abney,  Superintendent. 

Taylor  Manufacturing  Company,  4  miles  from  Reynolds,  Ga.,  Bibb 

*  New  Mills. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  913 

Manufacturing  Company  of  Macon,  Ga.,  Proprietors;  AV.  K.  Rodgers, 
Superintendent. 

*Tennille  Cotton  Mills,  Tennille,  Ga.,  J.  W.  Smith,  President;   J. 
Boshinski,  Secretary. 

Thomaston  Cotton  Mills,  Thomaston,  Ga.,  R.  A.  Matthews,  Presi- 
dent; O.  S.  Causey,  Superintendent. 

*Tifton  Cotton  Mills,   Tifton,   Ga.,  H.   H.   Tift,  President;  L.   G. 
Manard,  Secretary. 

Tillman  ^lanufactimng  Company  (knitting  mills),  Valdosta,  Ga,  (In- 
corporated 1900;  mill  not  yet  built). 

Toccoa  Cotton  Mills,  Toccoa,  Ga.,  W.  R.  Bruce,  Treasurer  and 
Manager;  J.  AV.  Goodroe,  Superintendent. 

Trio  Manufacturing  Company,  Forsyth,  Ga.,  R.  P.  Brooks,  Presi- 
dent; C.  A.  Ensign,  Secretary. 

Trion  Manufacturing  Company,  Trion,  Ga.,  A.  S.  Hamilton,  Presi- 
dent; Z.  T.  McKinney,  Superintendent. 

Union  Cotton  Mills,  LaFayette,  Ga.,  A.  R.  Steele,  President  and 
Manager;  John  R.  Steele,  Superintendent. 

Union  Manufacturing  Company  (knitting  mill),  Union  Pomt,  Ga., 
Harold  Lamb,  President;  H.  S.  Lovem,  Secretary. 

*Unity  Cotton  Mills,  LaGrange,  Ga.  (incorporated  1900,  not  com- 
plete). 

Upson  Knitting  ^lills,  Steed,  Ga.,  T.   S.  Yates,  President. 

Valdosta  Cotton  Manufacturing  Company,  Valdosta,  Ga.  (projected). 

"Wahneta  Mills  (knitting),  Cedartown,  Ga.,  E.  S.  Mumford,  Presi- 
dent; G.  H.  Wade,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Wahoo  Manufacturing  Company,  Sargents,  Ga.,  H.  C.  Amall, 
President;  J.  A.  Smith,  Superintendent. 

Walton  Cotton  Mill  Company,  Monroe,  Ga.  (projected),  C.  T.  Mob- 
ley,  President;  J.  Wheeler  Mears,  Superintendent. 

Warwick  Cotton  Mills,  Augivsta,  Ga.,  Frank  R.  Clark,  President; 
W.  B.  Etchings,  Superintendent. 

Waynman  Cotton  Mills,  Waynmanville,  Ga.,  T.  M.  Matthews,  Presi- 
dent; C.  H.  Robertson,  Manager. 

West  Point  Manufacturing  Company,  West  Point,  Ga,,  L.  Lanier, 
President;  T.  Lang,  Superintendent. 

Weatherly  and  Lambdin  Wool  Carding  Mill,  Red  Clay,  Ga, 

Whitehall  Yam  Mill,  AVliitehall,  Ga.,  John  R.  White,  Proprietor. 

Whittier  Cotton  Mills,  Chattahoochee,  Ga.,  Helen  A.  Whittier, 
President;  W.  R.  B.  Whittier,  Agent;  Henry  W.  Salmon,  Superintend- 
ent. 

Wilkes  Cotton  Mill  Company,  Washington,  Ga,,  chartered  1900, 
incomplf'to. 

Wilh'ngham  Cotton  Mills,  Macon,  Ga,,  C.  B.  Willingham,  Proaident; 
G.  T.  Kennett,  Superintendent. 

Winder  Cotton  Mills,  Winder,  Ga.,  W.  B.  Cants,  President;  R.  L. 
Rogers,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

*  New  Mills. 
45  ga 


914 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL. 


Winn  Wool  Carding  Mill,  Bowman,  Ga.,  D.  J.  Winn  &  Co.,  Pro- 
prietors. 

Witham  Cotton  Mills,  Hartwell,  Ga,,  W.  S.  Witham,  President; 
H.  L.  Witham,  Superintendent. 

Woodside  Cotton  Mills,  Gainesville,  Ga.  (projected),  J.  D.  Wood- 
side,  President. 

Woodstock  Cotton  Mills,  Toonigh,  Ga.,  E.  A.  Finclier,  Proprietor. 


FERTILIZER  FACTORIES  IN  GEORGIA. 

Abbott  &  Stone Louisville 

Adair,  A.  D.  &  McCarty  Bros Atlanta 

Alford,  D.  C.  &  Co Hartwell 

American  Fertilizer  Co Macon 

Andrew,  Glenn  &  Co Carlton 

Arlington   Oil  and  Fertilizer  Co Arlington 

Armour  Fertilizer  Co Atlanta 

Aimold  &  Co Elberton 

Arnold  &  Reynolds Washington 

Askew,   J.  F Hogausvilla 

Augusta  Guano  Co Augusta 

Baker,  D.  A Royston 

Bale,  F.  S Rome 

Blackshear  Manufacturing  Co Blackshear 

Blanchard  &  Ilumber Columbus 

Bowker  Fertilizer  Co Savannah 

Brooks  &  Tabor Lavonia, 

Brown  Brothers Elberton 

Busha,  S,  J Buf ord 

Butler,  Heath  &  Butler Camilla 

Cannon,  J.  W Lavonia 

Cooper,  W.  W Flowery  Branch 

Coweta  Fertilizer  Co ISTewuan 

Daniel  Sons  &  Palmer  Co Millen 

Da\ds  Fertilizer  Co Quitman 

Ellis,   Charles    Savannah 

Excelsior  Manufacturing  Co Washington, 

Farmers  Cotton  Oil  &  Manufacturing  Co Locust  Grove 

Fort  Gaines  Oil  &  Guano  Co Fort  Gaines 

Fowler  Bros.  &  Co Marietta 

Furman  Farm  &  Improvement  Co Atlanta, 

Georgia  Chemical  Works    Augusta, 

Georgia  Farmers'  Oil  &  Fertilizer  Co Madison 

Gibbs,  L.  Y.  Sons  &  Co Savannah 

Grovamia  Oil  &  Fertilizer  Co Grovania 

Hand  Trading  Co Pelham 

Harper  &  Hewell Dewy  Rose 

Hays,  A.  IST Covington 

Hodgson  Fertilizer  Co Athens, 


Georgia. 
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Georgia, 
Georgia. 
Georgia. 
Georgia. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AXD   IXDUSTRIAL.  915 

Hogansville  Fertilizer  Co Hogausville,  Georgia. 

Home  Mixture  Guano  Co Columbus,  Georgia. 

Jackson  Fertilizer  Co Jackson,  Georgia. 

Jefferson  Manufacturing  Co Jefferson,  Georgia. 

Jones,  "W.  O.  &  Co Elberton,  Georgia. 

Kennesaw  Guano  Co Atlanta,  Georgia- 
Kramer,  Mandeville  &  Co Carrollton,  Georgia. 

Lowe,  T.  J Mabelton,  Georgia. 

McBride,  Robert  &  Co Xewnan,  Georgia. 

McBumej  Oil  &  Fertilizer  Co Warrenton,  Georgia. 

McCaw  Manufacturing  Co Macon,  Georgia. 

McKenzie  Oil  &  Fertilizer  Co Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Mallet  &  jSTutt   Jackson,  Georgia. 

^Manning,  W.  J Powder  Springs,  Georgia. 

Marietta  Guano  Co Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Maynard,  P.  B.  &  Co Forsvth,  Georgia. 

^Middle  Georgia  Oil  &  Fertilizer  Co Hogansville,  Georgia. 

Mitchell  Coimtj  Fertilizer  Co Camilla,  Georgia. 

Monroe  Guano  Co Monroe,  Georgia. 

N'apier  Bros Macon,  Georgia. 

Xeely,  R.  C.  C ».  .  .  .  TVavnesboro,  Georgia. 

Old  Dominion  Guano  Co Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Peeples  &  Lane    Valdosta,  Georgia. 

Pioneer  Guano  Co Albany,  Georgia. 

Pittard,   John   T Winterville,  Georgia. 

Putney  Fertilizer  Co Putney,  Georgia. 

Eamspeek,  G.  A Decatur,  Georgia. 

Richland  Guano  Co Richland,  Georgia. 

Savannah  Guano  Co Savannah,  Georgia. 

Skinner,  C.  "W "Wavnesboro,  Georgia. 

Smith,  J.  M Smithonia,  Georgia. 

Smith,  T.  K  &  J.  W Tennille,  Georgia. 

Stevens,  Martin  &  Co Carlton,  Georgia. 

Strickland,  A.  J.  Manufacturing  Works Valdosta,  Georgia. 

Suwannee  Fertilizer  Co Savannah,  Georgia. 

Swift  Fertilizer  Works   Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Tabor  &  Almond Elberton,  Georgia. 

Thomas,  IST.   P Wavnesboro,  Georgia. 

Tumipseed,  J.  W.  &  Sons Hampton,  Georgia. 

Union  Fertilizer  Co Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Valdosta  Guano  Co Valdosta,  Georgia. 

Virginia-Carolina  Chemical  Co Atlanta,  Georgia. 

Walker  Bros Griffin,  Georgia. 

Wilcox,  Ives  &  Co Savannah,  Georgia. 

Wilkins  &  Jones Waynesboro,  Georgia. 

Willingham,  C,   B Macon,   Georgia. 

Worth  County  Fertilizer  &  Manufacturing  Co Sylvester,  Georgia. 

Wright,  Carter  &  Co Jackson,  Georgia. 


.916  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

GEORGIA  BANKS. 

T^OWN  COUNTY  NAME  OF   BANK  WHEN  ESTABLISHED 

Abbeville Wilcox Citizens'  B  luk  a  . . . .' 1900 

Acworth Cobb R.  Lemon  Banking  Co.  b 1853 

Adairsville  . .  .Bartow Bank  of  Adairsville  a 1899 

Adel Berrien Bank  ..f  Adel  a 1899 

Albany    Dougberty   . .   Albany  National  Bank 1895 

"  "  . .   Commercial   Bank  of  Albany  a 1888 

♦'  "  ..  Excbange  Bank  of  Albany  a 1893 

*'  "  ..   First  National  Bank 1888 

Americus Sumter Bank  of  Commerce  a 1891 

"         "        Bank  of  Southwestern  Georgia  a .1887 

"        "        People's   Bank  a 1899 

"         "        Planters' Bank  a 1892 

Arlington Calhoun Bank  of  Arlington  a 1899 

Ashburn Worth Asbburn  Bank  a 1900 

Athens Clarke Athi-ns  Savings  Bank  a 1887 

"        ''       Bank  of  the  University  a 1873 

"       National  Bank  of  Athens 1866 

Atlanta. Fulton Atlanta  National  Bank , 1865 

"        "       Bank  of  Commerce  a 1899 

"       "       Capital  City  National  Bank 1900 

"  ....      "       Coker  Banking  Company  6 1873 

"  ....      "       Fourth  National  Bank 1896 

"^      "       James' Bank  6 1860 

"  ««       Lowry  National  Bank 1861 

"  ....      "       Maddox-Rueker  Banking  Co 1880 

"  "       Neal  Loan  &  Banking  Co,  a 1887 

"        "       Third  National  Bank    1896 

'«        "       Atlanta  Bankinj.'-  &  Savings  Co.  a 1886 

"  "       Atlanta  Savings  Bank  a 1890 

"  ....      "  Capital  City  Trust  Co  a 19(i0 

<'       "         Farmers' and  Traders' Bank 1900 

*•        "       Georgia  Savings  Bank  &  Trust  Co.  a 1899 

«'        ''  Germania  Loan  &  Banking  Co.  a 1887 

*' "       Southern  Banking  <^' Trust  Co.  a 1889 

«'       "       Trust  Company  oi  Georgia  a 1890 

"  .  "  Darwin  G.  Jones  b 1881 

"       '«       George  S  May  6 1867 

"       "       Weyman  &  <  onnors,  Bankers  b 1891 

Augusta Richmond: Augusta  Savings  Bank  a 1879 

"        "  ...  Commercial  Bank  a 1863 

"        "  ...  Georgia  Railroad  Bank  a 

"        "  ...  .National  Bank  of  Augusta 1865 

'«        "  National  Exchange  Bank 1871 

'»        "  ...  Planters'  Loan  &  Savings  Bank  a 1870 

"        ''  ...  .Union  Savings  Bank  a 1892 

Bainbridge  . .  .Decatur Bainbridge  State  Bank  a 1891 

"  ...        "         Peoples'  Bank  a     1900 

Barnesville  . .  .Pike Barnesville  Savings  Bank  a 1873 

"  ..."     New  South  Savings  Bank  a 1891 

Baxley Appling Baxley  Banking  Co.  6 1897 

Biackshear  . .  Pierce Blackshear  Bank  a J892 

Blakely  Early   Bank  of  Blakely  a 1893 

Blue  Ridge...  Fannin Blue  Ridge  Bank  b 1900 

Boston Thomas M.  R.  Mallette  6 1889 

Brunswick Glynn    Brunswick  Bank  Si  Trust  Co.  a 1890 

"  "      National  Bank  of  Brunswick 1894 

Buena  Vista  .  .Marion Buena  Vista  Loan  &  Savings  Bank  a 1889 

Buford Gwinnett Bank  of  Buford  a 1893 

Butler Taylor   Bank  of  Butler  b        1900 

Cairo Thomas Cairo  Banking  Co.  b 1900 

Calhoun Gordon Bank  of  Calhoun  a 1891 

Camilla Mitchell Bank  of  Camilla  a 1890 


a  state.    6  Private.; 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  917 

TOWN  COUNTY  NAME  OF   BANK  WHEN  ESTABLISHED 

Canton Cherokee Bank  of  Canton  a 1892 

Carrollton Carroll  Carrolltou  Bank  a  1891 

First  National  Bank 1900 

Cartersville   .  Bartow Bank  of  Cartersville  a  1895 

"  "        Firj^t  National  Bank 1889 

Cedartown Polk   Commercial   Bank  a I«b9 

Chipley  Harris Bank  of  Chipley  a 1899 

Cochran Pulaski    Cochran  Banking  Co.  b 1892 

Columbus Muscogee   Columbus  Savings  Bank  a 1888 

"  "  Fourth  National  Bank 1»91 

"  •'  ....Merchants'  and  Mechanics'  Bank  a 1872 

««  "  ...  National  Hank  of  Columbus 1876 

•'  '. . '         "  Third  National  Bank 18»8 

Comer Madison    Comer  Bank  a 1900 

Conyers Rockdale John  H.  .\lmand  b lN92 

Cordele     Dooly Bank  of  Wight  it  Weslosky  Co.  6 1888 

Citizens'  Bank  a 1899 

"       Peoples'  Bank  a 18W8 

Cornelia Habersham  .  Cornelia  Bank  a 1900 

Covington  .  . .   Newtou    Clark  liankiug  Co.  «  1891 

Crawfordville. Taliaferro Bank  of  Crawfordville  a  1898 

Culloden Monroe    Bank  of  CuUoden  a 1897 

Cuthbert  Randolph  ...  Bank  of  Cuthbert 1890 

Dallas Paulding Bank  of  Dallas 1899 

Daltou Whitfield p'irst  National  Bank 1888 

"       "  ....C.  L.  Hard\vick&  Co.  6 1873 

Darien Mcintosh    Darien   Bank  a 1889 

Dawson  Terrell Dawson  National  Bank 18H9 

"      First  State  Bank  a 1887 

Demorest Habersham . .  .Savings  Bank  of  Demorest  6 1898 

Douglas Coffee Union  Banking  Co.  a 1899 

Douglasville  .  .Douglas Douglasville  Banking  Co.  a 1891 

Dublin Laurens Dublin  Banking  Co.  a    1892 

"        "        Laurens  Banking  Co.  a 1898 

Eastman Dodge Citizens'  Banking  Co.  a 1891 

''  "      Merchants'  &  Farmers'  Bank  b 1896 

Eatonton  . Putnam Middle  Georgia  Bank  a 1891 

"  ....        "        Putnam  County  Banking  Co.  a 1891 

Elberton Elbert Bank  of  Elberton  a 1893 

•'        ''      Elberton  Loan  &  Savings  Bank  a 1888 

Ellaville! ....  .Schley Ellaville  Agency  Bank  of  Southwestern 

Georgia  6. 1897 

Fairburn Campbell    . . . .  W.  T.  Roberts  b 1899 

Fayetteville  .   Fayette    Bank  of  Fayetteville  b 1898 

Fitzgerald  ...   Irwin   . Men-hants'  &  Planters'  Bank  a 1900 

Flovilla  Butts W.  B.  Dozier  b 1895 

Forsyth  Monroe Bank  of  Forsyth  a  18H5 

"  "        .         .  W.  H.  Hiad  Banking  Co.  6 1874 

"        W.  T  Maynard  A  Co.  6 1887 

Fort  Gaines. .  .Clay   Bank  of  Fort  Gaines  a 1890 

Fort  Valley. .  .Houston    Dow  liaw  Bank  a 1895 

"  ...         "  Exchange  Bank  a  1889 

Gainesville. ..  Hall    First  National  Bank  1889 

»       State  Banking  Co.  a 1889 

....     •'      J.  H.  Hunt  b  1^93 

Greensboro  . .  .Greene Armor  Brothers  b 1898 

E.  A   Copelan /> 1889 

Greenville    . .  .Meriwether    .   Greenville  Banking  Co.  a 1891 

GritThi Spalding Citv  National  Bank 1873 

"  '•  Grillin  Burikiim' Co.  a  1870 

"      "        Merchants' (N:  IMaiitcrs' Bank 1889 

««      "         Savings  Bank  of  (irillin     1889 

Harmony 

Grove. .  .Jackson Northeastern  Banking  Co.  a 1892 

Hartwell Hart Funners'  <fe  Merchants  Bank  a 1899 


a  State,    b  Private. 


918  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

TOWN  COUNTY  NAME   OF  BANK  WHEN  ESTABLISHED 

Hartwell Hart Hartwell  Bank  a 1899 

Hawkinsville . Pulaski    Hawkiusville  Bank  &  Trust  Co.  a 1872 

"  .       "  Planters'  Bank  a 1896 

Hazlehurst  ...  A  ppling J.  G.  Pace  6 1897 

Hogausville  .  Troup Merchants'  &  Farmers'  Bank  a 1889 

Jackson  Butts Jackson  Banking  Co.  a 1888 

Jefferson  Jackson Jefferson  Banking  Co.  a 1892 

Jesup    Wayne Merchants'  &  Fanners'  Savings  Bank  6 1891 

LaFayette    . .  .Walker   Bank  of  LaFayette  a 1899 

LaGrange  . . .   Troup Bank  of  La  Grange  a 1890 

"        "       La  Grange  Banking  &  Trust  Co.  a 1871 

Lavonia Franklin Bank  of  Lavonia  a 1898 

Lawreneeville  Gwinnett    . . .  Bank  of  Lawrenceville  a 1895 

Lexington  . . .  Oglethorpe.  . .  Bank  of  Lexington  b 1896 

Louisville  . . .  .Jefferson Bank  of  Louisville  a 1896 

Lumpkin    . . .  .Stewart Bank  of  Stewart  County  a 1891 

Macon    Bibb American  National  Bank 

"  ''    Central  Georgia  Bank  a : 1869 

"  ''    Commercial  &  Savings  Bank  a 1895 

"  ..     "    Exchange  Bank  a 1871 

"    First  National  Bank 1865 

''  "     Macon  Savings  Bank  a ■ 1875 

"    L  C.  Plant's  yon  6 1S68 

"    Georgia  Loan  &  Trust  Co.  a 1883 

"  "    Security  Loan  and  Abstract  Co.  a 1892 

"  "    Southern  Loan  &  Trust  Co.  a 1893 

"    Union  Savings  Bank  &  Trust  Co.  a 1890 

Madison Morgan    Bank  of  Madison  a 1890 

"        "         Morgan  County  Bank  a 1899 

Marietta Cobb First  National  Bank 1888 

" Marietta  Trust  &  Banking  Co.  a 1892 

Marshallville  .Macon M.  S.  Ware  b 1888 

Maysville.    ..  Jackson H.  and  T.  E.  Atkins  6 1891 

McDonough  .  .Henry    Bank  of  Henry  County  a 1896 

McRae  TeHair Merchants'  Bank  a 189-i 

Milledgeville    Baldwin Merchants'  &  Farmers'  Bank  a 1898 

"  ..       "  Milledgeville  Banking  Co 1884 

Millen Screven Bank  of  Millen  a 1893 

Molena    Pike    Bank  of  Molena  a 1899 

Monroe   Walton   Bank  of  Monroe  a 1891 

"         George  W.  Felker  6 1892 

Montezuma . .   Macon John  F.  Lewis  &  Son  b 1871 

Monticello  . . .  Jasper Bank  of  Monticello  a 1892 

"      Jasper  County  Bank  a 1898 

Morgan  Calhoun    J  J.  Beck  b 1887 

Moultrie   Colquit Moultrie  Banking  To.  a 1896 

Newnan    Coweta First  National  Bank 1871 

"        Newnan  Banking  Co.  a 1894 

Ocilla  Irwin   Bank  of  Ocilla  6 1899 

Oglethorpe  . .  Macon Bank  of  Oglethorpe  a • 1899 

P  Iham Mitchell Hand  Tradiug  Co.  a 1876 

Perry    Houston   ....   Perry  Loan  &  Savings  Bank  a 1889 

Poulan Worth Bank  of  Poulan  6 1899 

Quitman Brooks Bank  of  Quitman  a 1889 

"       Merchants' &  Farmers'  Bank  a 1891 

Reynolds Taylor Merchants'  Bank  b 1890 

■"  "      Reynolds  Banking  Co.  a 1897 

Richland Stewart Bank  of  Richlana  a 1890 

Rochelle Wilcox Bank  of  Rochelle  b 1898 

Rome  Floyd Exchange  Bank  of  Rome  a 1896 

"     "■     First  National  Bank 1877 

Rutledge Morgan Bank  of  Rutledge  a 1898 

Sandersville  .  .Washington. .  Banking  House  of  Louis  Cohen  b 1890 

''  . .  "  . .  Warthen  and  Irwin  b 1895 

Savannah  , .     Chatham    . . .  Chatham  Bank  a 1889 


a  State,    b  Private. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL.  919 

TOWN  COUNTY  NAME  OF   BANK  WHEN  ESTABLISHED 

Savannah Chatham.,. . .  Citizens'  Bank  a 1888 

'•  ....  Germania  Bank  a 1800 

''  "  Merchants'  National  Bank 1860 

•'  ....  "  ...  .National  Bank  of  Savannah 1885 

"  ...   Savannah  Bank  &  Tru.st  Co.  rt 1869 

''  ....  "         ...  Southern  Bank  of  the  State  of  Georgia  a 1870 

"  "  Oglethorp  Savings  &  Trust  Co.  a 18«7 

....Hull  &  Lathrop  6 1890 

Senoia Coweta Farmers'  ct  Merchants'  Bank  o 1892 

Sharon Taliaferro  ...  J.  A.  Kendrick's  Bank  6 1899 

Shellman Randolph  . . .  .People's  Bank  a 1900 

"  ...  Shellman  Banking  Co.  b 189o 

Social  Circle.  .Walton Bank  of  Social  Circle  a 1892 

Sparta    Hancock  Bank  of  R.  A.  Graves  6 18S7 

Statesboro  .  .  .   Bulloch BanK  of  Statesboro  a 1894 

Summerville.  .Chattooga  ....  Bank  of  Commerce  a 1891 

Swainsboro.  .  .Emanuel Bank  of  Swainsboro  a 1896 

Svlvester Worth Sylvester  Banking  Co.  a 1897 

Talbotton  . . .  .Talbot Peoples'  Bank 1890 

Tallapoosa Haralson Citizens'  Bank  b 1897 

Tennille    .         Washington    .Farmers' &  Merchants' Bank  « 1894 

"  .  .Tennille  Banking  Co.  rt. 1900 

Thomaston  . .  .Upson Farmers'  ife  Merchants'  Bank  a 1892 

".  ...       "      Upson  Banking  &  Trust  Co 190O 

Thomasville    .Thomas Bank  of  Thomasvillea 1888 

Citizens'  Banking  &  Trust  Co.  a 1891 

"  .        "         Thotnasville  National  Bank 1887 

"  .        "         Oglethorpe  Savings  &  Trust  Co.  a 1887 

Thomson McDuffle Bank  of  Thomson  a 189L 

Tifton Berrien Bank  of  Tifton  a 1895 

Toccoa Habersham  .  Toccoa  Banking  Co.  a 1890 

Unadilla..      .   Dooly Bank  of  Uuadilla  b 1897 

Union  Point  .(-Ireene Bank  of  Union  Point  6 1900 

Valdosta Lowndes Citizens'  Bank  of  Valdosta  a 1891 

"  "  First  National  Bank. 1890 

"        "        Merchants' Bank  of  Valdosta  a 1874 

Vienna Dooly Bank  of  Vienna  a 1889 

..     "        J   P.  Heard  &  Sons  6 1899 

Villa  Rica  ...  .Carroll Bank  of  Villa  Rica  a 1899 

Warrenton  . .  .Warren Bank  of  Warrenton  o 1892 

W' ashingtou  .  .Wilkes Washington  Exchange  Bank  a 1889 

..        "       Washington  Loan  &  Banking  Co.  a 1895 

Waycross   Ware   Bank  of  Waycross  a 1894 

"  "       Citizens' Bank  a 1900 

'«  "       First  National  Bank 1894 

Waynesboro  .  .Burke Bank  of  Waynesboro  a 1891 

"  . .      ''       Citizen.s'  Bank  a 1898 

West  Point. .  .  .Troup  Bank  of  West  Point  a 1897 

Winder Jackson Bank  of  Winder  « 1895 

"        "        Winder  Banking  Co.  a 1899 

Wrightsviiie.  .Johnson Bank  of  Wrightsville  a 1896 

a  state.    6  Private. 

The  Banks  incorporated  during  the  year  1901  by  Hon.  Philip  Cook,  Secre- 
tary of  State,  are : 

Bank  of  Nashville,  Rockmart  Bank,  Citizens'  Bank  of  Swainsboro,  Citizens' 
Bank  of  Moultrie,  Bank  of  Willacoochee,  Mount  Vernon  Bank,  Sea  Island  Bank 
of  Statesboro,  Citizens'  Bank  of  Vidalia,  Bank  of  Graymont,  Bank  of  Grant- 
viile,  Bank  of  Covington,  Bowen  Banking  Company,  Bank  of  Randolph,  San- 
dersville  Jiank,  Citizens'  Bank  of  FHuTton,  IVople's  Bank  of  Lyons,  Bank  of 
Molena,  Crawford  County  Bank,  Bank  of  Swainsboro,  Bank  of  Arlington, 
Shadburn  Banking  Company.  I'.ainbridge  State  Bank,  Bank  of  Oglethorpe, 
Screven  County  I'.ank  and  Roswell  Bank. 


920  GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND  INDUSTRIAL. 

The  following  are  the  railroads  incorporated  by  the  Secretary  of  State 
during  the  fiscal  year  just  closed  : 

Statesboro  and  Register  Railroad  Company;  Brunswick  and  Birmingham 
Railway  Company;  East  and  West  Railroad  of  Georgia;  Jacksonville,  St. 
Mary's  and  Jesup  Railroad  Company  ;  Dalton  and  Alaculsy  Railroad  Comp'anyJ 
Gainesville  and  Dahlonega  Electric  Railroad  Company;  Atlanta  and  Birming- 
ham Air  Line  Railway  Company;  Columbus  and  Arlington  Railway  Com- 
pany ;  Flint  River  and  Gulf  Railway  Company;  North  and  South  Macon  Street 
Railway  Company. 

The  Railroads  also  had  their  charters  amended. 


GEORGIA:  HISTORICAL  AND   INDUSTRIAL.  921 

GEORGIA  MANUFACTURES. 

It  was  hoped  that  all  the  reports  of  the  United  States  Census  Bureau 
for  1900  concerning  manufactures  and  agricultural  products  of  each 
county  would  be  completed  in  time  to  appear  in  the  appendix  to  this 
volume,  but  such  is  not  the  case. 

The  lollowiug  information,  however,  has  been  issued  by  the  Census 
Bureau  on  Georgia  Manufactures  in  1900: 

Per  Cent. 

-— -%  of  Increase 

-,        ,  ,  since  18!t(i. 

Number  of  establishments,  7,504   7r>  1 

Capital,    $8,7Sy,G5G    57.7 

Wase  earners,  average  number,  83,842   60.3 

Total  wages,  $20,344,071    39.1 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  $r).3ii,330    32.4 

Cost  of  materials  used,  $53,232,203    62.8 

Value  of  products,  including  custom  work  and  repairing,  $106,648,677....  54.7 

ATLANTA. 

Number  of  establishments,  395 (1)  3.7 

Capital,    $16,085,114    69.2 

AVage  earnei-s,  average  number,  9,368  17.7 

Total  wages,  $3,106,039    (1)  3.1 

Miscellaneous   expenses,    $1,352,721    37.0 

Value  of  products,  including  custom  work  and  repairing,  $10,721,899 27.9 

AUGUSTA. 

Number  of  establishments,  388    (1)  11 .8 

Capital,    $9,016,619    10.0 

Wage  earners,  average  number,  7,138   24.9 

Total   wages,    $1,815,779    7.4 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  $618,938    17.5 

Cost  of  materials  used,  $6,244,286   15.0 

Value  of  products,  including  custom  work  and  repairing,  $10,069,750 8.9 

MACON. 

Number  of  establishments,  182   (1)  10-3 

Capital,    $5,076,005    27.3 

Wage  earners,  average  number,  3,700 IT. 2 

Total  wages,  $1,047,607    (1)  0.9 

Miscellaneous  expenses,  $445,078   102.3 

Cost  of  materials  used,  $3,751,167 , -40.8 

Value  of  products,  including  custom  work  and  repairing,  $6,485,767 25.4 

SAVANNAH. 

Number  of  establishments,   155    (^ )  3(5.5 

Capital,    $5,71(5,491    ''•» 

Wage  earners,  average  number,  2,870   ^\^'' 

Total  wages,  $1,176,150  •  •  ^]-^- 

Miscellaneous  expenses.  $4f5!>,91H    ^"  -^ '' 

Cost  of  materials  used.  $3.915,SS4 •  ■ .  •  •  •  •  •  • ; l^y 

Value  of  products,  including  cu.Htoin  work  and  repairing,   $6,461,.S1(> — < 

Figure  (1)  in  percentage  denotes  decrease. 


INDEX. 


A 

Abbeville,   town    879 

Abram's   Creek    t>85 

Abram's  Home,  Savaanab   4U7 

Academy  for  tlie  Blind,  Macon,  Ga 4U'J,  550 

Acworth    (JUT 

Adairsville    540 

Adams,   David   412 

Adams,  John  Quiucy   '22 

Adel,    town    545 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 413 

Agate    720,  809 

Agnes  Scott  Institute   382,  031 

Agriculture  101,  232 

Agriculture,  Commissioners    34 

Agricultural   Department    34 

Air  Currents    43 

Alabah    River    789 

Alabama  Great  Southern  Railroad 020 

Alabama  River  21 

Alabama  State  17,    21 

Albany  and  Northern  Railroad  034,  030 

Albany,  city  030,  039 

Alcovy  River  724,  777,  802 

Alderney   Cattle    259 

Alexander  Normal  School  for  Ladies  550 

Alfalfa,   or  Lucerne    215,  210 

Alice,    town    787 

Allapacoochee  Creek 544 

Allapaha  River 544,  599,  043,  741,  87y 

Allapaha,   town   545,  719 

Allatoona  Creek    539 

Allatoona  Station    785 

Alleghany  System    39 

Allgood,  A.  P 588 

Alligator  Creek  707 

Alpharetta    702 

Altamaha  Basin 105,  115 

Altamaha  River 17,  520,  082,  737,  740,  707,  834,  781 

Alto    535 

Alum     803,  850 

Aluminum.  .40,  see  Bauxite. 

Alvord,  Henry  E,  (quoted)  275 

American  Farmer  by  Flint  (quoted)    299,  300 

Americus,  city   82t),  830 

Amethyst    00 

Amicalola  Creek   »i22,  743 

Anawaqua,  an  Indian  Princess   5(i8 

Anchovy   Shoals   881 

Andersonvllle   829 

A ndr§,    Major   785 

Andrew  Female  College 38,5,  807 

Andrews'    Shoals    782 

Angora  Goats  304-310;  price  of  lleece 309,  310 

(923) 


924  INDEX. 

Angus  Cattle    268,   2G9,  535 

Apalachicola  Basin  84    100 

Appalachee  River 689,  692,  769,  779,789!  862 

Appalachian   System    36,    39 

Apples 43,  150,  154,  243V244,'  587,  786*,  848 

Appleton   Orphan   Home,   Macon 406,   550 

Appling  County .526-528 

Appling,  Colonel  Daniel  526,  613 

Appling,  town  ..."..."  .'  .613 

Appropriations  to  the  Instiutions  of  the  State 515,  516 

Arctic  (or  rescue)  grass   .' .  227 

Area  of  Georgia  (including  land  and  water)  36,  891 

Land  area  of  the  several  counties   526-887 

Also  Table  1  Appendix  894 

Arlington  562-563 

Armuchee  Valley   586,   859 

Arnold,  Benedict 785 

Artesian  Wells 72,  528,  558,  563,  565,  577,  596,  632,  636,  685,  728,  754 

Asbestos 41,  65,  133,  147,  569,  598,  619,  696,  758,  803,  849 

Asbury,  Francis   411 

Ash    1.50,    161 

Ashburn,    town    886 

Ashe,  General   18 

Aspinwall,    Elijah    789 

Athens,  city 365,  382,  592,  593,  595 

Atkinson,  W.  Y 33 

Atlanta 23,  33,  331,  332,  669-677,  901 

Atlanta  Constitution  53 

Atlanta  Journal   53 

Atlanta,  Knoxville  and  Northern  Railroad 184,  601,  655 

Atlanta  and  West  Point  Railroad 185,  615,  852 

Atlanta    University     386 

Atlantic    Ocean    575 

Atlantic,    Valdosta   and   Western 573,    599,    643 

Augusta   16,   17,  18,   810-813,  901 

Augusta    Chronicle     53 

Augusta  Orphan  Asylum 405,  406 

Austell     604 

Ayres,    David    278 

Ayrshire    Cattle    264,    267 

B 

Bailey,  C.  P.,  of  California  (information  concerning  the  Angora  condensed  from 

pamphlet  issued  by  him    304-310 

BailGv.    Samuel    155 

Bainbridge,  city 624,  627,  628 

Bainbridge,    Commodore   Wm 624 

Baker    County 528,    529 

Baker,  Colonel  John   528 

Bakerier    359 

Bald    Mountain     802 

Baldwin    County    530-534 

Baldwin,  Adraham    530 

Baldwin,    town    535 

Ballard  Normal  School  for  Colored  Pupils    550 

Ball  Ground  591 

Bananas    43,   246 

Banks  County    534-536 

Banks,   Dr.    Richard    534 

Banks  in  Georgia— list  of,  see  Appendix 

Baptist  Church  in     Georgia 412,  413,  414.     (See  sketches 

of  the  several  counties)    526-887 

Baptist  Orphans'  Home  at  Hapeville  406-407 

Bai-ber  Creek    592,    779 

Barite  (orBaryta),  Sulphate  of   40,    66 


IXDEX. 


925 


^^^■^ej'    150,    207,   546 

±>ai'iies,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 306 

Barnesville,  city 791^  790    793 

Barnett,    town,    g(37 

Barry,  Bishop  of  Komaa  Catliolic  Church  in  Georgia 413 

Bartow  County  49   539.543 

Bartow,  General  Francis  S ' 539 

Baryta  (or  barite) .4U    06 

Bass,  W.  C '.  3S1 

Battle  Creek .83-i 

Biiuxite 40,  63,  132,  133,  147,  539,  540,  587,  '660,'  '6S8,"s77 

Baxley,  town  527 

Bay  Trees   51,  I59,  101 

Beach    Creek    , 705 

Bear  Creek    592,   757,  872 

Beard's  Creek   834 

Bears   51.  573,  802 

Beaver  Creek  018,  748 

Beaver  Dam  Creek 546,  558,  646,  765,  781,  819,  880 

Beaufort,    S.    C 15 

Becker,    G.    F 59 

Beckwith,  John  ^V..  Protestant  Episcoi«ul  Bi-siiop  ot  Georgia 411 

Beech    Trees    150,    161 

Beef   Cattle    154 

Begewootl,    Nicholas    412 

Belcher's   Mill  Creek    556 

Bell   Creek    848 

Bellton  535 

Belmont   Farm    602,   603 

Beman,    Dr.    Carlisle    P 701 

Bermuda  Grass  150,  171,  216.  219 

Berrien    County    543-545 

Berrien,    John    McPherson 543 

Berries 43,  150,  154.     (See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  520-887 

Bertram    Creek    646 

Bervl     66 

Bethel  Male  College  807 

Bethesda   16,   397 

Bethesda  Orphan  Home 16,   397 

Beverly    646 

Bibb   County    546-552 

Bibb,    Dr.   W.   W 546 

Bie    Creek    781.    796 

Big  Hurricane  Creek 526.  608,  788 

Big  Indian  Creek 569,  712 

Big    Kiokee    Creek 613 

Big  Lott's  Creek  556 

Big  Potato  Creek 790,  800,  857,  858 

Big    Sandy    Creek 883 

Billy    Bowlegs    51 

Billy's    Island    51 

Birch  Creek   790 

Birch  trees  161 

Bird's    Mill    Creek 556 

Bituminous   Shale    660 

Black    Bass    52 

Blackbeard    Island    746 

Black    Cropk    5.-)fl 

Blackberries    -13.   154,  240 

Black    Gum    Trees 150 

Black    Jack    Trees !•'»•* 

Blackshear    J^O 

Blackshoar,   General   David "i^* 

Blacksmithlng  •'^•'><> 

Blnkely    '►^2 

Blast  Furnaces  356 


926  INDEX. 

Bloodwortb,  Solomon  W 882 

Bloody  Marsh 16,  686 

Blue    Creek    874 

Blue    Grass    219,    220 

Blue  Ridge 36,  59,  154,  743,  855,  856,  874 

Blue  Ridge,  town  655,  656 

Bluff    Creek     879 

Bluffton    595 

Bolzius,  John  Martin   408 

Bonaventure   ...     578 

Bonnell,    W.    B ..!..!......  .381 

Boophilus  Bovis  (cow  tick)  34 

Born,    W.   J .". .  '.155,*  'isg 

Bosom  worth     I7 

Boston    Herald    (quoted) 240 

Boston,  Massachusetts  17 

Boston,   town    in   Thomas  county 846 

Bottsword,  Edmund 412 

Bowdon 570 

Bowen,   Commodore    17 

Boynton,    James   L 33 

Brawell,    S.    D 389 

Brahma  Chickens 290,  291 

Brassto wn  Creek    848,'  856 

Bream    (fish)    .' .  .28 

Breeders  of  Pure  Bred  Cattle.     (Foot  note)  275 

Brenau  Female  College  385,  699 

Brick  Manufactories   359,  545 

Bridge    Creek    611 

Bridges,  W.  J 203-204,  822 

Brier  Creek 18,  558,  745,  809,  819,  867 

Briers,    Colonel    W.   K 588 

Broad  River 535,  646,  649,  666,  739,  752,  755,  781,  880 

Brome    226 

Brooks    County    552-554 

Brooks,  Preston   S 552 

Broomtown    Valley    39,    586 

Broughton    Island     746 

Brown  Iron  Ore  (limonite)  61,  127,  128 

Brown,  Joseph   E 30 

Brown,   Loring    603 

Browne,   AV.   Leroy 389 

Browne,  Colonel  Thomas   814 

Brownson,   Nathan    18,   29 

Brown  Swiss  Cattle 267 

Brunswick    and    Birmingham    Railway 609 

Brunswick  and  Western  Railway  544.  610,  636,  885 

Brunswick 40,  325,  683-687 

Brushy    Creek    558,    752 

Bryan  County 554,  555 

Bryan,    General    Goode 815 

Bryan,   Jonathan    554 

Buchanan   70S 

Buck  Creek 818 

Buckhead  Creek   558,  748 

Buckwheat   150,   154 

Buena  Vista,  town    756 

Buffalo  Creek    781,   868 

Buford     693 

Buhrstone 558.  693,  726,  819,  849,  869 

Buliding  Stones 133,  136,  147,  698 

Bull,   Colonel   17 

Bull   Creek    772 

Bulloch,  Archibald   28.  556 

Bulloch  County   556,  557 

Bullochville  758 


IXDEX.  qi,Y 

Bullock,  Ruf us  B on    oca 

Bulls.     (See   Cattle.) ■.'. '  **"^ 

Burke  County   .    V. ■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■. IS,' 558-5G0 

Burke,    Edmund    grjg 

Burke  Jail    " . ..................      , 551) 

Burnett,  Capt.  John;  His  Adventure  with  the  Indians. GSG   CS7 

Burnt    Village    '  0-3 

Burton,  J.  Q 34 

Butler's   Creek    A,.o 

Butler,   town So- 

Butner's    Island    rrA 

Butter  '.*.'.'.  *.'.'.".'.'. '.'.'.v.  v..  v.". '.'.'." ' "  53    154 

(For  production  of  Butter,  see  sketches  of  the  severai  counties  5''6-887') 

Butts  County   '  5G0-5G'' 

Butts,   Captain   Samuel kqq 


Cabbage,   Palmetto    j,^,. 

Cabbages S"")' 

Cabin   Creek 8-'>o 

Cain  Creek V!iV  '  "71 

r,„.  .  <  •io,     1 4-i 

Cairo,  town  04^^ 

Calhoun  County ".".■■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■;;.■;;";: i! ;562;  503 

Calhoun,   John  C 5qo    qjq 

Calhoun,    town ~'  oSS 

Calvin.    Martin    V 3SG 

Camack,    town SG" 

Cambrian    Formation 55 

Camden  County   .'."■.'.■.■.'.'.'.■  .■.'.■.■.'.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■! 8,*  564-5GG 

Camden,    Earl    of 5q^ 

Camilla  .      '^^'^ ':::::::::!::::: ::::::::::::i(^,' 7G4 

Campbell  County  5G6-5G8 

Campbell,  Duncan  G .5(36  567   88'^ 

Campbell,    .John    A ' '  ggo 

Campbellton    ............*.".',','.'        5G7 

Candler,    Allen    D '.  .33 

Candler.    Warren    A 378 

Cane    Creek    .....................! .  7,^>7 

Cane  Forage .22G    54r> 

Canning  Factories  362,  562,  604,  G3G.  7(13,'  '707,"  798*,  878 

Cannouchee  River 554,  55G,  654,  737,  834 

Cantaloupes  43 

Canton    4^    r,f)^ 

Carbonate   of   Iron .803 

Carbonate  of  Lime 571 

Carboniferous  Formation   5.-, 

Carmel    Academy    013 

Carnesville    !.....  GG7 

Carpenter    Work    .3C,1 

Carriage    Factories 3.-,(i 

Carroll  County  40,  42,  569-571 

Carroll,    Charles    .r,c,p 

Carrollton.  town   570 

Car   Shops    3.-;o 

Cartecay    River    (I77 

Carter's   Croek    5i;<; 

Cartorsville,  city  540,  5-i;{ 

Cass.    Honorable    Lewis    Cass ,5.3!) 

Cassava   214,  872 

Catoosa  County   .30,  571  -.57."'. 

('atoosa    Si)rings    572 

Cat    Creek  • 544 

Cat-t^ll    Orass    22C> 

Cattle  (neat) 34.  53.  259-275 

(For  statistics  of,  see  skotclics  of  the  sevcnil  counties,  526-887. 


928  INDEX. 

Cave  Spring   39^  401,  660 

Ceqil.    town    545 

Cedar  Creek 728,  793,798,"  'sSS,  879 

Cedartown,  city    794    795 

Cedar   trees    '_  15q 

Cedar  Valley   39    793 

Cement 70,  92,136,  147,  G60 

Central  of  Georgia  Railway   174,  177,  550,  5G2,  575,  593,  598,  615 

645,  657,  715,  730,  766,  794,  799,  823 
829,  831,  832,  837,  840,  846,  884 

Cession  of  Western  lands  by  Georgia 21 

Chalcedony    558,    726,  869 

Chalibee   Battle    560 

Chalybeate    Springs    758 

Chapultepec,  Mexico  6 

Charleston  and  Western  Carolina  Railroad 613 

Charleston,  S.  C 15^  18 

Charlton  County   573^  '574 

Charlton,  Judge  T.  U.  P .' .  573 

Charter    Oak     30 

Chatham  County 18,  574-584 

Chatham,   Earl   of 575 

Chattahoochee    County    584-586 

Chattahoochee   Ridge 42 

Chattahoochee    River    21,  566,  569,  584,  585,  595,  601,  615,  623,  628 

641,  642,  664,  665,  669,  692,  697,  704,  708,  761 
772,  773,  785,  800,  825,  826,  831,  850,  874 

Cha  tta  nooga.    Creek    46 

Chattanooga,  Rome  and  Southern  Railroad  570,  659,  784,  861 

Chattanooga    Southern     861 

Chatooga  County  39,  40,  586-590 

Chattooga  River 586,  802,  859,  860 

Chattooga   Valley    586 

Cheat    226 

Cheese 53,  562,  742,  769,  822,  823,  845,  '851,  856,  868 

Cheney,    M.    Aquila 378 

Chenubee   Creek    840 

Cherokee  Baptist  Female  College 381 

Cherokee  County 40,   590-592 

Cherokees    16,   39,   40 

Cherries 43,  150,  154 

Cherry,   wild    150 

Cherts    31 

Chestatee   River   697,   743 

Chestnut  Trees 150,  154 

Chestnuts.  (See  Towns  Co.) 848 

Chiaha,  Indian  town  on  present  site  of  Rome,  Ga 663 

Chicago    Record    (quoted) 240 

Chickamauga    battle    23 

Chickamauga  Creek 39,  859,  860,  876 

Chickamauga  Park  861 

Chickamauga   river   and   valley    859 

Chickasawhatchee  Creek  528,  562,  636,  840 

Chicken   Creek    590 

Chickens  53,  154,  299 

China  Ware   69 

Chincapin    166 

Chipley    705 

Chlorination   process    60 

Choctawhatcnee   Creek    872 

Choctaws  16,  39.  40 

Christ  Church  Parish 575 

Christian,  or  Disciples',  Church 412,  414 

Christmas,    Robert    ^ 18 

Chrome   849 

Chufas   43 


l2fDEX.  929 

Clark,  John -^.  S30 

Clark   University    380 

Clarke   County    592-59o 

Clarke,  General  Elijah IS.  592,  814,  8G4,  882 

Clarke,    Mrs.    Hannah 88[- 

Clarke,    Jonathan    "^^'r 

Clarkesville    '^*^:,* 

Claxton,  town  ^"^ 

Clay,  Alexander  S.,  United  States  Senator  from  Georgia -;  -'^0- 

Clay    County    '^'^'^'ca- 


Clay.    Henrv 


595 


Clays  «9,  130,  137,  140,  220.  221,  359 

530,  549.  587,  018,  019.  000.  778 
790,  810,  820,  854,  809,  873,  877 

Clayton,  Augustine   -o-' roo 

Clayton  County   •'^'™ 

Cleburne,    General    Patrick "^iz 

Cleveland,    town    • ;  • " ; "     1- 

Climate  Belts   ',-i    J>- 

Climax,  town  ~tU  rni 

Clinch    County    '       roA 

Clinch,   General  Duncan   L i^-^ 

Clinton,   town    '^^ 

Sve^':!*!?^::::::'::::::::::::::"::::"'---"i5o;22b:^ 

Clover    bale    j^rl! 

Clyde,  town ;.';;;;;;;.".4oVg6'  69,'i29,'i3o,'  147",  ssi'soo 

'^oai -,n    Kfi    l'">4 

Coastal  Plain   •^'  ^'  J"-^ 

Coast    Region    ,  ,!p 

Coast  Tide,  Swamp  Lands  ;.,Vi'rn« 

Cobb   County    '^'^™ 

Cobb,    Lucy    ooo 

Cobb,  J.  R.  R •  •  V  •-%% 

Cobb,  Thomas  W '^'^'  ^;]^ 

Cobb's    Creek    093 

Cochins    (fowls)    :.,y^"  "Z'^^j 

Cochran,  town   r^^-^ 

Cockspur   Island    005 

Coffee    Bluff •.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.■.".■.OOS-Oro 

Coffee  County   o.^    qqq 

Coffee,   General  John  E .; ; '   "'   --..-, 

Gohutta  Range  ""'   "   '  i-o 

Cohutta  Springs  ^^^ 

Coke,    Thomas    ->  .^ 

Cold   Water    Creek ,,,^ 

College  Park   tlog 

Collins  &  Reidsville  Railroad    ' 

Collinsworth    Institute    ■ '  "-"  ■^  .1 

(volomokee  Creek  • ,^n 

Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  America 30    33 

Colquitt,   Alfred   H 010-013 

( jolquitt   County    ,-,,q 

Colquitt,    town    P^Iq 

Colquitt.    Waltnr   T (Vl3-015 

( ;olurnJ)ia    County    ^.V  '  yj'.i.yyI; 

Columbus,    city    "'  53 

( ;oluiiibus    Kn<iulrer    • - 

•Coinnioinvcalth  of  Georgia,"  by  J.  T.  Henderson -'^ 

Confi'doratc   Soldiers'   Home j^.V  "^^^ 

Congregat ionallst  Church    "    "'     n,^ 

(3onley,    I'.cnjaniin    "  "  ' '  '.jjvj 

Conner,   T.    U '.^^  '  --V  c-c 

Connesauga  Rlvor    IS  "8  33   ■1"'3 

Constitution  of  Georgia c  -  ,  •<•  .     -^-^ 

Constitution  of  tlie  United  States 

46  Ka 


[jSO  index. 

Conyers,    town    817 

Cooahulla  Creek    87(> 

Cook's  Creek   765 

Coolewahee  Creek   528 

Cooper,  David  398 

Cooper,  Mark  A 333 

Cooper's    Creek     59O 

Coosa  Creek    856 

Coosa  River 21,  658,  659,  771 

Coosa  Valley 150,  659 

Coosawattee  River  677,  687,  771,  786 

Copper 40,  65,  140,  569,  607,  655,  696,  803 

Cordele,   city    634,   635 

Corn 150,  154,  197-201,  155,  168 

(See  also  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  526-887.) 

Cornelia  695 

Corn  Forage   171 

Cornwallis,    Charles    (Earl    Cornwallis) 18 

Corundum 40,  63,  64,  133,  849 

Cotton  33,  52,  53,  150,  154,  155,  168,  191,  197 

See  also  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  526-887. 

Cotton  Gin   21,  352,  353 

(For  cotton  ginned  in  the  several  counties,  see  appendix,  table  5,  pages  902-906.) 

Cotton    Mills    . 335-344 

(List  of,  337-341.    See  also  appendix,  907-914.) 

Cotton    River    716 

Cotton  Seed   195 

Cotton   Seed  Oil  Mills 347-352 

Cotton  Wood  161 

Covington,    city    777,    778 

Covpeta  County   42,   615-618 

Coweta  Indians   615 

Cow-peas  150,  222,  225 

See  also  sketches  of  the  several  counties.  526-887. 

Cowpens,  battle  of 18,   769 

Cow    Tick    (Boophilus    Bovis) 34 

Cows,    (see    Cattle.) 53,    259-275 

Cox  College  (Southern  Female) 382 

Cox,  T.  H 202,  204 

Crab  Grass  150,  171,  220 

Crawfish  Springs 39,  861 

Crawford    County    618-620 

Crawford,   George  W 30,    814 

Crawford,    Wm.   H 613,    618,   782 

Crawford  High   School    378 

Crawfordville    ^3 

Creameries   34,  250-256,  604,  701,  824,  851 

Creek  Bottom  and  Hummock  Lands 165 

Creeks  16,  17 

Cretaledis  Rocks   69 

Crimson  Clover  220 

Crooked  Creek    632,  765,  798,  854 

Crowfoot  Grass   "p^ 

Crystaline  Area   ;;.•  • -^^ 

Cuthbert,   city    ^*^^'   °^° 

Cumberland  Island  (called  by  the  Indian  Missoe) 565,  566 

Cumming    ^^ 

Gumming,  Governor  Alfred  ^j* 

Cumming,    General    Alfred , ^15 

(jTimn^^ng.,    Colonel    Wm 665 

Cunningham.    Robert    M 411 

Currahee   Mountain    ^oV  '^c^ 

Cusseta   ^^■*'   ^^^ 

Cycloneta   Station    •  •  •  •  •  •  •  ••■■• 'zi 

Cvni-ec;s  51,  556,  627,  641,  642,  644,  654,  734,  7G7,  865.  Sd,  886 

CpSss  creek 632,634,084,685,767 


INDEX. 


931 


Bade    Coal    Mines (j.-»l 

Dade  County  '.'.'.' '.''.'^^^.'^.'^.V.'.'.'. '.'.'.'.39,  'iO,'  620-G22 

Dade,    Major    Francis    L (j')0 

Dahlooega    .....!.!......*.'.....  .40     744 

Dairy   Farms    539,  54G,  5G7,  5l>4,  590,  602,  G14.  U24 

631,  035,  660,  684,  763,  773,  777,  781 
791,  798,  822,  840,  845,  851,  852,  865 

Dairying  and  Creameries 250-256,  604,  701,  824,  851,  881 

Dairyman's   Association    34 

i^allas    ".'.'.".'.'.'.".".' .'.*785,'  '786 

DaJl^s.    Georgje    M 785 

I-'alton   378,  771,  877,  878 

Daniel,    General    Allen 750 

Daniell,    Thomas    18 

Danielsville    752 

Darien  (at  first  called  New  Inverness) 16,  325,  411,  747 

Davis,  Dr.  James  B 304 

Davis,  Jenkin   18 

Davis,    Robert    611 

Dawson  city   840,  841,  842 

Dawson  County   022,  023 

Dawson,   Wm.   C 022 

Dawsonville    623 

Da  y    Creek    785 

Day,  Dr 70 

Dearing    745 

Death  rate  in  Georgia  as  compared  with  other  States 46 

Decatur   County 023-028 

Decatur,    Commodore    Stephen 623 

Decatur,  town    382,  628,  631 

Declaration    of   Independence 17 

Deen.    C.    W 527 

Deep  Creek 618.  646,  765,  864 

Deer 52,  154,  573,  021,  719,  802,  805 

Dehon.  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  South  Carolina 408 

DeKalb  County  41,  028-032 

DeKalb,  Baron  John   028 

Delamotte,    Rev 411 

Demorest    095.    096 

DeiTy,  J.  T 6,  381 

DeSoto    ^>*53 

DeSoto,   town    829 

Devon  Cattle   -'^17,   268 

Devonian  Formation    55 

Dewberries   154 

Diamonds    2^* 

Dickson,   Judge  Capers 378 

Dietzen,  N -38 

Dirtseller   Mountain    586 

Distilleries  for  Turpentine.  .529,  553,  550.  009,  012,  024.  634,  054,   720,  728.  732, 
734,  738,  742,  704,  707,  790,  838,  841,  845,  805,  871,  880. 

Doboy    Island    ''■^^^ 

Dodge  County    032-634 

Dodge,  Wm.  E *'32 

Dogwood  1^*^ 

Domestic  Animals.     (See  Live  Slock.) 

Doininiques    ^^^ 

Donkeys    J^^ 

Dooley  Count  v    '"'•'*•   "*•"•' 

Dooley,   Colonel  Joliii 1'''-    '»3 «.   >^^- 

Door    of    Hope ..550 

Dougherty  County  O.T.-O.'IO 

Dougherty,  Charles  ^»35 

Dougherty's    Creek    520 


932  INDEX. 

Douglas  County  40,  640,  641 

Douglas,   Stephen  A q^q. 

Douglas,  town 608,'  609,  610 

Douglasville    640 

Douglasville   College    640 

Dover  and   Statesboro    Railroad 556 

Dover   546*  641 

Drainage  System  73 

Dry  Creek    55*6*   834 

Dry   Fork    Creek 78i 

Dublin,  city   732,  733 

Duck    Creek    859 

Ducks   53,  299 

Ducktown  40 

Dugover  Mountain    39 

Duke's   Creek    874 

Dunson,    O.    A 245 

Durham  or  Shorthorn  Cattle 264,  267 

Dutch    Belted    Cattle 26a 

Dyer   Creek    868 

E 

Early  County   641-  643 

Early,  Peter  29,  641,  882 

East  and  West  Railroad  540,  794 

East  Point   677 

Eastman,   city    632,  633 

Eastman.   Wm.   Pitt   633 

Eaton,  General  Wm 799 

Eatonton,  city   799 

Ebeuezer  16,  408,  645 

Echeconnee  Creek   546,   618,   712,  765 

Echols   County    643,  644 

Echols,   Robert  M 643 

Economic  Geology  and  Mineralogy  55 

Edgewood  Farm   239 

Education  in  Georgia   365 

Effingham  County  18,  644-646 

Effingham,  Earl  of   644 

Eggs,  43,  154;  Number  produced  in  Georgia 299 

Egyptian  Cotton    196,  19" 

Eight  Mile  Creek  765 

Elberta  Peach    240,   242,  748 

Elbert  Countv   646-  6o3 

Elbert,  Colonel  Samuel  29,  646,  686 

Elberton,  city  646,  649 

Electric  Cars   ^33 

Electric  Light  Plauts  360 

Electric  Motors    360 

Elkin's  Creek   J9J| 

Ellaville,  town    | ^Iz 

EUijay    River    o' ' 

EUijay,   town    678 

Elliott,  John   J-f 

Elliott,  Stephen,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Georgia  408 

Ellis,    Henry    ^28 

Elm    ■•■'  1^2 

Emanuel  County  6o3-  600 

Emanuel,  David   29,  0o3 

Emerson,  town  ^^^ 

Emery  ^ •_•  •     ^ 

Emory  College  377,  378,  778 

Enameled  Brick  ^9 . 

England,   John    ^1 - 

Enterprise,  Frst  Steamboat  ou  the  Savannah  River 8l» 


INDEX.  933 

Eocene,  age  gg 

Etowah  River 150,  539,  SOo',  622,*  658,  664."  74a  '7n.*  785    786 

Euharlee  Creek  530_  ^go]  793 

Eve,  Joseph gj- 

Everett  James  A :}8i 

Ewen,  Wm og 

Experiment  Station   '.".'.".'.■.'■.'.'.'.'.■.■■. 34.'  510-515.  823 


Ezra  Church 


670 


Fairburn     507.  568 

I-  allang  Creek   046.  781 

Fall   Line    50,     73 

Fannin  County 40.  655.  656 

Fannin,  Colonel  J.  W 055 

Fayette  County   ".V.V.V.V.'.".V.'.V.t;57,  658 

Fayette,   Marquis   de   la    057 

Fayetteville    057;  o58 

Feldspar    1 54,  780 

Female  Asylum  at  Savannah  402,  405 

Fertilizer  Factories,  353,  354.     List  of,  see  Appendix. 

Fescue  Grasses 221 

Few,  Iganitus  A 378 

Few,  Wm 18,  559 

Fielder,  Mrs— her  adventure  with  the  Indians 169,  692 

Field  Peas 150,  154,  222,  224.    For  average  production  to  the  acre,  see 

sketch  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Figs   :43,   246,  565 

Finoholloway  (or  Phennohaloway)  Creek   871 

Fire  Clay  41 

Fish 322,  325,  326,  329 

Fishing  Creek  530,  880 

Fitzgerald    720 

Flat  Creek  767,  790,  854,  826 

Flatwood  Lands  149,  150 

Flint,  Charles  L.,  Editor  of  the  American  Farm  (quoted) 285 

Flint  River 528.  529,  566,  597,  615,  618,  623,  634,  635,  642,  657,  733 

748,  757,  763,  790,  791,  822,  828,  831,  836,  858,  850.  885 

Floriculture  315,  316 

Florida  and  Western  Railroad  555 

Florida  Central  and  Peninsular  Railroad 185,  555,  564,  575,  654.  871 

Florida  Cession    22 

Flour  Mills 359.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 52()-SS7 

Flournoy,  General  Thomas  814 

Flovilla    560 

Flower  Gardens   ,. 154 

Floyd  County  40.  i\:>S-  664 

Floyd  Creek  785 

I-'loyd,  General  John  •_'_*,  :>rA\,  658 

Flv  Creek 790 

Fodder's  Creek  848 

Forestry.  .50,  51,  150,  154.     See  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  526-887. 

Also  map    498 

Forsyth,  city   760 

Forsyth  County K).  Ci'A-  (566 

Forsyth,  John   30,   661,  S14 

Fort  Cornwallis   815 

Fortescue,  W.  S 102 

Fort  Valley   715 

Fort  Gaines  595,  59<] 

Fort  McAllister    581 

Fort   Pulaski    581 

Foster.   James   •Ill 

Foundries   •'•'''•'•.  545 


934  INDEX. 

Fountains  154 

France   21 

Franklin,  Benjamin  666 

Franklin  College  377 

Frankilu  County 666-  668 

Frederica    16,  686 

French 18 

Fulton  County  40,  355,  669-  677 

Fulton,  Robert  669 


Gaines,  General  - 596 

Gainesville    698,  699 

Gainesville,  Jefferson,  &  Southern  Railway  698,  863 

Galena    593 

Gallberry  Bushes   159 

Gama,  or  Sesame  Grass  225 

Game   329,  330 

Game  Chickens   293 

Gammon  University  at  Atlanta    386 

Gardner,  General  Montgomery   815 

Garmany,  Capt.  H 693,  694 

Garretson,   Levi    411 

Gartland,  Rev.  Dr 413 

Garvin,  John   411 

Gas  for  illuminating  and  heating 360 

Geneva   832 

Geological  Department  35 

Geology   55 

George  II.,  King  of  England  15 

"Georgia  and  Her  Resources,"  by  R.  T.  Nesbitt  5 

Georgia:  origin  of  name,  15;  colonial  days,  16,  17;  in  the  Revolution,  17,  18; 
in  second  war  with  England,  21,  22;  a  mother  of  States,  21;  controversy 
with  General  Government  about  Indian  lands,  22;  in  the  Mexican  war, 
22;  in  the  war  between  the  States,  22,  23.  After  the  war,  23;  in  the  war 
with  Spain  and  in  the  Philippines,  27,  28;  industrial  progress,  33,  35; 
increase  in  population,  35;  Governors  of,  28-33;  descriptive  sketch  of .  .38-54 

Geoi'gia  and  Alabama  Railroad  184,  554,  585,  634 

Georgia  Academy  for  the  Blind  at  Macon  402,  550 

Georgia  Experiment  Station   570-575 

Georgia  Factory 594 

Georgia  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Cave  Spring 401,  402.  660 

Georgia  Normal  and  Industrial  College  at  Milledgeville   374,  533 

Georgia  Northern  Railroad   552,  611 

Georgia  Pine  Railroad   529.  624.  642,  760 

Georgia  Railroad 179,  550,  593,  613,  628,  691,  730,  752  770,  780,  833.  803,  867 

Georgia  School  of  Technology  374 

Georgia  Southern  &  Florida  Railroad  179,  180,  544,  550,  634 

Georgia  State  Industrial  College  for  Colored  Youths  374,  386 

Georgia  State  Normal  School  at  Athens    374 

Georgia  University  365-374,  592.  593,  744 

Gerioux,  J.  C 246 

Germany  Creek   '513 

Gibson   <580 

Gilmer  County   40,   677-679 

Gilmer,  George  R 30,  40,  677,  782 

Gins  and  Ginning 21,  352,  353 

Glascock   County   680,  683 

Glascock,  General  Thomas   680 

Glenn.  G.  R ^^9 

Glover's    '^^^' 

Glynn  County  18-  6S3-68( 

Glynn,  John 683 

Gneiss  42,  71,  135,  631,  780,  849> 


INDEX.  935 

Goats  300-310;  Angora  Goats,  304-310;  price  of  fleece  or  mohair,  309,  310. 

For  coiuiiiou  goats  see  slietcbes  of  tlie  several  counties  526-887 

Gober,  George,  F 239,  244,  092.  002,  787 

Gold    40.  50-01,  139,  140,  147,  540,  509,  1)07,  017 

022,  055.  600,  665,  678,  693,  690,  69S,  703,  74»t 
743,  744,  745,  755,  758,  782,  849,  856,  875,  881 

Gold  Stiimping  Mills  540.  744,  782 

Gooseberries    154 

Gordon  County   687-689 

Gordon.  John  B 33,     51 

Gordon,  "W.  W 577,  687 

(Gordon  Institute   792 

Gordon,   town    884 

(lOshen    408 

Granite    41,     42.     71,     134,  135,  147,  154.  549,  567 

593,  631,  678,  693,  690.  709,  755,  758 
778,  782,  799,  817,  849,  850,  863,  881 

Granite  Lands    153 

Grantville   i">16,  017 

Grape  Creek  822 

Grapes    43,  150,  154,  245,  246,  527,  539,  557,  587.  002 

609,  Oil,  030,  748.  791,  871,  873.  870,  880 

Graphite 65,  143,  147,  540,  593,  096,  782 

Grass   Creek    826 

Grasses    150,   154,    214-228 

Graves,  Colonel  John   88^3 

Graves  Mountain    42 

(jray  Gravelly  Lands 149,  153 

Graysville    '4- 

Great  Britain— the  Mother  Country,  15-17;  Wars  with— the  Recolution,  17-18; 

The  war  of  1812-15 21,     22 

Green.  Dr.  Thomas  F 398 

Greenbriar   Creek   ^13 

Greene  County  40,  089-092 

Greene,  General  Nathaniel  21,  577,  089,  769,  814,  815,  8&3 

Greeneboro    ^2*! 

Greenville    ''^^ 

(Jreysville   ^~'^ 

Griffin,  city   823-825 

Grist  Mills  . . .  .359.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 526-887 

( Jriggs,  Hon.  J.  M '| 

(rross,  Wm.  II.,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  Georgia 413 

r, round  Peas 43,  226.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Grovania    ^1'' 

( Jrovetown    <"»1"^ 

( Juernseys    20(i 

CJuillan,  Ilanuah  402 

(iuinea  Fowls  298,  299 

Gum  Creek  ''»34 

cjuyton   *'^"' 

Gwinnett,  Button  17,  28.  092 

Gwinnett  County  -10,  092-094 

H 

Habersham  County  -If*.  094-097 

Habersham,  James   J  • "  ■;    .fJ^ 

Hal)er8liaiii,  Joseph   17,  18,  694 

Halo,  J.  H -;* ' 

Hall   Coniilv    '"'•''"*'^!! 

Ilall,   Lviiian    l"^-  -''•  **^' 

llMiiiburgs  Cchickens)    — y 

Hamilton,   John    "|^2 

Hamilton,  town    J}^' 

Hainitton,  town   "^^ 

Hampton,  Wade   ^^•''' 


936  INDEX. 

Hancock  County  100-702 

Hancock,  John  700 

"Hand  Book  of  Georgia,"  by  Dr.  Thomas  P.  Janes 5 

Handley,  George 18,    29 

Hannahatchee  Creek  825,  826 

Hapeville 677 

Harlem 613 

Haralc^n  County 40,  702-704 

Haralson,  Hugh  A 702 

Hardin's  Cave 39 

Hard  Labor  Creek 769,  770,  862 

Hard  Ore   87 

Hares  (commonly  called  rabbits  in  Georgia)  536 

Harmony  Grove   722 

Harris  County  20,  704-706 

Harris,  Charles  704 

Harris,  Young  L.  G 849 

Harrison,  Thomas   412 

Harrod's  Creek  641 

Hart  County  706-708 

Hart,  Nancy  650,  653,  706 

Hartwell   707 

Hawkins,  Colonel  Benjamin  620 

Hawkins,  Colonel  Samuel  570 

Hawkinsville    796,  797 

Hay 150,  155,  171,  227.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 526-887 

Hayes,  John  L.  (quoted)  286 

Haygood,  Atticus  G 378 

Head  Creek  822 

Heard  County 42,  708,  710 

Heard,  Stephen 29,  708,  882 

Hearn  Female  Seminary  600 

Hearn  Institute  660 

Hearn  Manual  Labor  School  401 

HebreAv  Orphan  Home,  Atlanta  407 

Hebrews,  or  Jews  414 

Hematite  (red  iron  ores) 61,  128,  129 

Henderson,  John  T 5,  34,  277,  285,  294 

Henderson  Wood,  or  White  Holly  51 

Henry  County 710-712 

Henry,   Patrick    710 

Herbert,  Dr.  Henry  408 

Herd's   Grass    225 

Hereford  Cattle   208,  271 

Hiawassee  River 848 

Hiawassee.  town  849 

Hickory  Hill   739 

Hickorv  Trees  150,  161 

High  Point 39 

High   Shoals   780 

Hightower  Creek    848 

Hill,  Walter  B.,  Chancellor  of  University  of  Georgia  373 

Hillary,  Christopher 18 

Hillhouse,  Mrs 882,  883 

Hill's  Camp  Creek  '''85 

Hills,  Ebenezer 412 

Hillsboro    724 

Hinds  Island  746 

Hinesville  738 

Historic  Trees f578,  595,  650 

Historical  Collections  of  Georgia,  by  Rev.  Geo.  White  5 

Hog  Creek   608 

Hogansville,  town  852 

Hogs 275,  277,  602,  603.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  N4N4526-887 

Hogscrawl  Creek  634 

Holcombe,  Henry  412 


INDEX.  937 

Holly    161 

Holly  Creek   752 

Holly  Springs   591 

Holly- -white  or  Henderson  wood 51 

Holstein— Friesian  Cattle  2(j3,  2ti4 

Home  for  Confederate  Soldiers 510 

Home  for  the  Friendless 550 

Homer    535 

Homerville  r)ltO,  GOO 

Honey,  53,  154,  299.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  520-887 

Honey  Bee  Creek  790 

Hornblende   780 

Hornstone    809 

Hook,  J.  S 389 

Hoi-se  Creek  748.  819 

Horses 53,  310,  311.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Horse-shoe  Bend  (Tohopeka)  22 

Horticulture    238-249 

Houchookee  Creek  SCO,  825 

Houdans  (chickens)   293 

Hound  Creek  550 

House  Creek  879 

Houston  County   712-716 

Houston,   John    28,  712 

Howard,  Rev.  Charles  Wallace  (quoted) 210,  221 

Howard,  J.  D 238 

Howley,   Richard   29 

Hudson  River  154,  535,  000 

Hull.    Hope    411 

Humber,  Robert 208 

Hummock,  or  second  bottoms   100,  105 

Humphries,    Thomas    411 

Hunt.  Mrs.  B.  W.  (quoted) 255 

Hurn,  Alexander  871,  872 

Hydraulic  Cement  Rock  70 

I 

Ice  Plants  300 

Ichawaynochaway  Creek  502,  840,  872 

Indian  Creek Oil,  709,  781,  798,  885 

Indian  Mounds   042,  050,  008,  701 

Indians    15,  17 

Indian  Spring  500,  501 

Indigenous  grasses  150 

Infusorial  Earth  40 

Ingleside   031 

Inman,   Captain  Joshua   559 

Irish  potatoes 108,  228-232.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Iron   Ores    40,     01,     02,  127-129,  539,  540,  509,  587,  0(;0,  078,  093 

098,  755,  758,  794,  803,  849,  850,  800,  873.  877.  881 

Iron  Wood  150 

Iron  Works   •_•  350 

Irrigation    317,  318 

Irwin   County   710-721 

Irwin,  Jared  18.  29.  710 

Irwinton   S^4 

Irwinville  720 

Isabella    880 

Isle  of  Hope f>78 

Italian  Rye  Grass   222 

Ivy  Log  Creek  850 


938  mDEX. 

J 

Jack's  Creek   864 

Jackson,  Andrew  22 

Jackson  County    721-723 

Jackson,  Henry  51 

Jackson,  Heni-y  R 382 

Jackson,  James  21,  29,  721 

Jackson,  General  John  K 815 

Jackson,  town  560,  561 

James,  Colonel  T.  J 846 

Janes,  Dr.  Thomas  P 5,  34,  219,  277 

Jasper  County   723,  725 

Jasper,  Sergeant  Wm 578,  723 

Jasper  Spring    578 

Jasper  (stone)  558 

Jefferson  County   725,  727 

Jefferson,  Thomas   725 

Jefferson,  town  in  Jackson  County   722 

Jeffersonville  854 

Jekyl  Island   568 

Jenkins,  Charles  J 30,   814 

Jersey  Cattle   259,  260,  701 

Jews,   or  Hebrews 414 

Jewell's    701 

John's    Mountain    586 

Johnson,  Andrew  30 

Johnson  County  728,  729 

Johnson  Grass   150 

Johnson  Herschel  Y 30.  728 

Johnson,  James  30 

Johnson,    Robert    15 

Jonesboro 23,  598.  599 

Jones  Countv 729-731 

Jones  Creek  599.  885 

Jones,   James    729 

Jones,  Professor  S.  P.  5;  Paper  by,  on  Economic  Geology  and  Mineralogy.  .55-127 

Jordan,  G.  Gunby   775 

Julia  Parkman  Jones  Home 550 

Juniper  Creek   748,  755.  772 

K 

Kansas   State  Board  of  Agriculture  (quoted) 271 

Kaolin 660,  715,  730,  810 

Keg  Creek  868 

Kell,  John  Mcintosh • 825 

Kennesaw  Mountain 23,  42.  607 

Kennesaw  Quarry   41 

Kennesaw,  toAvn 607 

Kettle  Creek 17,  IS,  880 

Kids    154 

Kinchafoonee  Creek  635,  646,  733,  755,  828,  840.  872 

King,  Francis  P ^'  64 

King,  John }8 


King's    Mountain 


18 


Kingston  ^^'  ^40 


Knox   Dolomite 


61 


Knox,  General  Henry  619 

Knoxville,  town 618,  619,  620 

L 

Labor,    ^^^"^^I 

Ladd,  George  E.  (quoted) ••_•_•  ••;•••;••  'A^^ 

LaFayette,  Marquis  de 6o(,  815,  8b0,  Sbl 

LaFayette,  town •  •  •*^'  ^ol 


INDEX.  939 

La  Grange,  city 8ol-S.'3 

La  Grange  Female  College 3So,  851 

Lakes    (artificial)    154 

Lambs l-'^ 

Lampkin's   Creek    ^>34 

Land  Area  of  the  Counties  of  Georgia,  Appendix SDl 

Lane,  A.  J -!!> 

Lane,  James  R -1J> 

Laurens  County  731-733 

Laurens,  Colonel  John 731 

Lavonia  007 

Lawrenceville  092,  093 

Lazer  Creek   831 

Lead   40,  (JCO.  0!)S 

Leary i>02,  503 

Lee  County 733-737 

Lee,  Henry  (styled  "Light  Horse  Harry") 18.  500 

Lee,  Richard  Henry 733,  814 

Lee,  Robert  E 18,  oOC* 

Leghorn  (chickens)   200 

Leslie,  town   8'_'!> 

Lemons 43,  240,  5<'>.'> 

Le  Vert  College 831 

Le  Vert,  Madame  Octavia 814 

Lewis,  David  W 389 

Lewis,  General  J.  R 389 

Lexington,    town    '!'S2 

Liberty  County  18,  737-739 

Lick    Creek    798 

Lime 70,  135,  130,  137,  154,  698 

Lime-Sink  Region 101 

Limestone 40,  70,  135,  130,  147,  539,  540,  549,  571,  587.  000.  078.  OSS.  715. 

720,  790,  873,  877,  884 

Limestone  Creek j  •  ^'*  *, 

Limonite  (Brown  Iron  Ore) 01,  127,  128 

Lincoln,    Benjamin    40,  739 

Lincoln  County    '..'..' '..." 40.  739-741 

Lindale   ^'^'^ 

Line  Creek    '^>^'~-  757 

Lithia  (Salt)  Springs 040,  041,  0,;. 

Lithonia,   town    *J^;1 

Little   Cedar   Creek •  •  ^^^-^ 

Little  Hurricane  Creek 520,  008.  iSS 

Little  Kiokee  Creek ■_-  [.'V- 

Little  Lott's  Creek ••^'»-   i.','' 

Little  Ocmulgee  River   --•  ••••  • ''^;; 

Little  Oconee  River '09,    «98,    ..M 

Lml:R!vr''^'"""::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::^ 

Little  Satilla  River •'''-"•  *'^'^-  Jf^ 

Little  Tallapoosa  River ■  _•  •*'''• 

Hve  Oak  Lands •  •  •  -rjV  o-,V3V> 

Live  Stock -  ;  *'  1   "  ",         " 

See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  for  full  details;  which  see  also  for  doines_. 

tic  animals  in  inclosures,  and  not  on  farms  or  ranges  •'-*'''„^| 

Locust  Grove   ^^..^ 

Logansville •  • ' " '  W..'.'  c,.- 

Long  Creek   ^^., 

Long,  Colonel    Nicholas ^'.,"^ 

Long   I>eaf    Pine ■'" 

Long  Leaf  Pine  :iiid  Wire  f;ra8S  Section '  '' 

Longstreet,  Judge  Augustus  B ; '  _. 

Longstreet,  Lieutenant  G<>ncriil  James  A j.^^ 

Long  Swamp j..',,^ 

Lookout  Creek   .'„'^ ' '  ^y^^ 

Lookout    Mountain    


940  INDEX. 

Lovejoy,  town   598 

Louisiana   Purchase    21 

Louisville,  town 726,  727 

Louisville  and  Nashville  Railway 876 

Lowden,  George  W 325 

Lowlands  of  the  Central  Belt 160 

Lowndes  County 741-743 

Lowndes,  William  Jones  741 

Lucerne  (or  Alfalfa) 171,  215,  216 

Lucy  Cobb  Institute 382,  598 

Lula  Lake 39 

Lumber.. 50,  51,  354,  526  529,  556,  611,  634,  636,  641,  642,  643,  644,  654,  672,  678, 
684,  685,  688,  705,  719,  720,  722,  732,  734,  738,  742,  747,  760,  763,  764, 
767,  768,  781,  788,  789,  791,  796,  835,  838,  871,  879,  886. 

Lumber  City 839 

Lumpkin  County   40,  743-744 

Lumpkin,  Wm 30,  743,  782 

Lumpkin,  town 826,  827 

Lutheran  Church  408 

Lyerly 587,  588 

Lyons  835 

Mo 

McAdamized  Roads 173 

McBean's  Creek  809 

McCallie,  S.  W.,  5,  35,  60,  69,  72  ;   his  paper  on  Mineral  Resources 127-147 

McCandless,  John   M 34,   52 

McCoy   Creek    876 

McDaniel,  H.  D 33 

McDonald,  Charles  J 30 

McDonough 711 

McDowell,  John  278 

McDuffie  County 745,  746 

McDuffie,  George  745 

McGee,  J.  S 202 

Mcintosh  County 411,   746-748 

Mcintosh,  Colonel  James  S 22,  746 

Mcintosh,    Colonel   John 74G 

Mcintosh,  Colonel  Lachlan 17,  746 

Mcintosh,  General  Wm 560,  570 

McKenzie,  Ed.  M 238 

McKenzie,   W.  M 239 

McLaws,  General  LaFayette 815 

?»IcLemore's   Cove    859 

McLeod,  Rev.  John 411 

McMahon  622 

McNeil,  James    18 

McRae,  town  839 

M 

Macon   42,   549-552 

Macon  and  Birmingham  Railroad 184,  550,  852 

Macon  and  Dublin  Railroad 550,  854 

Macon  and  Northern  Railroad 550,   770 

Macon  County 748-752 

Macon,  Nathaniel  549,  748 

Macon  Telegraph    53,   202 

Madison,    city    ^ '^''^ 

Madison  County    ''^52,   753 

Madison,    James ''^52 

Magnetite  (an  iron  ore  possessing  polarity) 61,  849 

Mallon,  Professor  Bernard 38*5 

Manganese 40,  62,  63,  130,  147,  539,  540,  587,  660,  696,  849,  873,  877 


INDEX.  941 

Manufactures    331-3t]2 

See  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  especially  Bibb,  Chatham,  Floyd,  Fulton, 
Muscogee,  Richmond  and  Spalding. 

Maple  Trees l''>^» 

Marble 41,  70,  71,  133,  134,  147,  591,  Gt>4,  GGO,  078,  G88,  090,  787,  850,  S77 

Marble  Works   300.  301 

Marietta,  city 41,  001,  002,  004,  007.  OOS 

Marion   County    ^755-757 

Marion,  General  Francis 755,  Ss2 

Market  (truck)  Gai-dens.     See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Marls CO,  70,  143.   144,   147,  715,  720 

Marsh,  Judge  Spencer '^'^^^ 

Marshall,   Daniel   -i^- 

Marshallville "-iS,  749,  750 

Mashbum,   S.   M -3S 

Matthews,   George    18,   29,  091 

Maxwell,   James    18 

Maysville   ^35,  530 

Meade,  General  George  G 30 

Mean  Annual  Temperature -i^-  -^i' 

Means,  Rev.  Alexander 38^ 

Medway    i'.'.i 

Medway   River    '^". 

Meigs,  town   ^  V-  ec- 

Melons.     (See  sketches  of  the  several  counties "'-'^_^q 

Menlo ^§5 

Mercer  High  School •  •  •  •  'r,'^ 

Mercer,  Jesso ^i-'  ^•:.- 

Mercer,  Silas •  :.• " '__" 

Mercer  University «*•**•  ^1^" 

Meril's   Creek    -'  ^'J- -^  ! 

Meriwether  County •*->    ''^'"i'j_ 

Meriwether,  General  David ^',ll 

Merriam    F.  J .' '  ~^ 

Methodists  in  Georgia,  10;  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  Haunvn  in  Georgia  as 


Methodists  in  Georgia  see  also  sketches  of  the  several  counties 


Mexico  .^. 

mS^°'    ^"^^   ^^  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  •  -40-  GO,  143,'  ioi,"  569,'  G78, "  G9G,"  780.'  803. " 87.^ 

Middle  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College 374.  377,  533 

Middle  Georgia  Region ^^„ 

Middle  Oconee  River '  •  " 

Middle  River,  Valley  Lands  of ^'^^ 

Middleton,  R "  "  '-^^ 

Midway 

Milch  Cows.    (See  Cattle.) • r^r.'iiwT 

Milk 53.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  870   &S5 

Mill  Creek .'.*.'.'.'.'....  ...29,360.  814,  Wi,  883 

Mllledge,  John •  r,-,     non    r.o^ 

Mllledgeville ■.".■";.         .  .821 

MlUen  41"'^ 

Millen,  John    -,.J^ 

Miller,  Andrew  J 700.7<',l 

:Miller  County  .,,)•> 

Miller,  Z.  T \'-^{  'Z.,-, 

Millet  7.",-. 

Mill    Shoal  Creek '.'.'.'.".".'.'.".'.'.'..'!'.".'.!".'. 792 

Milner .7t;i-7f.2 

Milton  County   IS 

Milton,  J 701 

Milton,   Colonel   John 55 

Mineralogy 40   139  "140.147,'  b'4'5,'569,'  o'oV.iii,  '755.782 

Minerals • 


942  INDEX. 

Mineral  Springs,  or  Waters 72,1  44,  147,  565,  572,  591,  596, 

640,  675,  758,  772,  799,  827 

Miocene  Age  56 

Miscellaneous  Industries 361 

Mississippi  River   17,   21 

3Iississippi,  State  17 

:Missouri  Compromise  23 

Missouri,  State 22 

Mitchell  County  763-765 

Mitchell,  David  B 29,  763 

Mobile  Basin    74-83 

Mobile  River    21 

Mohair,  price  of 309,  310 

Molena   792 

Molino  del  Rey 22 

Monroe  County  765-767 

Monroe  Female  College 385,  766 

Monroe,  James 765 

Monroe,    town    863 

Montezuma    751,   752 

Monticello    724 

Montgomery  County  767,  768 

Montgomery,  General  Richard 767 

Montgomery,  Wm 411 

Moonstones ^ 

Moore,  G.  A 240 

Moore,  N.  B 229 

Moore,  Patrick  815 

Moreland 616 

Morgan  County  769-771 

Morgan,  Daniel   769 

Morgan 562,  563 

Morganton    ^^^ 

Morganville    ^20 

Morris  Brown   College,   Atlanta 386 

Morris,    J.    G 239 

Morrow  ^^° 

Mosse,    George    ^^-' 

Mossy  Creek ''12,  874 

Moultrie  2il 

Mountain  Creek  i.°^ 

Mount    Vernon '^^ 

Mountville    °^^ 

Mount  Zion  Academy ;•  •  •  •  • '  •  'l^l 

Muckalee  Creek '^^^  '5^'  °^° 

Mud  Creek ^^ 

Mulberry    '^f 

Mulberry  Trees   , • rUWoo'- 

Mules 53,  311,  312.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 526-88  < 

Mullryne,   Colonel  John ^^° 

Mumford's   Industrial   Home ^^^ 

Murder  Creek    40  ■771*772 

Murray  County  ^"'    "-^'   ' '" 

Murray,  Thomas  W •  •  •  •  V7V77Q 

Muscogee   County 1^'    ' '-^"'j^ 

Musgi-ove,  Mary   ^24 

Musquito  Creek  

N 

Naoooc.ee  valley .-^^'''.'^'.S  oS 

Nancy  Hart '''.''"'-, •  •  •  •  •  _„ 

Nashville,  Chattanooga  and  St.  Louis  Railroad  system   ISJ,  gJ 

Nashville,  the  county  site  of  Berrien .;•  • .... .  -  • .  •  •  •  •  •••-••••  '^'^ 

Naval  Stores ^'6,  044,  -20,  io2,  <34,  <38,  7b^ 

Neil,   the    Statistician ^ 


INDEX.  943 

Nelson,  Cleland  Kinlocli,  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Georgia 411 

Nelson,  town   41 

Nesbltt,  R.  T :>,     34 

New  Hope  Church 23,  785 

New  Inverness  (now  Darien) 411 

Newnan 015,  010,  018 

Newspapers   r>10-r)24 

Newton  County  770-779 

Newton,   Rev.   John 411 

Newton,  Sergeant  John 578,  770 

Newton,    town    529 

New  York  Tribune 240,  243 

Nickajack    Creek    001 

Noble's  Creek    857 

Nochefaloochee  Creek    772 

North  Carolina    18 

Northen.   W.    J 272,  701 

North  Georgia  Baptist  College  050 

North  Newport  River  737 

Norwood,  town   807 

Notley  Creek    855 


Oak  150,  154 

Oak,  Hickory  and  Long  Leaf  Pine  Hills  159,  100 

Oakland  City  077 

Oak  Mountain  704,  705,  831 

Oats 150,  154,  108.  204,  207.     See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 520-887 

Ocapilco  or  Okapilco  Creek 552,  Oil 

Ocher  or  Ochre 40,  02,  132,  147,  539,  540,  549,  690,  782,  84D 

Ocher  Mills   359,  300 

Ocilla  River   552 

Ockolockonee  Basin    123 

Ocklockonee  Creek  Oil 

Ocklockonee  River 024,  7(53,  842 

Ocmulgee  River  520,  546,  549,  608,  632,  633,  669,  689,  692,  697.  700,  712 

721,  728,  731,  765,  760,  767,  791,  795,  838,  854.  879 

Oconee  County  779-780 

Oconee  River  530,  592,  731,  767,  779,  780,  798,  799,  808,  883 

Ocone  Springs  799 

Oemler  August  325 

Ofifernian  Station   789 

Ogeechee  Basin  116 

Ogeechee  Limes 240 

Ogeechee  River 554,  558,  575,  043,  044,  054,  089,  700.  737,  S:V,i.  807.  808 

Oglethorpe  County  7S0.  784 

Oglethorpe,  General  James  Edward 15,  10,  28.  307,  781 

Oglethorpe,  town   751,  752 

Oglethorpe  University    5.33 

Olioopee  River  72S.  8:54,  808 

Oil  Mills   351,  ;r)2 

Okapilco  Creek.     See  Ocapilco  Creek 

Okeewalkee  Creek   731,  707 

Okefinokee  Swamp   51,  .52,  573,  .574,  .805 

Oliver,  L.  C 1234 

Olives    -4'!.  505 

Olmstead,  Colonel  Charles 581 

Ontario— report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Farmer's  Instilutes  ((pioled)   271 

Oostanaula  River 3(5,  1.50.  (;.-.S.  (>.->9.  087.  771 

Oothcalooga  (3reek   .5.39.  087 

Oothcalooga  Valley   5.39 

Opal 8(iS 

Opossums   Oil,  719 


944 


INDEX. 


Oranges  43,  246,  585 

Orchard  grass 220 

Ornamental  Iron  Works 355,  356 

Orphan  Home  of  the  North  Georgia  Conference,  Decatur 406 

Orphan  Home  of  the  South  Georgia  Conference,  Macon 406,  550 

Orr,  Professor  Gustavus  J 386,  389 

Osborne,  Henry   18,  566 

Ossabaw  Sound    554 

Otter   52 

Otter  Creek  879 

Oxen 29.    See  cattle.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties 526-887 

Oxford  377,  778 

Oyster  Canneries,  near  Savannah  and  Brunswick   325 

Oysters   684 


Pachitla  Creek 804 

Paint  Industry  359,  360 

Paleozoic  Area 55 

Palmetto  567,  568 

Panthers   52 

Parchelagee  Creek  836 

Parker,  Henry 28 

Park  Shoals  546 

Partridges  or  Quails 28,  57S 

Paspalum    150 

Pataula  Creek,  595,  800  (where  by  an  error  it  is  called  Big  Potato  Creek). 

804,  825 

Patterson  789 

Patterson's  Island  746 

Paulding  County  40,  784-786 

Paulding,  John   784,  785 

Paving  and  Paving  Material 361 

Payne  Institute,  Augusta 388 

Peaches 43,  150,  154,  238,  243,  539,  557,  587,  592,  602,  715,  748,  787,  778,  789 

Peachtree  Creek   23,  669,  670 

Peafowls ^99 

Peanuts    226 

Pears 43,  150,  154,  527,  557 

Pearson,  town 609,  610 

Peas.  See  Field-peas  and  Ground-peas  150,  154,  222,  244 

Peavine  Creek   859 

Peavine  Hay 1"1.  222 

Peavine  Valley   859 

Pecans 43,  248,  601,  866 

Peek,  W.  L 208 

Pelham   'i^^ 

Pendleton  Creek 767,  834 

Penfield  378 

Penn,  Wm 16 

Pennahatchee  Creek    634 

Pensions  for  Confederate  Veterans  and  the  Widows  of  Confederate  Soldiers.  516 

Pepperton  561 

Perch   25 

Periodicals 516-524 

Perry 715 

Persico,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 413 

Persimmon  Creek  802 

Persimmons  150 

Persimmon  Valley  802 

Peters,  Richard  278,  279,  304 

Petersburg   649 

Pettile  Creek  53» 


INDEX.  945 

Phennohaloway  (or  FiuohoUoway)  river 871 

Philippi  Creek 765 

Philippine  War    2S 

Phinizy,  John  815 

Phospliates    ^'K    '<'<^' 

Picliens,  General  Andrew IT,  18,     78*.).  814.  881i 

Pickens  County  -41.  780-788 

Pickett,  Colonel  A.  J ^^ 

Pickett's  Mill  "85 

Piedmont  Institute,  Rockmart  385,  38G.  794 

Piedmont  Plain  •_•  •  ^50 

Pierce  County  778,  7!K) 

Pierce,  Franklin '•'88 

Pierce,    George    F 378,    381,    411,701 

Pierce.   Lovick    -ill,  701 

Pigeon  Creek  T57 

Pigeon  Mountain 39 

Pike  County 790-71>o 

Pike.  General  Zebulon  M 790 

Pine  and  Palmetto  Flats 102,  1G5 

Pine  Apples   --^^ 

Pine  Hills  Belt 150,  159 

Pine-knot  Creek  '•'55 

Pine  Mountains  704,  705,  757,  791 

Pineoi-a  Railroad   550 

Pine  Trees— Long  Leaf 50,  51.  558 

Pine— Short  Leaf  51.  150 

Pine— White   51 

Piney  Woods  Section 161 

Pipemaker  Creek  575 

Piscola  Creek  552 

Plains    829 

Plant  System  of  Railways  179,  544,  552,  55.5,  573,  575.  599.  008,  010 

024,  630,  789,  845,  846,  865,  871,  885 

Plumbago  849 

Plums 43,  150,  154,  244,  557 

Plymouth  Rock  Chickens 290 

Polhill,  Thomas  412 

Polk  County  40,  793-795 

Polk,  James  K 785,  793 

Pomegranates  43,  565 

Ponds  (or  Pools)  for  fish 154 

Population  of  Georgia.    See  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  526-877.    Also 

Appendix,  Tables  2  and  3 36,  526 

Powder  Springs 604 

Potash    154 

Potatoes— Irish.    For  average  production  per  acre,  see  sketches  of  the  several 

counties,  .520-887 108.  228-232 

Potatoes— Sweet.    For  average  production  per  acre,  see  sketches  of  the  sev- 
eral counties,  526-887 168,  228-231 

Potomac  Group 69 

Potteries  359,  530,  549 

Powell,  .Tames  18 

Powell,  Dr.  T.  0 39S 

Poulan   8S0 

Poultry,  289-300,  002.     See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  520-887 

Precious  Stones  0() 

Presbyterian  Church.     For  Presbyterians  In  Georgia,  see  sketches  of  tlie 

v.-irious  counties,  .520-887  411,  41.-?.  414 

Prpston.  town 873 

Princeton   594 

Printing  and  Publishing 360 

47  ga 


946  INDEX. 

Property  returned  by  colored  tax-payers.  See  the  sketches  of  the  counties, 
526-887,  and  the  summary  for  the  entire  State  at  the  conclusion  of  these 
articles 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  (Church  of  England)   408.  414 

Public  Roads    172-190 

Public  Schools  of  Georgia.    See  the  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  528-887 

386-394 

Pulaski,  Count  John  Cassimer 578,  795 

Pulaski   County    795-797 

Pumpkin  Vine  Creek 539,  785 

Purse,  Major  D.  G 846 

Putnam  County  798-800 

Putnam,  General  Israel  798 

Pyrites 40,  64,  65,  140,  143,  569,  660 


Quail 536,  546,  607,  641,  796,  823,  845,  886 

Quarantine  line  for  cattle 34 

Quartz 569,  693,  755,  881 

Quartzites  (Weisner  quartzite)  55 

Quinces   43 

Quitman  County   800-802 

Quitman,  General  John  A 552,  800 

Quitman,  town,  552 

R 

Rabbits  (the  common  name  for  hares  in  Georgia) 536,  641 

Rabun  County  40,     802-804 

Rabun,  Wm 802 

Raccoon  Creek  539,  785 

Raccoon   Mills   588 

Raccoon  Mountain  620 

Raccoons    641 

Rae  Creek   809 

Railroad  Mileage  and  List  of  Railroads   186,  189 

Railroads   172-189 

Rainfall,  45.    See  also  Rain  map 488 

Randall's  Creek 772 

Randolph  County    804-808 

Randolph,  John  804 

Raspberries 43,  154,  246 

Red  Blufe  Creek   767 

Redbud   150 

Red  Clover  220-221 

Redding,  R.  J.,  34,  252.    His  report  of  the  Experiment  Station 510-515 

Red  Hills 133,  159 

Red  Iron  Ores  (hematite)  61,  62,  128,  129 

Red  Oak  Creek 757 

Red   Oaks    166 

Red   Polled   Cattle    268 

Red   Top    150 

Reed  Bluff  Creek   599 

Reedy  Creek 796 

Reese,  Rev 412 

Reidsville  835 

Reinhardt  Normal  College 591 

Religious  Denominations  of  Georgia  408-414 

Resaca  23,  688 

Rescue  Grass  226,  227 

Resin,  or  Rosin.     See  Rosin 

Revolutionary  "War  17,     18 

Reynolds,  town  837 


IXDEX.  947 

Rex 5US 

Reynolds,  John 17,    28 

Ribbon  Cane  5G4 

Rice •_'."»,  1(;8.  "JUT,  2US,  oTf. 

Rice  Mills  57U 

Richland,  town  S2(>,  8li7 

Richmond  County    18,  809-8ir> 

Richmond,  Duke  of  801> 

Ringgold    'u-,  57o 

Rising  Fawn  H-t>,  Oi'l 

Road  Materials  144,  147 

Roads,  public    172,  11'6 

Roberds,  John  R 412 

Roberta,  town 02(» 

Roberts,  Dr.  J.  ^Y 381 

Rochelle,  town  87'.» 

Rock  Creek    3!>,  r>4f. 

Rockdale  County 81U-818 

Rockmart  40,  71)4 

Rocky  Creek   834,  8<J7 

Rocky  Face  Ridge 3!» 

Roff  Home    SoCt 

Roman  Catholic  Church  412,  413,  414 

Rome,  city 381,  659,  GOO,  003,  004 

Rome  and  Decatur  Railroad 651) 

Rome  and  Kinsgton  Railroad  540,  652 

Roody  Creek 798 

Roofing 301 

Roopville    570 

Rose  Creek 79o 

Rosedue  Cannery 32.> 

Rosin  or  Resin  29,    50,  354,  355,  552,  550,  009.  Oil.  043,  054,  72S 

732,  742,  747,  700,  788,  789,  835,  838,  871,  879 

Ross,  Edgar 21><> 

Round  Mountain  39 

Round  Pond *^t'^ 

Royal  Cedar  Creek  t^'» 

Royston   667 

Rubies   6'» 

Ruger,  Thomas  H 30 

Rum— prohibited  in  Georgia  16;  prohibition  removed,  10. 

Rum  Creek ''^'* 

Rumph,    S.    H 238,  74S 

Rutherford,  John  l-*^ 

Rutledge  "'^" 

Ryals,   Major  Garland  M 232 

Rye,  150,  207.     See  also  sketches  of  the  several  counties  520-887 


Saint  Andrew's  Sound ;*^'i 

Saint  Augustine  Creek '^I'^ 

Saint  Catherine's  Island   ^y^ 

Saint  Catherine's  Sound  i^\[ 

Saint  Mary's  River a^'  t^'  ^l 

Saint  Mary's,  town   '*^''   •^-''  **'7 

St.  Paul's  Parish  p'Jl' 

Saint  Philip's  Parish   *•'■; 

Saint  Simon's  Island   ^^' 

Saint  Simon's  Rlvor  [|J.» 

Saint  Simon's  Sound  •  •  •  •  '''j;* 

Saint  StanlKlans  College,  Vlnevllle,  near  Macon  .i».),  TmO 

Salacoa  Creek  " •  •  •  •  J^'J'^ 

Salt  (Lithla)  Springs  "'*"•  ^'  ^ 


948  INDEX. 

Salzbiirgers    15,    16,  G45 

S^ud 144,  147 

Sand  and  Pine  Hills  Belt 15(j,  159 

Sandersville,  city  '.  ".869!  870 

Sand  Mountain  39 

Sandstone  ....40,  41,  55,  71,  72,  135,  147,  540,  587,  619,  678,  696,' 810,  841,' 869,  877 

Sandy  Creek  560,  590,  592 

Sandy  Wire-grass  Region I6I 

Sapelo  Island   746 

Sapelo  Sound   !.".*.!!!  737 

Sapphires    \\     66 

Saratoga  ' '  769 

Sassafras  15q 

Satilla  Basin  45 

Satilla  River '.'.'.'564,  599,  '788,'  804,  781 

Sautee  Creek  874 

Sautee  Valley .39,    40 

Savage  Creek ,",'.  .'.'.",'.'.'*.''.*  "546,'  854 

Savannah  and  Statesboro  Railroad  .'  556 

Savannah  Basin 117-123 

Savannah,  city 15,  16,  17,  18,  325,  5*7'5'-584,  901 

Savannah,  Florida  and  Westeni  Railroad 522,  573,  643,  789,  871 

Savannah  Morning  News  53 

Savannah  River 15,  16,  17,  558,  575,  613,  644,  649,  666,  706,"7*39, '745,' 8o'9*,  819 

Savannah— name  of  a  steamship  22,    581 

Savannah  Volunteer  Battalion .' .  581 

Saw-Mills See  sketches  of  the  various  counties  526-887 

Sawtell,  T.  R 272 

Schley  County .'.'..'.'.'.'.'.'. '.'.'.'siS,  819 

Schley,   Wm 30,  818 

School  Fund   34 

Scott,  George  T *   389 

Scott,  J.  T.    '.'.'.'.'.!!!'..'  293 

Scott,  W.  M.,  State  Entomologist 35,  243 

Scottsborough   .'  533 

Screamer    Mountain    802 

Screven  County ..'.'..'.'... 819,  821 

Screven,  General  James  819 

Scull's  Creek   556 

Seaboard  Air  Line  Railway  System..  184,  185,  555,  575,  585,  593,  634,  636,  649 

752,  780,  826,  828,  829,  835,  840,  871,  872 

Seagrove,  James 566 

Sea  Islands  166 

Sebrights  (chickens)  293 

Seed  Farms [^{q  317 

Seney,  George  S 377,  331,  382 

Seney-Stovall  Chapel    382 

Senoia !!.'.*!!!  616 

Sequoia  (George  Guess) 589,  590 

Serpentine    ]  135 

Sesame  or  Gama  Grass 225 

Seventeen  Mile  Creek  .'.'.','.'.  608 

Seville,  town  879 

Sewer  Pipe   ',     69 

Shales ....'.     55 

Sharpsburg . . . . . . . .  616 

Sheep. . See  sketches  of  the  several  counties,  526-887 53   54   277-289 

Shell  Bluff  .'...'....  558 

Shellman,  town .807'  808 

Shellstone  Creek .'  854 

Ship  Building 361 

Shoal    Creek    *.'...'..  .765*  874 

Shockley  Apples  .'.'......'..'....'  657 

Shorter,  Alfred .3*81'  382 


lyOEX.  949 

Shorter  Female  College,  Rome  381,  382 

Shorthorns  or  Durham  Cattle  •_'<J4.  ri3r> 

Silica   M7 

Silk  Factories  347 

Silurian    Formation    55 

Silver  40,  GGO,  G'J8 

Simpson  Valley  SO'J 

Slate 40,  70,  130,  147,  587,  iiW,  G78.  \i'M,  7i>4 

Slaughter   Creek    b7i2 

Slaver}-— prohibited  at  first,  IG;  introduced,  IG;  disputes,  about  _'_'.    i:3 

Slaves  during  the  Civil  War :j4.     ::7 

Smith,  Dr.  George  G ;'» 

Smith,  Governor  James  M 30 

Smith.  James  M.,  successful  farmer 783,  78-t 

Smithonia   75::,  78*J 

Smith's  Creek  ,>n74 

Smith,   town    <;jii 

Smithville    734 

Smyrna,  Cobb  County  GOJ.  G03 

Snake  Creek  85;i 

Snipe    5 J,  573 

Soap  Creek    GOl 

Soapstoue  or  Talc  G5.  GG,  147,  881 

Social  Circle    8G3 

Soils  of  Georgia 148,  IGG 

Soja  Beans  liJ'i.  -127 

Soque  River  and  Valley  Lands  of  154.  f.'.»4 

Sorghum— See  sketches  of  the  counties.  52G-8i;7   43.  1G2 

South  Carolina 15 

Southern  Female  (Cox)  College,  College  Park,  near  Atlanta  382 

Southern  Female  College  (LaGrange  382,  851 

South  Georgia  College,  Mcliae   38G 

South  Georgia  Military  and  Agricultural  College,  Milledgeville 374 

South  Georgia  Railroad  552 

Southern  Oak,  Hickory  and  Pine  Region IGO 

Southern  Railway    177-179,  575,  593,  598,  601,  G40,  Go7.  G59 

GG5,  G80,  698,  823.  839,  84G,  854.  871.  87G 

South  Georgia  College 839 

South  Newport  River 737,  74G 

South  River  f.28,  710.  777,  81(5 

Sowhatchee  Creek t>41 

Spain    21 

Spalding  County   822-825 

Spalding,  Thomas   822 

Spaniards  1  •">.     1  '• 

Spanish-Amercian  War  27.     28 

Sparks,  Moultire,  &  Gulf  Railroad 544.  Gl  i 

Sparks,  town  •"•'"» 

Sparta   7<>o.  7ul 

Speer,  Judge  Emory  •'•78 

Spellman   Seminary   •!8G 

Spirit  Creek  38G 

Sprin  Creek  GIS,  G24.  CIl,  748,  7G0 

Springer,  .Fohn   -Ill 

Springlield    '"'1 ' 

Spring  I'lace  772 

Springs— Mineral.    See  Mineral  Springs 72 

Squirrels  Gil 

Stamp  ('reek  •"'30 

Standing  Roy  Creek  772 

State    Approitriations    315,  3HJ 

State  Experiment  Station    Tdo,  515 

State  (ieological  Survey   72 

State  Geology   55-147 


950  INDEX. 

state  Government  417-516 

State  House  Otiicers,  etc.,  list  of  509 

Statenville   643 

State  Sanitarium  (Lunatic  Asylum)  397-401 

Statesboro   « 556 

Steamboat  Lines 189,  190,  529,  585,  609,  624,  636,  642,  658 

659,  764,  772,  775,  796,  797,  801,  812 

Stecoa  Creek  802 

Steel 356 

Stephens,  Alexander  H 33,  833 

Stephens,  Wm 18,     28 

Stevens,  O.  B.,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  6,    34 

Steven's  Pottery  530 

Stewart  County   825-827 

Stewart,  General  Daniel  Sj^5 

Stillmore  Air  Line  Railroad • 835 

Stock-raising    ^59 

Stone  Mountain  40,     41 

Stone  Mountain,  town 631 

Stone  Work    360,  361 

"Story  of  Georgia  and  the  Georpia  People,"  by  Dr.  George  G.  Smith 5 

Stovall,  General  Marcellus  A 815 

Strawberries 43,  154,  155,  246 

Stubbs,  Wm,  C ^09 

Sub-carboniferous  Brown  Loam  Lands   148,  149 

^subterranean  Village 8 'i'5,  876 

Sugar  Cane 43,  51,  52,  168  171.  208-214,  573,  627 

Sugar  Cane  Syrup— For  average  production  to  the  acre,  see  sketches  of  the 

several  counties,  520-887 527,  627,  635,  636,  657,  846,  847 

Sugar  Creek 632   769,  770,  798,  838,  876 

Sugar  Refineries  527,  601,  846,  847 

Sullivan,  Florence 18 

Sumac  Creek  • 772 

Summer  Houses 154 

Summerville,  Chattooga  County 588 

Summerville,  Richmond  County 812,  813 

Sumter  County 827,  830 

Sumter,  General  Thomas  827,  882 

Sunbury    739 

Sunday  Creek  790 

Superior  Court— List  of  Circuits,  Judges  and  Solicitors 509 

Supreme  Court  Judges,  list  of 509 

Suttle  Wm.— His  rescue  of  a  child  from  the  Indians  650 

Suwannee  Basin  123 

Suwannee  Canal  Co 51 

Suwannee  River 51,  552,  599,  643 

Suwannoochee  Creek   599,  643 

Swainsboro   654 

Swamp  Creek 624,  868,  876 

Sweet  Gum-trees  166 

Sweet  Potatoes— For  average  production  per  acre,  see  sketches  of  the  sever- 
al counties  ,  526-887 231 

Sweet  Water  Creek  569,  601,  618,  785,  793 

Swift  Creek   634,  767,  885 

Sycamore  Trees   150.  161 

Sylvania  821 

Sylvester   886 

Syrup  from  Sugar  Cane— See  sketches  of  the  several  counties  of  Middle  and 

Southern  Georgia,  526-887.  .168,  171,  209,  210,  527,  627,  635,  636,  657,  846,  847 

T 

Table  Lands  149 

Talbot  County  830 

Talbot,  Matthew  29,  830,  882 


lyoEX.  951 

Tale,  or  Soapstone  40,  Go,  GO,  143,   147,  587,  OlHi,  841* 

Taliaferro  County   s;iJ  ;So4 

Talliaferro,  Colouel  Beujamin   SoJ,  8812 

Talking  Rock  Creek  780 

Tallapoosa  River 7»i*J 

Tallapoosa,  town    7Ua 

Tallulah  Falls  and  River 40.  S02,  S03 

Tallulali  Mountain   802 

Tallulah  Falls  Railway  G'.t.'. 

Tan   Bark    587 

Tauahappee  Creek  87"-' 

Tanneries   848 

Tate  41,  787 

Tate,  W.  C j;>o 

Tattnall  County   NM,  83G 

Tattnall,  Josiali   -0 

Tattnall,  Josiali,  son  of  the  former r>78.  834 

Tax  Returns  of  Georgia.     See  sketches  of  the  several  counties ."••J(;-887 

Taylor  County   8;5ii,  837 

Taylor.  General  Zackary   •S3<» 

Taylor's  Ridge 3l>,  571,  57J.  58t> 

Telegraph    33 

Telephone   33 

Telfair  County   837-  831) 

Telfair,  Edward 18,  29,  815,  837,  838 

Temple    570 

Tennessee  Basin 74 

Tennessee  River   -^ 

Tennessee  State  -'- 

Tennessee  Valley  in  Rabun  County   154 

Teunille,  town  8(!1».  870 

Terracing -'^18,  321 

Terrell  County  840,  842 

Terrell,  Capt.  James '•'•8 

Terrell,  Dr.  Wm 840 

Tesnatee   River    "j3 

Tesentee  River   '^"-1 

Texas  Blue  Grass i>-l^ 

Texas  Valley ^'J 

Textile  Mills  in  Georgia— List  of  ".)07-!»14 

Thomas  County  -l-'i.  842-847 

Thomas,  General  Jett ^-^  842 

Thomaston    ^*^''** 

Thomasville  &  Gulf  Railroad  [>44 

Thomson    " j-""' 

Thornton,  A.  E ""'l 

Tlnmrlerljolt  •5'-'' 

Tide  Swamp   Land    575 

Tift,  Colonel  Nelson  '■'''^'> 

Tifton  and  Northeastern  Railroad  544 

Tifton,  Thomasville  &  Gulf  Railroad  <')1 1,  81t;.  .S.S5 

Tifton,  town   •"'•••  ■'"''■'» 

Tiger  Creek    707.  870 

Tigertail  Creek  •*«'2 

Tlgertail  Valley   -'^"U 

Timber  Bays    r»l 

Timber   Lands  and    Forest   (Growth,   4'.»,   .5(t,   51.      AIsf>   lu  .sketches  of  eacli 

County  52t;.s.s7 

Timothy    1  •'•"•  --'■' 

Tired  Creek   •'-  * 

Tol)acco I-'''-*.  -32,  501),  573,  Oil.  t;24,  027.  r.2H 

Tobesofkec?  Creek   •'">"'.   \*^> 

Toccoa,   city   '''•'■"' 

Toccoa  Falls  "^0 


952  II^DEX. 

Toccoa    River    655 

Todd,   H   18 

Tohopeka,  or  the  Horse-Shoe  Bend 22 

Tomochichi   15 

Tom's  Creek 763 

Toombs,  Robert  .^ 882 

Toonigh 591 

Towaliga  River  (also  called  creek)  560,  765,  766,  822 

Town  Creek   868 

Towns  County 40,  848-850 

Towns,  George  W 30,  848 

Townsend,  Charles  0 381 

Track  Rock   856 

Trader's  Hill   573 

Trenton   620,  621 

Treutlen,  John  Adam  28 

Trion   588 

Tripoli 40,  144,  147 

Troup  County  850-853 

Troup,  George  M 22,  29,  732,  850 

Troupville    742 

Truck  Farming 233-238,  789 

Trustees  of  Georgia  Colony  15-17 

Tucker,  Rev.  H.  H 389 

.  Tugaloo  River  and  Valley  Lands  of 40,  154,  666,  694,  706,  802 

Turin    616 

Turkey  Creek 763,  845,  840 

Turkeys 52,  297,  298,  299,  573.  607,  621,  641,  719,  796  802,  845,  865 

Turner,  W.  R 239 

Turnpike  Creek   632,  838 

Turpentine  354,  355,  526,  529,  552,  553,  556,  600,  609,  611,  612,  624 

643,  654,  720,  728,  732,  734,  738,  742,  747,  760,  764 
707,  788,  789,  796,  835,  838,  841,  845,  871,  879,  886 

Turtle  River  683 

Tustunnugee,  Etommee   570 

Tussahaw  Creek  560 

Twiggs  County   854,  855 

Twiggs,  General  John   854 

Tybee,  Capture  of  British  Vessel  at 17 

Tybee    Island 578 

Tyner,  Richard,   Adventuhes  of  his  family  with  the  Indians 650 

Tyty  Creek 611,  885 

Tyty,    town 886 

u 

Ulcofauhachee  River  692 

Ulcohatchee  Creek   618 

Unaka  Range  36 

Union  County 40,  855-857 

Union  Point   690 

Unitarian  Church 412 

Universalist  Church    412 

University  of  Georgia 365-374,  592,  593,  744 

Upatoie  Creek  772 

Upland  Rice   168 

Upson  County 857-859 

Upson,  Stephen  782,  857 

Upton  Creek    745 

Utoy  Creek  669.  670 


INDEX.  95a 

V 

Valdosta 74 J.  7  Jo 

Valley  Lands !">(•,  l."4 

Vann's  Valley  39,  (.".  U» 

Van   Wert,  town    7sr> 

Van  Wert,  one  of  the  captors  of  Andre 785 

Veal  1.-.4 

Vernon  Creek  r»7r> 

Verot,  Roman  Catholic  Bishop 4i;> 

Verazzani,  John 4(J 

Vetch  -Jj-k 

Vidalia H\S 

Vienna c^U 

Villa  Rica 'Hi!),  r.70 

Vina  Vista 24"),  ck; 

Vineyards 245,  587,  009,  Gil,  010,  030,  095,  703,  748,  791,  823.  852.  871.  872 

Virginia  18 

Virginians    21 

Visscher's   245 

w 

Waddell,  Moses   411,  013 

Wadley   720,  727 

Wadley  and  Mount  Vernon  Railroad 728 

Wagon  Factories    35(> 

Walden's  Creek  7r)3 

Waleske  591 

Walker  County 40,  41,  859-8«i2 

Walker  Creek 705 

Walker,  Major  Freeman 859 

Walker,  W.  D 202,  822 

Walker,  General  W.  H.  T 22,  814,  815 

Wallace,  John   252 

Walnut  Creek 540.  018,  757 

Walnut  River   097 

Walnuts   K51 

Walton  County  8(!2-804 

Walton,  George 17,  29,  814,  815.  802 

Ware  County   StM-.sc.o 

Ware,  Nicholas 804 

Waresboro,  town   8f.5 

Warhoo  150 

Warm  Springs 758.  759 

Warren  County  8(50-808 

Warren,  General  Joseph 800 

Warrenton,  town   807 

Warrior  Creek  8S5 

War  Woman   Creek 8(  i2 

War  Woman  Valley 8(i2 

Washington  County  808-870 

Washington,  General  George 597,  815.  8<>8,  88;{ 

Washington,   town    881-8,s;{ 

Wasp  Creek  790 

Watermelons  155,  237 

Water  Oaks  1 0.0 

Water  Powers 5.3.  73-123.  777.  801 

Water  Transportation I.s9,  190,  .529,  .5S5,  (i(i9.  024.  030,  o:'.,s,  c.v.J.  704 

771.  772.  790,  797.  80l.  809,  811,  ,S20.  871.  879 

Watkinsville   ISO 

Watson,  Dr.  T.  L .35 

Watsons's  Shoals    782 

Wax    2;k> 


954  INDEX. 

Waycross  Air  Line  Railroad 608,  865 

Waycross,  city 865,  866 

Wayne,   General  Anthony 870 

Wayne  County  870-872 

Waynesboro    558 

Webster  County  872-874 

Webster,  Daniel 872 

Weed,  Jacob 18,  366 

Webadlia  Creek 850,  853 

Wereat,  John 18,  29 

Wesley,  Charles 16,  397,  408,  411 

Wesley,  John 16,  408-411 

Wesleyan  Female  College 378,  381,  550 

Wesleyan  Institute , 660 

West  End  Creek 772 

Western  &  Atlantic  Railroad 180-183,  540,  571,  601,  659,  771,  876 

AVest  Georgia  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College 377 

Weston,  town  873 

West   Point,    city 852 

Wheat 52,  150,  155,  168,  201-204.  (See  also  sketches  of  the  several  coun- 
ties)     526-887 

Wheat  Growers'  Association 202 

Wheeler  , General  Joseph 28,  814,  815 

White  Clover 221 

White  County 40,  874-876 

White,  Rev.  George,  quoted 331,  332 

White,  Colonel  John 874 

AVhite  Oak  Creek 757 

White,  W.  F 202,  204 

Whitefield  (now  almost  universally  written  Whitfield)  County 39,  876-878 

Whitefield,  Rev.  George 16,  397,  411,  876 

Whitehall 594 

White  Oak  Mountain 39 

Whitesburg  570 

White   Sulphur   Springs 758 

White  Water  Creek 784,  836 

Whitney,  Eli 21,  815,  836 

Wight,  Ed.  L 602,  603 

Wight,   J.   Byron 846 

Wilcox  County  879,  880 

Wilcox,   General  Mark 879 

Wild  Cat 52 

W^ild  Cat  Creek 802 

Wilde,  Richard  Henry 814 

Wilder,   F.   N 290 

Wilkes  County  18,  880 

Wilkes  Gold  Mine 617 

Wilkes,  John 880 

Wilkinson  County  883-885 

W^ilkinson,  General  James 883 

Willacoochee  Creek 624,  719 

AVillacoochee,  town 609,  610 

Williams,  David,  one  of  the  captors  of  Andre 785 

Williams,  George  M 34 

Williams,   R.  G 34 

Williams,  W.  D 389,  402 

Williams,  Dudley  402 

Williamson .791,  792 

Wilmington  Island 325 

Wilson,  J.  F 245 

Wilson's  Cave 861 

Wiltberger,  Captain   578 

Winder   722 

Winter,  Cornelius 411 


INDEX.  955 

Winter,  Delamotte  411 

Withlacoochee  River 544,  55L*,  Gil,  741,  7411 

Wolf  Island  740 

Women  of  the  South '2-i 

Woodcock T)-,  r>73 

Woodstock    591 

Woodville  (;*J0 

Wool 53,  54,  28(J.  '281 

Wool  of  the  Angora  Goat 305-310 

Woolen   Mills    344 

Worth  County  S85-887 

Worth,  General  Wm.  J S85 

Wright,  General  Ambrose  R S15 

Wright,  James 28 

AV right,  R.  F.,  Assistant  Commissioner  of  Agriculture G.    34 

Wright,  W.  A.,  Comptroller  General  (quoted  throughout  all  the  sketches  of 

the  Counties  for  tax  returns) 52G-887 

Wright's  Island  74G 

Wrightsville  &  Tennille  Railroad 728.  7tH5 

Wrightsville,  town  728,  721) 

Y 

Yahoola  Creek   743,  744 

Yamacraw  Bluff 10 

Yamacraws  10 

Yamgrandee  Creek G54,  728 

Yates  Apples   G57 

Yazoo  Act 21,  71G.  727 

Yeates,  Professor  W.  S.,  State  Geologist 5,  35,  GO,  72 

Yellow  Jacket  Creek 850 

Yellow  Loam  Region 159,  IGO 

Yellow  River 028,  692,  777,  81G,  SG2 

Yellow  Water  Creek OGO 

Yonah  Mountain 39,  40,  744 

Yorktown  18 

Young  Female   College,   Thomasville 385 

Young,  L.,  Harris  Institute 385,  849 

z 

Zebulon  "*->- 


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